~J)'c~

\ "f'-~

11 06 86 Wale Soyinka <13 July 1034)

.James M. Gibbs University of Liege.

BIRTH: Western Nigeria, 13 July 1934.

EDUCATION: ( Intermediate Arts, University College, It-adan, 1954 -examination conductec by the University of London); B.A,, University of Leeds, 1957.

AWARDS ANn HONOURS: Roclrnfeller Research Grant, 1960-61; John Whiting (Playwriting) Award, 1965; Dakar Negro Arts Festival Award for Drama (The Road), 1966; Jock Camptell Award (New Statesman), (for The Interpreters), 1968; Amnesty International Prisoner of Conscience Award, 1969;Hon D Litt . , Universit i of Leeds, 1973; Hon D. Litt., 4 University of Yale, 1981 ;1 ~~g11~h- S~~iking fUnion Pri~c (for Ake), 10~ ;

KARRIAGE: 1050 to Barbara Dixon; divorced; remarriE'd 1963 to' Laide ? ; children by both marria.ges, ·l_Q 0 ~ '.

BOOKS

n Dance of the Forests <rlay) I London and Ibadan, Oxford University Press, 1963. The Lion and the Jewel Cplay), London a.nd Ibadan, Oxford University Press, 1963. Three Plays, Ibadan, M:bari, 1°63. Five Plays, Landen and Ibad~n, Oxford University Press, 1964 The Interpreters, London, Deutsch, 1965;New York, Collier,197! . The Road, London and Ibad~n, Oxford University Press, 1965 . Tho Lion and the Jewel, London, Oxford University Press, 1966 . Idanre and Other Poems, London, Methuen, 1967;New Yor:!r, Hill and Wang, 1968. Kongi'c Harvest, London,0;:ford/ University Press, 1967 . Three Short Plays, London, Ox~rd University Press, 1069;New York, Oxford University Press, 1974. The Trials of Brother .J era and The Strong Breed: Two Plays, :New York, Dramat :i.sts PJ.ay -.);ervi ce, J. 969. A Shuttle in the Crypt Cpoe11S), London:, Coll ings/1'Iethuon, 1971.; l~ew York, Hill and Wang, 1972. Before the Blackout (revue sketches), Ibadan, Orisun Publications, 1971, Madmen and Specialists, London, Methuen~ New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, l'Wl. The Nan Died: Prison r;otes of Wale Soyinl:a, London, Collings, 1972; riew York, Harper and Row, 1973. The Bacchae of "Euripides, London, Methuen, 1973; 1fow York, Norton , 1974 . Camwood on the Leave:::, London, Methuen, 1973;with Before the B1.ackout, New York, Third Press, 1973. Collected Plays l, London, Oxford, 1973; The .Jero Plays, London, }rethuen, 1973; Season of Anomy, London , Collin5s, 1973;New York, Third Pre:;s, 1974. Collected Plays 2, London, Oxford, 1°74 .

Death and the King's Horseman, London, Methuen, 1975; ~ew York, Norton, 1975. Myth, Literature and the African World, London, Cambridge,1976; A_ Ogun Abibiman, London , Collings, 1976; 1--., Ake: The Years of Childhood, London, Collings,198l;New York, Random House, 1982. Opera Wonyosi, London, Collings; Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1981. A Play of Giants, London, Methuen, 198~. Six Plays, London,Methuen,1984; /..__ Requiem for a Futurologist, London, Collings, 1985.

SCREENPLAYS

n ,,1J6j b-J Joshua, no details available. ~ S ~-")Culture in Transition, commentary by Soyinka, Esso World Theatre, 1964. t,U;J-,'V Kongi's Harvest, scenario by Soyinka, Calpenny-Omega , 1972.?

~P/Oo/Ji Blues for the Prodigal1 scenario by Soyinka, Enwuro, 1933.? -G-~-

PLAY PRODUCT IONS

OTHER

Frances Adcmola, ed, Refl~ctions: Nigerian Prose and Verse, contains Soyinka's essay ''Salutations to the Gut" and part of hie play The House of Banigeji ( Lagos, African Universities Press,1962). The Forest of a Thousand Daemons: A Hunter's Saga, Soyinka's trans l ation of a Yoruba novel by D.O. Fagunwa (London, Nel s cl,'- 1968; Atlantic Heights, New Jersey,Humanities, 1969 . I D.W. Jefferson, The Morality of Art, contains Soyinka's "The Fourth Sta6e : Through the Mysteries of Ogun to the Origin of Yoruba Tragedy", <London, Routledge, 1969), James Gibbs, Study Aid to Kongi's Harvest, contains a prefatory letter by Soyinka <London, Collings, 1973), John Wakeman,ed. Vorld Authors 1950-1970: A Companion Volume to Twentieth Century Authors, contains an autobi o3raphical statement by Soyinka (Hew York, H.H.Wilson, 1975). Poems of Black Africa, edited with an Introducti on and a selection of h i s own poems by Soyinka <London, S-cker & Warburg, New York, Hill &

Wang, 197~ . Houston A. Eaker Jr. ,ed., Reading Black: Essa ys in ~he Criticism of African, Caribbean , and :lack American Literature, contains "Aesthetic

?S Illusion" by Soyinka (Ithaca, Cornell University African Studies and Res earch Centre, 1976). Rowland Smith, ed . , Exile and -fradition: Studies in African aLj

Cartbbean Literature, contains Soyinka's "Drama and the African World View" <New York, Africana, 1976). Abidas do Nascimento, Racial '1;lemosracy in Brazil: Myth or Reality, contains a "Foreword" by Soyin:rn <Ibadan, Sketch Publishing, 1977). Christopher Dailly, ed. ,Colloque sur literature et esthetique negro­africaine, contains Soyinka's "Morality and Aesthetics j_n the Ritual Archetype", (Abidjan and Dakar, Los nouvelles editions africaine~ I °I

q

Femi Falana et al, eds, And They Finally Killed Hi:r.i: Speeches and Poems at a lll:emorial Rally for Walter Rodney (1042-80), contains Soyinka's "The Man ~,lho Was Absent" <Ife, Positive Review, 1~80). Guy Amirthanayagam, ed., Writers in East-West Encounter: New Cultural Bearings, contains Soyinka's "Cross-Currents: The 'New African' After Cultural Encounters", (London, Macr.iillan, 198?.) .

J~G DLB 13 06 86 100

INTF.RVIRWS Valerie Wilmer , "Wale Soyinka Talks to Flamingo," Flamingo <London?), March 1966, 14,15 and 17; Alan Akarao6un, "Wale Soyinka," Spear Magazine (Lagos), May '.:.906, 16-19 and 42; Dennis Duerden and Cosmo Pieterse, eds, three interviews conducted during the sixties, African Writers Talkin 1 ( London, Heinemann,169-80;New York, Africana, 1072); "Militant Interview," The Mil itant (University of Ibadan), 2,1 ,December 1972) 3-7; Biodun Jeyifous 1 "A Transition Interview 1

11 Transition (Accra), 42, 1973, 62-64; John Agetua, Interviews with Six :Hgerian Wri tQrs ( Benin City, Bendel Newspaper Corporation, 1973); John Agetua, When the Man Died ( Benin City,John Agetua, 1975, 31- 46); Henry Louis Gates Jr, "An Interview with Wale Soyin~a," Black World <Chicago?), 24, 10, 1975 1 30-48; Anon., "History and African Conscience," Africa (London ), 58, June 1976 1

109-110; Assensoh, ''Interview with Prof Wale Soyinka," Afriscope <Lagos), 6,7 1

July J976, 30-40; Karen L. Morell, In Person: Achehe, Awoonar and Soyinka, includes tranf'cri.pts of discussions ( Seattle, Wasl:ington , Institute of Comparah·.re and Foreign Area Studies, 1975 , 89-130). Soyini Dyson, "BBB 1nter7iews: Wale Soyinka. 1

11 Black Books Bulletin (?),

7,1 (1980) 1 36-39 and 40,

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Malcolm Page, Wale Soy1.nka: Bibliography, Biography, Playogra=:1hy <Landon : Theatre Quarterly Publications, 1979, 17 p. ); B. Okpu, Wale Soyinka: A Bibliography ( Lagos: Libriservice,1984 ,54 P·); James Gibbs, Kctu Kntrak and Henry Louis Gates Jr, Wale Soyinka: A Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources (Westport and London: Greenwood, 1956, 107 p. ).

REFERENCEB

.Joel Adedeji, "Oral Tradition and the Contemporary Theatre in Nigeria," Research in African Literatures (Austin, Te:~a::; ), 2 (1971) , 124-149. Dapo Ade:. ugba, 11 Tranc,3 B.nd Theatre.: the Nigerian Experience ," Ufahumu, 6,2 (1967), 47-62. Samuel AlJon, "Two African Writers; Soyinka and Sen0hor," Negro Digest (Chicago), June 1~67, 54-67 Jar.-'1s Nduke Amankulor, "Drar!1a-:ic Technique and 1".eaning in The Road ," Ba Shiru (University of Wisconsin), 7 1 1 (1976), 53-39. Kofi AHoonor, "The )foder.n Dr.am."?. of Africa," in his The Breast of the Earth, New York: Anchor 1 1975, pp. 317-328. :'fartin Banham, African The~.tre Today, (London: Pitman, 19 ... ).

