Cytokines and Chemokines in Infectious Diseases Handbook

n f e • 1 S e ase SERIES EDITOR: Vassil St. Georgiev

National Institute o[ Allergy and In[ectious Diseases

National Institutes o[ Health

Cytokines and Chemokines in Infectious Diseases Handbook, edited by Malak Kotb, PhD

and Thierry Calandra, MD, PhD 2003 Aging, Immunity, and Infection, by loseph F. Albright, PhD and lulia W. Albright, PhD

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Hoffmann, PhD, 2003 Pathogen Genomics: Impact on Human Health, edited by Karen loy Shaw, PhD, 2002 Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases, edited by leffrey M. lacobson, MD, 2002 Retroviral Immunology: Immune Response and Restoration, edited by Giuseppe Pantaleo,

MD and Bruce D. Walker, MD, 2001 Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New Directions in

Drug Discovery, edited by Philip I. Rosenthai, MD, 2001 Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases, edited by Stephen C. Piscitelli, PharmD and Keith

A. Rodvold, PharmD, 2001 Infectious Causes of Cancer: Targets for Intervention, edited by lames I. Goedert, MD 2000 Infectious Disease in the Aging: A Clinical Handbook, edited by Thomas T. Yoshikawa,

MD and Dean C. Norman, MD 2000 Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases, edited by Arch G. Mainous III,

PhD and Claire Pomeroy, MD 2000

Cytokines and Chemokines in

Infectious Diseases Handbook

Edited by

Malak Kotb, PhD

ease

Departments of Surgery and Molecular Sciences, University ofTennessee VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN

Thierry Calandra, MD, PhD Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine,

Centre Hospital Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003

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Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to ass ure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in governmentregulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional wamings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application ofthe information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.

Production Editor: Robin B. Weisberg. Cover illustration: Extracellular group A streptococci invading tissue and producing superantigens that elicit potent inflammatory cytokine responses. Norrby-Teglund A., et al. Unpublished data. Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cytokines and chemokines in infectious diseases handbook 1 edited by Malak Kotb and Thierry Calandra. p. ; cm. -- (lnfectious disease)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-61737-247-6 ISBN 978-1-59259-309-5 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-309-5

I. Cytokines-Physiological effect-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Cytokines-Pathophsiology-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Chemokines-Physiological effect-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Chemokines-Pathophsiology-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Infection-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 6. Communicable diseases-Immunological aspects-Handbooks, manuals, etc. l. Kotb, Malak. 11. Calandra, Thierry. III. Infectious disease (Totowa, N.J.)

[DNLM: I. Chemokines-immunology. 2. Cytokines-immunology. 3. Communicable Diseases-immunology. QW 568 H2357 2003] QRI85.8.C95 H355 2003 616.9'0479-dc21 2002032871

This book is dedicated in loving memory to my mother whose love, friendship, beauty of the soul, and extraordinary strength have guided me

throughout my life.

-MalakKotb

Preface

Cytokines and chemokines are an important class of effector molecules that playa funda­mental role in orchestrating the innate and acquired immune responses needed to eliminate or wall off invading pathogens. In vitro and in vivo studies have been instrumental in revealing the complexity of the cytokine network and the many facets of cytokine biology, such as pleio­tropism (i.e., the capacity for a given cytokine to stimulate several cell types) and redundancy (i.e., the ability of different cytokines to exert similar effects). However, the development of sensitive reagents to detect and measure human cytokines and chemokines has provided oppor­tunities to investigate the role of these important mediators in human inflammatory and infec­tious diseases. Despite many similarities, important differences in cytokine responses and mode of action between human and animal models became evident. A shift in focus from animal to clinical studies was, therefore, inevitable.

In recent years, we have witnessed an outpouring of information on the role of cytokines and chemokines in human infectious diseases. These studies have led to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, an appreciation for differences of cytokine and chemokine production profiles in response to various pathogens, and a realization that genetic host factors influence the type and magnitude of cytokine and chemokine responses to a given microorgan­ism. Our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of specific infections has become much more profound and thorough, and has thus contributed to the design ofbetter and more effective thera­peutic interventions for the management of patients with infectious diseases.

While playing a pivotal role in host defense against infection, cytokines also contribute to pathology when released in excessive amounts. Much work, both in academic institutions and in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, has been devoted to the development of cytokine or anticytokine treatment strategies in infectious diseases. Although some strategies have failed, there have been numerous successes that have led to effective interventions for inflammatory and infectious diseases. One reason for the failure of cytokine-based therapies in infectious diseasesmay have stemmed from a lack of understanding of important differences in cytokine biology in infections caused by different pathogens.

