PART 4

D. WorksDI. General Histories; DII. General Works on Specific Topics; DIII. Works on Specific Periods

A vast number – perhaps hundreds of thousands – of books and essays have been devoted to the Soviet experience. This means that for each one of the titles listed below (see for instance the bibliographies quoted in section CIb), hundreds more could be added. This list is thus very selective, including what I believe to be the most important works and but a handful of articles and dissertations. As I wrote in the introduction, and for the reasons given there, I have accorded preference to material in Western languages. For the same reasons, I have listed important works in Russian, Ukrainian, and other languages in translation, whenever possible.Because most of the listed works have been, and often still are, important, or representative of major trends and opinions, I asked myself whether it was appropriate to highlight some among them. Ultimately I did so, guided by my personal preferences, not to diminish the others but in the hope of enliving what could have seemed a dreary list.

The section has three main subdivisions. The first is devoted to general works on Tsarist history, 1861-1914; Soviet and Russian history; and history of the main Soviet republics and nationalities. The second is arranged by topic. The third chronologically. A few works on other socialist countries, as well as on the communist movement, have been included.The thematic portion includes works of a more theoretical nature, or ambition, as well as those covering large segments of Soviet history. In the chronological section I grouped the studies exclusively or mainly devoted to specific periods, such as the civil war, the NEP, the 1930s, World War II, the thaw, etc. Within each of these periods, I arranged the works once again by topic, such as countryside, memoirs, foreign policy, etc.

DI. General Histories

DIa. Russian empireO. Anweiler, The Soviets, 1905-1921, New York, 1974;A. Asher, The Revolution of 1905, 2 vols., Stanford, 1988-1992;A. Ascher, P.A. Stolypin. The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia, Stanford, 2001;D. Beauvois, La bataille pour la terre en Ukraine, 1863-1914, Lille, 1993 (a different perspective);D.R. Brower, E.J. Lazzerini, eds., Russia’s Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917, Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1997; G. Cigliano, Liberalismo e rivoluzione in Russia: il 1905 nell’esperienza di M.M. Kovalevskij, Napoli: Liguori, 2002;F.-X. Coquin, 1905: la Révolutions russe manquée, Bruxelles, 1905;F.-X. Coquin, Des pères du peuple au père des peuples: la Russie de 1825 à 1929, Paris, 1991;F.-X. Coquin, La Sibérie: peuplement et immigration paysanne au XIX-XX siècle, Paris, 1969;M. Confino, Systèmes agraires et progrès agricole, Paris, 1969 (a beautiful book);T. Dan, The Origins of Bolshevism, London, 1964 (a classic);T. Emmons, The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia, Cambridge, 1983;J. Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917, Cambridge, 1981;

M. Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan, London: Frank Cass, 1994; P. Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy, 1850-1917, London, 1986;V. Gitermann, Geschichte Russlands (1949), 3 vols., Frankfurt (Main): Athenäum, 1987;P.R. Gregory, Russian National Income, 1885-1913, Cambridge, 1982;L.H. Haimson, The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism, Cambridge, MA, 1955;A. Kappeler, The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History, New York, 2001 (important);A. Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999;L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, Oxford, 1981;T. von Laue, Witte and the Industrialization of Russia, New York, 1963;A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russian, 3 vols. New York, 1902-03;D. Lieven, The Russian Empire and Its Rivals, London, 2000;P.I. Liashchenko, History of the National Economy of Russia to 1917, New York, 1949;H-D. Löwe, Die Lage der Bauern in Russland 1880-1905, St. Katharinen, 1987;P. Miliukov, Ch. Seignobos, H. Eisenmann, History of Russia (1933), 3 vols., New York, 1968 ;J. Pallot, Land Reform in Russia, 1906-1917, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999;P. Pascal, Civilisation paysanne en Russie, 2 vols., Lausanne: L’Âge d’homme, 1969;R. Philippot, Les Zemstvos: société civile et Etat bureaucratique dans la Russie tsariste, Paris: Institut d’études slaves, 1991;R. Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime, London, 1974;G. Plekhanov, History of Russian Social Thought, New York, 1967;M. Raeff, Understanding Imperial Russia: State and Societ in the Old Regime, New York, 1984;G.T. Robinson, Rural Russia under the Old Regime, New York, 1969;H. Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernization and Revolution, 1881-1917, London: Longman, 1983;H. Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917, Oxford, 1967 (important);G. Sokoloff, Puissance pauvre, Paris, 1993;M.K. Stockdale, Paul Miljukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1880-1918, Ithaca, NY, 1996;F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution: The History of Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia, London, 1960 (a classic);A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from Enlightenment to Marxism, Stanford, 1979;P.A. Zaionchkovskii (the best Soviet specialist), The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia (Moscow, 1960), Gulf Breeze, FL, 1978;P.A. Zaionchkovskii, The Russian Autocracy in Crisis, 1878-1882 (Moscow, 1964), Gulf Breeze, FL, 1979.

DIb. USSR and Russia

Iu.N. Afanas’ev, ed., Sovetskoe obshchestvo: vozniknovenie, razvitie, istoricheskii final, 2 vols., Moscow, 1997;F. Benvenuti, Storia della Russia contemporanea, Roma: Laterza, 1999;H. Carrère d’Encausse, A History of the Soviet Union, 1917-1953, London, 1981;R. Girault, M. Ferro, De La Russie à l’URSS, Paris, 1989;M. Heller, A. Nekritch, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union, London, 1986 (the dissidents’ history –very good up to the Brezhnev era);M. Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 1917-1991:   Entstehung und Niedergang des ersten sozialistischen Staates , München:   Verlag C.H. Beck,   1998; G. Hosking, The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within, Cambridge, MA, 1993;

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History of the USSR in Three Parts, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1982 (A translation of Istoriia S.S.S.R., the Brezhnevite official text);P. Kenez, A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End, Cambridge, 1999;M. Lewin, The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia, New York, 1985 (important);M. Lewin, Le siècle soviétique, Paris: Fayard, 2003;M. Laran, J.-L. Van Regemorter, La Russie et l’ex-URSS de 1914 à nos jours, Paris, 2000;R. Pethybridge, A History of Post-War Russia, London, 1974;R.G. Pikhoia, Sovetskii soiuz: istoriia vlasti, 1945-1991, Moscow, 1998 (perhaps the best work on the postwar period);S. Pons, A. Romano, eds., Russia in the age of wars, 1914-1945, Milano: Feltrinelli 2000;N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, New York, 2000;K. Schlögel, ed., Der grosse Exodus: Die russische Emigration und ihre Zentren, 1917 bis 1941, Munich, 1994;R.G. Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR and the Successor States, New York, 1998;D. Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, Boulder: Westeview, 1987;N. Werth, Histoire de l’Union soviétique, Paris: PUF, 1992 ;V. Zaslavsky, Storia del sistema sovietico: l’ascesa, la stabilità, il crollo, Roma: NIS, 1995.

DIc. Nationalities, generalSee also DIIh. Repression and political police, and the chronological subsections below.

S. Blank, The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities, 1917-1924, Westport, CT, 1994;P. Blitstein, “Stalin’s Nations: Soviet Nationality Policy between Planning and Primordialism,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1999;Y.M. Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953-1991, Cambridge, MA, 1998 (an interesting perspective);J. Cadiot, “La constitution des catégories nationales dans l’Empire de Russie et dans l’Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques (1897-1939): Statisticiens, ethnographes et administrateurs face à la diversité du ‘national’”, Ph.D. Dissertation, EHESS, 2001;H. Carrère d’Encausse, The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917-1930, New York, 1992;W. Connor, The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy, Princeton, 1984;R. Denber, ed., The Soviet Nationality Reader: The Disintegration in Context, Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1992;I. Dzyuba, Internationalism or Russification, 3rd ed. New York: Monad Press, 1974 (a classic);G. Gleason, Federalism and Nationalism. The Struggle for Republican Rights in the USSR, Boulder, 1990;F. Hirsch, Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union, Ithaca, N.Y., 2005;L. Hajda, M. Beissenger, eds., The Nationalities Factor in Soviet Politics and Society, Boulder, CO, 1990;R.J. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994;V. Kozlov, The Peoples of the Soviet Union, London, 1988;Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein, S.E. Wimbush, eds., Passé turco-tatar, Présent soviétique (études offertes à Alexandre Bennigsen), Paris, 1986;T. Martin, An Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Ithaca, NY, 2001 (the best book on the topic);

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A. Motyl, ed., Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities, New York, 1992;B. Nahaylo, V. Swoboda, Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationality Problem in the Soviet Union, London, 1990;Problems of Communism 16, 5 (1967), special issue on nationalities and nationalism in the USSR;J. Radvanyi, L’URSS: régions et nations, Paris: Masson, 1990;M.-P. Rey, De la Russie à l’Union soviétique: la construction de l’Empire, Paris: Hachette, 1994;G. Simon, Nationalismus und Nationalitätenpolitik in der Sowjetunion, Baden-Baden, 1986;Y. Slezkine, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” Slavic Review, 2 (1994); M. Smith, Language and Power in the Creation of the USSR, 1917-1953, Berlin, 1998;T. Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003;R.G. Suny, T. Martin, eds., A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin, Oxford, 2001; R. Szporluk, Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988 (a crucial question);L. Tillett, The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nnationalities, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969;S.A. Tokarev, URSS: popoli e costumi (Moscow, 1958), Bari: Laterza, 1969;P.N. Wexler, Purism and Language: A Study in Modern Ukrainian and Belorussian Nationalism (1840-1967), Bloomington, IN, 1974.

DIc1. Central AsiaS.A., Adshead, Central Asia in World History, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992;E. Allworth, ed., Central Asia. 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994;E. Allworth, The Modern Uzbeks, Stanford, 1990; A.L. Edgar, “The Creation of Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924-1938,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1999;En Asie centrale soviétique, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 1 (1991);A. Bennigsen, C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Le Soufi et le commissaire: les confréries musulmanes en URSS, Paris: Seuil, 1986;H. Carrère d’Encausse, Réforme et révolution chez les musulmans de l’Empire russe. Bukhara, 1867-1924, Paris, 1966;Des ethnies aux nations en Asie centrale, special issue, Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, 1 (1992);S. A. Dudoignon e Komatsu Isao (eds.), Islam and Politics in Russia and Central Asia (Early Eighteen to Late Twentieth Centuries), London, New York & Bahrain, Kegan Paul, 2001;W. Fierman, ed., Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation, Boulder, CO., 1991;R.D. Kangas, Uzbekistan in the Twentieth Century: Political Development and Evolution of Power, New York: St. Martin’s, 1994; B. Hayit, “Basmatschi”: nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934, Köln: Dreisam, 1992;S. Keller, To Moscow, not Mecca. The Soviet Campaign against Islam in Central Asia, 1917-1941, Westport: Praeger, 2001;N. Lubin, Labor and Nationality in Soviet Central Asia, Princeton, 1984;G. Massell, The Surrogate Proletariat. Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929, Princeton, 1974;W. Myer, Islam and Colonialism. Western Perspectives on Soviet Asia, London, 2002;D.T. Northrop, Veiled Empire. Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia, Ithaca, NY, 2004;M.B. Olcott, The Kazakhs, Stanford, 1987;

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M. Payne, Stalin’s Railroad: Turksib and the Building of Socialism, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001;O. Roy, The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations, New York, 2000;B. Rumer, Soviet Central Asia, London, 1989;S.A. Zenkovsky, Panturkism and Islam in Russia, 1905-1920, Cambridge, MA, 1967.

DIc2. The BalticsA. Bertricau, ed., L’Estonie: identité et indépendance, Paris: l’Harmattan, 2001 ;J. Hiden, The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century, London: Longman, 1994;O. Mertelsmann, ed., The Sovietization of the Baltic States, 1940-1956, Tartu: Kleio, 2003; R.J. Misiunas, R. Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1980, Berkeley, 1983;G. von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of Independence, 1917-1940, New York, 1995;G. Reklaitis, A Common Hatred: Lithuanian Nationalism during the Triple Occupation, 1939-1953, PhD Dissertation, Northeastern University, Boston, 2003;V.S. Vardys, ed., Lithuania under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation, New York: Praeger, 1965;V.S. Vardys, Lithuania: The Rebel Nation, Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 1997.

DIc3. BelarusF. Depelteau, A. Lacassagne, eds, Le Bélarus. L’Etat de l’exception, Les Presses de l’Université Laval, Canada, 2003;B. Drweski, La Biélorussie, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1993 ;A. Goujon et al., eds., Chroniques sur la Biélorussie contemporaine, L’Harmattan (« Biélorussie »), Paris, 2001;I.S. Lubachko, Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917-1957, Lexington, 1972;D.R. Marples, Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996;D. Siebert, Bäuerliche Alltagstrategien in der belarussischen SSR (1921-1941): die Zerstörung patriarchalischer Familienwirtschaft, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1998;N.P. Vakar, Belorussia: The Making of a Nation, a Case Study, Cambridge, MA, 1956.

DIc4. TranscaucasiaR.G. Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.

DIc4a. ArmeniaR. Hovannisian, ed., The Armenian People, 2 vol., New York, 1997;R. Hovannisian, The Republic of Armenia, 5 vols., Berkeley, 1971-1996;C. Mouradian, De Staline à Gorbatchev: histoire d’une république soviétique, l’Arménie, Paris: Ramsay, 1990 ;R.G. Suny, Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

DIc4b. AzerbaijanA.L. Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992; Jörg Baberowski, "Der Feind ist überall". Stalinismus im Kaukasus, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München - Stuttgart 2003;T. Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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DIc4c. GeorgiaS.F. Jones, Socialism in Georgian Colors: the European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917, Cambridge, Mass., 2005;K. Salia, History of the Georgian Nation, Paris, 1983; R.G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington, 1994.

DIc5. The North and SiberiaEn islam sibérien, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 2-3 (2000) ;Y. Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North, Ithaca, NY, 1994.

DIc6. TatarsA. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, Durham: Duke University Press, 1998;Iu.V. Arutiunian, ed., Sotsial’noe i natsional’noe. Opyt etnosotsiologicheskikh issledovanii po materialam Tatarstanskoi ASSR, Moscow: Nauka, 1973;A. Bennigsen, C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Les Mouvements nationaux chez les musulmans de Russie: le “sultangalievisme” au Tatarstan, Paris: Mouton, 1960 ;A.-A. Rorlich, The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience, Stanford, CA.: Hoover Institution Press, 1986.

DIc7. UkraineSee the 1930s subsections for works on the 1932-33 famine.

I. Bilinsky, The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964;S. Bilokin’, Masovyj teror jak zasib derzhavnoho upravlinnja v SRSR (1917-1941 rr), 2 vol., Kyiv, 1999; K. Brown, A Biography of No Place. From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland, Cambridge, Mass., 2004;A. Kappeler, Kleine Geschichte der Ukraine, München: C.H. Beck, c1994;A. Kappeler, F. Sysyn, Z. Kohut, eds., Culture, Nation, and Identity: The Ukrainian-Russian Encounter, 1600-1945, Toronto, 2003;I.S. Koropeckyj, ed., Ukrainian Economic History, Edmonton: CIUS, 1991;B. Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in XX Century Ukraine, New York, 1985;S.V. Kul’chyts’kyi, Ukraїna mizh dvoma viynamy (1921-1939 rr.), Kyїv, 1999;S.V. Kul’chyts’kyi, ed., Politychnyi teror i teroryzm v Ukraїni, Kyїv, 2002;H. Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s-1990s, Cambridge, 1998;B. Lewitzkyj, Politics and Society in Soviet Ukraine, 1953-1980, Edmonton, Alta, 1985;G.O. Liber, Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR, 1923-1934, Cambridge, 1992;G.S. Luckyj, Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine (1956), Durham, 1990;J. Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in Ukraine, 1918-33, Cambridge, MA, 1983;P.R. Magocsi, Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide, Toronto, 1983;P.R. Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, Toronto, 1996;F. Meslé, J. Vallin, Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle, Le Cahiers de l’INED: Paris, 2003;

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A.J. Motyl, The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919-1929, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980;O. Pachlovska, Civiltà letteraria ucraina, Carocci: Roma, 1998;S. Plokhy, F. Sysyn, Religion and Nation in Modern Ukraine, CIUS, Edmonton, 2001;P.J. Potichnyj, M. Raeff, J. Pelenski, G.N. Zekulin, eds., Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter, Edmonton: CIUS, 1992;P.J. Potichnyj, H. Aster, eds., Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective, Edmonton 1990; I.L. Rudnytsky, Essays in Modern Ukrainian History, Edmonton, 1987 (some of them very intelligent);I.L. Rudnytsky, Rethinking Ukrainian History, Edmonton, 1981;Iu.I. Shapoval, Ukraïna XX stolittia, Kyiv: Heneza, 2001;O. Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 3rd ed., Toronto, 2000;R.S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917-1957, New York, 1962;R. Szporluk, Ukraine, a Brief History, Detroit, MI, 1982;H.-J. Torke, J.P. Himka, eds., German-Ukrainian Relations in Historical Perspective, Edmonton, 1994;O. Veselova, V. Marochko, O. Movchan, Holodomori v Ukraїni 1921-23, 1932-33, 1946-47, Kyїv, 2000.

DIc8. The Jewish QuestionSee the World War II chronological subsection below for works on the Holocaust.

Z. Gitelman, Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Section of the CPSU, 1917-1930, Princeton, 1972;Z. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the present, Bloomington, 2001; G. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows: Anti-Semitism in Soviet Russia, Amherst, N. Y., 1995;G.B. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika Stalina: vlast’ i antisemitizm, Moscow, 2001 (perhaps the best book on the topic);J.D. Klier et Sh. Lambroza, eds., Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History, Cambridge, 1992;N. Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917, New York, 1990; B. Pinkus, The Soviet Government and the Jews, 1948-1967, Cambridge, 1984;B. Pinkus, The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority, Cambridge, 1988;S. Redlich, Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919-1945, Bloomington, 2002;Y. Ro’i, The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 1948-1967, Cambridge, 1991;A. Salomoni, Nazionalità ebraica, cittadinanza sovietica, 1917-1948, Bologna, 2001;S.M. Schwarz¸The Jews in the Soviet Union, New York, 1951;A. Vaksberg, L’ antisémitisme russe, Paris, 2002;R. Weinberg, Stalin’s Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland, Berkeley, 1998.

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DII. General works on specific topicsImportant documentary collections, memoirs, literary works and statistical collections are listed above in B. Sources. Works dealing with specific periods are listed below in the chronological subsections.

DIIa. Political memoirs and biographies

DIIa1. GeneralA. Khavin, U ruliia industrii, Moscow: Politizdat, 1968 (sketches of some of the most important Soviet “builders”);A. Lunacharsky, Revolutionary Silhouettes, New York, 1968 (interesting sketches of important leaders);R. Medvedev, All Stalin’s Men, Oxford: Blackwell, 1983 (sketches of Stalin’s main cronies);V. Medvedev, Dans l’ombre de Brejnev et de Gorbatchev: les derniers tsars rouges racontés par leur garde du corps, Paris 1988;L. Trotsky, Portraits, Political and Personal, New York, 1977 (see also Politicheskie siluety, Moscow, 1926, 8th vol. of his Works);D.A. Volkogonov, Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime, New York: Free Press, 1998 (effective portraits of Soviet leaders, from Lenin to Gorbachev); the longer Russian edition is Sem’ vozhdei: Galereia liderov SSSR, 2 vol., Moscow, 1995;B.D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History, New York, 1948 (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin).

DIIa2. By personIn alphabetical order. See also the memoirs and biographical dictionaries listed in B. Sources and C. Reference tools above.

Z. Medvedev, Andropov, New York, 1984;R.A. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Andropov: politicheskaia biografiia, Moscow, 1999A. Antonov-Ovseenko, Beriia, Moscow, 1999;S. Beria, Beria, My Father, London, 2001;A. Knight, Beria, Stalin’s First Lieutenant, Princeton, 1993;V.F. Nekrasov, ed., Beriia: konets karery, Moscow, 1991;Ju.V. Aksiutin, ed., L.I. Brezhnev: materialy k biografii, Moscow, 1991 (useful);E. Bacon, M. Sandle, eds., Brezhnev Reconsidered, New York: Palgrave, 2002;R.A. Medvedev, Lichnost’ i epokha: politicheskii portret L.I. Brezhneva, Moscow: Novosti, 1991;V. Sheludko, ed., Leonid Brezhnev v vospominaniiakh, razmyshleniiakh, suzhdeniiakh, Rostov-na-Donu, 1998;L. Brezhneva, The World I Left Behind: Pieces of a Past, New York: Random House, 1995;A. Larina, This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Bukharin’s Widow, New York, 1993; S. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938, New York, 1975 (has been a very important book); M. Kun, Bukharin, ego druz’ia i vragi, Moscow, 1992; V.N. Baliazin, Professor Aleksandr Chayanov, 1888-1937, Moscow, 1990;I. Zemtsov, Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik, New Brunswick, NJ, 1989;L. Aron, Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life, London, 1999;M. Jansen, N. Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940, Stanford 2002; A. Gromyko, Memoirs, New York, 1989;A.A. Gromyko, Andrej Gromyko. Labirintach Kremlja: vospominanija i razmyšleniia syna, Moskva, 1997;

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S. Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia. Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History, Toronto, 2005;T. Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky: The Politics of National Culture, Toronto, 1987;N. Jasny, To Live Long Enough, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976;R. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution, London, 1987;V.I. Gol’danskii, ed., I.B. Khariton: put’ dlinoiu v vek, Moscow, 1999;A. Kirilina, L’Assassinat de Kirov: destin d’un stalinien, 1888-1934, Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995;Iu.V. Aksiutin, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev: materialy k biografii, Moscow, 1989;G.W. Breslauer, Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders: Building Authority in Soviet Politics, Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1982;E. Crankshaw, Khrushchev: A Career, New York, 1966;S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev on Khrushchev, Boston, 1990;S. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, University Park, 2000;R. and Z. Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power, Paris, 1977;W. Taubman, S. Khrushchev, A. Gleason, eds., Nikita Khrushchev, New Haven, CT, 2000;W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, New York: Norton, 2003 (an important book);W.J. Tompson, Khrushchev: A Political Life, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1995;A. M. Kollontai, Diplomaticheskie dnevniki, 1922-1940, 2 vols., Moscow, 2001;B. Farnsworth, Aleksandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism, and the Bolshevik Revolution, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980; T.I. Fetisov, ed., Prem’er, izvestnyi i neizvestnyi: vospominaniia o A.N. Kosygine, Moscow, 1997;T.E. O’Connor, The Engineer of Revolution: L.B. Krasin and the Bolsheviks, 1870-1926, Westview, 1992;S.S. Khromov, Leonid Krasin: neizvestnye stranitsy biografii, 1920-1926 gg., Moscow, In-t rossiiskoi istorii RAN, 2001;H. Carrère d’Encausse, Lénine, Paris, Fayard, 1998;L. Fischer, The Life of Lenin, New York, 1964;Institut Marksizma-Leninizma, V.I. Lenin: biograficheskaia khronika, 12 vols., Moscow, 1970-1982;M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle, New York, 1968;R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, 2 vols., London, 1985-1991;N. Valentinov, Encounters with Lenin, New York, 1968 (interesting);D.A. Volkogonov, Lenin: A New Biography, New York, 1994;H.D. Phillips, Between the revolution and the West. A Political Biography of Maxim M. Litvinov, Boulder, 1992;A.G. Malenkov, O moem ottse Georgii Malenkov, Moscow, 1992;B. Gross, Willi Münzenberg: eine politische Biografie, Leipzig: Forum, 1991;S. Koch, Double Lives: Stalin, Willi Münzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals, London: HarperCollins, 1995;S. McMeekin, The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Münzenberg, Moscow’s Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West, 1917-1940, New Haven, 2003O.V. Khlevniuk, In Stalin’s Shadow: The Career of “Sergo” Ordzhonikidze (Moscow, 1993), Armonk, NY, 1995; E. Heresch, Geheimakte Parvus: die gekaufte Revolution, Munich, 2000;P.A. Zveteremich, Il grande Parvus, Milano: Garzanti, 1988 (an interesting reading);A. Graziosi, G.L. Piatakov: A Mirror of Soviet History, in A. Graziosi, A New, Peculiar State, Westport, CT, 2000;J.-F. Fayet, Karl Radek (1885-1939): biographie politique, Bern, Lang, 2004;P. Broué, Rakovsky ou la révolution dans tous les pays, Paris: Fayard, 1996;F. Conte, Christian Rakovski, 1873-1941: A Political Biography, Boulder, 1997;Yu. Shapoval, ed., Petro Shelest: “Spravzhnij sud istoriï shche poperedu”, Kyiv, 2003;

9

A.N. Kolesnik, Khronika zhizni semi Stalina, Char’kov, 1990;W. Laqueur, Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990;L. Marcou, Staline, vie privée, Paris, 1996;J.-J. Marie, Staline, Paris: Fayard, 2001;A. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina? Tainy revoliutsionnogo podpol’ia, Moscow: OLMA Press, 2002;B. Souvarine, Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism (1935), New York, 1972 (an important book); R.C. Tucker, Stalin as a Revolutionary, 1879-1929, New York, 1973 and Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941, New York, 1990;L.D. Trotsky, Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence (1941), London, 1968;A.B. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and His Era, Boston, 1989;D.A. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, New York, 1991;A. Bennigsen, C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Sultan-Galiev, le père de la révolution tiers-mondiste, Paris 1986 ;R. Medvedev, D. Ermakov, “Seryi kardinal”: M.A. Suslov, Moscow: Respublika, 1992;V.M. Tchernov (Chernov), Mes tribulations en Russie soviétique, Paris: I. Povolozky, (S. d.);O.I. Gorelov, Tsugtsvang Mikhaila Tomskogo, Moscow, 1999;P. Broué, Trotsky, Paris: Fayard, 1988;I. Deutscher, Trotsky, 3 vols., New York, 1954-1963 (important);D.A. Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, New York, 1996;A. Vaksberg, Stalin’s Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky, New York, 1991;M. Wolf, Man Without Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster, London, 1997;N. Zhordania, Moia zhizn’, Stanford, Cal.: The Hoover Institution, 1968;

DIIb. Political history, ideologySee also the chronological subdivision below. For instance, on Stalinism see the 1930s, WWII, and the postwar subsections.

R.R. Abramovitch, The Soviet Revolution 1917-1939, New York: International Universities Press, 1962; M.S. Agurski, The Third Rome: National Bolshevism in the USSR, Boulder, CO., 1987;D. Bell, “Ten Theories in Search of Soviet Reality”, World Politics, 3 (1958);N.A. Berdiaev , The Origin of Russian Communism, Ann Arbor, 1960 (a different perspective);A. Besançon, The Rise of the GULag: Intellectual Origins of Leninism, New York, 1981;A. Besançon, Présent soviétique et passé russe, Paris: Hachette, 1986;C. Bettelheim, Class Struggles in the USSR, 2 vols., New York, 1976-1978;S. Bialer, Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change in the Soviet Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980;C.E. Black, T.P. Thornton, eds., Communism and Revolution: the Strategic Uses of Political Violence, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964;Z. Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge, Cambridge, MA, 1956;Z. Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics, New York: Praeger, 1967;Z. Brzezinski, The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century, New York: Collier Books, 1990;H. Chambre, L’Évolution du marxisme soviétique, Paris: Seuil, 1974;D. Colas, Le léninisme. Philosophie et sociologie politique du léninisme, Paris, 1982;R.H.S. Crossman, ed., The God that Failed: Six Studies in Communism, London: Hamilton, 1950;A. D’Agostino, Marxism and the Russian Anarchists, S. Francisco, 1977;A. D’Agostino, Soviet Succession Struggles: From Lenin to Gorbachev, Allen and Unwin,1988;

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A.B. Evans, Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology, Westport, CT, 1993;M. Fainsod, J. Hough, How Russia Is Governed, Cambridge, MA, 1979;M. Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet rule, Cambridge, MA, 1958 (a fundamental book);M. Flores, L’immagine dell’URSS: l’occidente e la Russia di Stalin, 1917-1956, Milano: Il Saggiatore, 1990;T. Friedgut, Political Participation in the USSR, Princeton, 1979;C.J. Friedrich, Z.K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, Cambridge, MA, 1956;F. Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, Chicago, 1999;M. Heller, Histoire de la Russie et de son empire, Paris: Plon 1997;J. Hough, The Soviet Prefects, Cambridge, MA, 1969;A. Gleason, Totalitarianism, New York, 1995 (very useful);L.H. Haimson, The Mensheviks from the Revolution of 1917 to the Second World War, Chicago, 1974;C. Ingerflom, Le Citoyen impossible: les racines russes du léninisme, Paris: Payot, 1988;Institut Marksizma-Leninizma, Istoriia kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza, 6 vols., Moscow, 1964-1976;K. Jowitt, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992 (an original perspective);H. Kochanek, Die russisch-nationale Rechte von 1968 bis zum Ende der Sowjetunion, Stuttgart, 1999;T. Kondratieva, Bolcheviks et jacobins: itinéraire des analogies, Paris: Payot, 1989;V.I. Kuptsova, ed., Stranitsy v istorii KPSS: fakty, problemy, uroki, 2 vols., Moscow, 1988-1989;M. Lewin, Russia – USSR – Russia: The Drive and Drift of a Superstate, New York: New Press 1995;A. Liebich, From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921, Cambridge, MA, 1997;E. Mawdsley, S. White, The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: the CC and its members, Oxford, 2003;M. Malia, The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991, New York, 1994;H. Marcuse, Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis, New York, 1958;N. Mitrokhin, Russkaia partiia. Dvizhenie russkikh natsionalistov v SSSR, 1953-1985, Moskva, 2003;B. Moore, Jr., Soviet politics: the dilemma of power, New York: Harper & Row, 1965;B.I. Nicolaevski, Power and the Soviet Elite, New York, 1965 (has been an important book);A. Nove, ed., The Stalin Phenomenon, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993;A. Nove, Was Stalin Really Necessary?, London: Allen & Unwin, 1964; T.H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917-1967, Princeton, 1968;L. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, New York, 1970 (important);P. Sériot, Analyse du discours politique soviétique, Paris, 1985;M. Shatz, Jan Wacław Machajski: A Radical Critic of the Russian Intelligentsia and Socialism, Pittsburgh, 1989;B. Souvarine, A contre-courant. Ecrits 1925-1939, Paris, 1985;N.S. Timasheff, The Great Retreat: The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia, New York: E.P. Dutton & co., 1946 (important);Tsarisme, Bolchevisme, Stalinisme: vingt regards d’historiens, Paris: Institut d’études slaves, 1990A.B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks (1965), Cambridge, MA, 1998;A.G. Vichnevski, La faucille et le rouble: la modernisation conservatrice en URSS, Paris: Gallimard, 2000;A. Walicki, Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom : The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia, Stanford, 1995;B. Wolfe, An Ideology in Power: Reflections on the Russian Revolution, New York, 1969;

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V.V. Zhuravlev, Vlast’ i oppozitsiia: rossiiskii politicheskii protsess XX stoletiia, Moscow: Rosspen, 1995.

DIIc. EconomicsSee also the subsection on statistics in B. Sources, above.

DIIc1. Economic theory, economic thoughtI. Birman, Ekonomika nedostach, New York, 1983 (important);W. Brus, From Marx to the Market: Socialism in Search of an Economic System, Oxford, 1989;W. Brus, Problèmes généraux du fonctionnement de l’économie socialiste, Paris, 1968;B.D. Brutzkus, Economic Planning in Soviet Russia, London, 1935 (a fundamental book);J.-M. Collette, Politique des investissements et calcul économique: l’expérience soviétique, Paris: Éditions Cujas, 1965;D.C. Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development, Cambridge, MA, 2003;F.A. von Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism (1935), Clifton, NJ 1975 (important);A. Katsenelinboigen, Soviet Economic Thought and Political Power in the USSR, New York: Pergamon Press, 1980;J. Kornai, Economics of Shortage, Amsterdam, 1980 –important, see also “Shortage as a Fundamental Problem of the Centrally Planned Economies… (interview with J. Kornai),” Economics of Shortage, 3 (1982);J. Kornai, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism, Princeton, 1992;V. Mau, The Political History of Economic Reform in Russia, 1985-1994, London, 1996 (an intelligent book);L. von Mises, Die Gemeinwirtschaft: Untersuchungen über den Sozialismus, Jena: Fischer, 1922 (fundamental);A. Nove, ed., Socialist Economics: Selected Readings, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972;A. Nove, The Soviet Economic System, Boston, 1986;G.E. Schroeder, “Reflections on Economic Sovietology,” Post-Soviet Affairs, 11, 3 (1995);A. Stanziani, L’économie en révolution: le cas russe, 1870-1930, Paris: A. Michel, 1998;P. Sutela, Socialism, Planning and Optimality: A Study in Soviet Economic Thought, Helsinki, 1984;L. Szamuely, First Models of the Socialist Economic Systems, Budapest, 1974;V. Treml, ed., Studies in Soviet Input-Output Analysis, New York: Praeger, 1977;J.H. Wilhelm, “The failure of the American sovietological economics profession,” Europe-Asia Studies, 55, 1 (2003): 59-74;J. Winiecki, The Distorted World of Soviet-Type Economies, Routledge, 1988;A. Zauberman, Mathematical Theory in Soviet Planning, Oxford, 1976.

DIIc2. National incomeSee also the already quoted CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union 1947-91.

A.S. Becker, “Intelligence fiasco or reasoned accounting? CIA estimates of Soviet GNP”, Post-Soviet Affairs, 10, 4 (1994);A. Bergson, The Real National Income of Soviet Russia Since 1928, Cambridge, MA, 1961;A. Bergson, S. Kuznets, eds., Economic Trends in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, MA, 1963;G.I. Khanin, Dinamika ekonomicheskogo razvitiia SSSR, Novosibirsk: Nauka 1991 –an important book, see M. Harrison, “Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G.I. Khanin,” Europe-Asia Studies, 1 (1993);

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“U.S. Assessment of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Russian Economy: Lessons Learned and Not Learned,” Colloque, Kennan Institute of Russian Studies, March 27-28, 2002 (papers available from the Kennan Institute);A.L. Vainshtein, Narodnyi dokhod Rossii i SSSR, Moscow: Nauka, 1969.

DIIc3. MoneyA.Z. Arnold, Banks, credit and money in Soviet Russia, New York: Columbia University Press, 1937;I. Birman, Secret Incomes of the Soviet State Budget, The Hague, 1981;G. Garvy, Money, Financial Flows, and Credit in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, MA, 1977;F.D. Holzman, Soviet Taxation: The Fiscal and Monetary Problems of a Planned Economy, Cambridge, MA, 1955;L.E. Hubbard, Soviet Money and Finance, London: Macmillan, 1936;G.Y. Sokolnikov, ed., Soviet Policy in Public Finance, 1917-1928, Stanford, CA. 1931.

DIIc4. Economic policy, applied economicsJ. Adam, Employment Policies in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, London: Macmillan, 1987;A. Bergson, The Economics of Soviet Planning, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964;J.S. Berliner, Factory and Manager in the USSR, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957 (important);J.S. Berliner, Soviet Industry from Stalin to Gorbachev, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988;B. Chavance, Les réformes économiques à l’est: de 1950 aux années 1990, Paris, 1992;J. Degras, A. Nove, eds., Soviet Planning: Essays in Honor of Naum Jasny, Oxford, 1964;T. Dunmore, The Stalinist Command Economy, London, 1980;D.A. Dyker, The Process of Investment in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1981;M. Ellman, Socialist Planning, Cambridge, 1989;D. Granick, The Managament of the Industrial Firm in the USSR: A Study in Soviet Economic Planning, New York: Columbia University Press, 1954;D. Granick, The Red Executive, New York: Doubleday, 1960;D.W. Green, C.I. Higgins, SOVMOD I. A Macro-econometric Model of the Soviet Economy, New York, 1977;G. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” Problems of Communism, 5 (1977) –still the crucial essay;T. Gustafson, Crisis Amid Plenty: The Politics of Soviet Energy under Brezhnev and Gorbachev, Princeton, 1989;V. Holubnychi, Soviet Regional Economics, Edmonton, Alta., 1982;F.D. Holzman, The Economics of Soviet Bloc Trade and Finance, Boulder, 1987;A. Katsenelinboigen, “Coloured Markets in the Soviet Union,” Soviet Studies, 1 (1977);I.S. Koropeckyj, G.E. Schroeder, eds., The Economics of Soviet Regions, New York, NY: Praeger, 1981;D. Lane, The Socialist Industrial State, London, 1976;M. Lavigne, Les économies socialistes soviétiques et européennes, Paris, 1979;M. Lavigne, International Political Economy and Socialism, Cambridge, 1991;M. Lewin, Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974 (useful);S.J. Linz, ed., The Soviet Economic Experiment, University of Illinois Press, 1990;B. Madison, Social Welfare in the Soviet Union, Stanford, 1968;A. McAuley, Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union: Poverty, Living Standards, and Inequality, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979;S. Rosefielde, Economic Welfare and the Economics of Soviet Socialism: Essays in Honor of Abram Bergson, Cambridge, 1981;

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H. Rosovsky, ed., Industrialization in Two Systems: Essays in Honor of Alexander Gerschenkron, New York: Wiley, 1966;G. Sokoloff, L’Économie obéissante: décision politiques et vie économique en U.R.S.S., Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1976;N. Spulber, ed., Soviet Strategy for Economic Growth, Bloomington, 1964 (a useful collection of Soviet texts from the 1920s);S.G. Strumilin, Na planovom fronte, 1920-1930 gg., Moscow, 1958;S.G. Strumilin, Problemy ekonomiki truda, Moscow, 1957.

DIId. Economic and social historyD.A. Baevskii, ed., Izmeneniia v chislennosti i sostave sovetskogo rabochego klassa, Moscow: Nauka, 1961;A. Baykov, The Development of the Soviet Economic System, Cambridge, 1950;C. Bettelheim, ed., L’Industrialisation de l’U.R.S.S. dans les années trente, Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1982;I. Birman, Personal Consumption in the USSR and the USA, New York, 1989;W.L. Blackwell, ed., Russian Economic Development from Peter the Great to Stalin, New York, 1974;P. Carrière, L’économie de l’URSS, 3rd ed., Paris, 1984;J. Chapman, Real Wages in Soviet Russia Since 1928, Cambridge, MA, 1963;Cultures économiques et politiques économiques dans l’Empire tsariste et en URSS, 1861-1950, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 1-2 (1995);R.W. Davies, ed., From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy: Continuity and Change in the Economy of the USSR, London: Macmillan Press, 1990;R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison, S. G. Wheatcroft, eds., The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945, Cambridge: University Press, 1994 (useful);G.A. Dikhtiar, Sovetskaia torgovlia v period postroeniia sotsializma, Moscow, 1961;G.A. Dikhtiar, Sovetskaia torgovlia v period sotsializma, Moscow, 1965;M. Dobb, Soviet Economic Development Since 1917, New York: International Publishers, 1967;Z.M. Fallenbuchl, ed., Economic Development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 2 vols., New York: Praeger, 1975-1976;S. Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934, Cambridge University Press, 1979;G. Friedmann, De la sainte Russie à l’U.R.S.S., Paris: Gallimard, 1938;R. Girault, Emprunts russes et investissement français en Russie, Paris, 1973; P.R. Gregory, Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-Year Plan, Princeton, 1994;P.R. Gregory, Soviet and Post-Soviet Economic Structure and Performance, New York: HarperCollins, 1994;P.R. Gregory, ed., Behind the Façade of Stalin's Command Economy: Evidence from the Soviet State and Party Archives, Stanford, 2001;G. Guroff, F.V. Carstensen, eds., Entrepreneurship in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, Princeton, 1983;P. Hanson, Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR, 1945-1991, London, 2003;J. Hessler, A Social History of Soviet Trade: Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 1917-1953, Princeton, 2004 (important);A. Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962;N. Jasny, Soviet Industrialization, 1928-1952, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961;

14

A.N. Malafeev, Istoriia tzenoobrazovaniia v SSSR, 1917-1963 gg., Moscow: Mysl’, 1964;B.N. Mironov, Sotsialn’aia istoriia SSSR, 2 vols., Spb, 1999;R. Moorsteen, R. Powell, The Soviet Capital Stock, 1928-1962, Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1966;P. Naville, Le nouveau léviathan: le salaire socialiste, 5 vols., Paris: Anthropos, 1970-1962;A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, 1917-1991, 3rd ed., London: Penguin Books, 1992 (still important);G.W. Nutter, Growth of Industrial Production in the Soviet Union, Princeton, 1962;S.N. Prokopovicz, Histoire économique de l’U.R.S.S., Paris: Flammarion, 1952;A.G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klass v Rossii, Moscow, 1958;J.-L. van Regemorter, D’une perestroïka à l’autre: l’évolution économique de la Russie de 1860 à nos jours, Paris: SEDES, 1990;J. Sapir, Les fluctuations économiques en URSS, 1941-1985, Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 1988;S. Schwarz, Labor in the Soviet Union, New York, 1951;Le social en proie à l’état soviétique, special issue, Le mouvement social, 196 (2001);L.H. Siegelbaum, R.G. Suny, eds., Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class, and Identity, Ithaca, NY, 1994;A.C. Sutton, Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 3 vols., Stanford, CA.: Hoover Institution, 1968-73;S. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development: An Enquiry into the Experience of Soviet Industrialization, London: Oxford University Press, 1965;I.Ia. Trifonov, Klassy i klassovaia bor’ba v SSSR, Leningrad, 1964;V.A. Vinogradov, ed., Istoriia sotsialisticheskoi ekonomiki SSSR, 7 vols., Moscow: Nauka, 1976-1980;E. Zaleski, Planning for Economic Growth in the Soviet Union, 1918-1932, Chapel Hill, 1971;E. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 1933-1952, Chapel Hill, 1980 (important).

DIIe. Society, demography, social problemsSee also the statistical subsection in B. Sources, above.

DIIe1. GeneralC. Black, ed., The Transformation of Russian Society: Aspects of Social Change since 1861, Cambridge, MA, 1960.J. Brine, M. Perrie, A. Sutton, eds., Home, School, and Leisure in the Soviet Union, London, 1980;W. Connor, Socialism, Politics and Equality: Hierarchy and Change in Eastern Europe and the USSR, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979;M. Djilas, The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System, London: Harcourt Brace Jonavich, 1985 (important);A. Hegedus, The Structure of Socialist Society, London: Constable, 1977;A. Inkeles, Social Change in Soviet Russia, Cambridge, MA, 1968;A. Inkeles, R.A. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society, Cambridge, MA, 1959 (important);E. Jones, F.W. Grupp, Modernization, Value Change and Fertility in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1987;H. Kent Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia, Cambridge, MA, 1968;B. Kerblay, Modern Soviet Society, New York, 1983;I. Kon, The Sexual Revolution in Russia, New York, 1995;Y. Levada, L’homme soviétique ordinaire entre le passé et l’avenir: enquête, Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1993;M. Matthews, Privilege in the Soviet Union, London, 1978;M. Matthews, Poverty in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1986;

15

V.P. Popov, “Pasportnaia sistema v SSSR (1932-1976)”, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, 8-9 (1995);S.L. Seniavskii, Izmeneniia v sotsial’noi strukture sovetskogo obshchestva, 1938-1970, Moscow: Mysl’, 1973 (the official point of view);S.L. Seniavskii, Sotsial’naia struktura sovetskogo obshchestva v usloviiakh razvitogo sotsializma, 1961-1980 gg., Moscow: Mysl’, 1982;M. Voslensky, Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class, Garden City, NJ, 1984;M. Yanowitch, Social and Economic Inequality in the USSR, White Plains, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1977;M. Yanowitch, ed., Social Stratification and Mobility in the USSR, White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1973.

DIIe2. CitiesT.J. Colton, Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis, Cambridge, MA, 1995;A. De Magistris, La costruzione della città totalitaria: il piano di Mosca e il dibattito sulla città sovietica tra gli anni venti e cinquanta, Milano, 1995;R. French, I. Hamilton, eds., The Socialist City, New York: John Wiley, 1979;C. Harris, Cities of the Soviet Union, Chicago, 1970;A. Kopp, Town and Revolution: Soviet Architecture and City Planning, 1917-1935, New York, 1970;A. Kopp, L’Architecture de la période stalinienne, Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1978;V. Papernyi, Architecture in the Age of Stalin: Culture Two, Cambridge, 2002;R.H. Rowland, “Russia’s Secret Cities,” Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 7 (1996);B. Ruble, Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990;O.I. Shkaratan, Etnosotsial’nye problemy goroda, Moscow: Nauka, 1986;W.C. Taubman, Governing Soviet Cities: Bureaucratic Politics and Urban Development in the USSR, New York, 1973.

DIIe3. DemographyS. Adamets, A. Blum, N. Zacharova, Disparités et variables des catastrophes démographiques en URSS, Paris: INED, 1994;E.M. Andreev, L.E. Darskii, T.L. Khar’kova, Demograficheskaia istoriia Rossiiskoi federatsii, 1927-1959, Moscow: Informatika, 1998;A. Blum, L.E. Darsky, Le modèle soviétique (1917-1991) et ses devenirs, in J.P. Bardet, J. Dupâquier (eds.), Histoire des populations de l’Europe, t. III, Paris: Fayard, 1999; A. Blum, Naître, vivre et mourir en URSS, 1917-1991, Paris: Plon, 1994;V.A. Isupov, Demograficheskie katastrofy i krizisy v Rossii v pervoi polovine XX veka, Novosibirsk, 2000;L.A. Kozinski, Demographic Developments in Eastern Europe, New York: Praeger, 1977;R. Lewis, R. Rowland, R. Clen, Nationality and Population Change in Russia and the USSR: An Evaluation of Census Data, 1897-1970, New York: Praeger, 1976;F. Lorimer, The Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects, Genève, 1946;M. Maksudov, Poteri naseleniia SSSR, Benson, Vermont, 1989 (see “Pertes subies par la population de l’URSS, 1918-1958”, Cahiers du monde russe, 3 (1977));F. Meslé et al., Tendances récentes de la mortalité par cause en Russie, 1965-1994, INED, Paris 1996;Iu.A. Poliakov, ed., Naselenie Rossii v XX veke, vol. 1, 1900-1939 gg., vol. 2, 1940-1959 gg., Moscow, 2000-2001 (the reference work –vol. 3 is in the making);

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M. Tolts, “The Failure of Demographic Statistics: A Soviet Response to Population Troubles,” paper to the general conference of the Union internationale pour l’étude scientifique de la population, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil, August 18-24, 2001.

DIIe4. EcologyJ. Dawson, Eco-Nationalism: Anti-Nuclear Activism and National Identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine, Durham, 1996;M. Feshbach, Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege, New York: Basic Books, 1992; M.I. Goldman, The Spoils of Progress: Environmental Pollution in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, MA, MIT press, 1972;B. Komarov, The Destruction of Nature in the Soviet Union, White Plains, NY: Sharpe, 1980;P.R. Pryde, Conservation in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1972;P.R. Pryde, Environmental Management in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1991.D.R. Weiner, A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev, Berkeley, 1999;D.R. Weiner, Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, Pittsburgh, Pa, 2000.

DIIe5. LaborFor the pre-war period see the chronological subdivision, below.

L. Cook, The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed: Welfare Policy and Workers’ Politics from Brezhnev to Yeltsin, Cambridge, MA, 1993;D. Granick, Job Rights in the Soviet Union: Their Consequences, Cambridge, 1987;A. Kahan, B. Ruble, eds., Industrial Labor in the USSR, New York: Pergamon, 1979;D. Lane, F. O’Dell, The Soviet Industrial Worker, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978;D. Lane, ed., Labour and Employment in the USSR, Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1986;T. Lowit, Le Syndicalisme de type soviétique: l’U.R.S.S. et les pays de l’Est européen, Paris: A. Colin, 1971;J. Sapir, Travail et travailleurs en URSS, Paris, 1983;O.I. Shkaratan, Problemy sotsial’ni struktury rabochego klassa SSSR, Moscow: Mysl’, 1970;G. Victor, “Social Security in the USSR,” International social security review, 4 (1991);M. Yanowitch, Work in the Soviet Union, Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1985.

DIIe6. Social problemsA. Ball, And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-1930, Berkeley, 1994;D. Caroli, L’enfance abandonnée et délinquante dans la Russie soviétique (1917-1937), Paris, 2004;V. Chalidze, Criminal Russia, New York, 1977;W.A. Clark, Crime and Punishment in Soviet Officialdom: Combating Corruption in the Political Elite, 1965-1990, Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1993;W. Connor, Deviance in Soviet Society, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972;M.N. Gernet, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, Moscow, 1974 (the main student of crime in Tsarist Russia); A.V. Ledeneva, Russia’s Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchanges, Cambridge, 1998;L.L. Luneev, Prestupnost’ XX veka: mirovye, regional’nye i rossiiskie tendentsii, Moscow: Norma, 1997 (with important data);B. Segal, The Drunken Society: Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in the Soviet Union, New York, 1990;K. Simis, USSR: The Corrupt Society, New York, 1982 (impressive);P.H. Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice under Stalin, Cambridge, 1996;

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V. Treml, Alcohol in the USSR, Duke University Press, 1982 (important);A. Vaksberg, The Soviet Mafia, New York, 1991;G.P. van der Berg, The Soviet System of Justice: Figures and Policy, Dordrecht, 1985 –important;F. Varese, The Russian Mafia, Oxford, 2001;I. Zemtsov, La Corruption en Union soviétique, Paris: Hachette, 1976.

DIIf. WomenD. Atkinson, A. Dallin, eds., Women in Russia, Stanford, 1978;S. Bridger, Women in the Soviet Countryside: Women’s Role in Rural Development, Cambridge 1987; G.K. Browning, Women and Politics in the USSR: Consciousness Raising and Soviet Women’s Groups, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987;B.E. Clements et al., eds., Russia’s Women: Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991;B.E. Clements, Daughters of Revolution: A History of Women in the USSR, Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1994; N.T. Dodge, Women in the Soviet Economy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966;L. Edmondson, ed., Women and Society in Russia and the Soviet Union, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992;B. Farnsworth, L. Viola, eds., Russian Peasant Women, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992;S. Fitzpatrick, Y. Slezkine, eds., In the Shadow of Revolution: Life Stories of Russian Women from 1917 to the Second World War, Princeton, 2000;W.Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993;B. Holland, ed, Soviet Sisterhood, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985;M. Ilic, Women Workers in the Soviet Interwar Economy: From ‘Protection’ to ‘Equality’, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999;G.W. Lapidus, ed., Women, Work and Family in the Soviet Union, Armonk, NY, 1982;G.W. Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development and Social Change, Berkeley: UC Press, 1978; T. Mamonova, ed., Women and Russia: Feminist Writings from the Soviet Union, Oxford, 1984;R. Marsh, ed., Women in Russia and Ukraine, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996; A. McAuley, Women’s Work and Wages in the Soviet Union, London: Allen & Unwin, 1981;R. Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930, Princeton, 1991;L. Vasilieva, Kremlin Wives, New York, 1994.

DIIg. Peasants and the countrysideSee the subsection on the 1930s, below, for works on collectivization and famine.

Iu.V. Arutiunian, La structure sociale de la population rurale en URSS, Cahiers ISMEA, 12 (1979);R. Bartlett, ed., Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia: Communal Forms in Imperial and Early Soviet Society, London: Macmillan, 1990;F. Belov, The History of a Soviet Collective Farm, New York: Praeger, 1955;S. Benet, ed., Village of Viriatino: An Ethnographic Study of a Russian Village, New York: Anchor Books, 1970;R. Conquest, ed., Agricultural Workers in the USSR, New York, 1969;T.M. Cox, Peasants, Class and Capitalism: The Rural Research of L.N. Kricman and His School, Oxford, 1986;

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T.M. Cox, Rural Sociology in the Soviet Union, London: Hurst, 1979;V.P. Danilov, Rural Russia under the New Regime, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988;A. Graziosi, The Great Soviet Peasant War: Bolsheviks and Peasants, 1918-1933, Cambridge, MA, 1996;N.A. Ivnitskii, Repressivnaia politika sovetskoi vlasti v derevne, 1928-33, Moscow, 2000 (important);N. Jasny, The Socialized Agriculture of the USSR, Stanford, 1949;Z.I. Kalugina, Lichnoe podsobnoe khoziaistvo v SSSR, Novosibirsk, 1991;J.F. Karcz, The Economics of Communist Agriculture, International Development Institute, 1979;B. Kerblay, L’Izba d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, Lausanne: L’Âge d’homme, 1973;B. Kerblay, Du mir aux agrovilles, Paris: Institut d’études slaves, 1985;M.P. Kim, ed., Istoriia sovetskogo khrest’ianstva i kolkhoznogo stroitel’stva v SSSR, Moscow, 1963;M.-C. Maurel, La Campagne collectivisée: société et espace rural en Russie, Paris: Éditions Anthropos, 1980;Z. Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, New York: Norton, 1987 (an important book);J.R. Millar, ed., The Soviet Rural Community, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971;T. Shanin, The Awkward Class; Political Sociology of Ppeasantry in a Developing Society: Russia 1910-1925, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972;G.I. Shmelev, Lichnoe podsobnoe khoziaistvo i ego sviazi s obshchestvennom proizvodstve, Moscow, 1971;A.V. Chayanov, The Theory of Peasant Economy (1923), Homewood, IL., 1966 (important);L.M. Timofeev, L’arte del contadino di fare la fame, ovvero la tecnica del mercato nero in Russia, Bologna: Il Mulino 1983;O.M. Verbitskaia, Rossiiskoe krest’ianstvo: ot Stalina k Khrushchevu, Moscow, 1992;L. Volin, A Century of Russian Agriculture, Harvard University Press, 1970;K.E. Wädekin, The Private Sector in Soviet Agriculture, Berkeley, 1973;K.E. Wädekin, Agrarian Policies in Communist Europe: A Critical Introduction, The Hague: Nijhoff, 1981;K.E. Wädekin, Communist Agriculture: Farming in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, London: Routledge, 1990;G. Yaney, The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 1861-1930, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982; T.I. Zaslavskaia, Raspredelenie po trudu v kolkhozakh, Moscow: Ekonomika, 1966;T.I. Zaslavskaia, ed., Migratsiia sel’skogo naseleniia, Moscow: Mysl’, 1970.

DIIh. Repression and political policeSee B. Sources, above, for the collections of documents published by Memorial Association as well as many of the memoirs and literary works. See also the chronological subsections below, especially, but not only, on the 1930s.

DIIh1. Repression

N.D. Adler, The Gulag Survivor: Beyond the Soviet System, Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002;G. Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet States, 1926-1936, Ithaca, N.Y., 2003;A.V. Antonov-Ovseenko Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tiranny, New York, Harper & Row, 1981;A. Applebaum, Gulag: A History, New York, 2003;

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Jörg Baberowski, Der rote Terror. Die Geschichte des Stalinismus, München: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 2003;F. Bettanin, Il lungo terrore: politica e repressioni in URSS, 1917-1953, Editori riuniti: Roma, 1999;N.F. Bugai, The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union, New York, 1996;N.F. Bugai, Kavkaz: narody v eshelonakh (20-60e gody), Moscow: Insan, 1998;R. Conquest, Stalin: Breaker of Nations, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991;R. Conquest, The Nation Killers: Soviet Deportation of Nationalities, Londres: Macmillan, 1970;S. Courtois, ed., The Black Book of Communism, Cambridge, MA, 1999 (see Nicolas Werth’s essay);M. Craveri, Resistenza nel Gulag. Un capitolo inedito della destalinizzazione in Unione Sovietica, Soveria Mannelli, 2003;D.J. Dallin, B.I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labor in Soviet Russia, New Haven, 1947 (now surpassed, but the first important book on the topic);E. Dundovich, F. Gori, E. Guercetti, Reflections on the Gulag, Milano, 2003;J. Arch Getty, T. Rittersporn, V.N. Zemskov, “Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence,” The American Historical Review, 4 (1993);P.R. Gregory, V. Lazarev, eds., The Economics of Forced Labor: The Soviet Gulag, Stanford, Hoover Institution Press, 2003;G.M. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism: The GULag in the Soviet Totalitarian System (Moscow, 1997), Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2000;M. Jakobson, Origins of the GULag: The Soviet Prison Camp System, 1917-1933, Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1993;R. Karklins, “The Organization of Power in Soviet Labor Camps,” Soviet Studies, April (1989);J.-J. Marie, Les peuples déportés d’Union soviétique, Bruxelles: Complexe, 1996;T. Martin, “The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing,” The Journal of Modern History, 4 (1998) (an important essay);G.P. Maximoff, The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia, Chicago, IL.: The Alexander Berkman Fund, 1940 (on the repression of the anticommunist left);S.P. Melgunov, The Red Terror in Russia (1926), Westport, CT, 1975;N. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge, MA, 2001;A.E. Gur’ianov, ed., Repressii protiv poliakov i pol’skikh grazhdan, Moscow, 1997;J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930-1953, Jefferson N.C.: McFarland and Co., 1997 (a useful summary);J. Otto Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999 (useful);P. Polian, Against their will. The history and geography of forced migration in the USSR [2001], CEU Press, Budapest, 2003 (useful);J. Rossi, The GULag Handbook: An Encyclopedia Dictionary, New York, 1989 (remarkable);H. Schafranek, Zwischen NKWD und Gestapo, Franfurt am Main, 1990;J.L. Schere, M. Jakobson, “The Collectivization of Agriculture and the Soviet Prison Camp System,” Europe-Asia Studies, 3 (1993);A. Solzhenitsyn, The GULag Archipelago: 1918-1956, An Experiment in Literary Investigation, London, 1974 (fundamental, of course);K. Štajner, 7000 Days in Siberia, New York, 1988;IRI, RAN, Vlast’ i obshchestvo v SSSR: Politika repressii (20-40-e gg.), Moscow, 2000;S. Wheatcroft, “The Scale and Nature of Nazi and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930-1945,” Europe-Asia Studies, 8 (1996) (interesting);S. Wheatcroft, “Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data,” Europe-Asia Studies, 2 (1999);

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Women’s Voices from Soviet Labor Camps, Baltimore: Smoloskyp Publishers, 1975.

DIIh2. Political policeE. Albats, The State within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia, New York, 1994;C. Andrew, O. Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside History of Its Foreign Operations, New York, 1990;C. Andrew, V. Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, New York, 1999 (important);C. Andrew, V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Arkhive: The KGB in Europe and the West, London, 1999;V.M. Chebrikov, ed., Istoriia sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti, Moscow: KGB, 1977; P. Dmitriev, “Soldat Berii”. Vospominaniia lagernogo okhrannika, Leningrad, 1991 (describing some of the tortures inflicted upon prisoners);J.J. Dziak, Chekisty: A History of the KGB, Lexington: Lexington Books, 1988;V. Izmozik, Glaza i ushi rezhima: gosudarstvennyi politicheskii kontrol’ za naseleniem sovetskoi Rossii v 1918-1928 godakh, St. Petersburg, 1995;A. Knight, The KGB, Winchester, MA: Allen & Unwin, 1988;A. Kokurin, N.V. Petrov, R.G. Pikhoia, eds., Lubianka: VChK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB, 1917-1960: spravochnik, Moscow, 1997 (required reference);G. Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police, New York: Oxford, 1981;B. Levytsky, The Uses of Terror:The Soviet Secret Police, 1917-1970, New York, 1972;V.V. Korovin, Istoriia otechestvennykh organov bezopastnosti, Moscow: Norma-Infa-M, 1998;M. Parrish, Soviet Security and Intelligence Organizations, 1917-1990, New York, 1992;N.V. Petrov, K.V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil NKVD, 1934-1941, Moscow, 1999;La Police politique en Union soviétique, 1918-1953, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 2-4 (2001).

DIIi. Religion and church See also above CII.b for the Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union and DI. for works on the various nationalities (for instance DIc8. The Jewish Question).

DIIi1. GeneralJ. Anderson, Religion, State, and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States, Cambridge, 1994;J. Chafarevitsch, La Législation sur la religion en U.R.S.S., Paris, 1973;W.J. Ciszek, With God in Russia, New York, 1964;W.B. Husband, “Godless communists:” Atheism and society in Soviet Russia, 1917-1932, Dekalb, IL., 2000;D. Dunn, Religion and Modernization in the Soviet Union, Boulder, CO, 1977;F. Heyer, Die orthodoxe Kirche in der Ukraine von 1917 bis 1945, Cologne, 1953;G. Hosking, ed., Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine, Basingstoke, 1991;R. Marshall, ed., Aspects of Religion in the Soviet Union, 1917-1967, Chicago, 1971;A. Martin, Les croyants en URSS, Paris, 1970;M.I. Odintsov, Gosudarstvo i tserkov’ v Rossii: XX vek, Moscow, 1994;D. Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless, Ithaca, 1998;P. Ramet, Cross and Commissar: The Politics of Religion in Eastern Europe and the USSR, Bloomington, 1987;S.P. Ramet, ed., Religious Policy in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1993;N.A. Struve, Christians in Contemporary Russia, New York, 1967;N.S. Timasheff, Religion in Soviet Russia, 1917-1942, New York, 1942;

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V. Volkov, La secte russe des castrats, Paris, Ed. Les Belles Lettres, 1995 (Leningrad 1930), Introduction et notes par Claudio S. Ingerflom: Communistes contre Castrats (1929-1930). Les enjeux du conflit.

DIIi2. Various faithsA. Bennigsen, C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, London, 1967;A. Bennigsen, E.S. Wimbush, Muslims of the Soviet empire. A guide, Bloomington, 1986;A. Bennigsen, Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union, London, 1985;B.R. Bociurkiw, The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Soviet State, 1939-1950, Edmonton, 1996;T.A. Chumachenko, Church and State in Soviet Russia, 1941-1961 (Moscow, 1999), Armonk, NY, 2002; F. Corley, “The Armenian Church under the Soviet Regime”, Religion, State, Society, 24-1 and 4 (1996), 26-3/4 (1998);J. Ellis, The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History, London, 1988;W.C. Fletcher, The Russian Orthodox Church Underground, 1917-1970, London, 1971;W.C. Fletcher, A Study in Survival: The Church in Russia, 1917-1943, New York, 1975;Z.Y. Gitelman, The Jewish Religion in the USSR, New York, 1971;S. Keleher, Passion and Resurrection: The Greek Catholic Church in Soviet Ukraine, 1939-1989, Lviv, 1993;A. Klibanov, Religioznoe sektanstvo i sovremmenost’, Moscow, 1969;S.P. Poliakov, Everyday Islam: Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia, Armonk, NY, 1992;D. Pospielovsky, The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia, Crestwood, NY, 1998;B.G. Privratsky, Muslim Turkestan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory, Richmond, Surrey, 2001;L. Regel’son, Tragediia russkoi tserkvi: 1917-1945, Paris, 1977;Le Réformisme musulman en Asie centrale, 1788-1937, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 1-2 (1996) ;Y. Ro’i, Islam in the Soviet Union, from the Second World War to Gorbachev, New York, 2000 (see also D. Deweese, “Islam and the Legacy of Sovietology: A Review Essay on Yaacov Ro’i’s Islam in the Soviet Union,” Journal of Islamic Studies, 3 (2002));S. Vardys, The Catholic Church: Dissent and Nationality in Soviet Lithuania, New York, 1979.

DIIj. Science, technology, culture, literary lifeSee also the documentary collections, the memoirs and the literary works quoted in B. above.

DIIj1. Science and technologyK. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917-1941, Princeton, 1978;M.R. Beissinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline and Soviet Power, Cambridge, MA, 1988;J.S. Berliner, The Innovation Decision in Soviet Industry, Cambridge, MA, 1976;V.J. Birstein, The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science, Boulder, CO., 2001;J.W. Boag et al., eds., Kapitza in Cambridge and Moscow: Life and Letters of a Russian Physicist, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1990;S. Fortescue, Science Policy in the Soviet Union, London, 1990;L.R. Graham, Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History, Cambridge, 1993; L. Graham, ed., Science and the Soviet Social Order, Cambridge, MA, 1990;J.J. Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon, New York, 1997;

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D. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956, New Haven, 1994;P.R. Josephson, New Atlantis Revisited: Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science, Princeton, 1997;P.R. Josephson, Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia, Berkeley, 1991;P.R. Josephson, Red Atom: Russia’s Nuclear Power Program from Stalin to Today, New York, 1999;D. Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917-1931, New York, 1961;D. Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair, Cambridge, MA, 1970;I.M. Khalatnikov, Landau, the Phycisist and the Man: Recollections, Pergamon Press, 1989;A.B. Kozhevnikov, Stalin’s Great Science. The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists, University of Georgia, Athens, and Institute for History of Science & Technology, Moscow, 2004;R.A. Lewis, Science and Industrialization in the USSR: Industrial Research and Development, 1917-1940, London, 1979;D.R. Marples, M.J. Young, eds., Nuclear Energy and Security in the Former Soviet Union, Boulder, CO., 1997;Z.A. Medvedev, The Rise and Fall of T.D. Lysenko, New York, 1969;Z.A. Medvedev, Soviet Science, Oxford, 1979;B. Parrott, Politics and Technology in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, MA, 1985;V.N. Soyfer, Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science, New Brunswick, NJ, 1994;A. Vuchinich, Empire of Knowledge: The Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1917-1970), Berkeley, 1984.

DIIj2. HumanitiesIn alphabetical order of subject. For obvious reasons, history has been given prominence and precedence.

Regards sur l’anthropologie soviétique, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 2-3 (1990);M. David-Fox, Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918-1929, Ithaca, NY, 1997;S.P. Dunn, E. Dunn, eds., Introduction to Soviet Ethnography, 2 vols., Berkeley, 1974;M.J. Bradshaw, The Soviet Union. A New Regional Geography, London, 1991;H. Chambre, L’Aménagement du territoire en U.R.S.S., Mouton 1959;J.P. Cole, Geography of the USSR, Penguin, 1967;J.C. Dewdney, Studies in Industrial Geography: The USSR, 1976;P. George, L’U.R.S.S., Paris, 1962; L. Holzner, J.M. Knapp, eds., Soviet Geography Studies in Our Time: A Feistschrift for Paul E. Lydolph, Milwaukee, 1987;D. Hooson, The Soviet Union: A Systematic Regional Geography, London, 1968;A.N. Lavrishchev, Economic Geography of the USSR, Moscow, 1969;P.E. Lydolph, Geography in the USSR, New York, 1980;W.H. Parker, A Historical Geography of Russia, London, 1968;W.H. Parker, The Soviet Union, London, 1969;S.A. Aleksandrov, ed., Istoricheskaia nauka rossiiskoi emigratsii 20-30-kh gg.: khronika, Moscow, 1998;G.D. Alekseeva , ed., Istoricheskaia nauka Rossii v XX veke, Moscow, 1997;G.D. Alekseeva, Istoricheskaia nauka v Rossii. Ideologia. Politika. (60 – 80-e gody XX veka), Moscow, IRI RAN, 2003; S.H. Baron et C.A. Frierson, eds., Adventures in Russian Historical Research: Reminiscences of American Scholars from the Cold War to the Present, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2003;

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S.I. Baron, N.W. Herr, Windows on the Russian Past. Essays on Soviet Historiography since Stalin, Columbus, Ohio, 1977;G. Breslauer, “In defense of Sovietology,” Post-Soviet Affairs, 3 (1992);G.A. Bordiugov, ed., Istoricheskie issledovaniia v Rossii. Tendentsii poslednykh let, Moscow, 1996 (useful);G.A. Bordiugov, ed., Natsional’nye istorii v sovetskom i postsovetskikh gosudarstvakh, Moscow, 1999 (useful);S.F. Cohen, Rethinking the Soviet Experience, New York, 1985 (a flawed book);M. Confino , “Present Events and the Representation of the Past: Some Current Problems in Russian Historical Writing,” Cahiers du monde russe, XXXV, 4 (1994);R.W. Davies, Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution, Bloomington, 1989;R.W. Davies, Soviet History in the Yeltsin era, Basingstoke, 1997;G.M. Enteen, The Soviet Scholar-Bureaucrat. M.N. Pokrovskii and the Society of Marxist Historians, London, 1978;M.Ya. Gefter, Istoricheskaia nauka i nekotorye problemy sovremmenosti, Moscow, 1969;M. Malia, “From under the Rubble, What?” Problems of Communism, 1-2 (1992);R.D. Markwick, “Catalyst of Historiography, Marxism and Dissidence: The Sector of Methodology of the Institute of History, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1964-1968,” Europe-Asia Studies, 46, 4 (1994);K. Mehnert, Stalin versus Marx: The Stalinist Historical Doctrine, London, 1952;I.I. Mints, Istoriografiia istorii SSSR, vol. 2: Epokha sotsializma, Moscow, 1982;Problemy istoriografii i istochnikovedeniia istorii KPSS, Leningrad, 1973;D.J. Raleigh, ed., Soviet Historians and Perestroika: The First Phase, New York, 1989;K.F. Shteppa, Russian Historians and the Soviet State, New Brunswick, 1962 (a historian’s interesting memoirs);R. Szporluk, ed., M.N. Pokrovskii, Russia in World History. Selected Essays, Ann Arbor, MI, 1970;L. Tillett, The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969;L.M. Zak, V.S. Lel’chuk, V.I. Pogudin, eds., Stroitel’stvo sotsializma v SSSR: istoriograficheskii ocherk, Moscow, 1971;M.V. Zelenov, Apparat TsK RKP(b)-VKP(b), tsenzura i istoricheskaia nauka v 1920-e gody, N. Novgorod, 2000;V.M. Alpatov, Istoriia odnogo mifa: Marr i Marrizm, Moscow, 1991;W. Girke, H. Jachnow, Sowjetische Soziolinguistik: Probleme und Genese, Kronberg, 1974;R. L’Hermitte, Marr, Marrisme, Marristes: une page de l’histoire de la linguistique soviétique, Paris, 1987;Y. Slezkine, “N.Ia. Marr and the National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics,” Slavic Review, 4 (1996);L.L. Thomas, The Linguistic Theories of N. Ja. Marr, Berkeley, 1957;W.I. Butler, Soviet Law, London, 1983;L.R. Graham, Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union, New York, 1972;E.J. Simmons, ed., Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought, Cambridge, MA, 1955;E. van der Zweerde, Soviet Historiography of Philosophy, Dordrecht, 1997;M.A. Miller, Freud and the Bolsheviks: Psychoanalysis in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, New Haven, 1998;D. Joravsky, Russian Psychology: A Critical History, Oxford, 1989J. Hough, The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory, Cambridge, MA,1977;V. Shlapentokh, The Politics of Sociology in the Soviet Union, Boulder, 1987;S.P. Dunn, ed., Sociology in the USSR: A Collection of Readings from Soviet Sources, White Plains, NY, 1969; A. Blum, M. Mespoulet, L’anarchie buraucratique: statistique et pouvoir sous Stalin, Paris, 2003;

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M. Mespoulet, Statistique et révolution en Russie: un compromis impossible, 1880-1930, Rennes, 2001.

DIIj3. EducationO. Anweiler, Geschichte der Schule und Pädagogik in Russland, vom Ende des Zarenreiches bis zum Beginn der Stalin-Ära, Berlin, 1964;G.Z.F. Bereday, ed., The Politics of Soviet Education, (1960) Westport, CT, 1976;W. Berelowitch, La soviétisation de l’école russe: 1917-1931, Lausanne, 1990;L. Gotovitch, Makarenko, pédagogue praticien, Paris, 1996;K. Kobelt, Anton Makarenko, ein stalinischer Pädagoge, Frankfurt am Main, 1996;M. Matthews, Education in the Soviet Union: Policies and Institutions Since Stalin, London, 1982;J. Pennar, I.I. Bakalo, G.Z.F. Bereday, Modernization and Diversity in Soviet Education,New York, 1971.

DIIj4. Literary and cultural lifeL. Alexeyeva, Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious and Human Rights, Middletown, 1985 (important);D.L. Babichenko, Pisateli i tsenzory, Moscow, 1994;D. Beyrau, Intelligenz und Dissens: die russischen Bildungsgeschichte in der Sowjetunion, 1917-1985, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993;A.V. Blium, Zensur in der UdSSR, 2 vols., Bochum, 1999;G. Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Petrels: The Flight of the First Soviet Defectors, New York, 1977;D. Brown, The Last Years of Soviet Russian Literature, 1975-1991, Cambridge, 1993;J. Chiama, J.-F. Soulet, Histoire de la dissidence: oppositions et révoltes en U.R.S.S. et dans les démocraties populaires, de la mort de Staline à nos jours, Paris, 1982;C. Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual, Bloomington, 2000;V. Dunham, In Stalin’s Time: Middle Class Values in Soviet Fiction, Cambridge, 1976;W. Eggeling, Die sowjetische Literaturpolitik zwischen 1953 und 1970, Bochum, 1994;K. Eimermacher, Die sowjetische Literaturpolitik, 1917-1932, Bochum, 1994;V. Erlich, Modernism and Revolution: Russian Literature in Transition, Cambridge, MA, 1994;T.M. Goriaeva, Politicheskaia tsenzura v SSSR, 1917-1991, Moscow, 2002 (interesting);E.S. Gromov, Stalin: vlast’ i iskusstvo, Moscow, 1998;L. Hakobian, Music of the Soviet Age, 1917-1987, Stockholm, 1998;M. Heller, Le monde concentrationnaire et la littérature soviétique, Lausanne, 1974;R. Hingley, Russian Writers and Soviet Society, 1917-1978, New York, 1979;B. Kagarlitsky, The Thinking Reed: Intellectuals and the Soviet State, 1917 to the Present, New York, 1988;V. Lakshin, Solzhenitsyn, Tvardovsky and Novy Mir, Cambridge, MA, 1980;F.C. Lemaire, La musique du XXe siècle en Russie et dans les anciennes républiques soviétiques, Paris, 1994;F. Maes, Geschiedenis van de russische muziek, Nijmegen, 1996 (Berkeley, 2002);R.J. Marsh, Soviet Fiction Since Stalin: Science, Politics, and Literature, London, 1986;D.J. Richards, Soviet Chess: Chess and Communism in the U.S.S.R., Oxford, 1965;V. Shlapentokh, Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: the Post-Stalin era, Princeton, 1990;A. Soltis, Soviet Chess, 1917-1991, McFarland, 2000;G. Struve, Russian Literature under Lenin and Stalin, 1917-1953, Norman, 1971;L. Trotsky, Literature and Revolution, Ann Arbor, 1960;S. Volkov, Shostakhovich and Stalin, New York, 2004 (a controversial book);M.P. Zezina, Sovetskaia khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia i vlast’ v 1950-1960-e gody, Moskva, 1999.

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DIIj5. Mass culture P. Arnaud, J. Riordan, eds., Sport and International Politics. The Impact of Fascism and Communism on Sport, London, 1998;E. Bender, C. Engels, eds., Eisenstein Erben: Der Sowjetische Film vom Tauwetter zur Perestrojka (1953-1991), Innsbruck, 2002;D. Brandenberger, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956, Cambridge, MA, 2002;R. Edelman, Serious Fun: A History of Spectator Sport in the USSR, New York, 1993;B. Eisenschitz, ed., Gels et Dégels: une autre histoire du cinéma soviétique, 1926-1968, Paris, 2002;K. Feigelson, L’U.R.S.S. et sa télévision, Paris, 1990 ;J. von Geldern, R. Stites, eds., Mass Culture in Soviet Russia: Tales, Poems, Songs, Movies, Plays and Folklore, 1917-1953, Bloomington, 1995;M.S. Gleizer, Radio i televidenie v SSSR: daty i fakty, 1917-1986, Moscow, 1989;S.B. Graham, A Cultural Analysis of the Russo-Soviet Anedokt, PhD Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2003;D.A. Harris, The Jokes of Oppression: The Humor of Soviet Jews, Northvale, N.J, 1988;P. Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929, Cambridge, 1985;N. Laurent, L’oeil du Kremlin: cinéma et censure en URSS sous Staline, 1928-1953, Toulouse, 2000;J. Leyda, Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film, 3rd edition, Princeton, N.J., 1983;G. Liber, Alexander Dovzhenko : A life in Soviet Film, London, 2002;D. MacFayden, Red Stars: Personality and the Soviet Popular Song, 1955-1991, Montreal, 2001;M. Martin, Le cinéma soviétique de Khrouchtchev à Gorbatchev: 1955-1992, Lausanne, 1993;E.P. Mickiewicz, Media and the Russian Public, New York, 1981;A. Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, Lexington, 2000;J. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society. Development of Sport and Physical Education in Russia and the USSR, Cambridge, 1977;J. Riordan, Sport, Politics and Communism, Manchester, 1991;L.V. Silina, Nastroeniia sovetskogo studenchestva, 1945-1964, Moskva, 2004;R. Stites, Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society since 1900, Cambridge, 1992;A. Troitsky, Back in the USSR: The True Story of Rock in Russia, Boston, 1988;N. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia, New York, 1994;N. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia, Cambridge, MA, 1997;W. Veryha, Communication Media and Soviet Nationality Policy: Status of National Languages in Soviet TV Broadcasting, New York, 1972.

DIIk. Foreign policySee also the diplomatic documents collections listed in section B above. Works on specific periods are listed in the chronological subsections below.

DIIk1. Relations with the West, Cold WarL. Alexeyeva, U.S. Broadcasting to the Soviet Union, New York, 1986;J. Attali, Verbatim, chronique des années 1981-1991, 3 vols., Paris, 1995-1998;R.L. Benson, M. Warner, eds., Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939-1957, Washington, DC, 1996;G. Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Petrels: The Flight of the First Soviet Defectors, New York, 1977;

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E.H. Carr, German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, Baltimore, 1951;D. Caute, Les compagnons de route, 1917-1968, Paris, 1979;Cold War Flashpoints, Cold War International History Project, Bulletin, 11 (1998) (remarkable);S. Coeuré, La grande lueur à l’Est. Les Français et l’Union soviétique, 1917-1939, Paris, Seuil, 1999 ;R. Crockatt, The Fifty Years War: The United Stated and The Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991, London, 1995;P. Devilliers, Guerre ou paix: une interprétation de la politique extérieure soviétique depuis 1944, Paris, 1979;J.-B. Duroselle, L’Europe de 1815 à nos jours: vie politique et relations internationales, Paris, 2002L. Fischer, The Soviets in World Affairs, a History of the Relations between the Soviet Union and the Rest of the World, 1917-1929 (1930), New York, 1960;P.G. Filene, Americans and the Soviet Experiment, 1917-1930, Cambridge, MA, 1937;A. Fontaine, History of the Cold War, 2 vols., New York, 1968-1969;B. Frankel, ed., The Cold War, 1945-1991, 3 vols., Detroit, 1992;V.P. Gruzinov, The USSR’s Management of Foreign Trade, White Plains, NY, 1979;J.L. Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History, Oxford, 1997;G. Gorodetsky, ed., Soviet Foreign policy 1917-1991. A Retrospective, London, Frank Cass, 1994;J.G. Hershberg, ed., Cold War Crises, Cold War International History Project, Bulletin, 5-7 (1995) (remarkable);P. Hollander, Political Pilgrims: Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China and Cuba, 1928-1978, Oxford, 1981;J.F. Hough, The Struggle for the Third World, Washington, 1986;J. Kayser, De Kronstadt à Khrouchtchev: voyages franco-russes, 1891-1960, Paris, 1962;C. Kennedy-Pipe, Russia and the World, 1917-1991, London, 1998;G.F. Kennan, Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin, Boston, 1961;G.F. Kennan, The Nuclear Delusion: Soviet-American Relations in the Atomic Age, New York, 1982;S. Koch, Double Lives: Spies and Writers in the Secret Soviet War of Ideas against the West, New York, 1994;M. Kramer, “Ideology and the Cold War,” Review of International Studies, 4 (1999);F. Kupferman, Au pays des Soviets: le voyage français en Union Soviétique, 1917-1939, Paris, 1979;J. Laloy, La politique extérieure de l’URSS, 1917-1975, Paris, 1960;J. Laloy, Entre guerre et paix, 1945-1965, Paris, 1966;I. Lederer, ed., Russian Foreign Policy: Essays in Historical Perspective, New Haven, CT, 1962;V.S. Lel’chuk, E.I. Pivovar, eds., SSSR i kholodnaia voina, Moscow, 1995;R.B. Levering et al., Debating the Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian Perspectives, Lanham, Md., 2002;J. Lévesque, L’URSS et sa politique internationale, de Lénine à Gorbatchev, 2nd ed., Paris, 1987;S. R. Margulies, The Pilgrimage to Russia: The Soviet Union and the Treatment of Foreigners, 1924-1937, Madison, Wisconsin, 1968;G. Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America’s Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, Ithaca, N.Y., 2000;M. Mourin, Les relations franco-soviétiques, Paris, 1967;D.E. Murphy, S.A. Kondrashev, G. Bailey, Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War, New Haven, 1997;A. Nekrich, Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922-1941, New York, 1997;H.-J. Perrey, Der Russlandausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft, Munich, 1985;A. Pittman, From Ostpolitik to Reunification: West-German – Soviet Political Relations Since 1974, Cambridge, 1992;

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V. Peppard, J. Riordan, Playing Politics: Soviet Sport Diplomacy, Greenwich, CT, 1993;E.M. Primakov, ed., Ocherki istorii rossiiskoi vneshnei razvedki, 6 vols., Moscow, 1996;Y. Richmond, Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain, University Park, 2003;A.G. Savel’ev, N. Detinov, The Big Five: Arms Control Decision Making in the Soviet Union, Wesport, CT, 1995;I.G. Starinov, Over the Abyss: My Life in Soviet Special Operations, New York, 1995;M. Tatu, Eux et nous: les relations Est-Ouest entre deux détentes, Paris, 1985;E.S. Tokareva, ed., Rossiia i Vatikan v kontse XIX – pervoi treti XX veka. Materialy kollokviuma, Moscow, 2003;A.B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973, New York, 1974 –of great importance;T.V. Volokhitina, G.P. Murashko, A.F. Noskova, eds., SSSR i ‘kholodnaia voina’, Moscow, 1995;A. Weinstein, A. Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America (The Stalin Era), New York, 1999;O.A. Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Cambridge, 2005 –important;V. Zubok et C. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev, Cambridge, MA, 1996 –important.

DIIk2. Socialist countries, Communist partiesSee also the chronological subsections for the crises of 1953, 1956, 1968, etc.

DIIk2a. Comintern and CominformG.M. Adibekov, Kominform i poslevoennaia Evropa, 1947-1956, Moscow, 1994;F. Borkenau, The Communist International, (1939) Ann Arbor, 1962 (remarkable);P. Broué, Histoire de l’Internationale communiste, 1919-1943, Paris, 1997;F. Claudín, La crise du mouvement communiste: du Komintern au Kominform, 2 vols., Paris, 1972;M. Hájek, Storia dell’Internazionale comunista (1921-1935) (Praha, 1969), Roma, 1969; Istoriia Kommunisticheskogo Internatsionala 1919-1943. Dokumental’nye ocherki, Moscow, Nauka, 2002;B.M. Lazic, Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern, Stanford, 1986;L. Marcou, Le Kominform: le communisme de guerre froide, Paris, 1977;K. McDermott, J. Agnew, The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin, Basingstoke, 1996;K.E. McKenzie, Comitern and World Revolution, 1928-1943, New York, 1963;M. Narinsky, J. Rojahn, eds., Centre and Periphery. The History of the Comintern in the Light of New Documents, Amsterdam, 1996.

DIIk2b. Socialist countries, general

DIIk2b1. Eastern Europe O. Arne Westad, ed., The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945-1989, New York, 1994;I.T. Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery, Cambridge, 1996;W. Brus, Histoire économique de l’Europe de l’Est, 1945-1985, Paris, 1986Z.K. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, Cambridge, MA, 1967;H. Carrére d’Encausse, The Big Brother: Soviet Union and Soviet Europe, New York, 1987;A. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, New York, 1993;F. Fejto, Histoire des démocraties populaires, revised ed., 2 vols., Genève, 1992 (New York, 1971);

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R.O. Freedman, Economic Warfare in the Communist Bloc: A Study of Soviet Economic Pressure against Yugoslavia, Albania and Communist China, New York, 1970;M. Kaser, COMECON: Integration Problems of the Planned Economies, London, 1967;M.C. Kaser, ed., The Economic History of Eastern Europe, 1919-1975, 3 vols., Oxford, 1985;M. Kramer, From Dominance to Hegemony to Collapse: Soviet Policy in East-Central Europe, 1945-1991, Oxford University Press, forthcoming;Leadership Transition in a Fractured Bloc, Cold War International History Project, Bulletin, 10 (1998);P. Marer, Soviet and East-European Trade (1946-1969): Statistical Compendium and Guide, Bloomington, 1972;M. Marrese, J. Vanous, Soviet Subsidization of Trade with Eastern Europe: A Soviet Perspective, Berkeley, 1983;D.S. Mason, Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War, Boulder, CO., 1992;R. Szporluk, ed., The Influence of East Europe and the Soviet West on the USSR, New York, 1976;S.M. Terry, ed., Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe, New Haven, 1984;T. Torańska, “Them:” Stalin’s Polish Puppets, New York, 1987 (an interesting reading);G.R. Urban, Radio Free Europe and the Pursuit of Democracy: My War within the Cold War, New Haven, 1998;T.V. Volokitina et al., Moskva i vostochnaia Evropa: stanovlenie politicheskikh rezhimov sovetskogo tipa, 1945-1953, Moscow, 2002.

DIIk2b2. AsiaA. Akram, Histoire de la guerre d’Afghanistan, Paris, 1996;G.H. Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972, Stanford, CA., 1990;W.C. Clemens Jr., The Arms Race and Sino-Soviet Relations, Stanford, 1968;The Cold War in Asia, Cold War International History Project, Bulletin, 6-7 (1996);L. Dittmer, Sino-Soviet Normalization and Its International Implications, 1945- 1990, Seattle, 1992;P.J.S. Duncan, The Soviet Union and India, London, 1989;F. Fejto, Chine-U.R.S.S.: de l’alliance au conflit, 1950-1977, revised ed., Paris, 1978;I.V. Gajduk, The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War, Chicago: I.R. Dee, 1996;H. Kimura, Distant Neighbors, vol. 1, Japanese-Russian Relations under Brezhnev and Andropov and vol. 2, Japanese-Russian Relations under Gorbachev and Yeltsin, Armonk, 2000;A.M. Ledovskii, SSSR i Stalin v sud’bakh Kitaia. Dokumenty i svidetel’stva, 1937-52, Moscow, 1999;J. Lévesque, L’URSS en Afghanistan: 1979-1989, Bruxelles, 1990;L. Luthi, “The Sino-Soviet Split, 1956-1966”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2003;G.F. Hudson, R. Lowenthal, R. MacFarquhar, The Sino-Soviet Dispute, New York, 1961 (the first important book on the topic);N.L. Mamaieva, Komintern i Gomindan, 1919-1929, Moscow, 1999;H.W. Nelsen, Power and Insecurity: Beijing, Moscow, and Washington, 1949-1988, Boulder, 1989;A. Pantsov, The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution, 1919-1927, Honolulu, 2000;D.E. Pike, Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Anatomy of an Alliance, Boulder : Westview Press, 1987;R.S. Ross, ed., China, the United States, and the Soviet Union: Tripolarity and Policy Making inthe Cold War, Armonk, NY, 1993;Russian General Staff, The Soviet Afghan War, Lawrence, 2002;O. Arne Westad, ed., Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet alliance, 1945-1963,Washington, D. C., 1998;D.Z. Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict, 1956-1961, Princeton, 1962.

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DIIk2b3. Cuba and AfricaK. Baldwin, Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain. Reading Encounters between Black and Red, 1922-1963, London, 2002;G.W. Breslauer, ed., Soviet Policy in Africa, Berkeley, 1992;Z. Brzezinski, ed., Africa and the Communist World, Stanford, 1963;M.N. Katz, ed. The USSR and Marxist Revolutions in the Third World, New York, 1990;J. Lévesque, The USSR and the Cuban Revolution, New York, 1978;D. Morison, The USSR and Africa, 1945-1963, London, 1964;G. Padmore, Panafricanisme ou Communisme? La prochaine lutte pour l’Afrique, Paris, 1960;W. Raymond Duncan, The Soviet Union and Cuba, New York, 1985.

DIIk3. Third World (other)Q.V.S. Bach, Soviet Economic Assistance to the Less Developed Countries: A Statistical Analysis, Oxford, 1987;A. Bennigsen, S.E. Wimbush, Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World, Chicago, 1979;G.W. Breslauer, Soviet Strategy in the Middle East, Boston, 1990;The Cold War in the Third World, Cold War International History Project, Bulletin, 8-9 (1997);M. Confino, S. Samir, eds., The USSR and the Middle East, New York, 1973;A. Dawisha, K. Dawisha, eds., The Soviet Union and the Middle East, New York, 1982;M.I. Goldman, Foreign Soviet Aid, New York, 1967;M. Heikal, Sphinx and Commissar: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence in the Arab World, London, 1978;E. Korbonski, F. Fukuyama, eds., The Soviet Union and the Third World: The Last Three Decades, Ithaca, NY, 1987;B.R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, Princeton, 1980;R. Menon, Soviet Power and the Third World, New Haven, 1986;Soviet volunteers in China, 1925-1945, Moscow, 1980;T. Ter Minassian, Colporteurs du Komintern: l’Union soviétique et les minorités au Moyen-Orient, Paris, 1997;

DIIl. The MilitaryK. Alibek, Biohazard, New York, 1999;J. Barber, M. Harrison, eds., The Soviet Defence-Industry Complex from Stalin to Khrushchev, New York, 2000;R.F. Baumann, Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucaus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan, Fort Leavenworth, 1993;I.V. Bystrova, Voenno-promyshlennyi kompleks SSSR v gody kholodnoi voiny, Moscow, 2000 (important);U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Estimates on Soviet Military Power, 1954 to 1984: A Selection, Washington, DC, 1994;T.J. Colton, Commissars, Commanders and Civilian Authority, Cambridge, MA, 1979;J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command: a Political-Military History, 1918-1941 (1962), London , 2001; R.L. Garthoff, Soviet Military Policy: A Historical Analysis, New York, 1966;D.M. Glantz, Soviet Military Intelligence in War, London, 1990;M. Von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist state, 1917-1930, Ithaca, NY, 1990;D. Herspring, The Soviet High Command, 1967-1989: Personalities and Politics, Princeton, 1987;

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D. Holloway, The Soviet Union and the Arms Race, New Haven, 1984;D.R. Jones, The Military-Naval Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union, Gulf Breeze, 1978;M. McIntosh, Juggernaut: A History of the Soviet Armed Forces, New York, 1968 (important);T.M. Nichols, The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992, Ithaca, NY, 1993;P. Podvig, Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, Cambridge, MA, 2001;R. Reese, A Social History of the Red Army, 1925-1941, Kansas University Press, 1998;H.S. Rowen, C. Wolf, Jr, eds., The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden, San Francisco, 1990;J. Sapir, The Soviet Military System, Cambridge, 2001;H. Shukman, ed., Stalin’s Generals, New York, 1993;N.S. Simonov, Voenno-promyshlennyi kompleks SSSR v 1920-1950-e gody, Moscow, 1996;N. Sokov, Russian Strategic Modernization:  The Past and Future, Boulder, 2000;V. Starodubov, Superderzhavy XX veka, Moscow, 2001;P. de Villemarest, G.R.U.--Le plus secret des services soviétiques, 1918-1988, Paris, 1988.

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DIII. Works on specific periodsEspecially, but not only, for works about society, nationalities, and the countryside see also the thematic subsections above, as well as memoirs, literary works and statistics in section B.

DIIIa. War, revolution, civil war, 1914-1922

DIIIa1. General worksA.S. Bubnov, S.S. Kamenev, R.P. Eideman, eds., Grazhdanskaia voina, 1918-1921, 3 vols., Moscow, 1928;J. Burbank, Intelligentsia and Revolution: Russian Views of Bolshevism, 1917-1922, Oxford, 1986;E.H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923, 3 vols., London, 1950-53 (important, of course);W.H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921, (1935) Princeton, 1987 (still the best, perhaps);E. Cinnella, La tragedia della rivoluzione russa: 1917-1921, Milano: Luni, 2000;M. Ferro, The Bolshevik Revolution, London, 1980;O. Figes, A people’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1894-1921, London, 1998;M. Gorki et al., eds., The History of the Civil War in the USSR, Moscow, 1946;Guerre, guerres civiles et conflits nationaux dans l’Empire russe et en Russie soviétique, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 1-2 (1997); P. Holquist, Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914-1921, Cambridge, MA, 2002;E. Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, Boston, 1987;J. Martov, Le Bolchevisme mondial (1923), Paris: Nouveau Prométhée, 1934;R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 1899-1919, London, 1997;R. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919-1924, New York, 1994;H. Shukman, ed., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution, Oxford, 1988;L.D. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution (1932), New York, 1980;E. Acton, V.Iu. Cherniaev, W.G. Rosenberg, Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914-1921, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

DIIIa2. World War IA.N. Antsyferov, Russian Agriculture During the War, New York: Yale University press, 1930;P. Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia During World War I, Bloomington, IN., 1999;S.M. Horak, The First Treaty of World War I: Ukraine’s Treaty with the Central Powers of February 9, 1918, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988;N.D. Kondrat’ev, Rynok khlebov i ego regulirovanie vo vremia voiny i revoliutsii (1922), Moscow, 1991 (a classic, by the great economist purged in the 1930s –see now his Works, 4 vols., London, 1998);E. Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens During World War I, Cambridge, MA, 2003;N. Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914-1917, New York: Scribner, 1975;A.K. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, 2 vols., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980-1987.

DIIIa3. 1917E.N. Burdzhalov, Russia’s Second Revolution: The February 1917 Uprising in Petrograd, Bloomington, 1987;E. Frankel, J. Frankel, B. Knei-Paz, eds., Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917, Cambridge, 1992;M.S. Frenkin, Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia, 1917-1918, Munich: Logos, 1978;

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M. Gorky, Untimely Thoughts: 1917-1918, New Haven, 1995;T. Hasegawa, The February Revolution. Petrograd, 1917, Seattle, 1981;G. Katkov, Russia 1917: The February Revolution, London: Collins, 1969;D. Koenker, Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution, Princeton 1981;V. Manilov, ed., 1917 god na Kievshchine: khronika sobitii, Kiev, 1928 (a valuable chronology. In the 1920s several of such chronologies of events in the country’s major centers were published);I.I. Mints, ed., Istoria velikogo Oktiabria, 3 vols., Moscow, 1967-1973 (the official point of view);A. Rabinowitch, Prelude to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising, Bloomington, 1968;A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, New York, 1976; O. Radkey, The Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950;L. Schapiro, The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Origins of Modern Communism, New York, 1984;S.A. Smith, Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories, 1917-1918, Cambridge, 1983;M.D. Steinberg, ed., Voices of Revolution, 1917, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

DIIIa4. Guerre civile, communisme de guerre, crise de 1921-22S. Adamets, Guerre civile et famine en Russie. Le pouvoir bolchévique et la population face à la catastrophe démographique de 1917-1923, Paris 2003 ;P. Avrich, Kronstadt, 1921, Princeton, 1970;P. Avrich, ed., The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, Ithaca, N.Y., 1973; N. Baron, P. Gatrell, Homelands: War, Population and Statehood in Eastern Europe and Russia, 1918-1924, London, 2004;F. Benvenuti, The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918-1922, Cambridge, 1987;M. Body, Les Groupes communistes français de Russie: 1918-1921, Paris, 1988;G. Bordiugov, A.I. Ushakov, V.Iu. Churakov, Beloe delo: ideologiia, osnovy, rezhimy vlasti, Moscow, 1998;M. Brinton, The Bolsheviks and Workers’ Control, 1917 to 1921, London, 1970;V.N. Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-1922, Princeton, 1994;V. Buldakov, Krasnaia smuta, Moscow: Rosspen, 1997;R.K. Debo, Revolution and Survival. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1917-1918, University of Toronto Press, 1979;E.M. Dune, Notes of a Red guard, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1993;M. Ferro, Des Soviets au communisme bureaucratique, Paris, 1980;S. Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of enlightenment: Soviet organization of education and the arts under Lunacharsky, October 1917-1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1970;D. Fogelsong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995;V.I. Goldin, Rossiia v grazhdanskoi voine: ocherki noveishei istoriografii (vtoraia polovina 1980-kh-90-e gody), Arkhangel’sk: Borges, 2000; A. Graziosi, At the Origins of Soviet Industrial Relations and Practices: Piatakov’s Donbas in 1921, in A. Graziosi, A New Peculiar State, cit.;L. Häfner, Die Partei der linken Sozialrevolutionäre in der russischen revolution von 1917-1918, Köln, 1994;A.G. Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki sovetov, 1917-1921, Moscow: Nauka, 1988;P. Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1918-1920, 2 vols., Berkeley, 1971-1977;S.I. Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1945;

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S. Malle, The economic Organization of War Communism, 1918-1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985;M. McAuley, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917-1922, Oxford University Press, 1991;V.I. Musaev, Prestupnost’ v Petrograde v 1917-1921 gg., Sankt-Petersburg, 2001;J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie soviétique, 1917-1919, 2 vols., Paris, 1923;D.J. Raleigh, Experiencing Russia’s Civil War: Politics, Society, and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 1917-1922, Princeton, 2002;T.H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government. Sovnarkom, 1917-1922, Cambridge, 1979;W.G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution. The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917-1921, Princeton 1974;A. Salomoni, Il pane quotidiano: ideologia e congiuntura nella Russia sovietica, 1917-1921, Bologna, 2001;J. Smele, Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918-1920, Cambridge, 1996;P. Sorokin, Hunger as a Factor in Human Affairs (1922), Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1975 (remarkable);R. Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989;R.H. Ulman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921, 3 vols., Princeton, 1961-1972.

DIIIa5. The countrysideP. Arshinov, History of the Makhnovist Movement, 1918-1921 (1923), Detroit, 1974;O. Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917-1921, Oxford: Clarendon press, 1989;H.H. Fisher, Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919-1922, New York, 1927;H.H. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia: Operations of ARA, 1919-1923, Stanford, CA., 1935;M.S. Frenkin, Tragediia krest’ianskikh vosstanii v Rossii: 1918-1921 gg, Jerusalem: Leksicon, 1987;A. Graziosi, State and Peasants in the Reports of the Political Police, 1918-1922, in A. Graziosi, A New Peculiar State, cit.;V.V. Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe khoziaistvo v usloviiakh “voennogo kommunizma”, Moscow, 1988;L. Lih, Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990 (a questionable book);L.N. Litoshenko, Sotsializatsiia zemli v Rossii (1922), Novosibirsk, 2001 (remarkable);B. Patenaude, The big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921, Stanford, 2002;O.H. Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism, Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, New York: Columbia University Press, 1958;V.F. Verstiuk, Makhnyvshchina, 1918-1921, Kyiv 1991 (the bibliography on Makhno is endless);Volin (pseud. of V.M. Eikhenbaum), The Unknown Revolution, 1917-1921, New York, 1974.

DIIIa6. NationalitiesH. Abramson, A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920, Cambridge, MA, 1999;A.E. Adams, Bolsheviks in the Ukraine: The Second Campaign, 1918-1919, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963;R. Alapuro, State and Revolution in Finland, Berkeley, 1988;S. Blank, “The formation of the Soviet North Caucasus 1918-24,” Central Asian Survey, 12 (1993);S. Blank, “The Soviet conquest of Georgia,” Central Asian Survey, 12 (1993); J. Borys, The Sovietization of Ukraine, 1917-1923, Edmonton: CIUS, 1980;

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D. Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire, London, 2003;M. Buttino, La rivoluzione capovolta. L’Asia centrale tra il crollo dell’impero zarista e la formazione dell’Urss, Napoli, 2003;J. Castagné, Les basmatchis. Le mouvement national des Indigènes d’Asie centrale depuis la Révolution d’Octobre 1917 jusqu’en Octobre 1924, Paris, 1925;C. Chaqueri, The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-1921, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995;D. Doroshenko, History of Ukraine, 1917-1923, Winnipeg: Hetman Movement Leadership, 1973-;S.I. Goldelman, Jewish National Autonomy in Ukraine, 1917-1920, Chicago, 1968;T. Hunczak, ed., The Ukraine, 1914-1921: A Study in Revolution, Cambridge, MA, 1977;O.S. Fedyshyn, Germany’s Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution, New Brunswick, 1971;A. Graziosi, Bol’sheviki i krest’iane na Ukraine, 1918-199 gody, Moscow: Airo-XX, 1997;F. Kazemzadeh, The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917-1921), New York, 1951;P. Khrystiuk, Zamitky i materialy do istorii ukraïns’koi revoliutsii, 1917-1920 rr. (1921), New York, 1969;R.A. Mark, Simon Petljura und die UNR, Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, Bd. 40, Berlin, 1988;I. Majstrenko, Borot’bism: a chapter in the history of Ukrainian communism, New York, 1954;O.S. Pidhainy, The Ukrainian Republic in the great East-European revolution, New York, 1966;R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964 (important);A. Procyk, Russian Nationalism and Ukraine: The Nationality Policy of the Volunteer Army, Edmonton: CIUS, 1995;J. Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism, Princeton, 1952;A. Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923, London: Routledge 2001 (a useful and well done overview);G. Safarov, Kolonial’naia revoliutsiia. Opyt Turkestana (1921), Oxford, 1985;J. Smith, The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917-23, London, 1999;R.G. Suny, The Baku Commune: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution, Princeton, 1972;A. Ter Minassian, La République d’Arménie: 1918-1920, Bruxelles, 1989.

DIIIb. The Nep and its crisis, 1922-1929

DIIIb1. General worksP. Broué, Communistes contre Staline. Massacre d’une génération, Paris, 2003;E.H. Carr, The Interregnum, 1923-1924; Socialism in One country, 1924-26; Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926-1929 (with R.W. Davies), London 1954-1978 (still the fundamental work on the NEP –see below for its prosecution, more heavily focused on the economy, by R.W. Davies);R.V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution. Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia, New York 1969;S. Fitzpatrick, A. Rabinowitch, R. Stites, eds., Russia in the Era of NEP, Bloomington, ID 1991;M. Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power, 1928-1930, Evanston, IL., 1968 (an important book);R. Pethybridge, One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics in the New Economic Policy, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1990;M. Reiman, The birth of Stalinism: The USSR on the Eve of the Second Revolution, Bloomington, 1987;L. Siegelbaum, Soviet State and Society between Revolutions, 1918-1929, Cambridge, 1992;L.D. Trotski, The Stalin School of Falsification, New York, 1937.

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DIIIb2. Economy and societyA.M. Ball, Russia’s Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 1921-1929, Berkeley: UC Press, 1987;W.J. Chase, Workers, Society and the Soviet State: Labor and Life in Moscow, 1918-1928, Urbana, IL, 1987;R. Day, Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation, Cambridge, 1973;A. Erlich, The Soviet Industrialization Debate, 1924-1928, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960;Iu.M. Goland, Krizisy, razrushivshie NEP, Moscow, 1998 (the best recent work, partially published in English in “Currency regulation in the NEP period,” Europe-Asia Studies, 46 (1994));S. Grosskopf, L’alliance ouvrière et paysanne en URSS (1921-1928), Paris, 1976; V. Izmozik, “Voice from the Twenties: Private Correspondence Intercepted by the OGPU,” The Russian Review, 55 (1996); M. Jansen, A Show Trial under Lenin: The Trial of the S-R, Moscow 1992, The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1982 (see now Sudebnyi protsess nad sotsialistami-revoliutsionerami (iiun’-avgust 1922 goda). Podgotovka, provedenie, itogi, Moscow, Rosspen, 2002);N. Jasny, Soviet Economists of the Twenties: Names To Be Remembered, Cambridge, 1972;L.N. Jurovskij, Currency Problems and Policy of the Soviet Union, London: Parsons, 1925 (a classic, by one of Russia’s greates economists, purged in the 1930s);N.A. Krivova, Vlast’ i tserkov’ v 1922-1925 g.: Politbiuro i GPU v bor’be za tserkovnye cennosti i politicheskoe podchinenie dukhovenstva, Moskva, 1997;A. Luukkanen, The Party of Unbelief: The Religious Policy of the Bolshevik Party, 1917-1929, Helsinki, Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1994;R.A. Maguire, Red Virgin Soil: Soviet Literature in the 1920’s, Ithaca, NY, 1987;A. Rashin, Zarabotnaia plata za vosstanovitel’nyi period khoziaistva SSSR, Moscow, 1928;N. Spulber, Foundations of Soviet Strategy for Economic Growth: Selected Soviet Essays, 1924-1930, Bloomington, 1964 (a useful collection);S. Zagorsky, Le Mouvement syndical dans la Russie des Soviets, Genève, 1927;S. Zagorsky, Wages and Regulations of Conditions of Labour in the USSR, Genève, 1930;V. Zenzinov, Deserted: The Story of the Children Abandoned in Soviet Russia, London, 1931.

DIIIb3. NationalitiesSee Carr and the works quoted in section DIC. above, especially Martin and Mace.

A. Haugen, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia, New York, 2003;Myroslav Shkandrij, Modernists, Marxists, and the Nation: The Ukrainian Literary Discussion of the 1920s, Edmonton, 1992.

DIIIb4. Foreign policySee also Carr.

G.Z. Besedovsky, Revelations of a Soviet Diplomat, London, 1931;C. Brandt, Stalin’s Failure in China, 1924-1927, Cambridge, 1983;W. Beitel, J. Nötzold, Deutsch-sowjetische Wirtschaftsbeziehungen in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik, Baden Baden: Nomos, 1979;B.A. Elleman, Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations,1917-1927, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997;A. Hogenhuis-Selivertsoff, Les relations franco-soviétiques, 1917-1924, Paris, 1981;A. Pancov, Tainaia istoria sovetsko-kitaiskikh otnoshenii: Bol’sheviki i kitaiskaia revoliutsiia (1919-1927), Moscow, 2001;G. Petracchi, La Russia rivoluzionaria nella politica italiana: le relazioni italo-sovietiche, 1917-1925, Laterza: Roma, 1982;

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V.A. Shishkin, Stanovlenie vneshnei politiki poslerevoliutsionnoi Rossii (1917-1930 gody) i kapitalisticheskii mir, Sankt-Peterburg, Bulanin, 2002;A. Rapoport, Sovetskoe torgpredstvo v Berline, 1926-1929, New York, 1981.

DIIIc. The 1930s

DIIIc1. General works, StalinismA. Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party: A Study in the Technology of Power, Munich, 1959;W.H. Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age, Boston, Little, Brown 1934;Y. Cohen, “Des lettres comme action: Stalin au début des années 1930 vu depuis le fond Kaganovič”, Cahiers du monde russe, 3 (1997);S. Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, London: Routledge, 2000;S. Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary times, New York, 1999;I. Kershaw et M. Lewin, eds., Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997;O.V. Khlevniuk, Politbiuro. Mekhanizmy politicheskoi vlasti v 1930-e gody, Moscow, 1996 (the best recent book on the topic); S. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization, Berkeley, 1995;N. Lampert, G.T. Rittersporn, eds., Stalinism, Its Nature and Aftermath: Essays in Honor of Moshe Lewin, Armonk, NY, 1992;Les années 30: nouvelles direction de la recherche, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 1-2 (1998);A. Luukkanen, The Religious Policy of the Stalinist State. A Case Study: The Central Standing Commission on Religious Questions, 1929-1938, Helsinki, Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1997;R.A. Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism (1971), revised edition, New York, 1989 (important);E. Osokina, Our Daily Bread: Socialist Distribution and the Art of Survival in Stalin’s Russia, 1927-1941, Armonk, NY 2001 (important);R. Pethybridge, The Social Prelude to Stalinism, London: Macmillan, 1974;É. Pisier-Kouchner, ed., Les Interprétations du stalinisme, Paris, 1983;S. Plaggenborg , ed., Stalinismus: neue Forschungen und Konzepte, Berlin: A. Spitz, 1998;E.A. Rees, ed., Centre-Local Relations in the Stalinist State, London, 2002;H. Rousso, ed., Stalinisme et nazisme: histoire et mémoire compareés, Bruxelles, 1999;L. Siegelbaum, A. Sokolov, eds., Stalinism as a Way of Life: A Narrative in Documents, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000;L.D. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed (1937), New York, 1972 (a fundamental book);R.C. Tucker, ed., Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation, New York: W.W. Norton, 1977;L. Viola, ed., Contending with Stalinism: Soviet Power and Popular Resistance in the 1930s, Ithaca, 2002;S. and B. Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilization?, New York, 1936 (a book, alas, typical of many decent Western intellectuals’ tragic blunders and intellectual shallowness).

DIIIc2. Dekulakization, collectivization, famine, kolkhozyR. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror Famine, Oxford, 1986 (important);R.W. Davies, The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia: vol. 1, The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929-1930; vol. 2, The Soviet Collective Farm, 1929-1930, London: Macmillan, 1980;

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R.W. Davies, S.G. Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933, New York, 2004 (important);M. Dolot, Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust, New York, 1985;S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization, New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994;The Great Famine in Ukraine, 1932-33. A Collection of Memoirs, Speeches and Essays, Toronto 1983;M. Hindus, Red Bread, New York: J. Cape, 1931;Holod-henotsyd 1933 roku v Ukraїni, Kyїv, 2000;L.E. Hubbard, The Economics of Soviet Agriculture, London, 1939; B. Kerblay, Les Marchés paysans en U.R.S.S., Paris: Mouton et Cie, 1968 (a serious book, though it makes no mention of the famine, and is thus indicative of the climate of those days);V. Kondrashin, D. Penner, Golod: 1932-33 v sovetskoi derevne (na materiale Povolzhia, Dona i Kubani), Samara-Penza 2002;S. Kul’chyts’kyi, ed., Holodomor 1932-1933 rr v Ukraïni: prychyny i naslidky, Kyiv, 1993;R. Serbyn, B. Krawchenko, eds., Famine in Ukraine 1932-33, Toronto, 1986;N.A. Ivnitskii, Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie, Moscow, 1996 (important);N.A. Ivnitskii , ed., Golod 1932-1933 godov, Moscow, 1995;V. Manjak, L. Kovalenko, 33-i holod. Narodna kniha-memorial, Kyiv, 1991;S. Merl, Bauern unter Stalin: die Formierung des sowjetischen Kolchossystems, 1930-1941, Berlin, 1990;I. Ohayon, La sédentarisation des Kazakhs dans l’URSS de Staline, Paris, 2006;N. Pianciola, “Famine in the Steppe. The Collectivization of Agriculture and the Kazak Herdsmen, 1928-1934,” Cahiers du monde russe, 1-2 (2004);N. Pianciola, Stato, nomadi e contadini in Asia centrale. Il Semir’eče tra colonizzazione, decolonizzazione e genocidio, 1905-1941, PhD Dissertation, Scuola Europea di Studi Avanzati, SUM, Napoli, 2005;A. Romano, Contadini in uniforme: l’Armata rossa e la collettivizzazione, Firenze: Olschki, 1999L.H. Siegelbaum, “‘Dear Comrade, You Ask What We Need:’ Socialist Paternalism and Soviet Rural ‘Notables’ in the Mid-1930s,” Slavic Review, 1 (1998);G. Sokoloff, ed., 1933, l’année noire: témoignages sur la famine en Ukraine, Paris: A. Michel, 2000;L. Viola, Best Sons of the Fatherland: Workers in the Vanguard of Soviet Collectivization, New York, 1987 (a questionable book);L. Viola, Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance, New York, 1996;M.A. Vyltsan, Zavershaiushchii etap sozdaniia kolkhoznogo stroia, 1935-1937 gg., Moscow: Nauka, 1978; N. Werth, ed., “Le pouvoir sovétique et l’Eglise orthodoxe de la collectivisation à la Constitution de 1936. Documents”, Revue d’études comparatives est-ouest, 3-4 (1993).

DIIIc3. Cities and industrializationV. Andrle, Workers in Stalin’s Russia: Industrialization and Social Change in a Planned Economy, St. Martin’s Press 1988;F. Benvenuti, Fuoco sui sabotatori. Stachanovismo e organizzazione industriale in Urss, 1934-38, Roma: Levi, 1988;M.I. Khlusov, ed., Ekonomika GULaga i ee rol’ v razvitii strany, 1930-e gody, Moscow: IRI RAN, 1998;R.W. Davies, The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia: vol. 3, The Soviet Economy in Turmoil, 1929-30; vol. 4, Crisis and Progress in the Soviet Economy, 1931-33, London: Macmillan, 1989-1996 (important);

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J-P. De Pretto, Les ouvriers en U.R.S.S., 1928-1941, Paris, 1997;D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: The Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 1928-1941, Armonk, NY, 1986;S. Fitzpatrick, Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-31, Bloomington, 1978 (a book that was important, and contested);S. Fitzpatrick, “Signals from Below: Soviet Letters of Denunciation of the 1930s,” Journal of Modern History, 4 (1996);L. Graham, The Soviet Academy of Science and the Communist Party, 1927-1932, Princeton, N.J., 1967;C.B. Hoover, The Economic Life of Soviet Russia, New York, 1931 (interesting and sharp);H.Hunter, J.M. Szirner, Faulty foundations: Soviet Economic Policies, 1928-1940, Princeton, 1992;H. Kuromiya, Stalin’s Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928-1932, Cambridge, UK, 1988;V.S. Lel’chuk, Socialisticheskaia industrializatsiia SSSR i ee osveshchenie v Sovetskoi istoriografii, Moscow, 1978;E.A. Osokina, Ierarkhiia potrebleniia, 1928-1935, Moscow, 1993 (important);A. Pasquier, “Le stakhanovisme”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Université de Caen, 1937;J.J. Rossman, Worker Resistance under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor, Cambridge, MA, 2005;D.R. Shearer, Industry, State and Society in Stalin’s Russia, 1926-1934, Ithaca, NY, 1996;L.H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the politics of productivity in the USSR, 1935-41, Cambridge U.P., 1988;D.R. Stone, Hammer and Rifle: The Militarization of the Soviet Union, 1926-1933, Lawrence, 2000;U. Weissenburger, Monetärer Sektor und Industrialisierung der Sowjetunion, 1927-33, Haag, 1983;S. Zhuravlev, “Malenkie liudi” i “bolshaia istoriia”: inostrantsy moskovskogo Elektrozavoda, Moscow: Rosspen, 2000.

DIIIc4. MemoirsSee also section BVc. above.

G. Agabekov, OGPU: The Russian Secret Terror, New York, 1931;K.I. Albrecht, Der verratene Sozialismus, zehn Jahre als hoher Staatsbeamter in der Sowjetunion, Berlin, 1939;F. Beal, Word from Nowhere, London, 1938;J. Berger, Nothing but the Truth: Shipwreck of a Generation, London: Harvill, 1971;M. Buber-Neumann, Under Two Dictators, New York, 1950;A. Charagin, (pseud.), En prison avec Tupolev, Paris: A. Michel, 1973;G. Ciocca, Giudizio sul bolscevismo, Milano, 1934;V. Garros, Intimacy and Terror. Soviet Diaries of the 1930s, New York, 1995;A. Gide, Return from the USSR, New York, 1937;S.Z. Ginzburg, O proshlom: dliia budushchego, Moscow, 1986;L.L. Kerber, Stalin’s Aviation Gulag: A Memoir of Andrei Tupolev and the Purge Era, Washington, DC: Smithsonian institution press, 1996;A. Koesler, The Invisible Writing, New York, 1954;W.G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service, New York, 1939;A. Kuusinen, The Ring of Destiny: Inside Soviet Russia from Lenin to Brezhnev, New York, 1974;E. Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, New York, 1937;E.K. Poretsky, Our Own People: A Memoirs of ‘Ignace Reiss’ and His Friends, London, 1969;A. Smith, I Was a Soviet Worker, London, 1937.

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DIIIc5. Repression

F. Beck, W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, New York, 1951;K. Bliss, Eaton, ed., Enemies of the People: The Destruction of Soviet Literary, Theater, and Film Arts in the 1930s, Evanston, IL.: Northwestern University Press, 2002;W.J. Chase, Enemy within the Gates? The Comintern and the Stalinist Repression, 1934-1939, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001;O.V. Chlevnjuk (Khlevniuk), Stalin e la società sovietica negli anni del terrore, Perugia: Guerra, 1997; R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (1968), London 1990 (important);S. Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934-1941, Cambridge, 1997;J. Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938, Cambridge University Press, 1985 (a book that generated much discussion, but whose main thesis was proven wrong); M. Gorky et al., Belomor: An Account of the Construction of the New Canal between the White Sea and the Baltic Sea, New York, 1935;O. Khlevniuk, The History of the GULag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror, New Haven, 2004;O.V. Khlevniuk, 1937-j: Stalin, NKVD i sovetskoe obshchestvo, Moscow: Respublika, 1992;A. Knight, Who Killed Kirov? The Kremlin’s Greatest Mystery, New York: Hill and Wang, 1999;H. Kostiuk, Stalinist Rule in the Ukraine: A Study of the Decade of Mass Terror, 1929-1939, New York: Praeger, 1961; S.Iu. Kuniaev, S.S. Kuniaev, Rasterzannye teni: izbrannye stranitsy iz “Del” 20-30-kh gg., Moscow: Golos, 1995 (on Esenin and his circle);N. Lartseva, Teatr rasstrelianyi, Petrozavodsk: Petropress, 1998;F.-X. Nérard, Cinq pour cent de vérité : la dénonciation dans l’URSS de Staline, Paris, 2004.

DIIIc6. Foreign policyM. Beloff, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia (1929-1941), 2 vols., London, 1960;E.H. Carr, Twilight of the Comintern, 1930-1935, New York, 1982;S. Dullin, Des hommes d’influences: les ambassadeurs de Staline en Europe, 1930-1939, Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2001;J.B. Duroselle, ed., Les relations Germano-Soviétiques de 1933 à 1939, Paris: Armand Colin, 1954;H.L. Dyck, Weimar Germany and Soviet Russia, 1926-1933, London, 1966;E. Gnedin, Iz istorii otnoshenii mezhdu SSSR i fashistskoi Germaniei, New York, 1977;J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933-1939, London: Macmillan, 1984;S. Pons, Stalin and the Inevitable War, 1936-1941, London, 2002;A. Vaksberg, Hôtel Lux: les partis frères au service de l’Internationale communiste, Paris: Fayard, 1993.

DIIId. War and post-war years, 1939-1953See also Grossman, Vie et destin and Krivosheev, Grif, quoted in section B. above.

DIIId1. World War IIO. Bartov, The Eastern Front, 1941-1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare, New York: St. Martin’s, 1986;J. Beaumont, Comrades in Arms, London, 1980 (on the Allies’ help to the USSR);A. Beevor, Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, 1942-43, New York, 1993;

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M. Broekmeyer, Stalin, the Russians, and Their War, 1941-45, Madison, Wisconsin, 2004;Central Intelligence Agency, The Rote Kapelle: The CIA’s History of Soviet Intelligence and Espionage Networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945, Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1986;W.S. Churchill, The Second World War, 6 vols., London, 1948;Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Handbuch, 7 vols., Stuttgart, 1979;A. Dovzhenko, Ukraïna v ohni: kinopovist’, shchodennyk, Kyiv, 1990;M. Ellman, S. Maksudov, “Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note,” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, 4 (1994);J. Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad and The Road to Berlin (1975), Yale University Press, 1999; (still the best books, with extraordinary bibliographic essays);R.B. Evdokimov, ed., Liudskie poteri SSSR v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine, Spb, 1995;D.M. Glantz, The Role of Intelligence in Soviet Military Strategy in World War II, Novato, CA: Presidio, 1990;D.M. Glantz, J. House, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995 (the best recent synthesis);D.M. Glantz, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998;G. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999;G. Gorodetsky, S. Naveh, eds., The Soviet Union and the Outbreak of War, 1939-1941, London, 2001; P.G. Grigorenko, Staline et le deuxième guerre mondiale, Paris, 1970;A. Nekrich, 22 June 1941 (Moscow, 1967), New York, 1968 (an important book);R. Overy, Russia’s War: Blood upon the Snow, New York: TV books, 1997 (a good introduction);V. Pavlov, Operatsiia “SNEG”: polveka vo vneshnei razvedki KGB, Moscow: Geia, 1996; P. Pospélov , ed., La grande guerre nationale de l’Union soviétique, 1941-1945: aperçu historique, Moscow: Editions du Progrès, 1974 (an abridged edition of Istoriia Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1941-1945, 6 vols., Moscow, 1960-1965);H. Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, New York, 1969;A. Seaton, The Russo-German War, 1941-45, Praeger, 1970;H. Schwendemann, Die wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und der Sowjetunion, 1939 bis 1941, Berlin, 1993;E.S. Seniavskaia, Frontovoe pokolenie, 1941-1945. Istoriko-psichologicheskoe issledovanie, Moscow: Ran, 1995;E. Sinitsyn, Rezident svidetel’stvuet, Moscow: Geia, 1996 (on the war in Finland and the Scandinavian peninsula); R.W. Stephan, Stalin’s Secret War: Soviet Counterintelligence Against the Nazis, 1941-1945, Lawrence, Kan., 2004;V.E. Tarrant, The Red Orchestra: The Soviet Spy Network inside Nazi Europe, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995;L. Trepper, The Great Game, New York, 1977;A. Upton, Finland in Crisis, 1940-41, New York, 1964;L’URSS en guerre, special issue, Revue d’histoire de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, 43 (1961);C. van Dyke, The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939-1940, London, 1997;Velikaia otechestvennaia voina (Istoriografiia), Moscow: Ran, 1995;A. Werth, Leningrad, New York, 1944;A. Werth, Russia at War (1964), 2 vols., New York, 1984;R. Whymant, Stalin’s Spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring, New York: St. Martin’s, 1998;

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E. Ziemke, From Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East, Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center for Military History, 1968;V.A. Zolotarev, G.N. Sevostianov, eds., Velikaia otechestvennaia voina, 1941-1945, 4 vols., Moscow: Nauka, 1998.

DIIId2. Internal front, repression, nationalitiesJ.A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 1939-1945, New York, 1955 (important);S.R. Arnold, Stalingrad im sowjetischen Gedächtnis: Kriegserinnerung und Geshchichsbild im totalitären Staat, Bochum: Projekt, 1998;Iu.V. Arutiunian, Sovetskoe krest’ianstvo v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny, Moscow: Nauka, 1963;E. Bacon, The GULag at War: Stalin’s Forced Labour System in the Light of the Archives, New York: New York University Press, 1994;J. Barber and M. Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, 1941-45, London: Longman, 1991;C. Berkhoff and M. Carynnyk, “The OUN and Its Attitudes toward Germans and Jews,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 23, 3-4 (1999), pp. 149-184 (with a useful bibliography);Y. Boshyk, Ukraine During WWII: History and Its Aftermath, Edmonton 1986;Ia.E. Chadaev, Ekonomika SSSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny, 1941-1945 gg, Moscow: Mysl’, 1985;U.G. Cherniavskii, Voina i prodovol’stve, Moscow, 1964;G. Fisher, Soviet Opposition to Stalin: a Case Study in World War II, Cambridge, MA, 1952;C. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde: Die Deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weissrussland, 1941-1944, Hamburg, 1999;V. Gonzáles, El Campesino, life and death in Soviet Russia, New York, 1952;M.M. Gorinov, “Budni osazhdennoi stolitsy: zhizn’ i nastroeniia Moskvichei (1941-1942 gg.)”, Otechestvennaia istoriia, 3 (1996);J.T. Gross, Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia, Princeton University Press, 1988 (an important book);M. Harrison, Soviet Planning in Peace and War, 1938-45, Cambridge, 1985;M. Harrison, Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment and the Defence Burden, 1940-1945, Cambridge, 1996; T. Huczak, ed., Ukraine: The Challenges of World War II, University Press of America, 2003;K.S. Karol, Between Two World: The Life of a Young Pole in Russia, 1939-1946, New York, 1987;G.V. Kostyrchenko, “Sovetskaia tsenzura v 1941-1952 godakh”, Voprosy istorii, 11-12 (1996);M.V. Koval’, Ukraina va vtoroi mirovoi i Velikoi Otechestvennoi voinakh, 1939-1945 gg., Kyiv, 1994; S.M. Miner, Stalin’s Holy War: Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941-1945, University of North Carolina Press, 2003;W. Moskoff, Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR During World War II, Cambridge, 1990 (a useful book);A.M. Nekrich, The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities, New York, 1978;M. Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953, Westport, CT: Praeger Press, 1996;D.V. Pavlov, Stoikost’, Moscow, 1983 (organizator of food supply during WWII);D. Peris, “‘God is on our side:’ The Religious Revival on Unoccupied Soviet Territory during World War II”, Kritika, 1 (1999);J. Otto Pohl, “Stalin’s Genocide against the ‘Repressed Peoples’,” Journal of Genocide Research, 2 (2000);P.M. Polian, Zhertvy dvukh diktatur: zhizn’, trud, unizhenie i smert’ sovetskikh voennoplennykh i ostarbaiterov na chuzhbine i na rodine, Moscow, Rosspen, 2002;

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G. Pickhan, “‘That Incredible History of the Polish Bund Written in a Soviet Prison:’ the NKVD Files on Henrykh Erlich and Wiktor Alter,” Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, 10 (1997);E.S. Seniavskaia, Frontovye pokolenie, 1941-1945. Istoriko-psichologicheskoe issledovanie, Moscow: IRI, 1995;L. Shankovs’kyi, Pokhidni hrupy OUN, München, 1958;C. Streit, Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941-1945, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1978;K. Sword, Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-1948, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994;N. Tolstoy, Victims of Yalta, revised ed., New York, 1979;R.W. Thurston, B. Bonwetsch, eds., The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union, Urbana, IL, 2000;Y. Tys-Krokhmaliuk, UPA Warfare in Ukraine: Strategical, Tactical and Organizational Problems of Ukrainian Resistance in World War II, New York, 1972;N.A. Voznesenskii, Soviet Economy During the Second World War, New York, 1949;M.A. Vyltsan, Krest’ianstvo Rossii v gody Bol’shoi voiny 1941-1945: pirrogo pobeda, Moscow, 1995;A. Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton, 2001;J.K. Zawodny, Death in the Forest, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1962;V. Zenzinov, Vstrecha s Rossiei: kak i chem zhivut v Sovetskom soiuze. Pis’ma v Krasnuiu armiiu, 1939-1940, New York 1944.

DIIId3. German occupationC. Andreyev, Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Émigré Theories, Cambridge, 1987;M. Berenbaum, ed., A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, London, 1990;K.C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule, Cambridge, MA 2004 (important);B. Chiari, Alltag hinter der Front: Besatzung, Kollaboration und Widerstand in Weissrussland, 1941-1944, Düsseldorf, 1998;A. Dallin, German Rule in Russia, 1941-45 (1957), London, 1981 (an important book);A. Dallin, Odessa 1941-1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule, Santa Monica: Rand, 1957;L.D. Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, London: Frank Cass, 1999;E.M. Howell, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944, Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, 1956;I. Kamenetsky, Hitler’s Occupation of Ukraine, 1941-44. A Study of Totalitarian Imperialism, Milwaukee, WI, 1956;W. Kosyk, The Third Reich and Ukraine, New York, 1993;T.P. Mulligan, The Politics of Illusion and Empire. German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1942-1943, New York, 1988;G. Reitlinger, The House Built on Sand. The Conflicts of German Policy in Russia, 1939-1945, London, 1960;M.I. Semiriaga, Kollaboratsionizm: priroda, tipologiia i proiavleniia, Moscow, 2000;B. Shepherd, War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004;T.J. Schulte, The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia, Oxford, 1989.

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DIIId4. HolocaustR. Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe: With a Historical Survey of the Jew as Fighter and Soldier in the Diaspora, London: P. Elek, 1974;A. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die EinsatzegruppeD in der südlichen Sowjetunion, 1941-1943, Hamburg, 2003; Y. Arad, “The Holocaust of Soviet Jewry in the Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union,” Yad Vashem Studies, XXI (1991);Y. Arad, S. Krakowski, eds., The Einsatzgruppen Reports, 1941-1943, New York, 1989;V. Barnett, Bystanders: Conscience and Complicity During the Holocaust, Westport, CT, 1999;M. Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999;L. Dobroszycki, J.S. Gurok, eds., The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941-1945, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993;Z. Gitelman, ed., Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR, Bloomington, 1997;I. Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols., New York, 1990;R. Hilberg, The Destruction of European Jews (1961), 3 vols., New Haven, 2003;W. Lower, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine, Chapel Hill, 2005;V.I. Petrenko, Avant et après Auschwitz, suivi de Le Kremlin et l’Holocauste: 1933-2001, Paris, 2002;S. Redlich, War, Holocaust and Stalinism. A Documented History of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR, Luxembourg; United States: Harwood Academic, 1995;L. Smilovit’s’kii, Katastrofa evreev v Belorussii, 1941-1944 gg, Tel Aviv, 2000 (see http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/belarus/belarus.html).

DIIId5. Post-war yearsA. Anusauskas, ed., The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States, Vilnius: Du Ka Press, 1999;B.G. Bomeshko, Zasukha i golod v Moldavii v 1946-1947 gg, Kishinev, 1990;J. Burds, “Agentura: Soviet Informants’ Networks and the Ukrainian Rebel Underground in Galicia, 1944-1948,” East European Politics and Societies, 1 (1997);J. Burds, The Early Cold War in Soviet West Ukraine, 1944-1948, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, n. 1505, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2001;J. Burds, “Gender and Policing in Soviet West Ukraine, 1944-1948,” Cahiers du monde russe, 2-4 (2001);R. Conquest, Power and Policy in the USSR, London, 1961 (still a valuable book)A.A. Danilov, A.V. Pyzhikov, Rozhdenie sverkhderzhavy. SSSR v pervye poslevoennye gody, Moscow, 2001;J. Daumantas, Fighters for Freedom: Lithuanian Partisans versus the U.S.S.R. (1944-1947), Second Edition, Toronto, 1975;D. Deletant, “Soviet Influence in the Romanian Security Apparatus, 1944-1953,” Revue Romaine d’Histoire, 3-4 (1994);D. Filtzer, “The Standard of Living of Soviet Industrial Workers in the Immediate Postwar Period, 1945-1948,” Europe-Asia Studies, 6 (1999);G. Hahn, Postwar Soviet Politics: The Fall of Zhdanov and The Defeat of Moderation, Ithaca, NY, 1982;A. Inkeles, Public Opinion in Soviet Russia, Cambridge, MA, 1951 (an important book);O.V. Khlevniuk, Y. Gorlizki, Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-53, Oxford, 2004;

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M. Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia’s Struggle for Survival, 1944-56, Washington, DC: Compass Press, 1992;S.J. Linz, ed., The Impact of the War on the Soviet Union, Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld, 1985;I.M. Maloviichuk, Iu.H. Pyliavets’, “Holod na Ukraïni u 1946-1947 rr.”, Ukraïn’kyi istorychnyi zhurnal, 8 (1990);B. Moore, Jr., Terror and Progress—USSR, Cambridge, MA, 1954;P. Potychnyj, Y. Shtendera, eds., Political Thought of the Ukrainian Underground, 1943-1951, Edmonton, 1986;L. Rucker, Staline, Israël et les Juifs, Paris, PUF, 2001;C.Z. Sannikov, Bol’shaia okhota. Razgrom vooruzhennogo podpol’ia v zapadnoi Ukraine, Moscow, 2002;R. Taagepera, “Soviet Documentation of the Estonian Pro-Independence Guerrilla Movement, 1945-1952,” Journal of Baltic Studies, 2 (1979);O.M. Veselova, ed., Holod v Ukraïni v 1946-47, Kyiv, 1996;A. Werth, Russia: The Post War Years, New York: Taplinger, 1971;V.F. Zima, Golod v SSSR 1946-1947 godov: proiskhodzhenie i posledstviia, Moscow, 1996;E. Zubkova, Russia After the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945-1957 (Moscow, 1993 and 2000), Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998 (the best Russian recent work on the period).

DIIId6. Foreign policy, Eastern EuropeL. Castin-Chaparro, Puissance de l'URSS, misères de l'Allemagne, Staline et la question allemande, 1941-1955, Paris, 2002;R.B. Day, Cold War Capitalism: The View from Moscow, Londres, 1995;V. Dedijer, The Battle Stalin Lost: Memoirs of Yugoslavia, 1948-1953, New York, 1971;L.Ia. Gibianskii, Sovetskii soiuz i novaia Iugoslaviia, 1941-1947 gg, Moscow: Nauka, 1987;S. Goncharov, J.W. Lewis, X. Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War, Stanford, 1993;P. Grose, Operation Rollback: America’s Secret War Behind the Iron Curtain, New York, 2000;M. Kramer, “The Soviet Union and the Founding of the German Democratic Republic: A Review Article,” Europe-Asia Studies, 6 (1999);M.P. Leffler, D.S. Painter, eds., Origins of the Cold War: An International History, New York: Routledge, 1992;L. L’Estrange Fawcett, Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan crisis of 1946, Cambridge, 1992;V. Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years, New York, 1996;G. Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America’s Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956, Ithaca, NY, 2000;N. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949, Cambridge, MA, 1995 (an important book);N.M. Naimark, L. Gibianskii, eds., The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949, Boulder: Westview Press, 1997 (a useful overview);A.F. Noskova, ed., NKVD i pol’skoe podpol’e, 1944-1945 (Po ‘osobym papkam’ I. V. Stalina) Moscow: RAN, 1994;J. Pirjevec, Tito, Stalin e l’occidente, Trieste: Estlibris, 1985;S. Pons, F. Gori, eds., The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943-1953, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996;L. Rucker, Staline, Israël et les juifs, Paris, 2001;M.I. Semiriaga, Kak my upravliali Germaniei, Moscow: Rosspen, 1995;M.M. Sheng, Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States, Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1997;

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T. Snyder, “‘To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for All:’ The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947,” Journal of Cold War Studies, 2 (1999) (an interesting essay);E.-M. Stolberg, Stalin und die chinesischen Kommunisten, 1945-1953, Stuttgart, 1997;P. Ther, A. Siljak, eds., Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-CentralEurope, 1944-1948, Rowan & Littlefield: Boston, 2001 (important);A.V. Torkunov, Zagadochnaia voina: koreiskii konflikt 1950-1953 godov, Moscow, 2000;K. Weathersby, “Should We Fear This?”: Stalin and the Danger of War with America, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2002;K. Weathersby, Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945-1950, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1993.

DIIIe. The Thaw and Khrushchev, 1953-1964On specific nationalities, see section DIc. above.

DIIIe1. General worksG. Boffa, Inside the Khrushchev Era, New York, 1959;A. Brumberg, ed., Russia under Khrushchev: An Anthology from Problems of Communism, New York: Praeger, 1962;H. Carrère d’Encausse, La déstalinisation commence: 1956, Bruxelles, 1984;I. Deutscher, Russia: What Next?, New York, 1953;D. Filtzer, The Khrushchev Era: De-Stalinization and the Limits of Reform in the USSR, 1953-1964, London: Macmillan, 1993;M. Kramer, “The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making,” Journal of Cold War Studies, 1-3 (1999) (a fundamental series of essays);B. Lazitch, Le rapport Khrouchtchev et son histoire, Paris, 1976;O. Leibovich, Reforma i modernizatsiia v 1953-1964 gg, Perm’ 1993;C. Linden, Khrushchev and the Soviet Leadership, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966;V.T. Loginov, ed., XX S”ezd: Materialy konferentsii k 40-letiiu XX S”ezda KPSS, Moscow, 1996;M. McAuley, The Khrushchev Era: 1954-1964, New York: Longman, 1995;V.P. Naumov, “K istorii sekretnogo doklada N.S. Khrushcheva na XX S”ezda KPSS”, Novaia i noveishchaia istoriia, 4 (1996);A. Nove, Stalinism and After, London: Allen & Unwin, 1975;A.I. Pozharov, “Novyi kurs L.P. Berii 1953 g.”, Istoricheskii arkhiv, 4 (1996);A.B. Ulam, The New Face of Soviet Totalitarianism, New York: Praeger 1963.

DIIIe2. Economy and societyA. Balinky, ed., Planning and the Market in the USSR: The 1960s, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1967;S.H. Baron, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union: Novocherkassk 1962, Stanford, CA. 2001;J.A. Dellenbrant, Reformists and Traditionalists: A Study of Soviet Discussions about Economic Reforms, 1960-1965, Stockholm, 1972;D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and De-Stalinization: The Consolidation of the Modern System of Soviet Production Relations, 1953-1964, Cambridge, 1992;G. Grossman, ed., Value and Plan: Economic Calculation and Organization in Eastern Europe, Berkeley: California UP, 1960;G. Grossman, ed., Money and Plan: Financial Aspects of East European Economic Reforms, Berkeley: California UP, 1968;A. Katz, The Struggle for Economic Reform in the Soviet Union, London: Praeger, 1972;

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V.A. Kozlov, Mass Uprisings in the USSR: Protest and Rebellion in the Post-Stalin years, 1953-1980, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002 (interesting);P. Johnson McMillan, Khrushcev and the Arts: The Politics of Soviet Culture, 1962-1964, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965;M. McAuley, Labour Disputes in Soviet Russia, 1957-1965, Oxford, 1969;M.E. Sharpe, ed., The Liberman Discussion: A New Phase in Soviet Economic Thought, White Plains, NY, 1966;A. Yanov, The Drama of the Soviet 1960’s: A Lost Reform, Berkeley, 1984.

DIIIe3. The countrysideM. McCauley, Khrushchev and the Development of Soviet Agriculture: The Virgin Lands Programme: 1953-1964, London: Macmillan, 1976;S. Ploss, Conflict and Decision Making in Soviet Russia: A Study of Agricultural Policy, 1953-1964, Princeton, 1965;M. Pohl, “The Virgin Lands between Memory and Forgetting: People and Transformation in the Soviet Union, 1954-1960,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Indiana, 1999;I.E. Zelenin, Agrarnaia politika N.S. Khrushcheva, Moscow: IRI RAN, 2001.

DIIIe4. Foreign policyJ.D. Blight, D. Welch, On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Re-examine the Cuban Missile Crisis, New York: Noonday, 1990;D.I. Dallin, Soviet Foreign Policy after Stalin, Philadelphia, 1961;T. Dietrich, Der 17. Juni 1953 in der DDR, Berlin: Dietz, 1991;F. Fejto, La tragédie hongroise: 1956, revised ed., Paris: Horay, 1996;S. Fekete (Hungaricus), Hungaricus 1956, Roma, 1986A. Fursenko, T. Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Kennedy and Castro, 1958-1964, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997;R.L. Garthoff, Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1989;W.E. Griffith, Albania and the Sino-Soviet rift, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1963;W.E. Griffith, The Sino-Soviet Rift, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1964;M. Kramer, “The ‘Malin Notes’ on the Crises in Hungary and Poland, 1956,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin, No. 8-9 (Winter 1996) (translated and thoroughly annotated transcripts of CPSU Presidium discussions);M. Kramer, “The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings,” Journal of contemporary history, 2 (1998);N.C. Leonov, Likholet’e, Moscow, 1997; B. Lomax, Hungary 1956, London, 1976; R. Löwenthal, World Communism: The Disintegration of a Secular Faith, New York, 1964;P. Machcewicz, Polski rok 1956, Varsovie, 1993;R.F. Miller, F. Feher, eds., Khrushchev and the Communist World, London:Croom Helm, 1974;F. Perroux, La coexistence pacifique (1958), Paris, 1992 ;M. Vaïsse, La grandeur: politique étrangère du général de Gaulle, 1958-1969, Paris, 1998.

DIIIf. The Brezhnev era, 1964-1982Except for foreign policy, this is the least-studied period from the historian’s point of view. Many key archival collections are still closed. See also memoirs in section B and the thematic subsections above (biographies, foreign policy, social problems, nationalities, etc.).

DIIIf1. General works

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Z. Brzezinski, “The Soviet political system: trasformation or degeneration?”, Problems of Communism, 1 (1966) (an important essay);H. Carrère d’Encausse, Confiscated Power: How Soviet Russia Really Works, New York, 1982;P. Cocks, R.V. Daniels, N.W. Heer, eds., The Dynamics of Soviet Politics, Cambridge, MA, 1976;Iu.M. Churbanov, Ia rasskazhu vse kak bylo, Moscow, 1993;A. Dallin, T. Laron, Soviet Politics Since Khrushchev, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1968;J.B. Dunlop, The Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism, Princeton, 1983;P. and M. Lavigne, Regards sur la Constitution soviétique de 1977, Paris, 1979;M. E. Sharpe, ed., Reform of Soviet Economic Management, White Plains, NY, 1966;G. Skilling, F. Griffiths, eds., Interest Groups in Soviet Politics, Princeton, 1971 (has been important);M. Tatu, Power in the Kremlin: From Khrushchev’s Decline to Collective Leadership, London, 1969;V. Zaslavsky, The Neo-Stalinist State: Class, Ethnicity, and Consensus in Soviet Society, Armonk, N.Y., 1982.

DIIIf2. Society, nationalities, and the economyA. Bergson, H.S. Levine, eds., The Soviet Economy: Toward the Year 2000, London, 1983;I. Birman, “The Financial Crisis in the USSR,” Soviet Studies, 32, 1 (1980);J.M. van Brabant, Socialist Economic Integration: Contemporary Economic Problems in Eastern Europe, New York, 1980; H. Carrère d’Encausse, Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt, New York, 1979;B. Chavance, Le système économique soviétique: de Brejnev à Gorbatchev, Paris, 1983;E. Egnell, M. Peissik, L’U.R.S.S.: l’entreprise face à l’Etat, Paris, 1974;G.V. Diachkov, Obshchestvennoe i lichnoe v kolkhozakh, Moscow, 1969;N. Fedoryenko, ed., Soviet Economic Reform: Progress and Problems, Moscow, 1972;J.L. Felker, Soviet Economic Controversies, Cambridge, MA, 1966;M.I. Goldman, U.S.S.R. in Crisis: The Failure of an Economic System, New York, 1983 (a penetrant analysis);Soviet Economy in a Time of Change, 2 vols., Washington, DC, 1979;L.A . Gordon, E. Klopov, L’Homme après le travail: les problèmes sociaux de la vie quotidienne et du temps hors-travail, Moscow, 1976; S. Hedlund, Crisis in Soviet Agriculture, London, 1984;V. Kontorovich, “Lessons of the 1965 Soviet Economic Reform,” Soviet Studies, 2 (1988);J.R. Millar, “The Little Deal: Brezhnev’s Contribution to Acquisitive Socialism,” Slavic Review, 44, 4 (1985);G. Ofer, A. Vinokur, The Soviet Household under the Old Regime: Economic Conditions and Behavior in the 1970s, Cambridge, 1992;P.J. Potichnyj, ed., Ukraine in the Seventies, Oakville, Ont., 1975;C. Revuz, Ivan Ivanovitch écrit à la “Pravda”, Paris, 1980;N.N. Schneideman, Soviet Literature in the 1970’s, Toronto, 1979;V.I. Staroverov, Gorod i derevnia, Moscow, 1972;M. Yanowitch, ed., The Social Structure of the USSR: Recent Soviet Studies, Armonk, NY, 1986;E. Zaleski, H. Wienert, Technology Transfer between East and West, Paris, 1980;V. Zaslavsky, Soviet-Jewish Emigration and Soviet Nationality Policy, New York, 1983;A. Zauberman, The Mathematical Revolution in Soviet Planning, Oxford, 1975.

DIIIf3. DissentSee also sections BVe-d and BVI, as well as DIIj above.

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A. Amalrik, Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984? (1969), New York, 1980;Y. Badzio, Etat de siège, ou une nation en péril, Paris, 1982;Iu.V. Badzio, Pravo zhyty: Ukraïna v skladi SRSR, liudyna v systemi totalitarnoho sotsializmu, Kyïv, 1996;J. Bilocerkowycz, Soviet Ukrainian Dissent, Boulder, 1988; V. Boukovski (Bukovsky), Une nouvelle maladie mentale en URSS: l’opposition, Paris, 1979;V. Bukovsky, To Build a Castle: my Life as a Dissenter, London, 1978;V. Chornovil, The Chornovil Papers, Toronto, 1968;V. Chornovil, Ferment in the Ukraine, London, 1971;D. Kretzschmar, Die sowjetische Kulturpolitik 1970-1985, Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1993;V. Lakshin, Solzhenitsyn, Tvardovsky, and Novy Mir, Cambridge, MA, 1980;A. Marchenko, My Testimony, New York, 1969;R.D. Marwick, “Catalyst of Historiography, Marxism and Dissidence: The Sector of Methodology of the Institute of History, Soviet Academy of Science, 1964-1968,” Europe-Asia Studies, 4 (1994);R. Medvedev, On Socialist Democracy, New York, 1977;M.A. Popovskii, Science in Chains: The Crisis of Science and Scientists in the Soviet Union Today, London, 1980;A. Sakharov, Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom, London, 1968 (important, of course);A. Sakharov, My Country and the World, New York, 1975;V. Shevchuk et al., Dobrookyi: spohady pro Ivana Svitlychnoho, Kyïv, 1998;A. Solzhenitsyn, East and West, New York, 1980 (it includes the 1974 Letter to the Soviet Leaders);R. Tokes, ed., Dissent in the USSR: Politics, Ideology, and People, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975;A. Yanov, The Russian New Right: Right-Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR, Berkeley 1978.

DIIIf4. Foreign policyV.V. Aspaturian et al., eds., Eurocommunism between East and West, Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1980;H. Carrère d’Encausse, Ni paix ni guerre: le nouvel Empire soviétique ou du bon usage de la détente, Paris: Flammarion, 1986;A. de Tinguy, U.S.-Soviet Relations During the Détente, New York, 1999;Iu.V. Dubinin, “Ternistyi put’ k Khel’sinki, 1975 g.”, Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, 4-5 (1994) (Dubinin headed the Soviet delegation at Helsinki);A. Fontaine, Un seul lit pour deux rêve: histoire de la “Détente”, 1962-1981, Paris, 1981;R.L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994;H. Gelman, The Brezhnev Politburo and the Decline of Détente, Ithaca, 1984;J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons in Europe, 1969-1987, Ithaca, NY, 1990;R.L. Hutchings, Soviet-East European Relations, 1968-1980, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983;V.L. Israelyan, Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War, University Park, PA, 1995;M. Kramer, The Czechoslovak Crisis and the Brezhnev Doctrine, in C. Fink, P. Gassert, D. Junker, eds., 1968: The World Transformed, Cambridge, 1998;M. Kramer, “Brežnev e l’Europa orientale,” Storica, 22 (2002) (an important essay);M. Kramer, Crisis in Czechoslovakia, 1968: The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion, Harvard University Press, forthcoming;

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M. Kramer, “Soviet Deliberations During the Polish Crisis, 1980-81,” Cold War International History Project, Special Paper no. 1;R. Pipes, Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger, New Haven, CT, 2003;M.-P. Rey, La tentation du rapprochement: France et URSS à l’heure de la détente (1964-1974), Paris, 1991;G. Segal, Sino-Soviet Relations after Mao, London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1985;G. Sokoloff, La drôle de crise: de Kaboul à Genève, 1979-1985, Paris, 1987;G. Sokoloff, The Economy of Détente: The Soviet Union and Western Capital, New York, 1987;S.M. Terry, ed., Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984;A.B. Ulam, Dangerous Relations: The Soviet Union in World Politics, 1970-1982, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

DIIIg. Reform, perestroika and collapseWorks, memoirs, and documents on this period abound. See also sections BVf and DIIe3 above.

DIIIg1. General worksIu.M. Baturin et al., Epokha El’tsina: ocherki politicheskoi istorii, Moscow, 2001 (by Yeltsin’s collaborators);A. Berelowitch, J. Radvanyi, Les 100 portes de la Russie: de l’URSS à la CEI, les convulsions d’un géant, Paris, 1999;R.F. Byrnes, ed., After Brezhnev, Bloomington, IN, 1983;S. Cohen, ed., The Soviet Union Since Stalin, Bloomington, IN, 1980;M. Cox, ed., Rethinking the Soviet collapse, London, 1998;A. Dallin, “Causes of the Collapse of the USSR”, Post-Soviet Affairs, 4 (1992);D.A. Leon et al., “Huge Variation in Russian Mortality Rates 1984-1994: Artefact, Alcohol or What?”, The Lancet, August 9 (1997) (an important, if short article);R.D. English, Russia and the Idea of the West, New York, 2000; R.L. Garthoff, “The KGB Reports to Gorbachev,” Intelligence and National Security, 4 (1996);E. Gellner, “Homeland of the unrevolution,” Daedalus, 122, 3 (1993);M. Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation, Berkeley, 1991;A. Guerra, Il crollo dell’impero sovietico, Roma, 1996;G.H. Hahn, Russia’s Revolution from Above: Reform, Transition, and Revolutionin the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime, New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 2002;P. Hollander, Political Will and Personal Belief: The Decline and Fall of Soviet Communism, New Haven, 1999;K. Jowitt, “Soviet Neotraditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime,” Soviet Studies, 35, 3 (1985);S. Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000, Oxford, 2001 (an intelligent summary);D.M. Kotz, Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System, London, 1997;M. Kramer, ed., The Collapse of the Soviet Union, special issues of the Journal of Cold War Studies, part I, 1 (2003), part II, 4 (2003), part III –to be published (important);W.E. Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military, New Haven, 1998;J. Sapir, Feu le système soviétique? Permanences politiques, mirages économiques, enjeux stratégiques, Paris, 1992;V. Shkolnikov et al., “Changes in Life Expectancy in Russia in the Mid-1990s,” The Lancet, March 24 (2001);

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V. Shlapentokh, A Normal Totalitarian Society: How the Soviet Union Functioned and How It Collapsed, Armonk, NY, 2001;G.R. Urban, End of Empire: The Demise of the Soviet Union, Washington, DC, 1993.

DIIIg2. Gorbachev and perestroikaGorbachev’s memoirs and works are listed in sections BIV. and BVf. above. Y. Afanassiev, M. Ferro, eds., 50 idées qui ébranlent le monde: dictionnaire de la glasnost, Paris, 1989;Y. Afanassiev, ed., La Seule issue: Sakharov et 33 intellectuels soviétiques en lutte pour la perestroïka, Paris, 1989;S. Bialer, ed., Politics, Society, and Nationality Inside Gorbachev’s Russia, Boulder, CO., 1989;G. Breslauer, Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders, Cambridge, 2002;A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, Oxford, 1996;500 imen perestroiki (1985-1991), Moscow, 1992;M.-A. Crosnier, J. Gueit, A. de Tinguy, Les années Gorbatchev. L’Urss de 1985 à 1991, Paris, 1993; M. Ferro, Les Origines de la perestroïka, Paris, 1990;R. Gorbacheva, I Hope, New York, 1991;M.I. Goldman, Gorbachev’s Challenge, New York, 1987;L.A. Gordon, E.V. Klopov, Chto eto bylo? Razmyshleniia o predposylkakh i itogakh togo, chto sluchilos s nami v 30-40-e gody, Moscow, 1989;U. Gosset, V. Federovski, Histoire secrète d’un coup d’état, Paris, 1991;G.M. Hahn, Russia’s Revolution from Above: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime, London, 2002;M. Heller, Le 7e Secrétaire: splendeur et misère de Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, Paris, 1990;B. Kagarlitsky, The Dialectic of Change, New York, 1990;B. Kerblay, Gorbachev’s Russia, New York, 1989;K. Kobets, La vie quotidienne à Moscow pendant le putsch, Paris, 1991;V.S. Lel’chuk, Storiki sporiat, Moscow, 1988;E. Mandel, Beyond Perestroika: The Future of Gorbachev’s USSR, London, 1989;N.N. Maslov, A.N. Svalov, eds., Istoriki otvechaiut na voprosy, Moscow, 1988;“Novosibirsk memorandum,” Survey, 28 (1984);J. Radvanyi, L’URSS en révolution, Paris, 1987;R. Sakwa, Gorbachev and His Reforms, 1985-1990, New York, 1990;V. Shlykov Chto pogubilo Sovetskii soiuz? Genshtab i ekonomika, Moscow, 2002 (a rare discussion of Soviet estimates by a GRU officer);N. Shmelyev, V. Popov, The Turning Point: Revitalizing the Soviet Economy, London, 1990;L’URSS de Gorbatchev, special issue, Pouvoirs, 45 (1988);L’URSS en trasparence, special issue, Les Temps modernes, 492-94 (1987);O. Volobuev, S. Kulechov, eds., Ochishenie: istoriia i perestroika, Moscow, 1989;A. Zinoviev, Katastroika: Legend and Reality of Gorbachevism, London, 1990.

DIIIg3. Society and cultureA. Bergson, “The USSR Before the Fall: How Poor and Why?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4 (1991);S. Bialer, The Soviet Paradox: External Expansion, Internal Decline, New York, 1986;M. Buckley, ed, Perestroika and Soviet Women, Cambridge, 1992; W.D. Connor, The Accidental Proletariat: Workers, Politics and Crisis in Gorbachev’s Russia, Princeton, 1991;

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K. Eichermacher, D. Kretzschmar, K. Waschik, Russland, wohin eilst du? Perestrojka und Kultur, Dortmund, 1996;M. Ferretti, La memoria mutilata: la Russia ricorda, Milano, 1993 (a rich reconstruction);D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and the Collapse of Perestroika, Cambridge, 1994;H. Herlemann, ed., The Quality of Life in the Soviet Union, Boulder, CO., 1987;A. Jones, W.D. Connor, D.E. Powell, Soviet Social Problems, Boulder, 1991;P. Joseph, ed., The Soviet Economy After Brezhnev, Brussels, 1984;B. Kerblay, M. Lavigne, Les Soviétiques des années 80, 2e ed., Paris, 1987; S. Kotkin, Steeltown USSR: Soviet Society in the Gorbachev Era, Berkeley, 1991;R. Lesnik, L’empire corrompu, Paris, 1990;L. Lopatin, Istoriia rabochego dvizheniia Kuzbassa 1989-1991, Plast, Kemerovo, 1995;D.R. Marples, The Social Impact of the Chernobyl Disaster, Edmonton, 1988;Z.A. Medvedev, The Legacy of Chernobyl, New York, 1990;R.F. Mould, Chernobyl Record: The Definitive History of the Chernobyl Catastrophe, Philadelphia, PA, 2000;R. Paasilinna, Glasnost and Soviet Television, 1985-1991, Helsinki, 1995;F. du Plessix Gray, Soviet Women: Walking the Tight Rope, New York, 1990;K.E. Smith, Remembering Stalin’s Victims: Popular Memory and the End of the USSR, Ithaca, NY, 1996;D. Tarschys, “The Success of a Failure: Gorbachev’s Alcohol Policy,” Europe-Asia Studies, 1 (1993);V. Treml, Drinking and Alcohol Abuse in the USSR in the 1980s, in A. Jones et al., eds., Soviet Social Problems, Boulder, CO, 1991;S. White, Russia Goes Dry. Alcohol, State and Society, Cambridge, 1996.

DIIIg4. The economyA Study of the Soviet Economy, 3 vols., Washington, DC, 1991;A. Aganbegian, Inside Perestroika: The Future of the Soviet Economy, New York, 1989;A. Åslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform, Ithaca, NY, 1991;A. Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, Washington, DC, 1995;A. Åslund, “The Myth of Output Collapse after Communism,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Working Paper, No. 18, 1991; J.M. von Brabant, The Planned Economies and International Economic Organizations, Cambridge, 1991;M. Ellman, V. Kontorovich, eds., The Disintegration of the Soviet Economic System, London, 1992;M.I. Goldman, What Went Wrong with Perestroika, New York, 1991;M.I. Goldman, Lost Opportunity: Why Economic Reforms in Russia Have Not Worked, New York, 1994;P. Hanson, From Stagnation to Catastroika: Commentaries on the Soviet Economy, 1983-1991, New York, 1992;V. Mau, “The Road to Perestroika: Economics in the USSR and the Problems of Reforming the Soviet Economic Order,” Europe-Asia Studies, 2 (1996) (valuable);W. Moskoff, ed., Perestroika in the Countryside: Agricultural Reform in the Gorbachev Era, Armonk, NY, 1990;G. Popov, Blesk i nishcheta administrativnoi sistemy, Moscow, 1990;La situation économique et les réformes en Union Soviétique, Rapport de la Commission Européenne, Paris, 1990;I. et B. Szelenyi, “Why Socialism Failed: Toward a Theory of System Breakdown—Causes of Disintegration of East European State Socialism,” Theory and Society, 23, 2 (1994);F. Seurot, Les causes économiques de la fin de l’Empire soviétique, Paris, 1996 ;

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S.L. Solnick, Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions, Cambridge, MA, 1998 (a stimulating hypothesis);U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, East European Economies: Slow Growth in the 1980s, 3 vols., Washington, DC, 1985-1986;P. Wiles, ed., The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honour of Alec Nove, London, 1988;T. Zaslavskaya, The Second Socialist Revolution: An Alternative Soviet Strategy, Bloomington, 1990.

DIIIg5. NationalitiesJ. Arveds Trapans, ed., Towards Independence. The Baltic Popular Movements, Boulder, 1991;R.M. Bahry, ed., Echoes of Glasnost in Soviet Ukraine, North York, Ont., 1989;M.R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, Cambridge, 2002 (important);B. Nahaylo, The Ukrainian Resurgence, Toronto, 1999;M. Buttino, ed., In a Collapsing Empire: Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalisms in the Soviet Union, Milano, 1993;H. Carrère d’Encausse, The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of Nations, New York, 1993;G. Charachidzé, “L’empire et Babel: les minorités face a la perestroïka”, Le genre humain, 20 (1989);J. Critchlow, Nationalism in Uzbekistan: A Soviet Republic’s Road to Sovereignty, Boulder, 1991;J.I. Dawson, Eco-Nationalism: Anti-Nuclear Activism and National Identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine, Durham: Duke University Press, 1996;J.B. Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire, Princeton, 1993 (important);R. Karklins, Ethnopolitics and Transition to Democracy: The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Latvia, Baltimore, MD, 1994;S. Kondrashov, Nationalism and the Drive for Sovereignity in Tatarstan, 1988-1992, Basingstoke, 2000;G.W. Lapidus, V. Zaslavsky, From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics, Cambridge, 1992;D.R. Marples, Ukraine under Perestroika: Ecology, Economics, and the Workers’ Revolt, London, 1991;E. Melander, “The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Revisited: Was the War Inevitable?” Journal of Cold War Studies, 2 (2001); E. O’Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus, 1990-1995, New York, 1997;A.E. Senn, Gorbachev’s Failure in Lithuania, New York, 1995;S. Chahmouradian, R. Mehl, La tragédie de Sumgaït, Paris, 1991;R.G. Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Stanford, 1993;R. Szporluk, Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union, Stanford, 2000 (important);R. Taagepera, Estonia: Return to Independence, Boulder, Co, 1993;E.W. Walker, Dissolution: Sovereignity and the Breakup of the Soviet Union, Lanham, 2003;J. Zaprudnik, Belarus. At a Crossroad in History, Boulder, CO, 1993.

DIIIg6. Foreign policyJ.B. Amstutz, Afghanistan: the first five years of Soviet occupation, Washington, DC, 1986;A. Arnold, The Fateful Pebble: Afghanistan’s Role in the Fall of the Soviet Empire, Novato, CA, 1993;A. Borovik, The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist’s Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan, Boston, 1990;

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G.W. Breslauer, H. Kreisler, B. Ward, eds., Beyond the Cold War: Conflict and Cooperation in the Third World, Berkeley, 1991;Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 12-13 (2001), The End of the Cold War (remarkable);D. Cordovez, S.S. Harrison, Out of Afghanistan: The Inside History of the Soviet Withdrawal, Oxford, 1995;M. Galeotti, Afghanistan. The Soviet Union’s Last War, London 1995;R.L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War, Washington, DC, 1994;B.V. Gromov, Ogranichennyi kontingent, Moscow, 1994;P. Kende, A. Smolar, eds., La grande secousse. Europe de l’Est, 1989-1990, Paris, 1990;M. Kramer, “Realism, Ideology, and the End of the Cold War,” Review of International Studies, 1 (2001) (important);J. Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe, Berkeley, 1997 (important);S. Mendelson, Changing Course: Ideas, Politics, and the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, Princeton, 1998;P. Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter, University Park, PA, 1997;A.E. Stent, Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse and the New Europe, Princeton, 2000;G. Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, New York, 1993.

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