A. Podunrin, "Wole Soyin'rn; Poet, Satirist and Politic3l Neophyte," African Stutesman <Lagos), 2,3 (November 1976), 19,21,23 and 27, Nigel Brmm, Notes on Wale Soyinka's Kongi' s Harvest <London: Heinemann) 1973); Wilfred Cartey, Whispers from a Continent <1:ew York; Random Hou:;e, 1969; London: Heinemann, 1971), Chinweizu, Dnwuchekwa Jemie and Ihechukwu Madubuike, Towards the Decolonization of African U.terature <Enugu; Fourth Dimension, 19 ) ; ;)avid Cook, "Of The Strong Breed; A Study of Vole Soyinka's Three Plays" in his African Liter~ture: A Critical View (London: Longman, 1975, pp 113-127); L.R. Early, "Dying Gods: A study of Wale Soyinka's The Interpreters, Journal of Commonwealth Literature (Leeds), 12, 2 <December 1077), 161-174; Afam Ebeo6u, ":!<ram Idanre to Ogun Abibiman: An Examination of Soyinka's Use of Ogun Images," Journal of ComrnonweaJ.th Literature (Leeds), 15, l(bugust 1980), 84-96. Rmnnus ~; . Egudu, 11 The IdyJ l Sham: Ezra Pound and Nigerian WolP. Soyinka on War, Paideuma, 5 (1~76), 31-41; Laban Erapu, Notes on Wale Soyin'rn' s The Lion and the Jewe l <Nairobi: Heinemann, lC.75). Mortin Essl in, "A Ma j or Poetic Drama.tis+: Wole .Soyinka., 11 New Theatre Ma0azine (Bristol) 12,2 (1~72), 9-10;

.~ -~\

i ,, (c, 1,

·,i_ ..

'(: ~

··=n :_ .. ;

n ..

·:=:)

( (~i ...

,·; -. C .•.!....

, ·, ·-:·

r.:. -·,.'t

., ; _(\._ ': ;,;

l!r· • ... ,,: ,·-.,-, .-· ·.·'

·, ,;· .·-,.-, . ':

n '.~ .. .: .... t

·--.n..!..

(~ .-. .

r _;_.

',_:

\,·--,:.._. - . ···._..:.

.. , . .

. l .- .,- I•

. - f' .

,. .,.,

.- ;::; , .. ( ., ,' ·.·' ·,:-­() (, "')

. ,.. -.- ',, - .- . _, ! ' ; __ : ....

/ : . :,--··.(.S

i ::: . ,.-·:.., '·-··

-. '! ::..:;,. ....

.S ..

lJ r ·:_

.. ) :. ·-·, -.· . ::. r ( :::·,

._,()j_

i!

..... .... ·-.-

.... !. { ··,

.,... '-·· .. ; ,- -. ! ,t.! ,

.. ;.._J

.. .... .. ..

i ;,;- - . -.. -:.·

•, .' !

t.:::i." -•.. ·! ·-.t. - • .i C .- : 1 .. :_ .

: . • t

T

.,-.

\ ic ~ '2 ,,

lb

: I · \ .

C, ~-

: ::·· / - . ... ,-.. ,/ "t- ·;_ 't! ·.· ': ·;; :::· .;.

·. ' '·· ( ) ', :-~-;') "·.'i i ··.· ]. .

. . ! ' C)f . -· ... ; ··· , ... r· l;

Cl•;··:\. , .... !!•.· ; .i· .-

l~: : ' \/ c:)n ::~;;:-:,·· .. , ·-: . -\..·· -· ~ ! • • ::.- n

., 1 . !! . . •.,-·

_ , .

·. • r. ·: -~) .:

1." ::,-··

'· '···'

l,: ·; .. .-.. - ~.,·: • ,• :~- 'i_ '1'. 1 ~ .. . ;:

..... ..... .'; .. : ·-•- • i t' · . \ .•i • •

:· · -- !!

··:- .. -.

... - ~ .. . · ~- ·-:

.. · ... , .•.

~ ! -· .. • .. ..: ,. ' .!. !

•. ·!·.,_-::-

_.!·-

ck

; - .. ~-.. '

... :._!!

- c·· i. ,

-. ·'·

.-. .': (,'· .·- . .. · ... • .. •

.. ''"' '!

· .. - ' . . .' : 1

;-:: . . : ! ..;:

:?----·

,.!.i t · .

• _ _'i :

',r .

· 1 , .

J. \.!J I~~-.._,

Lo-..\ ' V

. -·· '·\.'.)

· .. - .:? ..

" : ~ .

.... - i'_.

. ~ .·· ·· '·

-. --. ,

··n '·t

C . ';-·; ·- i

.! • • •i :... .. .' • ·

! i.:

. ,.N :

i1·

•.• I • •

·.,·' ..

· .. ,_:,

!. · .. •

fJr - ._ .' .• : • • ~ l ·- r·.;- '.) :

t · ,1 ·' -;:- : ,--.

·--·n _, ! =.-. -· : ._ ... -- / ---

· .:~:r · n r', .; ,..._,... .-- . , !. , . . • ..,.

·-: ~;

·ft, · .....

'-·· - \.·· . .r.'

, .•.. .--- 1-j . . . ~ C- ·--~

-· c j- , ·- . - ~- .!. ,,-l; -. . ·- ·-

:~ . _..., ·; ·- } - .·

!! • ·-- ,.::· :-, . r -;_ ~-- !!

.· ... -: .-._:;_n::-1

·.n·-· · .. --:! ..

:oc .::: r. -~--.::ir1 ) ! ! ,- .··:: .... 5~):

.l.'

~! !"·. '- · : ! ·.· •.. 11 1 .E.·:

r~ •""} I~ • • · ·-, . , · !. ! "-f .. (..: :L 't.- :. ·;-, -,

· .·c:i .' ( , : : ... ,.~, ··r·

C - --· , .. !:·. - n

:=: ~- .

n .. -! :_ 1_ N ,-• -!

. \ . / .:) .-'

-·--·- .• ,-."< ·:.. ~;-·· . \)

-:· r .

---· • .. • •.·

.-. .;: -,.);

:;::, ·-

··' ~- in .- -. -. -:::-r"

• •. · •!

• J . '·-'· ' :t · .. '- 'i

.. . .,

· t rjr .:

··' 1n , I •• ,, .

C :·

r:·-... ..• !. - ·

.-- r--; ,- ;-·- -.- -·::; -,

! :; , ..

·--·! 1 ;

1--,.!. "

.·/J) ... :·.'il .

. or '·· ·_.rl r. -·

,.':. , ..... __ , -• .. • i

; i . __ .,.; "'

C· ·-;·-_.-·: i"

r·::. .. :•:::·.

-.•: ::n , __ , _ _. , , - .,!-i' ·-· --~ .; -

i .• '' .. J -~ l !

t ·r ·

-.· ! ·r ·-.·.cn : <-··/·/· ··, :?·-·

I I

! iL '"\;," )~. f"( .

-. · ... ( -:. •. 01'7 ' . '-· !l -

:); it\/

· .. ''··'

·· n.

•<, !.,,I,'

/ ·; . . -·

,• : :>. • I r •i )

'~- C : n c-

r · ... , .: .; . . ; , .. ,_ l • .

··· · ,-·1 , r :~.

._,,

•:·y-

,'.!i 1,'_.;·

·· '--"· '·--I'. -~· .. , ~. i

.!.

I'. , ;:

-,! i-

- ) _, :

:-:, ( ) "·

: r I -

c:·,

.\1 / '

'

·. •' .. , . ,,.,

G.

•. '·· - ' •· ! ' - • • ; I

, ____ or. ..',i,

·' -.. - ,.- ·" - ' . . / -.::, ) .-.;--· . ; '

.: '--/ ~ · ... ... : .... -· r · ... ;, ()t. -

, ,,·, ··.:

.' :!. ) 1.) _;_ •, . C.I. -.·

.: C:

:::. ··:. · _.-· .i. ! .

• l ... -. -

:::- ''-' :.

!.(. !

, ... , - n

1-·c

T­. _ _.

'· ·' ·--·

~._c, ·r_ ... ,

-..i C :...i ~ ... ·;~ -, . . '.

'

I- ; ,.

.J.. ;. :. r-. -.,-: , . • .... ,- .•1.

('J:'-1 .,, '··. ···'·'' 'J \ · r 1 , / · ,.. · · ·· • · , i _. .· · - •

11 'S' 1 ' .. ··. v· • - ',,-:, : .. - . •: ·•·•··: t'o . ·. __ :· .··,-.. ·

I ! t ...

'.';.... - i •.• ; .• L4'1

=-~-

: . ' ::-, ... . ·;·-: C -.. ,. -. !! ~!.-

!':. !! '·· r· ~ :

. . J. r:.- ---- \,~---

(:;-:;·t, ,.•::I •,n '

.Ty C, . cc ." .-1 .

( .

. .. ;.r.-: . -. ,.- . -.-'·I.'·· '

.J. ·-. 1,. j i_-.,-

: ··, ._ ._.,. 1

·~ ,,. -!

'! =··· .-··-r •. I • • • r·, __ , ·- ., ..

'.!• -·;:-

;·. r~ f::_.r5c:P ...

1,, .,

-· '· I_ ; • ;"_ ::

.. ; r -· - -- ... -.---... •• , •• -~ .... t •

~-- ,; ,- -. ,- -· I t.•,r:',f.

·,· .. !! .. ii

.. -.! ::)r .!. •. :

:· ;- ::.1 . :

..,:.n ·;:. r. -, •·'-.'I I ' l!: (,II

~:: .: . . "? :: .:.. · ':·. r. •: •,

.~. ·=·

.... ::::"'

r, I! '. )r" .' .. -; - :_ -· II • }" -r ;_ ~. - •. 'j

!.• ( 1 ·~:7.:.) '

\4tl ~,

:. 'I .

·,·-• "I/

;"' .-.,.,,'./ ..... "{

;

n,· f..-:;,; C-.

~- ·- -·-., "-··

( ,:.: .- ' :. )

_,,,'.,

"! . • .·• ..

•,.•!

.. :··,r :,

::-· ·- . ,_').' -l. ·-· ":"_:'"' ?• I r ~ '1 .··ol!'

., :~~:·; 7 ) .. ·-:i··--__ :, -· -·-·· ... ·,

!'·:·"' i1r·, ,,- ·i.: ,... ·- . _. ·--· r -.... \ •• I

. .• !, -7: :

•., ! .. r: .

! ~ : -· , _ ___ _ ·.,• ..

I•"••'' -, • ' t"

it).~, .. - . ! /

·-· .. - ·: .. ,. i . - '·'

;: r !! , ,

·~ -, .J '; ,~- ( .-

.. t, ·'· •,·,.ii

_.n·, ; ::-·

-· I

,- ,,~· ' ! . , , -::· •. .' .... • •" I .:::,j-•

. ~. •1 I.

,' '. .. _.t.· .,

,_. -., ... , .. "•- •-' "If

-, r,;-

.·- : ... ;_ \ '-1 .·,ii

:'. nt. · r -. ,.·-, ,- ··, • ~ I I •'

1 1l ,•\ !

• !. ..

LA I : I I ) f

.r·. ( . . ,' ; C:

/ ·· .. : ·'

:: 0·--'.;::~:; :.(. ,·· - / ·· c:c ...

01"

.. .. , -·.1- r· .. : ... •.• , 1 - n , . r , i ·-· t. ~ ... y; H t: .· t :. c -.. .. . •,•.

·' ·' -.:, / ..... / t)

( ~c•r: .· · l ! ; ,_ . . ·t . . J I/\ , • • I

r~- _, .. - ':"'·(; I ' ,1, ,,:..· ...

( I_ ;·)n c,· 1:

,' I I•

'•;_ .:1:r::,n,·:;.11·1 , / !!

l ,_ I : ~-::•:, .. ,;, \I/ •. ' 1 ~. I I, '

( : , . 1 .. .. . , Ir" ( .- "! ·:··1.-\ _!C·-..... .: 1 . .•( ·-·i ._, !. : ;~,:::-=-~?;

).···· ..

l

:i ,-: . ·; '.'.. l"' :· C , , ( L.()i ·.' 'l 1:--·-. , - ·· I .

1. n,-.

-· ·'· · ·:-··; - ")

.... ·;_ ._ ...

( .: ,:~, l .' ;. :::

~ ..:,-.'-:,~ - . !!"

. .. , .. ~ 11 •. •

( ' __ or

' ·.) !

D - 2_

r-.·· -, ,, : r._-: ,.. . . ·· ' ~- ·.~- :!:

i:-· · • . -. .. ,. __ ,··-:: ... , ! / : / / l ,,.

~JL . .':~ (; .: i. L

-,- . - :-:. t, .-.•, '

·r •. _.:.,i-: ... .. _ ••• l

,r, • J .;::_ .

~- ~-.• : -~i 7 .-.; - -;_ ~:~:,,. t: ~ :~~) l.: - ) . ~. ! \_,_ '

(. : .. • .Ji:.•_:;·

' -

·, ,.I

'. _,,

: (· .

·1, : : · .. i::rn);

• •• J

__ ., -~ ;:-,,~: t~-; Jr:.-,:~· C:::. -: .. r- l~. ~\;_ .. (" , -.-:.-t L

J , ·. :: r r ~: ... ,:-:~ .s.) !•.J

'·~ _.,, ..... . ..; -- . ' . ·~ _,

~\ ..), : ..... ; . , .. '. .......

'.1·r.r J _!-: · ) ,

"("

, '

r• .. ,.· .•\.

- , ·:1 • J

c:.

.. 0:1

,-.. ,

!11,

,. ' ; , . . . J) J .• .-. I_ , I

-i {-., ... , ,"' ' J ••. ·., t '

·, ~ .:.. .·. .,.: : ... , .. r :=: 1

,~-:·-t· -- · '· .;

( ..

,"-., ,:

T

C · .

·.:_ .. ,;.-: .

~-- .

·, '"~:~·- ~;

c· ;: _.-~- ·,:

c:.

/, ;·: .. ·c . 1 c- . r,-..

J . T. :: t'!. . .

T_lr, ~or:

. ; ~--l_; ·-- ··;}_ / .. r · -_ ,·-

<_._; .- -· ' !.· - .'

.... , . • •. -~-- -; i..:: :

.. .-_. ... ,,. ' • .

.. ,, { . ' .

·: r · ... ... .

n001G3

Press, 1963) i

The Li en and ,':h,,: Je,,·e.Z (play) <London and Ibadan:

Th;·eC? Pl ~·ys (I':),,t'_;,.n : ~~c .. ri, 19C.3);

Oxford Un iv8rs ity ?r· ~c , 1974) ;

,-1 ,Shi'/ tL- in t:he Crypt ( -:)(' c,.::: ,'

10'71),

197?) ;

O:r:f ord 'G'n "i. v-::• r si t v ,.

( ·( , l .! .., '•",rf':-.. ' • ~- ... .i. '- • •,.• ' . , I

., :.· r; '"'; . -~ ' . -· '

~, -r-.\. ... -.• . ...., ·- .. ~ '

(.;

. - ... . .. .

CoJJr.cted F'laya 1 <Lo:·.L.cn: Q:dCJrc. 1J1: iv: rsity ?rrisi~, 19?3);

Th- ]era Fla)'' (!,ondon: ; :c1:h.u c::n , 10'73) ;

Sc·_1son of J.no,y (l.or.i::.un: Colling~ , J !Yt::s ; ~: '")w Yor 1.~ , Thin~. Pn•s·_ , E'74.);

Cc.:llf.ct,::d PJ ·y;; 2 (Lonc::.or..: U:d cird U.1 :i'.'(?rci-t :r Press , 197,:) ;

1!)'!5) ;

0£,'U,7 Abibir,~n C,ond on: Coll' nG' , 19'7U ;

The }\-- .r .. --:: tJl Chi .1d1::tJcd <LonC.c:-i: Collin:s, J.P8 l; Nr.~.-,t YnJ·k: v\=- n C~~;1,

(T.::nc'.: Co}. l i nu-j B~. 00: .• ~ nston 1 n " .... \ ··· · ' .. .. , ... ,

1 Pl a_y at G'.i.w t c n ,oncon : Yst '.~ucn, ::."3t!) ;

,! l {. ' f -;--· i. .. -- ~ . . : ~-. i· .; ,. ... . .. ,4 .t' ... J •.: ,

f:t ti C ·-- nts'

F _ br-ua.ry

J.. ~~ ~-1., Ji l.

~a go.::.,

._ ... .,... . ., ... ' - , .-. "\ r~ .., , 1 -• J.; ',.• • .,_, ,_ ,

i or7 •). -·· ' ' '--'/

~ T .• r...\:Lll ' O, _IC 1 -~ Jo.nuary ~.985

5

Th . ;_·3c,:·hae o.f Eu::-i p id.:~t.· , 1.onc!.on, (}!.,.: 'l:i.c, /\t:0 1.1 t 1.D73;

1.:r:, .,_ ore t.::C?. R.lci-,-Dut , 1::.· e-1 J()78 ;

U~iv~rsity of If0 1 J~nuary

P.l :1y of (~; "'t H •rr-... ...... ....... ,, Yale ~, ,p· rtory Thr::,7. ~r ,

Cl'l'?.:ER :

n ·

of

.,. r1 ·- - ,

}-!0 1: :.·:.:-, r:.:1 H .. 1nit:,cj1'

1c,r1..:.::~

l ";lrr-r"\" .. , ....., ..... ,J .J -· .

,c:tudy Aid tu J{cJ;1 -,.1 ' .,

ty Sa;i n~~ (London: Col~in:~ ,

; . ) (IU:, t-r :· i .. ,

"i rliJ".1' . , • .:,• t •.J, '

Y"" - ' ... , ,\ .

CC :., t.·:: t,S

:.llS :-,.;. 7. :,j

,,. ,· . . ' ) .. . , ' -· ··~ , )

1 c, ~; ·r. ,.· ;--

., t' • , ., ' ~ • ,,_ I 'I,:

I

b

Jo:ln \'73.kc~.: ~:lr; , cd, r-.-7Drlcl Au tJlt."Jr ... · .1 C50--1 ~"'"'?0: /i c:o};''J.[)3.n.io;1 7c;}u,:: ... ~ t:o

lds m·m

I C,J.'

1 nr;r-, . J. ~-· I ,-I' >

\ .r,......,,..,"!,.. , .,_ \J.o. ' \ •

tho (rit ici ~ ~{

A.frj Cc..tn, c·~'trl bbt-=>a n , f . ·n c B1.-~clr ./ .r :.r-i can J,i 1:r..rc.-=J tur·c, c.cJnt .;_: ns "A,"2 [-~t~·1r~t ic

C •ribbP~n LJtcr~tur co,.1t :-. i11:-: ;::~~::yi.r."":7 • 1 s 0 ~)r:-~.rr .. :l and t L .: Jt; r j_ca.n 1,/c:- .ld

.... -:. C--:h'11 ( \ ·! ~,.; '!.ark: b f"':" .-_ c;,J. r:.? ! J. t;~ '/ G) i

-.-.. :.:-:c:i ~: :-::-~to i

'!""" - ... ,. .. ...i + -, 1 ... ,., \, ....

... -y-. '.. --t _.o ... : ::. 980) ;

,., --· .. ,_ \. .,

PE~IO0ICAL PUBLICATIOl S

"Ke:f f i's B::.;:t:,da.y Treat," Nigeri::1n F_,d.io Tir.rts <Lagos ),July 195~, 15-16;

";;~da::r.~ Etienne 's Establ::.s:..rn0nt," Gryphon Cl1ni.ven-,ity of Lecc1s) , J't'.",'>rc~

:i_~h ?, 11-22;

". T;:.::-1 , .... C .. ;\.!.:, c::. tic~s, 0 ( D diffc:1"'8!:t .:;tci·.-y f rcn prt;vicuc er,.-:ry),

II '

f . , _ \ )[1 - , ·,·:·:, ( '',, ;·;. /,'•; !~ "'} ., .

,; ,:, ., , ,.

1: ... .. ,.., ,... .... I • ;.),1 ' · ·- (I,:-~

r-: 0 ,_l) 1_, I

0 -10, _.,, ~. ,. ; I

-,_ -:;- , (., V)

. ,.,, -- -~ ,., .. '

1 '1 i

/

,:, ~- ' ~.) : t

r ' t I - : : () • .:, , - I ,.. . . . ~

11, ... ,,. ,... ,. ; \. • · J .

' _;__

11 U . -1L': :Buria l , '' '/J1e r..· · St . tc-cm.rn (i.,;r-.~0;1) , :-;3 :.;;i_y 19"'\~•, '1(:C•;

( I barlen) , 1 , 1 , ?1 Febru~ry 1970, 3;

~ , April 1'.:\71, C) . ,.,,

Tra~~;;iti c:i (Accra),3"' tOctob:-:1 ... 1(!'/1) ,

) { 'JJ ", . ' , .,,

" Gt', .• ·.r .. ::. ; ;- • •.• , .. •,-, 1 -.. .-. J ' J .

: : (', I ~ ..., ... I .l I

< ( ,·,: ('_. ' • • ) •• J

,, C\:,:.L"t I ',•.,;. ,.., ,:_ , 1f • • _ , _ .. • J • •• •• J

., 1 - .. ;·:\. - .. ,_ .... )

DLB 003 06 J l u6

~-;:i thin

CO~T1i tr·-~nt. to

-•-r-::- ..: - ~ ., ... _ J . .I ~- •• .,,, •

, . , ;t(.> I

l' r.:,

·r .; ., .... .. ,.. J. - , .

·,·· ' ., ) (') -\ .._ _ _ _

. , ....

...... .. ,. .. , . .. . . . •• • J

(,.,. , . .L,:: ) .- (I

,- c.~.: .-

.::m~ oi

., . .... ,. . ..,_ .. :.i \,

"! ( " .•

r r.:.d

,~ .. -· Ji! I \.- , . , , •J.

.. ,

en

; '· .. ·.;

in r;o· ... ,.7;r

1.c -J t

J C .. ·:

-.

9

-~ .... ,..;i , .,-' ~ ·," \.A , 1\ ., ,, .J,. 1_,J..L

: ~ ' -....

tn ). r:i: Jur·d·.:·c

tn

. -· .. .. ,., ..

"" ... ' ('~

. ... ~ 01,J I

. . ( . i,I. I

',·.' -~- : . -~· .

tn

should b,-, .co·.'tc;rncacl a'or,ut

t:.s

·: rem:·:. n :. ~iC'~ ,. ::-n:-

prc .. ~uct.C:.

.. :, I ~:- I j I • ,' •

-1 · ,

, . . .., ....

.; .,. ,~ ... .. . , vl. : , J

tu -~; :: --~

pc;;~-t: c:· ... :.

i.: \_,,.:.,

~-: : : i .\ . '.: -~ (' ;: '/ . :,r : i) ,. •, ... , .. . . . : ( :·;.

I\. ~ ;., : I ~ • • ~ :! · , .. t .- ., (;'

1,.; : ' ,. :

' :,: ,J .... "./S,

--- '- : .. n

.. -~ ., .,.

:'J_ ~·ti.d,,

err,.

-: ... "~

,., .. , J '

(. .....

'.

IO

·. ::;i,: :·

•Ii :,.

.. · -. -:,. J · - · .,

. : ~;:

II

in I ?. · ·1 ,0: ,1..-1.( -: tra.<?e .:1, j_ nvnl \''Gd

aga1 rut the Alako, the loca] office ho! dar

ru J i~d .

::-, r,-,., •. ~- <-J\~.I ~ •

~ n <,,,•. ,L

it-

• ·.'i :""

. ~ I ; '.~ :

~:. ~- '- ·. ~ C.

(;.:; · ..

~ .

.. ~ '·' ... ~

', . ··:··

.J. r "}.a.tivc··. y

T!:G t :.11m

C~<?:2i~.C-, .

• .._ .1;-: · • .l. ... r.i •.

·r.or

'1 .; .r. r ; • . :. ... . t

on

-., . .. r ,• ~-

~--..

.-:i.:

(. ·:-. . '

... , , . •• .. ,

~ .. ... . . . ~

1 o ,:; ,, ... • 4 IJ , • ·'

7 .: , .. ·1,. -~ ' .... . . , . • 1 .• :..

+ :.. .. .... . ~ :

' lnr: r:

C - •, • , ~-.; T"T. • · .• · ' Vt •

. .... """T , r- • •, ,-. • ., \J •• ~ . ' .,_ • ' , •

- ~ ~ · 1 .: -. -• , j , l .J. \ • .

. u. ·..; :·.··:.:; ,., -.

t.., -:; . .... .. . . )

-, cl c r ::;.

I

Co,_;1-1;

'·· -~. ~)

0:,

nd to

to a

.--·. C:,., .. -.·

.. :8 ,I .- - ; .t • .:. ._,

to

in th0. United

r-~ . :":Jc~nt a:)o'-,·:., ,,. ,·.:,,-·-,/ • , l • L ~..I .

L-. ~n~,;.

.;~ (; .. : \·.\-;-;

, . ' ~"

D--1 l.i:: :·. :- .--, :: o. · -

t b.c

too:~

J.D.

+,-,-J. .. . ., _ _

'. :) ·,

. -; --·:

( ' _. ,~ African s~uties, part of the Univ r rsi~y

( i:j. _: v::. :t' ,:. ) •.•. _, t1--.. F.

o .. ~-- -,,

... . , ·~ · D 'l• n,er. \- ' ., -+: ~ ... --~

-,--- ., .. : f :

J. '«,.: .4,. (1 ,> •. -. trJrrur :i_ ~;

+ \.., r~ ·,.~ -: ... _. . .... .; ~1.I, p,

°t D ..,.! ( ~ c• • ·;; ... ,~ ~ (\ r.;: --.-. ._, , .

... ~ . ,-.:.

.: .. . ~' · .. , . ~--, . ·: t - - ' . - ' J4, .,.,J •• '

1-

;..•

of popular! easily acc= ~~tbl~ revu~ itErr3,

t t~3y~d thn trust pleccd in the r a nc

&bused the privileges of office .

~ C -liJJ .' ..

,, .: I:-,,-, ... , . t • 'I _,;,. ~

·1·i-, .. I. JI •,

.:: ;·1 ( j '.·,'· ·.

cler~ ~nd stueent

anr'. 1,-. . ...;.f ,

:;r:~tt l e.

,,-; ::; ., ~--- :; -.. t t ~;_,--; :~:: ·~-

... ''"' , ... ~-- ' .

... J > \..I .• .,_.,-

... "!.--. 1 :.,

. a. :. ·,_ ur .•

:. n , .... . .

10er1a,

wi.tty.

.. ; ~ - . : ... .: -~- 'ti .... •, .... ..,. .... '} ,, ::c , ... ·-. --.~- -::-- , .... , ... ~--.,_ \.:, . : ,.,, .. ' . -' • .. .

' -; ' ~ ,·: ":"· ,: · • • - •• ;. +

-: ~ . ... .. ' .. ... . ... ' . ....... . ,._ ·.• .... '··' .. .

.. _.,_

c,1-

· -<

-f· . .- t , -(·, \', . ,... , ". 4 ,.. I , \ , \..() :._!"' , ( 1 1 . .... .._

I

Tl: ·: Li on trEt:}itj_on

of co~~dy ~n~ w~th Euro-c 2ntric viAwa uf Afric~ , SF~cific~ lly, ~ith

.T oyce Carf:'y 1 c novcd ]{j.o.=:-:.cr Johnr-:on .

"·1 ~-. ~c ~ c c, ~:-~ .. 4

l ?T ('. ~C; t ~ .. \~;:;-tio~::--; [/~·Jot:t c~_c:.C"~r:y 5201--.;.c .

l - 't . ;1

• -. ,., .-,"'!" _; .... . , ,

t::.1.is

" j. . , .- :,

< ?} ·•:.1 ·; ··.:-i .

t

• r ~ ,._ ., . .

...... ,,:; .: .... ,,, • .. ~ ...... ,. C,

.., _..,..,,.... ,..') . ,,....,., j I. ,., ... ~_. ·,1 · •. •..-.

Rov ._;_ -·

-. . , •. ;. I

: .t .

.;.. .. "\ .. . - , 0: • ' "' I • ~ . \. ~ :.

-!-•-.,-. "\ ... ,··I :, ;

h; "\ . I . I

:i n

..,., ~)

cc J. ~.c~

. : .)

• "> ~ . '· J · • .

t.!1,: ,,.,~_ :: y ~.3_:··o '--~ :=-.t

_,__ 1-

in / 1-f ,·.: r -.. .. . • . .. · .

.. J. ~ ... , ... , \., . , ,_

( ' -1_ .;'

. ' .. ; l -... ,.:-·':: , .... .. . ' . .: ...,_. :· ~

·:-:.1c

+.;: ..... . -

.: ...:: .: _ ... r-: ~-. '

. .. . .,_

5 : ; ·-' ·.-,' : ~

. - .. ...

.. , ... ~ .:. . .:: .. ~ ' l .:. . . - .r.,

Euro~·;.: n:~ in Air i. cr, -

about bow

i)LB 004 07 11 86 In Lone.en dl;1·in:; 1~>1:-::; • nc 19'J), ;::oyinL~ r- .. r: -, cnntc·.ct vn.Ui thG

overseas s 0~71ces. .. r , ~l~o di~ supply t03c~in~ and wrot~ up his

.. ,~ .. ,..., .... . ·- ... L.'-h•

.• c;"/_-. : ... , . r

'l"'l1,·-, ~ ~-~- :_,

- . -' --

r ... .; . ........

I bxl,,n

i. --:- [.

,.... ·-. • - -~ .p- • l' - - .t .... ·- ,,, J

,.'.:_~-

-~- .,te

.. .- ~

, • t

.J • • .. -

.. ::~· _. ~ ; .·; ·- 1 • . . • ... "'-

l \ ••

.-, ...,_

' +- -~ ~- ,. • • J ~ .• • •

__ .,_,

r. .:

.{. ,.. r.,, ....... c.:,

.:.L- ~-- ,'" .. -:;

( } • • .,J • .., ~J ,:-- · . .. · - · ! ..

- 'le". ~ ..

~-y

' Co,-, Te.~c}.11 •

,­.. , ... .

tu ,- · -.. -~ . _c, - .

(")·· ,·,··

. . -- - -, ·=· .-. --., .:., , .. \ '-'""

b: ·.-,

..... , ... , ..... -.,-. ~-' ' • ~.i. ' ' ~- ' I

,_ , , '·

Cc: r: ·:,. i ,. ·:; ,-. ::;

. . ' '•' ,. , ,

.J ' ...... /...

-!· "'· . ,.- • JI ~

1 igeri u n ~~hlicatiun~,

Df

(.. ... .{

l: ' '

-I--· ...... . , . • 4 .

.- .. ..... -... .... "-· ~ J. •_.'

l ' ' c; , ._) - ,­.......

i f:

:-. i ·

•,/

.·. 0 - . ·: :-,Ci t1.;;

.-. ,

,._ .· ,­• t ... -:

.. - .: ...... , •• -1-

.1,.. ... J,., , :.; .,

I ,. , . ' ... ', .

( ... r:. 1, ~ ... _. ... , .J .• .. -.I

c1.)J. l ·:.ct j_ 0 :-1

' . ~-- t~.r;-: ,.c

. · • .. 1 : . {'

vl '

....... ~ r s -- s

j,.. ,: .. .... .... , . -A., , ... . .

fo.r- bevond. t }:..2 ..,

·--:.: -::_

,, .

;::?T.1t.l

., D

(;f. .. \ .. _ .. I . ~ ~ t •

,.., .r-'II."", .•. ,·., ... . . ... - __ , : ... .. _ _,

- ,.. •• • 4

~., ' '•

,.·• .... , . .... -.. -.. -: ,., .,

J

mutatir·z.

anC. British

1. ·r,-­"'" tars~t::-;, n.d it iG not surpri sing

to

.l.: .... • • •.• J, • ..:,

:c.:c:·,:. ,

tc

-:i :t--.:. .!cu.- ,·-1.·. ~':.;t ·r:1: .. : :. ·:-. y,1 --:--a~··,·:"-.~~----: ;. ,-

_,

·,-/ ~ ~- ·. '

, ...,. , .,... I .., •,. , .. • .· .. .. . ·

... : -!.! - ·

. :::. -~ ., - . ,...,,. , . • ' l •

-:.c -~-. :

.. : .. .-. ·. ,: · ... :; ... '--"

:. --. s

, . : •;.

;: -;:,

... :c.:i

""'',. .. J, __ ' l

r-.'

aut:hor

· ..... -.. . ; . .,

. -, ... . ;

.• . .; '

•.• r,

'..? ,-.. . , .

: . - -

'! r; ~- i '. ··: ..... I

19

::,7

he

. ... · , . .... J. ,\,j

' • • ( • ... '• I

r~=:··,.1l~r-i : ?r,tr- . He !l a c. c··· :.1rc 2:,2d :.,_n .- clni r .1ti on ~~e r e l P. ~---~nts in Br echt 1 s ~

::ru.s drawn on poems

... he C8UJ.Y~ r y t o t ~; in ~i~ reseach .

Un~ v ~r~ity Collc~c ~nd the ~icari a n Brc: :d ca s t ing s ~~~icc . He

. . , ~ r ; .. ,

:c .... ,

. :, , ·,

V ) ;: :~_)''/ ~-: .. : .. ~ .

. --.",;?C·

,_. __ , -.. 1:.: , 1 .. , -1 ,, ... l

r ,-, ,, ,

. ( i •

-. ,._J. . },., . ·, ,, ,,

.., ' - .. 1 ' \ "t" ·, • ~ .. ·-' ~ ·- ' . ,. , J

a

Pl.I

v.: ':: r ... l

,_,

.. ... .:

., ·:. ,.. . _. ·- .. ...

\/ ~)r .:-: "i-·,r::_ ;lt1 ~\n

I\

0 ::-1

..... ..... , ,..., ... ,., ' -'· _,. ~ • • •. ,• ' , ' I

.-, ..-. ..... \ ~ I •

··- ,,· ~ ... · · \. , i ' I

1.-. .. ..

~ . ·-· ' Li . .

fa vrn.---i t n ··.-1::. th ~c~c:ol , col le3c anrl. con:1,.uni ty cent.er aud::. r:: nce ~.

sor. ti,: _ topical reference~, havn s~own that the

appoal o. the piece rx~en~s f~ r beyond the continent of i~~ birth. A,~re

of th, • \·· i ·'.~ aJ.ity v;: .. ich coursec.

tr;.c.n ly .... ,.:.: ·:--

.. n; . .:.: .

- ..; "I • l

r. :~

1 : ,

_._ ,;.. ; • I t • - ,. .. _ .;; . ., ...,

, . ~ :

v :in3 of

. :".'. .. ~ ·: .... .. ·::;~

. ,., , ....

tr:0 c t. ·,tral

SC!(':::' .. d

j n ore.e r to

J' , "I .,.... • • .._ 1_ - .._ L J •"I

+· ., . ) , .

.,,..1 ... -- ..; ·h ~ ': .: - - .. . ' '\. ;._-''-' - . .,, .. -., .. -· .... ., j .

.... L - ·.J

·1 ..

2__\

c; a. .~. \"· i \. ·.!ni -:.y \

ingr-diont~ foun~ in Frank Wedo~ i nd ' s

i. n i t

.J . ~- - .... .:., ,., ·~ .. ,._~.

. ... :)U ,,

...

..

r:1:n. or.:2, o7 11 .:Vi As t :h'"'! L: ~: !:'.. L : ri.t :: , ·s bet°l':een t:-i.e title-- ~u.:,;:;c·3t, A ]).:,r.::e of the Fnrs-sts

is c-:~ r:; L:ly :!.i n:-:r:-:.i 1-:i th 11:o J.\11:ce of th,:· Afric;;;n I<'cr2st1 cxtrncts fro.~

whi c~ forrr~d part of the royDl Court Evening. But w~cre~s the Lo~don

~ro~~,_l·::: ·~ ::.on \·:as Ci:-t ctcd .;.t ·\:!e racict r:....5i -:; in ro~.rt.h /\irica:

1..,t prt!L ·~ nt,~ ,- in :·;:};·er i .:; _.''i>,T:J..c :t''::!:.. ... ,.!:._l.J direct cl .ec.t ::~igeri ~, in,:t?0C. th<~ ?lay

·~- , •• ":"I' ... ,.,,

... ,. .. ,... .. I_) ._ ,_ I

.,..,.... ... +

• ..,. ' A­' . '. ~

,., : -; ,··,:· ;·r· ' ··: '.. W .;

:i.n

,:· .~7. :; :· 1 ",' ,' )

cl: f :i ,~!) :. ": : .• - ::

in

' " - .. ..., .. ..- 1,.; +-,: M' I • ' • ••,.,I,.., t.\ : \ • , . I

o£f:!..c ~., 1

.... : w . . ..

• • •. 11

r""" ~,... .,... ,_. '-' '- -··-,;, ,.:.,

...... - -. , ... ' •.1 ' .,. . •

~- .

- -..- , -· •••" ..,.,,. h r -- ......... ,., -

pret~lorc.. play' c :' i rst.

auc.::.encc.::; \CT • , }, :i ldorerl .

cu::. t ur: l l y ., l' e,i.r> tcd tb2 *"·ort of ?Cop1.c w:io wrote revie \,s ·- w:10 fo..;~c.

t :.iL! pl y dif.1..icult , a nd h~s :m.aint ained t ~1nt :a~ ' ordinar y ' :t~·1 1~'::> ~rs of

t.:L

~, .. , ~

..... t

··- -. ,

, ... r; t : :

,. ' . ' ( : . !' ... .

rn

L, . ·~):-- CJ ... ~:L'..ty .

.. ~:J~·· -.

. . ,r ' • l

- • I t • ! • • , , • , •.J •• ' .. ... ' ~ · -~

tc

" ., . ,, ..

., . ... ... ·~. ' .

s. :: c. •

_,,.: ., ····· ....

.. ~ -· ~ .L. ...,

-~~ -. - _,..' ..- . ~ ,.., .,- ~-,I. • } t.: ..

... ·- . !

. ... .-i:-:

: : n ~-

·;...·~ -- ~ r .,. L ....... ,._ I

, ,. 1

' .·.--:-

; . ,.. ; . J; )

... -0,. -,,I-·

the &udi enc0 ' :·-G1 ... l Dance .

Eoyi-nt:..·~ C.ircct(?C:

....... ~ ·- - ·-· ···- - ·· ---·t ...... - --- ..

It is, inc ~fo ntally,

G l·~.-.. 1 l ::: T! 2,. :.:

1:,··· ;,, _. ]: ~ ," · ,./, t .. !(:

1 ' ·· · .- .. .J,.. t;;.,:..,.,,

'\-, .. ... 1..1 .}

ri can f .r .1 t 1 .

·,,rit:.1:__,

.ri. J r, , __ ,y

1 1, . 1 , , .. .

. -,;-;: L

-' , ...... .. ...... ,,. :'; --:

~;o

}; ,...+,. ·1 , ... l .,,-. • ~ ·~ ,I, "._ > ' ,

~J ._,. ~ - • • I ••' •

~-c:.

.. . .:.,

2:-t::. ~:~ -,r~ 1 .·i'.-. ;.• .. ' ' -:·:--- r ... ~

' :Pa.rt 2 1 ~ .11.titlcC. ]'hr· ].:,:.t1l c~s, vt ·1.s publi~~t0<l Luring 1962. It see1.'1s t:lat

cf:fortr.. -t n (~vade i~- by fli;::ht fro:~ :; is0riB- to London. \lri.tten in a

vo-r·ioty lJ :r r.~t. yJ.es . t :.12 ?lay v;as on Soyinka is f .. esk for a , or:u tinG 3nd ,

con.di t ie:r.--:-,

~ .• 1 ' .... ,,

:;- ::t

,.l ..... ..; .. - ..... ..... ·•v . '

.. _ .. ., _~.-~ ....... , . ., ' '~ \..J

cc:: .) .· , •. \. .:. .. : .,

.. . ... .... ~ ~ ... . ' ..... .. ,_._. .. .: c-:-~ .. ,.: ._ ~- .:.:~-~

.; . ; .,,, ... "' "· ''w

, • .! ·'.-~ 1 ~ , •• - l

. - - ._ , , .. · .: ~· . ... : ,· . ., ... : ·: r: ._ -~J. •• _ . ..

• : I

~.ni::'tra~:cr· ..

~ige~ian Televi sion

(1 1·,, 1 .; n.: ,....n ....... .I. ., .1.. ._ .......

--· v1... ,

~- • ·,'r>-, ... ... · - -)

an

3. Cl""'C:~. : ·.

- - . '--.; ;-. ,-

J • • r:.<:: -r, .... . ...... . ' . , -~.t. - l ' ... ..,J

:,,.

:--.ctcr·s.

Soyin1rn wanted to go furth0r anc.

to enccH~ra.ic youn;se:r- :=--~ople w110 c;ould give more~ time to r-c7ing . To -t.~1::.s

ena he : err:. , f. 'Ori ._.un Thea.trc 1

F:ro};e-T.f ,~.. .5c,r.

sr-ant .

:~: .. -ud .. 1.1t _;·'·_. _

r.:ntir~J.y

1 . ., -,-.- ..

F,'j ~.J d,

\','

,·­. ., .~.

' · -.. v

1+ • v

r,· .. c: ( -:_ r ~;

~ .-. .. .

of

i ·.-. " f ('I . ''*,_,

n ~~jor effort in the

. .r

OYH?

lbRC.f:.,:,

~ r ' ' J I•,

7! .; r, _.., ri':

~1i c~ w~s encouraged

... .

u:; .

- y-.: ' ~.

a.

\·:as a.

_,'·\ ·· r•··.·, . ·f

-·_;

~Jri t~: r 1 ::1.nd 11if': conC.uct as ~i res'~arc ... 1 stuC.c~nt indicai..c1s his own

of ~pti tudc ~ .

tb.is t:c·.-~·3 nat s ... :cn1 to have 1:,~~· .... n corr1pleted .

cl u r :. r~o 3 11 l., - .. ..i....;,1 an a.rt.i.:;t 1 3 SO '... t"

Of .J.C. :: . .. ; , ;_ C but dr aw i on reading and 8.ilC.

s~yinka ts

ccn~t 1~ ~~ y ~e kin~ ~ild finding parall e l~, both wi thi~ a ~d outside t ~r

for ... a ~-· y.~~· . .J'J1.1 c.:

-:'):-~r -=-r.r .. - ~

to t _:..~ _.

;-:,no :·· \ .. ·

•-a , ··, ··, ·~~ ·-' .. ... A-fr ~_ -..-. n

i

t 1y;o ~-. \!. :~:: ic'3tion r-~=".: ua. l c t one: :~jgl1l :," --t y l i ..... ct.:, t:t.e o t :le r co .. ~parati\'"ely \(

um: o:·-:-,::. -=-:+. i c:P.tec..i 3,; .:1 seen:.3 to ';)c,r-row r. tructural featu r ~s f rcm Eug8ne

0' ~:ei :. :'..' : ; H::-.pe>ror Jo1w~ in order to e xplore t:'.l<~ conduc t of P.man, a

men :.> ~1- of 'the strci~g b1-eec.' , on2 of t"!.losP. ,·rho bear t he burdens of the

cow·· u, i~t y. T:.e ch, ._malogi. c ..lJ. c2r.un~1ce of i ·:ents is sere :,bled and c.:in

cha:-J.~r.2.€' to :S:nn' s Hi U 1:hic b ~oyi nka.· c sta bl i ::,hes he l -:::· to m':i°!:re th i s ::.

Tho .C.:t:ronc: Brcr: :i "'ta,.,,~,,. r · r +-"ne ·- c-. n+'r.r:-' ,-. f ,::, C: h A.~•· ;:.' , V <..,; ~ "'- ,~l _;! U h::.s

cxp1nr-:":-_w _1)0. :-,os it. 1 0:1 of the i11d :: vid.ual, co;;.:inuing ~ d.j_ :1J. 02:ue h1 5.t:)

-+::i.e pl , :· Jnd t h :;. ::. ~ or r....; d. p art of s ii.lm ' .nti "'.:).e:c. Ci;] tvr - in Tran,-i ti on.

- . 1 l ~ ..... ~11)

tc :-:r ~ orP.' Y\!~tr )-,:-,• 1: .-.l l ... i ·-- pre ::ucc C.

--u- .. .- -- ~. ,. ,.. ,,_ _ _ _ __ .,.._._ -4" -' -"• " ... ._ ....... _.. ____ ..... --· .. _.;o,_, _ _,,_ , _ ...... . - -

.. - . - ~

DLB OOG 07 11 86 Soyin\:.~, 1:"·nc13ed to co:-:bine bi:; rn-m writ ::.n[ vdth rnalcing a contribution to

tbo ear1 y sixties , He shared jn e nterpris ~s with other Nigerian

litrrary figur8s o_ ~is 5ener~t ion, such as Chinua Achebe , J.P . Clark

critic~ ·,:; :1r~zr ituc'.e - not fo r t!:P. first ti: 8 , advocating t ~at Afri~an

Univer ·-·:. ty Cnlle81• Ifc . But t~e follow::.ng J~ar he rc~::.gnod, di~gu~ted

.,. o ... a

b, in ... ) I ·v:; i :::~ ·,. u.--

~ ( '.·; 1 "' 1.! .... :.~: ·. rr,;;:::;. 4 . : • .... nt tr: r . ' •'IT ~ ..-. ,,\. • l,1 • 1 l

30

. l

....

..,..

<'~---­' ' ,.

.,

'VD.r:_c,1J~ a:nn c.r"G\·l ' .::.::c.

w~tch th0y cultivatrd ,

\ir playc u; 1060, such ~s tt~ sullibility of t~ : ~l~c~or~~a, th2

,·· :Zv.~ntu,J.!_ ly tl1e: :-;-,Jdn .::--·al Gov(~Jnr!~.:1nt fcu!H.: a n c:·:cu - z~ t r.1 ,:.cc!J.rf~ J. ~~tl.:.tG cf

r-~:.: ::rgency in t1·H} We:3 1:ern }i\?g .iCJn. To Eoyinka and 0 1:;L ... r ~i:-:-r-:1·1 ,-.n

and dictdtcrship.

During 1965 hr'! tea}~ up ,,. pn··,t ac Sen' nr Lectur,~r ir En6 1 L.:i .:tt the

University of La::;os . Si nce the; year ::.·1 ,! th,-- publ ic-c .. tion of f"'.: -.-r-+- ... ti! • J..J. ~ - v \...J -

bis play te:;tf;, )

La;;os, h<:!

g row stror.Rer and, becaus0 of ce:n:;or~~:J;.p,cx;x!ri,nc · ,4 (!.ifficu}_;;·icfs in ·····-. ~ - - .. )

ccmmunicatin3 h i;-_:; ide.:is . • I' + 1 ,, I.. •.1 •• l

' Lijadu , he Si'tV'e bis geniuG fo r sat·ire full-n'lin in 1:cr~ri n .:_; or, a s,::ri e ~; .. •

..... - • - - - · .- .~ · ~-- •• - - ... . - • · ···- · - .. - - ... ........ .. . - - · - . .. • - • ...,. - • 4•• .. ~ •• .. . ... ,- - ••. - · •

B 1. ' .::Ir:ou+..

. . + T .• 1a v

.Js fccusin;; o;i

-i n . ... . . ... -. 1.ger:. a

1965, in 1·1hir.h Bef ore th:.=! ~1 :'lc;·out w:, ::· ~rac.uc'}d, ·,n.s an e:-:·:,ror: i. ina1-y

ye.J.r :or Soyj_nk.1. It s aw -:h'-' r,uolic.:i . . ; :.on of ~t f ::. r_:t novel, Th')

[ nte:rprete.r s ; tl1,_ fi,,,t r':~ding of a . -z,,jor poem, 'Idann~'; -i;:. },P. or0.r.1i.~r::!

of Th~ Rea d at t~e Thcatrn ?oyal in Lon~o~'s St~3 t:ord East, and of

I •, .

wer~ follow1~ hy thA arras t ~nd tria l of Soyin!t.~ ., o ... (

~olding-up .1 r~rtio station a1~\ c tea l ini two tapes .

. ........ _,..,_, ..... -~ ~-· .. -·- ~-·

cri t .i~s.

wor:d i~ only one way 0 ~ ,_,,.,..,..,,. ....... ""* <tr 1,.,,1"'\ .... , , ._,J.. J . -"J . .,. , ..

1.,.~·-· ,I

T.;:;-:.:.t=o.n.d.1 - :. t f1. + : .. r .. : -.0"{P ~ (; 1. l_ . 7t .f~J C ~- t! "( '7') !.lU :::;;ta .i. n ~(: ~. ~:cC:.1 sh·

pori;ro.yal c:

1. ntri.guc:-: ;

" ;:, ....,T',1' (;"\.) ... >

~ -.... ~7'\~atirt:! at ~:he expcns..! of the -r,,;-:J:::-·lc!. ·

of :Hgerian newspapers

Corn.posed ;-rithin a. F ~riod o:f twe·,1ty-four nm:rs, ldar:re i.s :.1 nytho:..00 i c,1 '

,_ )

poe:r1 on a ~-:cale ancl on t heme .. -; for :,·i~"i_c::i lit1·l1~ i:1 Soyin::3. '3 prc~-.7:.cu.::; ·'\

output nae. p~-epared rc.~adors. Dur.i.ns t )H'.! r..a;·ly ,~:.: .. :tins b,} h.,c. con-tim:e d . ) ' • .. •'

his experim?,ts with verse and his p1~ces I • 1 ) ~1 111 .:i. o .. ac.;x ic:.i :-)_ ... , - oi·t c n

concerned 1,i th '1:yre--; r.r cycles of ·li.::,:ory - }: 1.c!. ';;.-:,co:o·e ,:cir,, ~i:s tirec:. 'Ie _. ') u ' ~ ,

carried over from Yo:-uba usage a c!c-l i:=,"tt in t:: ~ n::rni~)ut .:.1ti~1,1 of worci.,

·:)

------...... ~-- ---..r _.. .,._,,, ---·- - -- ~-... ···-·--- -·· ...... -··--·-·----... ~-- ... --... -·- ~- .-• 6 .... .,. ......... - ....... . . . .. _....,. __ ... - ·--- .. .

:n ld,, nre : .. e

OU +;s::. C. "J

,.. \ .. gun .

k~cw is Soy::. n::a ' ::- :p ,tron deity.

,-1

(

(

l I

0\)7 O'/ 1' ,} J

2.tory , ' ... 1ne , ~ ...._,.1 •A.I., ...

.; -l-­. l ,,...:, Yor:;b.1.

bur' ~::

in his i nt err- ·:t in Prof J;. - nr 1 s invi:::t~.~ ...... t:cns lnt::J t:'i.,~ tr",:."\ n .. -;:tion 1.ro7i1

said that -.~ .­. , • .J P.l. fil· .1 .

The Road i '.; prcfounr.:.y ir.:1 1.1:-:•n.:1d by ,· Yoru:.in :;r:,:~,e ;:;f '!;]:;.-:) cGatj_nuity

15 thf Yoruba c. i. n·,,.sion. But in other rcs;;.2ct s Th 1 -~o.-'!d is +;:f~ prcduct o.

rcfl0ects th .. roh.s pl3y,~··! hy drugc. anc~ ~ 'lusr;,

-~ ·- ... ., ___ .... - ...... --~--,... ---·

t· , •. _, . .c.C l ("'\, T..

-~ - .... . -...-~ l"- "· J .. ...... I·:onu

t,:-J~:. c . ..: .. .. ·· r: ·, .

,- r'\11 ""\~.,..., , , .. ,,,1 ...., , L 1 0 J

·-i ( - ,I \..J

rm

iC ,.Qd

: n ... i -:-- c ,- r: .+:. 1 y

., h,:

not a hor n of plenty but .J. ?~1·,~dora ' s :~o: .

Soyin'~ ' s s0cond ~ta3e pl ~y cf 1960 1 l(an.J·i '= H~r v .:~ t, also dr ... , ,.:-: on

... c ontc:,porary pol:. ti cal dr:v ' 1.c ·1:,tent:;; ~ J t crmbi n .:,s r.::i r t :cu ~ar- .::.n: ,. top ice l

nl l u:sions wi t h

....... -- - ...... , .. ··-- ..,..._ _ ...... , ........ _ -·

·-

::} (~:} ~- ;_ .. ;-::, 1 ! 1 . y--l~::

"'is r o l,1 ir.

:r:.1 nn.-, .··

! ~ .. .J.

.: -:.. l .-:,

~ ..... . ,..,_ ~ .i. ... I ., -:irr.:!

~; ..... ... ',..._ ·­., . .. .,.

~:.·1

,-,-,· , \ ~ J. ' ..,. r:f :.ifr:!

1,::.10 .. :

~.S 1-., 1 .! 1 .:.-. ..... ~- :;,. .; , in 1

thi~,

1.i.3.t<~- f'i.:!. l(~d . () 0. :.o

r 1".C"''··· r:- ,,11 +v''" fir· ,,-.,+., f1·111· t~' of .i..' ,t·, nr- 1 / '"'~0) ( .(.:' ,r ...... .,.. ,... • ~ • r. ""' _ . '/' . \, . , • ,.,a, ._, • . • J ;.;., _ _,

frrn11 it .

arrange for Kongi tc be shnt

!'"'' .. • ¥- . . •... - -- .., • -- -~ --- • •• - - • --· - -·-·------·--·- • . ~- ....... - .. .

~~d · ~raw th~ paiso~'

•· ,., " I..J., . llEe ,•/ of

' '

i )

·: . .:1:-: ' 1 ' " , ..... cf

~r '"'"I.... ; ~' ·-· 1 .. '....J J.

... :, :l . · r "/ :~ :.: '~ -~ r

J . 't,.. IJ J.L { .

And ~n h , ~ often ,

" ,., ,.

,_ ,, ... ·~+· ~ .. , .... "'

. -~'\"' ..... ~ . ~ .. ,:) ' .: t. l(, .!), -t'

,, :

"

... 11 .:.

~y~ti!tcat1on , o: · 0 lecting r~ ~lite3 ~ ~Gro CDaodu )

The trii1J. srew out of ~n i1lcid~.n·~ :.n whic!, .. :1 :;_ntri..H.:.c.1·, ...... r3r-y .:.t the

w.-y in wiich ~lec~i.ons h,:\d been conr...ucted 3. n.d the wa.·_; .... 1. :,.~into;..:,. :i~d

been d a clarod t\e w:nn. ,

zun . " p:Jlffi, 1 forced an :n~ineer

and subsU. tute a tap,:: which he !:n.ci. brought w:i.th h::m. ,k,:-nrdi ns i;o an

nbserver c~nt to cover the trial fur A~n0~ty Internatian l, tho

intruc::.cr ' f~ t.J.pe !1:i.d ':?,,sun 'This •.). ,,:...1,

on to advise A~ci ntol _"' ' nd hi r. c .cew a. ri'nr 0 ~ .. ~,.i_cs ·to r:_u:. ~ .::-:! cc;~11, •.:ry ';

• - - -,,. ~ e ... • --.-·.-·• ~ ... - - •

T .,

)

,,_,

.:.. o.r-e

dt' 3 coursr;, ;c .1. f u::_:; , 1- - • 1 ,:,A 1 , , ., .. ... 1 ,_.,d. 1 .... ,

.. -~

·-

1--,.; ,.,. -L ..._ .l•I )

i. '

~i ~ duty t n take~ -.:- , t ·1 "! . L 1-., .&. ._ pL1.rt j_n

Over ~he years S8ytn~a ~-G taken v ~rio~~ ~ole~ in n1tional , .: _: '"\ . .. . 1 . .... • ,

and ···..,.

about th(~ rol<-} of tJ:rn 1w j_ ter. Ths 'full slnry' of the ~~t!o c ~atton

hold-up , or ' tape fiJsca', ~a~ not yot be8n tcld , 2~d Sayi n~~ h~s bc ~n

\ '

Ho 1,"te:-r:,,1er , thr.-: ~ ind of ac~ ~nr. take n hy th(; intr udo r

seems to 1ne to be i n line w:lth th ~ ra~.0 Soyinka }1::,--:; advo,--;.,~t, ... ,~.

()

' ; -~- ..... - ......... , .. ,~-- . ~ ... ---·. ---- . ....... -~·· ·-·----- - ... ..... - - .......... --·-·-· .... -

4-D

DLB 008 07 86 T~c ~8ath~ b e t ween Soyinka 's acqujttal on the charge of holding-up the

:cadio st., :, :c1~ .:rnd h:i ,.: rc·-;'.lrr:est ci.u:ring Au,-:w::t 1967 in connection with

the Nigeri ,-11 c:. vi l '.7~ ... !- , :ere 1r.o. ·:ntnus on.es for- :; ig·cria . Th :re \\fas a cou2

by r::i.c.ic.,1 tnd. pro.=,--:· •:!r.:s:'..ve offict:rs wM.ch b~~<: the support of :many

natio_;-1 ,'<s :~_:, vinr; t::?1, 1.,aster-r,i ~1·.lcd by a tribal faction.

Yaku~u Gowan to pcwcr.

.f':-.,-~ \)J. ]} C [;10 :,d,

pl1i lo3cp~y

.. - , ·t ·_ , .-

1/~l;_c: .. ~ att ( ntion to t~C? ' .

f,)'_;',:.·. - , "> · .• • . / ' • • -~-'

r·c L-'."', r:: t l\.1 :_:.;. ;;d ,~.l~r i ~,:- .. ·:-: :. ·;,c, n-3. '._: u r .~ rr~ "!: :1:; r .:; c ~ ..... ~- ::;::1i ;_ o--::s ~~=--:t, a ~~ c:. · c ~,t \:: r a

',. }l ._

1·. · ,

• •,' I ...... '

(

(

.~.

(

'

,-

I"

'

'·

...

-- -- .... .. - ·- ~- - -· ··· ·-- --~-- ------., .. . ______ ..... ,..,_ ... ,_ ... ...... .... , .-- - -------- · ~ .. ---- ··-- ·------~-

lp

,.;,;··-,-, wr i tte,.l 'i n Yorul _ .. n~~ in the form of Yorub a oriki. Soyin::.:a ' s poetry

hLc~~~ rr~rc Cirectly \Yt!i ~dJ:~f J ,::. i:. t <:.:r' rart (J_ 1')66 . ln his first publishGd collection of verse, Jdanre

. , nd (Jt .hor· F'r1t .. ·1. ·:-, he su"'..:,i t1cd ore E,:-:~tion 'octob,r '66' and included in

,..., , . ,, - \-" - .._ - I . . :, , • .. '

s··--..::: '"\- .. :._ ..

.. "' .. c;

... .-, -- ...... .. l ¥ .,. _, -

r,

, . -I ~ ..... • c:c·.,:~1 l e · '": r:tr -:-]. by

~;j_tuation h.J.d

. • +- - r- """I. ·- ...... ..._. ,

~ .... _ ... - "'. ,- , . .. l .. , ,._ . -~ , __ . ~ .

. --,, : H. I : : .--; :- ·· ·' : ; ' l ,'", :, . .' i.;: I ,·,-,·: .

aris(?n,

! ' p - ·./

; : : ::

it v·as w::. d 0.l v a.,mreciatc,d, J L •

Du~in; : ove·~0r 1966 1 following t~- r 1ss~crea of Igbcs and the

oct on a n .... t -~. cn- ·dide pt a.cc ris!':;ion, f3cy:Li1ka wr o·Cn an cpon letter to the

resarded the peacn mission as a

wo~(s ,~unds ~~ic~ only t~.ct:'...o~s could l~Ct3. l . bis cri -l;;ic;:i.s:::1 '"'°" 1...1.l.

o:.·nt~:ctod. J.

:.:n::~ . .,J C: t~ to ··

··-+··· ' '., ) ,._ '·

43

1:10-re Go' d~1~n~~ratio~. - in Lago~, (.\A"~c'A_

circ\1latir.3 ~,;hat lg:)o::- 1.·t 1rc plE .. 11r~5.ng to ~low llP the city, The .E::unday·

st:J.1 tf;.l~:ing o:f tpolic0. :1ction ' . Soyinka's p iece, entitled ' Let's

It was also an attac:, on thosr, hG regarded

a "'· e:tp! ~-:>:. t-i nr; t:-io. coD f t: ~.Ji on and cb.t.os . He d.cccri bcC. t:1.c:r"' as :

tbc now f~rili~r brigade of professional congratulatcrs ,

cppo~tunistc, patriots and uthr r s ord:d r~c~oteors who

dip:. o ·"\':'.C :-f,

foyi~:a ~a~ dcL~ri be1 h ' ~ nxpcricnG~ of dctenti0n in his pri~on notes ,

t •ut 8 .S .1.

the a c ~i~~ is~ politic~l ~riGoner.

;:.cthue?! , ;1r;c. The Forc:-t of a n:ou ... ~·.,nd D:i.ewons: A Hunter's S3.g.:1. 1 a

tr:.nclatc.01< nf D. 0. FA_:-;unwa' s U3·b:1ju Ode Nin11 .Tgbo Jrunr,a.1o, appeared

Work on tl10 tra~1:::;l::.ti nn had been in progrer:;:s for a number

of year .- ::r1d indicatcC. ::·.:iyinka's ;-rn::iety to r.:.:t.:o ~~ distinguis:O.ed. Yorub:l.

A,-;, a. translator Soyinka is

concer,wc. ·;j_,;h co,:1.:-:·unic.:::.ting tlw L-p:irit of the ori5inal rat~er than ,-rith

produci ns 3. faithfully literal vrrsicn, anrl the book :>rov id~s L

for hi~ ida Rs about lan:uage and tho isGues rais~d by translation .

honotJr o [ G

tondin~ to~arf~ an a f fccticnatn p~rody of Wilc~n lnight'a style, it

DLB 00~ 0 7 11 BG

On hi:-; i-c:.,:, ::-c-~ fl·or o,,--!-, er.~ io11, Soyi;1:::>. rett: rned to the University of

Ibz..dan E.. c:i.rr:c~or n, t:,r~ S::-hoc:L o:f Dram3., and took over a production

of Kongi ' · jf:,rr..r,=.1: .., t \-1~1 i c}) ,-.ras in reht:!arsa l . Ht! g:'.ve the production ~n

Rnti-rrri.l i tary sl211·i.,, ~.nd. these 1-,;\o )n,-3 p::evioi::::; ly recognized Nkru1:1ah in

.-a·, hi ::i ac ;:_ j)Ortra::.t of t :1e he.:d. of the }iigorian militfl.ry

junta, Y::,':u:.)Ll Gowan. :;:n a 2rogr.:1..m:2 note, Snjin:.a em;:>hasiscd that the

pl~.y war.: atio:..:~.; a con.iit"i.on, 1KonG_i.n:;; ratheJ· tb n about an individual,

He mai ntai. : :i th,t 't):v:. r-- are a t!:ouc::inci and TI'cH'<J forir.s of Konzism -

fro, th :c cn1ce _,nd hl :- ' .::<"'c,r.~:-Jus to tho subt}.e an-i sancti:r.onicus.'

DuriJg t~e 0~rly n~nth· cf 1°70 1 rn;i~ka wor~o6 on a film version of the

:.!. : ro"·~ it -·

tnd th~1~ticPl]y it is gcncra'ly faithful

.& • '\ • J.:I..:.l.•. l ~c is nn~ quite w~at he ~Aer~ to

'I,,' ..... ... .. ac,-c.,:. .

..

By Jt.:.<; }<WO, ti;., c irnoti.ng o :.:.' th£: film '-:;:;d finished and Soyinka b;=id.

obt~i ~~d suppcr·t rrc~ the UniverGi ty of lbndan for ~roposals to

the S;.:;!1::-o::. of D1'JL1. :-0 . .:1 I'c. p :,.r t --.. nt of T:h :~:-tr ,::; Arts. 1!it::i some o f t::iC1se

w'lo ,-: . .::·~ t o beco.!'·~ c..-.:erly ::.nvolvod in tbc co ,r 1.ny anC. t..'hc Depart :::rnt ,

he r1?. · _?::,r:..:.~d to a n iroitatic:-1 :,or the Rugc-;:o O' ?~cj'. l Cer:t<: :- at

Wat r, r:fo::-,; , Corn,cctir::ut, to st--7 nt tbr CC":n~;~r 1-rnd v:G:c' .. on a bitt,, r,

. r_ ; ;:, 4:, ,.-.o ' . .. , ~

t:;_ vi.l h\:, ...

( ·, t, ' 1 I . " .... ~ .

oct ions i,,·,::xG ct.:t out, ne w ;::.:1tGrj~ l r!D.s

... J. w •• : .: :.] -

c.rn:

,. · r . \ ,. .;. : \. ,0.:11.. r one.,.

~-,· .. .J

~ .: .... -

Ire ~ f.! 1 : ... :~

~-1"'-"',-.,, .-v,"... .... ·- \, . \_,._, l:, . ,. :5.s oft ·} .1

:·:10 i. nv.~. t ,·;-t i.n~; t:n

Vat2rrc:d contact jrdtcat~d r~~ognition of his iEpo~tance as a director .

"'~--'-The sty:<. of c.i:i.;.---e c t i1·~s h""'.:' typiGal o f Soyi:1ka' c npp:-c:1ch -:_-;hl~ll \·,'orkint; on

Ca.St For i n:-:t.o.nc:i::?,

t~ister- -.:· i.~:urc i n l f .. -, r) ......- ..-, n .I , , .I. J . . .... J

L.:D1J.'. c2 t'. -: C

.' 3nuttle

C '.'?3),

Crypt .

origin.:·~}J. y

Th .. ri, J.., •••

J ... ; )r} '.J \ { ~ ~- '·-· .I ;

19?')) ,

i.n tune

is pre;:: qred to

, ' ( '.C,70· ,./ ' . ·. ' ,:. ) '

.:.ncl th ,:--

~ ...... -:- -b . u v

fact, for

y.; ... ,-.. , :: · • .L -'• w ,. ,

46'

pri;:o · ::10·,-. r in th,? i oni.a.tion of the Unj_on of Writ:rs of the Afr i can

The 0.~:r·r:_.y h'nic: , · :cnt into thL~ extraorchn.ffy reco:·c of crc.s.tivi-Ly was

oi the ~igcrjan Civil War, by tbe

circu: -·~ .:·nct:s o~ :1:~ exilc J tn(: by hj_s cuntinucd, but clistanced ,contact

i Shuttle .i11 t]li.: Crypt-, a vo~u:r.1e cf por-, try, is a ' n.::.p of

Dae of

w~ic~ c~ntain~ tho crcctive interaction of the pricon2r with sue~

.... l .;:..-

.:. - - I

(.: .=.:. ;. ... -~ : . , "rJ -~- c)n(_

C. 2. sc :J ::--:;~,e C ..

:~--en 9 3 r·r!

/ iJ 1i U :.~~?t l ; t;~na~jS UL i qu 8 ,,.CO ?!!tir ... ~ .. 5 CJ11 of 3. 1)3;--r1 -:'°,i t tins JG ~_j_t,.;cal r_:: ;"~:os,-

-· ·· - .. _ ._ -- . · ·- ·-- ... ---- ..,, ._ .... _, __ ~ .. .... _._._.,_ ___ ____ ____ .__ .... .. ..... ... ··"' -- .. ~-.-r--- - ... _ . ... ... _. ~

49

have written a~ ,ut the Civil W?r hav~ 3enerally found little or no space

for di s cuG -::- io·1 of the g;-o:J }-' ci::.- for nn Rssessnant of its i !!.pact .

Soyinln bolcly

a London publis~~ r and fri nd,

later another cffqrt

took E.o·. ~ risk

"" '!I,, , - +­.,:-· "' .. ,., of

pu'bl:.s:1ing it. Sales

tbc li tEruture on t~o

nu-+.; oi

(._[; ~ . c . l., ~-' :. ;1 f - ind~~~ n~ beyn~~ t~~ nation' = ~~und~rics . lt also

-,.. __ ._ ) _ ; V

·r •

: r' _, ' ' " · .. CJ '.

- ~ . "; .. . , - ;

· , ; . ' ',. -.,;. i I ,"'l · .. ~\_ r • • . , . :: j ; ' ~ ;j 1:y ~

and,

oi

: :"': -.

l~tl.-'-." r.:;.""~""-t;or:-:-_ ;-::_ :,d select ~~ ,: new :r.o 1::,., ;1t at ,-;hich to c onsic.er the choices

Fost moving , readable,

11iytholo.::;i c~.l -- lin:Ss nrc r2::;L,.blisncd 1:i th tbe 1::yt.hc of Orpheus and c,._

Euricli c~ - t~1r: no"Jel ccn:_::l C.r:rG tbe c;J ... ~iJns of t~(~ l'L·'t rir.'Jnious ccmmun t ty n_ s

(i;_iyero), ~:he , ?Pc:al of t<>:-":- co~.r.l.-b~.ccc'.e.::. 2ssapin <I:.::nJ.a DLr.'"\kin), and

t hs rcspon~ihil~t ics of ~~ ~ ~rtist <Ofoyi> .