Cytokines and Chemokines in lnfectious Diseases Handbook is meant to provide a unique and up-to-date reference on the role of cytokines and chemokines in a variety of human infec­tious diseases. International leaders in the field present a comprehensive overview of cytokine and chemokine responses in bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Readers will gain a better appreciation for the differences in cytokine profiles in distinct infectious diseases and will see how this knowledge has led to a deeper understanding of host-pathogen interactions, as weIl as the pathogenetic basis of infectious diseases. In addition, Handbook of Cytokines and Chemokines in lnfectious Diseases is intended to provide a critical evaluation of the use of cytokines and anticytokines in the treatment of infectious diseases and to demonstrate how knowledge of cytokine pleiotropic effects, redundancy, and the complexity of the cytokine network has impacted the use of cytokines as therapeutic tools.

vii

Malak Kotb, PhD

Thierry Calandra, MD, PhD

Contents

Preface .............................................................................................................................. ......... vii

List of Contributors .................................................................................................................. xiii

Introduction: Cytokine Biology Relevant to Infectious Diseases ..................................... 1 Charles A. Dinarello

I CYTOKINES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1 Leptin: Its Role in Immunomodulation and Susceptibility to Infection ............................ 9 Graham Lord

2 Cytokine Gene Polymorphism and Host Susceptibility to Infection ............................. 23 Frank Stüber

11 CYTOKINES IN GRAM-NEGATIVE INFECTIONS

3 Proinflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines as Mediators of Gram-Negative Sepsis .......................................................................................... 33

lean-Marc Cavaillon 4 Host Response to Pathogenic Bacteria at Mucosal Sites ................................................ 59

Laurence Arbibe and Philippe Sansonetti 5 Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as a Cytokine of Innate Immunity ................ 65

Thierry Calandra

111 CYTOKINES IN GRAM-POSITIVE INFECTIONS

6 Cytokine Patterns in Severe Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections ...................... 77 Anna Norrby-Teglund and Malak Kotb

7 Superantigens and Bacterial DNA as Cytokine Inducers in Gram-Positive Sepsis ............................................................................................ 93

Klaus Heeg 8 Cytokines and Chemokines in Listeriosis ..................................................................... 109

Michael S. Rolph and Stefan H. E. Kaufmann

IV CYTOKINES IN MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS

9 Regulation of Cytokines and Chemokines in Human Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection ............................................................................................. 123

Zahra Toossi and lerrold 1. Ellner 10 Cytokines and Chemokines in Protective and Inflammatory Responses to Infection

with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ....................................................................... 133 Stefan Ehlers

ix

x Contents

11 Human Interleukin-12-Interferon-y Axis in Protective Immunity to Mycobacteria ....................................................................................................... 151

Claire Fieschi, Stephanie Dupuis, Capucine Picard, and lean-Laurent Casanova 12 Role of Th 1 Cytokines in Host Defenses Against Mycobacterium leprae .................. 163

Elizabeth Pereira Sampaio, Milton Ozorio Moraes, M. Cristina Vidal Pessolani, and Euzenir Nunes Sarno

V CYTOKINES IN OTHER BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

13 Possible Role of Molecular Mimicry in Lyme Arthritis ............................................... 189 Abbie L. Meyer and Brigitte T. Huber

14 Cytokine Responses in Patients with Pneumonia ......................................................... 20 I Peter Kragsbjerg and Hans Holmberg

VI CYTOKINES IN FUNGAL INFECTIONS

15 Cytokines and the Host Defense Against Aspergillus Jumigatus ................................. 215 Emmanuel Roilides, loanna Filioti, and Cristina Gil-Lamaignere

16 Cytokines of Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Candida albicans .............................. 227 Luigina Romani

VII CYTOKINES IN P ARASITIC INFECTIONS

17 Th 1 and Th2 Cytokines in Leishmaniasis ..................................................................... 245 Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier, Genevieve Milon, and lacques A. Louis

18 Cytokines in the Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii .............................................................................................. 259

Vlrike Wille and Christopher A. Hunter

VIII CYTOKINES IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

19 Viroceptors: Virus-Encoded Receptors Jor Cytokines and Chemokines ...................... 285 Grant McFadden

20 Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in HIV Infection ............................................ 301 Paolo Lusso

21 Cytokines in Viral Hepatitis .......................................................................................... 313 Mala K. Maini and Antonio Bertoletti

IX CYTOKINES AS THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

22 Interferon-y in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases .................................................... 331 Steven M. Holland and lohn I. Gallin

23 Interleukin-2 for the Treatment of HIV Infection ......................................................... 345 Guido Poli, Claudio Fortis, Adriano Lazzarin, and Giuseppe Tambussi

24 Clinical Applications of G-CSF and GM-CSF in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases ............................................................................................. 361

Kai Hübel, David C. Dale, Richard K. Root, and W. Conrad Liles

Contents Xl

X ANTICYTOKINE-BASED THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

25 Antieytokine Therapies in Patients with Severe Sepsis and Septie Shoek .................. 381 Pierre-Yves Bochud, Michel P. Glauser, and Thierry Calandra

26 Intravenous Immunoglobulin Adjunetive Therapy in Patients with Streptoeoeeal Toxie Shoek Syndrome and Neerotizing Faseiitis ................. 409

Anna Norrby-Teglund, Donald E. Low, and Malak Kotb Index ......................................................................................................................................... 425

Contributors

LAURENCE ARBIBE, MD • Unite de Biologie Moleculaire de l'Expression Genique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

ANTONIO BERTOLETII, MD • Institute of Hepatology, Royal Free University College Medical School, University College London, UK

PIERRE-YVES BOCHUD, MD • Division ofInfectious Diseases, Department ofInternal Medicine, Centre Hospital Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland

THIERRY CALANDRA, MD, PhD • Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospital Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland

JEAN-LAURENT CASANOVA, MD, PhD • Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, and Pediatric Immunology Hematology Unit, Necker Enfants Malades Medical School, Paris, France

JEAN-MARc CAVAILLON, DSC • Unit Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

DAVID C. DALE, MD • Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA CHARLES A. DINARELLO, MD • University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Division

Infectious Diseases, Denver, Colorado STEPHANIE DUPUIS, PhD • Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Enfants

Malades Medical School, Paris, France STEFAN EHLERS, MD • Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Center for Medicine and

Biosciences, Borstel, Germany JERROLD J. ELLNER, MD • University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ CLAIRE FIESCHI, MD • Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Enfants

Malades Medical School, Paris, France JOANNA FILIOTI, MD • 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University ofThessaloniki,

Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece CLAUDIO FORTIs, MD • Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute,

Milano, Italy JOHN I. GALLIN, MD • Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD CRISTINA GIL-LAMAIGNERE, PhD • 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece MICHEL P. GLAUSER, MD • Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine,

Centre Hospital Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland KLAus HEEG, MD • Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps University of

Marburg, Germany STEVEN M. HOLLAND, MD • Clinical Pathophysiology Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses,

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

xiii

XlV Contributors

HANS HOLMBERG, MD • Department Of Infectious Diseases, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden

KAI HÜBEL, MD • Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA BRIGIITE T. HUBER, phO • Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine,

Boston, MA CHRISTOPHER A. HUNTER, pho • Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, PA STEFAN H. E. KAUFMANN, pho • Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection

Biology, Berlin, Germany MALAK KOTB, pho • Departments of Surgery and Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee

VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN PETER KRAGSBJERG, MD • Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Örebro

University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden AORIANO LAZZARIN, MD • Division of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute,

Milano, Italy W. CONRAD LILES, MD • Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA GRAHAM LORD, MD • Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,

Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London JACQUES A. LOUIS, MD • Institute of Biochemistry, WHO-IRTC, Epalinges, Switzerland DONALD E. Low, MD, pho • Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital and the

University ofToronto, Toronto, Canada PAOLO Lusso, MD • Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological and Technological

Research, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy MALA K. MAINI, MRCP, PhD • Departments of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunology,

Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College Landon, UK GRANT McFAOOEN, MD • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of

Western Ontario and The lohn P. Robarts Research Institute, Landon, Ontario, Canada ABBIE L. MEYER, pho • Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston,

MA GENEVIEVE MILON, OVM • Pasteur Institute, Paris France MILTON OZORIO MORA ES, pho • Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de laneiro,

Brazil ANNA NORRBY-TEGLUNO, pho • Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine,

Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden M. CRISTINA VIDAL PESSOLANI, pho • Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de

laneiro, Brazil CAPUCINE PICARO, MD • Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, and Pediatric

Immunology Hematology Unit, Necker Enfants Malades Medical School, Paris, France GUIDO POLl, MD • AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan,

Italy EMMANUEL ROlLIDES, MD • 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,

Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece MICHAEL S. ROLPH, pho • Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW,

Australia LUIGINA ROMANI, MD • Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and

Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy RICHARo K. RoOT, MD • Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ELiZABETH PEREIRA SAMPAIO, pho • Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de

laneiro, Brazil

Contributors

PHILIPPE SANSONEITI, MD • Unite de Pathogenie Microbienne Moleculaire et Unite, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

EUZENIR NUNES SARNO, PhO • Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

xv

FRANK STÜBER, MD • Molecular Research Lab, University Hospital Bonn, Friedrich-Wilhelms­Universität Bonn, Germany

FABIENNE TACCHINI-C01TIER, pho • Institute of Biochemistry, WHO-IRTC, Epalinges, Switzerland

GIUSEPPE T AMBUSSI, MD • Division of Infectious Diseases, San Rafaelle Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy

ZAHRA TOOSSI, MD • Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

ULRlKE WILLE, pho • Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA