ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

romanuli filologia

nino qavTaraZe

realuri da irealuri Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori lia loria

Tbilisi

2010

avtoris stili daculia

2

# Tavebisa da qveTavebis saTaurebi gverdi

1. kvlevis mizani da amocanebi

3

2 kvlevis meTodi

5

3. I Tavi I. I. franguli romantizmis Tavisebureba

10

4. I. II. Jerar de nervali da Jerar labruni

22

5.

II Tavi II. I. fantastikuri Janris istoriidan

29 30

6.

II. II. JanrTaA mravalferovneba Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

42

7. II. III. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, kompoziciis Taviseburebani

46

8. II. IV. TxrobiTi instanciebis cvla Jerar de nervalSi _ ,,anJeliki’’

59

9. II. V. ornamentuli prozis raoba da misi mniSvneloba Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSiD

77

10. III Tavi III. I. naratiuli drois problema

86

11. III. II. Txrobis momenti Jerar de nervalis novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’

94

12. III. III. realuri da irealuri moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

100

13. III. IV. qronotopis problema moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

117

14. III. V. intermedialobis sakiTxisTvis Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

132

15. III. VI. interteqstualuri urTierTobebis roli nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

138

16. III. VII. qalis saxe-xati Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

178

17. III. VIII. parateqstis funqcia da mniSvneloba

190

18. naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi

193

19. gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa 195

3

kvlevis mizani da amocanebi

winamdebare disertaciis mizans warmoadgens frangi mwerlis –

Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebis analizi, saxeldobr: realuris da

irealuris mniSvnelobis dadgena mis prozaul nawarmoebebSi.

Jerar de nervalis (Jerar labruni) Semoqmedeba gviandel frangul

romantizms ganekuTvneba. mwerali rogorc franguli, aseve germanuli

romantizmis gavlenas ganicdida. mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, franguli

romantizmis Taviseburebis warmoCena, rac, erTi mxriv, am mimdinareobis

internacionaluri xasiaTis fonze, franguli romantizmis

gansakuTrebuli niSan-Tvisebebis dadgenaSi dagvexmareba, meore mxriv,

gansazRvravs Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebis adgils da xasiaTs

franguli literaturis istoriaSi.

kvlevis warmarTvisa da konkretuli daskvnebis gamotanis mizniT,

ramdenime sakiTxis gamoyofa miviCnieT saWirod:

1) franguli romantizmis Taviseburebis warmoCena, imisTvis rom

dagvedgina Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebis adgili franguli

romantizmis istoriaSi.

2) realuris da irealuris urTierTobis warmosaCenad, kvlevis obieqtis

arCevas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT movekideT. nervalis Semoqmedeba

mravalferovania: nervalma literaturuli moRvaweoba TargmniT daiwyo:

ocdaori wlis Wabuki i.v. goeTes fausts SeeWida. nervali avtoria:

poeturi nawarmoebebis (sonetebis krebuli _ ,,qimerebi’’, ,,saxalxo

elegiebi’’ ,,oqros leqsebi’’, ,,gasxivosnebulni’’), dramatuli

nawarmoebebis _ (,,briyvTa mefe’’, ,,leo bukari’’, ,,pikiio’’, ,,alqimikosi’’),

publicisturi xasiaTis qmnilebebis (,,gaseirnebani da mogonebani’’,

,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’) da prozauli, literaturul-mxatvruli

teqstebis (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, ,,orelia’’). nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

realuris da irealuris ukeT warmosaCenad da maTi funqciebisa da

bunebis ukeT dadgenisTvis, frangi mwerlis ori ZiriTadi nawarmoebiT

SemovifargleT: novelebis krebuliT _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’

da vrceli moTxrobiT _ ,,orelia’’. es nawarmoebebi erTmaneTTan ideur-

Tematurad arian dakavSirebulni, rac maTi erTi, saerTo analizis

4

sagnad qcevis safuZvels iZleva. am nawarmoebebSi,

yvelaze ukeT aris warmodgenili realuris da irealuris

urTierTkavSiri, rac Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebiT

miznebs emsaxureba.

3) nebismieri literaturuli nawarmoebi formis da Sinaarsis

erTianobas warmoadgens, amitom realuris da irealuris kvlevisTvis,

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rogorc nawarmoebis formis, aseve misi

Sinaarsis analizi. Sesabamisad, kvlevis Semdgomi etapi, zemoxsenebuli

nawarmoebebis Janruli identifikaciis sakiTxiT dainteresebaa, rac,

Cveni azriT, saSualebas mogvcems gamovavlinoT romantizmis

esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi JanrTa mravalferovnebis

arsebobis fonze da ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad exmianeba nervalis

nawarmoebebis poetika romantizmis esTetikas.

analizis sagania novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ _

Semavali novelebisa da vrceli moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, Janrobrivi

identifikacia. romantikosi mwerlebis esTetikidan gamomdinare,

sinkretuli Janris Seqmna nervalis nawarmoebebis Janrobrivi

kuTvnilebis sirTuleSic aisaxa. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebs

(,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) ,,novelebi’’ pirobiTad ewodeba. maT

literaturuli zRapris, mcire zomis epikuri Janris, fantastikuri

novelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi axasiaTebT. swored amitom,

novelebis krebulSi da, gansakuTrebiT, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

ikveTeba realuris da irealuris urTierTkavSiris magaliTebi.

ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens novelebisa da moTxrobebis kompoziciis

Taviseburebani, rac erT siuJetur invarianze agebul sxvadasxva

nawarmoebebis arsebobaSi vlindeba da qmnis metaTxrobis precendents.

4) realuris da irealuris Sepirispireba, nervalis zemoxsenebuli

nawarmoebebis magaliTze da maTi Janruli kuTvnilebis fonze _ kvlevis

sawyisi etapia. realursa da irealurs Soris urTierTkavSiris

dasadgenad, marTebulad migvaCnia, mcired mimovixiloT fantastikuri

Janris ganviTarebis istoria, rac saSualebas mogvcems nervalis

mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstebis da fantastikuri Janris nimuSebs

Soris msgavseba amovicnoT.

5

5) disertaciis aqtualoba Yyvelaze naklebad Seswavlili moTxrobis,

,,orelias’’, analizis mcdelobaSi mdgomareobs. nawarmoebebis Janruli

identifikaciis sirTulidan gamomdinare, sadisertacio naSromSi

zemoxsenebul nawarmoebs ,,moTxrobad’’ movisxeniebT. ANALanalizi

warmoaCens romantizmis esTetikisadmi mwerlis erTgulebas da

gamoavlens im gansakuTrebul, nervalis SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiTebel

niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebmac esoden momxibvleli gaxada nervalis

Semoqmedeba, misi supernaturalizmi, momavali TaobebisTvis, kerZod,

modernistuli literaturisTvis.

kvlevis meTodi

mecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb iseTive cvlilebebsa da Zvrebs

ganicdis rogorc Tavad literatura. iSleba zRvari literaturis

kvlevis meTodebs Soris. nebismieri meTodis upiratesoba am Tu im

qveynis an epoqis istoriul-politikuri da socialur-kulturuli

TaviseburebebiTaa ganpirobebuli (Todorov 2007 :37).

literaturuli nawarmoebebis kvlevis meTodebSi gamoiyofa ori

Tvalsazrisi da midgoma: erTis mixedviT, literaturuli nawarmoebi

Rirebulia imiT, rasac igi Tavad warmoadgens da xelovnebis arsi Tavad

teqstis saSualebiT vlindeba; meore midgoma, literaturul

nawarmoebSi teqstis miRma da teqstze ufro Rirebulis amocnobasa da

gaazrebas gulisxmobs (mwerlis pirovnebis, fsiqologiuri Tu

sazogadoebrivi aspeqtebis, rac teqstis garda mkvlevaris sxva

RirebulebebiT dainteresebas utoldeba).

kvlevis naratologiuri meTodi, romelsac safuZveli Cauyares

Txrobis Sesaxeb Teoriis, anu naratologiis skolis warmomadgenlebma

(J, Jeneti, v. Smidi . . .), mxatvrul nawarmoebs ganixilavs rogorc

naratorsa (mTxrobeli) da recipients (narateri) Soris arsebul

esTetikur komunikacias, amitom kvlevis naratologiul meTods

Sualeduri adgili ukavia struqturalistur da recefciul-esTetikur

meTodologiebs Soris.

6

naratologia Txrobis Teoriaa. igi rusuli formalizmis

(v. Sklovski, b. tomaSevski), v. propis, m. baxtinis, tartus skolis

warmomadgenelTa (i. lotmani, b. uspenski) gavleniT Camoyalibda

(literaturis...2008:194). gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi, naratologia

struqturalizmis wiaRSi aRmocenda da nebismieri saxis narativis

(literaturuli nawarmoebi, konofilmi, Teatraluri warmodgena . . )

saerTo struqturebis gansazRvras emsaxureba, anu nebismieri TxrobiTi

saxis nawarmoebis (Косиков 2009:159). naratiulad mxolod is teqsti

miiCneva, romlis fiqcionalur samyaroSi mTxrobelis Sualeduri

instanciaa warmodgenili. es instancia _ mTxrobelia.

naratiuli teqstebSi ganarCeven:

1) prozaul teqsts, romelsac mTxrobeli (naratori) gviyveba;

2) TxrobiTi saxis mimesur teqsts, romelsac mTxrobeli ar hyavs

(kinofilmi, warmodgena . . );

3) calke mdgom, aranaratiuli bunebis mqone, aRwerilobiTi saxis

teqsts (magaliTad _ publicisturi teqstebi), romelsac

mTxrobeli ar hyavs, magram ikveTeba naratoris instanciis

Seqmnis tendencia.

naratologiuri kvlevis sagans mxatvrul-literaturuli

nawarmoebis siRrmiseuli struqtura warmoadgens. naratologiuri

analizis ZiriTadi etapebia:

1) literaturuli nawarmoebis komunikaciuri bunebis dadgena;

2) SemoqmedebiTi procesis mravalSrian TxrobiT procesTan

gaigiveba;

3) sxvadasxva diskursebis gamovlena;

TxrobiTi instanciebis Teoriuli kvleva gulisxmobs:

a) mxatvrul teqstSi komunikaciuri jaWvis (informaciis

gamcemis da mimRebis) dadgena;

b) komunikatis (teqsti) niSanTa sistemad ganxilva, romlis

kodireba informaciis gamcemis mier winaswar xdeba;

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens komunikatis (teqsti) da

gareliteraturuli realobis (garefiqcionaluri samyaro) urTierToba,

rac TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis ierarqiul sistemasTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

7

naratologiis mimdevrebs formaluri skolis warmomadgenelTa

koncefciasTan msgavsi mosazreba aqvT siuJetsa Tu fabulis arsze. Tu

fabula aris is, rasac mxatvruli nawarmoebi mogviTxrobs, siuJetad

unda CaiTvalos is, Tu rogori saxiT aris moTxrobili yovelive, Tumca

mxatvruli nawarmoebis, kerZod _ naratiuli teqstis amocnobisas,

siuJeti ganmsazRvrel faqtors ar warmoadgens.

fabula movlenaTa erTobliobaa, (b. tomaSevski) fabulis

sapirispirod, siuJeti (revoluciuri elementi – i. lotmani) movlenaTa

Tanmimdevrobaa, is kavSiria, romelic sxvadasxva movlenebs da motivebs

erTmaneTTan akavSirebs (Лотман 1970:161).

movlena siuJeturi qargis (motivi _ f. veselovski) umciresi

erTeulia. v. Sklovski siuJets iseTive formad miiCnevs rogoric riTmaa.

erTi da igive invariantulma konstruqtivma sxvadasxva siuJeturi rigis

saxiT SeiZleba hpovos ganviTareba. erT siuJetur rgolSi SeiZleba

ramdenime qvergoli gaerTiandes. lotmanis azriT, swored aseTi saxiT

xdeba siuJeturi qargis konstruireba (Шкловский 1925: 56).

i. lotmani ganarCevs siuJetian da usuJeto teqstebs, ,,moZravsa’’ da

,,uZrav’’ personaJebs. uZravi personaJi usiuJeto tipis struqturis

nawilia, radgan dadgenili sazRvris garRveva (literaturuli fiqciis

farglebSi intrigis sawyisi elementi) misTvis akrZalulia. moZravi

personaJs aqvs am akrZaluli sazRvris gadalaxvis ,,ufleba’’. siuJetis

ganviTareba ki akrZalulis garRvevas ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, gmiris

misTvis Cveul viTarebaSi gadaadgileba movlenas ar warmoadgens

(Лотман 1970:171).

siuJetian teqstSi sami done gamoiyofa: 1) usiuJeto semantikuri

struqturis done; 2) tipiuri qmedebis (mocemul struqturaSi);

3) konkretuli moqmedebis done. j. prinsis naratologiis leqsikonSi

gamoiyofa Semdegi siuJetebi: bednieri dasasruliT, gare situaciaze

damokidebuli, Sinagani, martivi, rTuli, epikuri (erTmaneTTan naklebad

dakavSirebuli epizodebisgan Semdgari) da dramatuli (mWidrod

dakavSirebuli, SeduRabebuli epizodebi).

Cven gvainteresebs, rogor xdeba siuJeturi qargis ganviTareba iseT

mxatvrul-literaturul teqstSi, rogoricaa J. de neralis moTxroba _

,,orelia’’, siuJetebis makonstruirebeli elementebis simciris fonze.

8

naratologia komunikatis siuJeturobis or maxasiTebels

gamohyofs:

1) mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Txrobis struqtura (ra saxiT aris

mowodebuli informacia (naratiuli done);

2) dialogizmis (interteqstis) aspeqti (diskursis done);

naratologiis meTodilogiis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilad miviCnieT

iseTi kategoriebis kvlevisas rogoricaa dro da sivrce, parateqsti,

mTxrobelis (naratori) instancia, fokalizaciis, TxrobiTi

komunikaciuri doneebis modelebis....

nawarmoebSi asaxuli fiqcionaluri samyaro TxrobiTi komunikaciis

doneebadaa dayofili (Smidi 2003:39). TxrobiT komunikaciis doneebis

modelebs Soris naratologia ganarCevs:

1) literaturuli nawarmoebis fiqcionalur samyaros

2) asaxul samyaros

3) moTxrobil samyaros

4) citirebul samyaros

TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis modelebs Sesabamisi TxrobiTi

instanciebi gaaCniaT:

1) konkretuli avtori /konkretuli mkiTxveli;

2) abstraqtuli avtori / abstraqtuli mkiTxveli (idealuri

recipienti an savaraudo adresati);

3) fiqtiuri mTxrobeli da fiqtiuri adresati (narrateur/narratair) ;

4) personaJebi.

swored naratoris, mTxroblis instancia xdeba ganmsazRvreli

naratiuli teqtebis amocnobis dros: Tu teqsti naratiulia, igi

mTxrobelis instancias Seicavs, Tumca struqturalistebi naratiulad

yvela saxis teqsts miiCneven, romelSic ambavia gadmocemuli (Шмид

203 :19).

fokalizacia (TvalTaxedva) gulisxmobs imas, Tu visi TvalTaxedviT

mogviTxrobs mTxrobeli ambavs. igi SeiZleba iyos nulovani (focalisation

zéro), anu movlenebi yovlismcodne naratoris mier Sefasdes, Sida (interne),

rodesac movlenebi romelime personaJis mier aris Sefasebuli da gare

(externe), romelic movlenebis obieqtur Txrobas gulisxmobs. aseT

9

SemTxvevaSi, movlenebs arc mTxrobelis da arc ambis sxva monawile ar

afasebs: xdeba mxolod dakvirveba da aRwera (Raimond 2000: 127).

naratologiaSi, naratiuli dro da sivrce erTmaneTisgan aris

gamijnuli. naratiuli dro teqstis struqturis nawilia, sivrce ki _

kompoziciis. naratiuli dro ganixileba rogorc Txrobisa da ambis

droTa Tanafardoba. am kombinaciaSi, ganmsazRvreli ambis droisa da

Txrobis drois urTierTSefardeba xdeba, anu irkveva Tu ramdeni dro

eTmoba ama Tu im ambis, an misi Semadgeneli kompoziciuri elementebis

Txrobas. Txrobis dro SeiZleba ambis droze meti (Td>ad), ambis drois

toli (Td=d) an naklebi iyos (Td<ad). mTxrobels SeuZlia siuJetur

qargas gadauxvios da mkiTxvels sakuTari an sxvaTa msjelobebi,

aRwerebi SesTavazos. am SemTxvevaSi, ambis dro nulis toli iqneba,

Txrobis dro ki – ganusazRvreli (Td=n, ad=0). zogjer mTxrobeli

dros iseT ambavs uTmobs, romlis Sesaxeb nawarmoebSi araferia

moTxrobili: ambis ganviTareba nagulisxevia (elifsisi). zog

nawarmoebSi, konkretuli avtori mkiTxvels ambavs TanmimdevrobiT, anu

movlenebs qronologiurad hyveba, anda piriqiT _ anaqroniulad:

Txrobis momentisTvis ukve momxdari (analefsisi), an mosalodneli

(prolefsisi) ambis saxiT. mTxrobelis mier erTi da igive ambavi

SeiZleba ramdenimejer iyos gadmocemuli erTi an ramdenime mTxrobelis

mier (Jouve 1997 :34).

kvlevis dros Cven vixelmZRvaneleT naratologiaSi damkvidrebuli

terminologiiT, romlis analogi (saboloo saxiT) qarTul

literaturaTmcodneobaSi ar mogvepoveba. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,

warmovadginoT maTi Sesatyvisi, SesaZlebeli variantebi.

zemoxsenebuli terminebis garda, kvlevis procesSi Semdegi

terminebi gamoviyeneT:

diegesisi ambis dro da sivrce

homodiegesuri mTxrobeli, romelic ambavSi monawileobs

heterodiegesuri mTxrobeli, romelic ambis monawile ar aris

eqtradiegesuri pirveladi mTxrobeli

intradiegesuri meoreuli mTxrobeli

periteqsti Tavebis saTaurebi

10

parateqsti nawarmoebis saTauri

epiteqsti nawarmoebis danamati

inkipiti

metalefsisi

analefsisi

prolefsisi

metamoTxroba

nawarmoebis dasawyisi

nawarmoebis fiqcionaluri sazRvris garRveva

retrospeqtulad moTxrobili ambavi

winaswar moTxrobili ambavi

moTxroba moTxrobaSi

kvlevis procesSi, saWiroebis da mixedviT, gamoviyeneT kvlevis

interteqstualuri da intermedialuri meTodebi. fsiqokritikis Tu

fsiqoanalizis obieqtad vaqcieT nawarmoebis (,,orelia’’) calkeuli

epizodebi. bunebrivia, literaturis istoriis WrilSi ganxilul iqna

naSromis mniSvnelovani nawili.

yovelive zemoxsenebuli, Cveni azriT, Jerar de nervalis

nawarmoebebSi (novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ da

moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’) realuris da irealuris bunebis da mniSvnelobis

dadgenaSi dagvexmareba.

I Tavi

I. I. franguli romantizmis Tavisebureba

franguli sityva _ ,,romantisme’’, Sua saukuneebis sityvidan _

,,roman’’ iRebs saTaves. Sua saukuneebSi espanelebi ase uwodebdnen

saTavgadasavlo da saraindo romanebs, ingliselebi ki – XVIII

saukuneSi, ,,romantic’’-s _ yovelgvar gasaocars, warmoudgenelsa da

saidumloebiT moculs.

romantizmi rogorc klasicizmis sapirispiro literaturuli

mimdinareoba, germaniaSi XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis

dasawyisSi Camoyalibda, xolo iqidan mTels dasavleT evropasa da

CrdiloeT amerikaSi gavrcelda. am mimdinareobam ganviTarebis umaRles

wertils XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi miaRwia. romantizmi

klasizicmisaTvis damaxasiTebel kanonzomierebebs uaryofda, rac

11

Tavisuflebisken swrafvis, pirovnuli sawyisis primatis Sesaxeb ideis

klasicizmis esTetikasTan dapirispirebas gulisxmobda.

socialur-politikuri situacia, romelic imxanad evropaSi

sufevda, franguli revoluciis Sedegebi romantizmis winapirobad unda

CaiTvalos. adreuli romantizmis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Camoyalibeba

germanel mweralsa da mecniers _ fridrix Slegels ekuTvnis (1772-

1829ww.). misi Tezisebi 1797-98 wlebSi gamoqveynebul Teoriul naSromSi _

,,fragmentebi’’, aisaxa. f.Slegelis azriT, romantizmis warmoqmnis

winapirobebia:

1) safrangeTis 1789 wlis revolucia

2) emanuel herman fon fixtes (1776-1879ww.) idealisturi

filosofia

3) iohan volfgang fon goeTes (1749-1832ww.) vilhelm maisteri

(Slegeli 1955 :19).

fridrix Slegelma Tanamedrove Semoqmedisa da xelovnebis,

romantikuli universalizmis koncefcia Seqmna. manve ganaxorciela

Teoriuli kvleva xelovnebaSi ironiis daniSnulebaze, rac mwerlobis

misiis gadafasebas emsaxureboda (Хрестоматия ...955:21). XVIII saukunis

germaneli publicistisa da mecnieris _ georg forsteris Sesaxeb

kvlevaSi, Slegeli igive mosazrebas anviTarebs evropis istoriasa da

kulturaSi safrangeTis revoluciis gadamwyveti rolis Sesaxeb

(Зарубежная ...1990:40). misi azriT, safrangeTis revolucia politikuri

samyaros yovlismomcveli miwisZvra, warRvna iyo, romelmac frangi eris

erovnuli TviTmyofadoba warmoaCina. f.FSlegeli iqve dasZens, rom

revolucia, amave dros, epoqis groteski, qaosad qceuli kacobriobis

grandiozuli tragikomediaa (Зарубежная ...1990:45).

XVIII saukuneSi, ganmanaTlebloba axali da samarTliani

sazogadoebis Seqmnas qadagebda, romelic adamianis gonierebas

daeyrdnoboda, magram realoba mxolod logikis kanonebs ar

eqvemdebareba. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi momavali aRiqmeboda rogorc

iracionaluri da amoucnobi. sazogadoeba adamianis pirovnul

Tavisuflebas zRudavda da mis bunebasTan harmoniul Tanaarsebobas

uSlida xels (История немецкой литературы 1986: 121). romantizmis mxatvrul-

esTetikuri koncefcia pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis konfliqts emyareba.

12

sulierebas moklebul da ,,egoistur’’ sazogadoebasTan dapirispireba

jer kidev sentimentalizmsa da preromantizmis epoqisTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli. es dapirispireba yvelaze mZafrad romantizmis epoqaSi

gamovlinda. SeiZleba iTqvas, safrangeTSi man gansakuTrebuli

simZlieriT iCina Tavi, radgan es dapirispireba ara marto socialur

(germaniaSi) da ekonomikur (inglisSi), aramed politikur aspeqtebs

efuZneboda.

romantizmis epoqis literatura maRalfardovanebas uaryofda da

klasicizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel ,,amaRlebul’’ Tematikas

ewinaaRmdegeboda. romantizmis warmomadgenelTa azriT, samyaro

pirvelsawyis qaoss daubrunda da masSi boroteba ganmgeblobda.

romantizmis epoqis wiaRSi gamZafrda egzistenciuri SiSi, samyaros

dasasrulis esqatologiuri gancda. ,,SiSismomgvreli samyaros suraTi’’

mTels romantizms gasdevs Tan. amasTan erTad Cndeba am ,,saSinel

samyarosTan’’ Serkinebis ideac: sasowarkveTa awmyos ukavSirdeba,

civilizaciisa da progresis koncefcia _ momavals. es idealisken

swrafvis, absolutis Ziebis ideas exmianeba, ramac unda gadalaxos

arsebuli dapirispireba realobasa da ocnebas Soris da adamianis

cxovreba mTlianad Secvalos. ,,es srulqmnis erTaderTi saSualebaa’’ _

werda a. de vinii romantizmze (Хрестоматия ...1955:384).

realobis uaryofa ara mxolod idealisken swrafvaSi iyo

gamoxatuli. romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi mefoben jadosnuri,

Seucnobadi Zalebi, iqmneba paraleluri samyaro, romelic, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, met mniSvnelobas iZens vidre Tavad realoba (История

немецкой литературы 1986: 76). swored realobasTan dapirispirebam

ganapiroba romantikosTa ezoTeruli Ziebebis, kabalas,

naturfilosofiis da neo-paltonizmis mimarT esoden didi interesi

(Milner, Pichois1985:139). samyaroSi gabatonebuli boroteba romantizmis

warmomadgenlebs an sasowarkveTaSi agdebda, an protestis grZnobas

badebda maTSi, magram yvela romantikoss erTi ram aerTianebda: isini

adamians yofiTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetas miznad ar usaxavdnen. bunebis

kanonebis, religiuri Sexedulebebis da SemoqmedebiTi gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, romantikosebi adamianis arsis wvdomasa da misi

bunebis saidumloebis amoxsnas cdilobdnen. romantizma adamianis

13

arsebobis amsaxveli universaluri Teoriis Seqmna da universumis

kosmogoniuri problemebis gadaWra daisaxa miznad (История немецкой

литературы 1986: 53). Sarl bodlerma sami sityviT daaxasiaTa romantizmi:

,,maradiulobisken swrafvis, individualizmis da sulierebis sauflo’’

(Milner, Pichois1985:137).

romantizmis literaturuli koncefcia kantisa da fixtes

idealistur filosofias efuZneba, romelic samyaros gardaqmnas

Semoqmedebis meoxebiT sTavazobs. yvelaze metad am koncefciam germanul

romantizmSi iCina Tavi (Milner, Pichois1985:136). romantizmis Teoretikosi _

fridrix Slegeli, klasikur literaturas aRweris obieqturobas

daesesxa da istorizmis principi ganavrco. misi mosazrebiT, nebismieri

movlena mis ganviTarebaSi unda yofiliyo Seswavlili, literaturuli

nawarmoebi realobasTan mimarTebaSi unda ganxiluliyo. aman

romantizmis epoqis literaturaSi ironiis koncefcia warmoSva,

romelic subieqturisa da obieqturis, maradiulisa da wuTieris

konfliqts efuZneboda. romantikosTa mosazrebiT, Semoqmedebis

usazRvro ESesaZlebloba empiriul realobas unda dapirispireboda da

gardaeqmna (Хрестоматия... 1955:20).

romantikosTa interesTaA sferos adamianuri vnebebi warmoadgenda,

romelTa Soris ganirCeoda: maRali (siyvaruli) da mdabali

(pativmoyvareoba, qedmaRloba, Suri). yovelgvar materialur

Rirebulebebs romantikosebma sulieri daupirispires: religia,

xelovneba da filosofia (Milner, Pichois1985:143). romantizmis

literaturas damaxasiaTebeli romantikuli gmiri hyavs. Tavisi arsiT,

igi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania. romantikuli gmiri grZnobebiT

Sepyrobili adamiania, romlis diadi miswrafebebi yoveldRiurobis

rutinas ar exmianeba. igi unikaluria, Tavisuflebisken iswrafvis da

istoriis bedukuRmarTobas upirispirdeba. romantizmis epoqis

nawarmoebebis gmirebi Semoqmedni arian, romlebsac, niWisa da energiis

meoxebiT, realobis gardaqmnis unari SeswevT. romantizmis epoqaSi

Semoqmedi RmerTs gautolda: adamians SeeZlo is, rac RmerTs ZaluZs

mxolod (sakmarisia gavixsenoT meri uolstonkrafti Selis cnobili

14

nawarmoebi ,,frankenSteini, anu axali promeTe’’, romlis protagonisti

axal adamians qmnis) (Encyclopédie libre-Shelley).

romantikosebs xiblavT fantastika, xalxuri Semoqmedeba, anu

yvelaferi is, rac saukunenaxevris manZilze yuradRebis miRma iyo

darCenili. klasicizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel ,,bunebis mibaZvas’’,

romantikosebi xelovanis SemoqmedebiT energias upirispireben,

romelic, empiriul samyarosTan SedarebiT, bevrad mSvenier samyaros

qmnis (Milner, Pichois1985:114). romantikosebi sxadasxva istoriuli epoqebiT,

egzotikuri qveynebiT da saidumloebiT moculi movlenebiT

interesdebodnen. swored romantizmis wiaRSi warmoiSva istoriuli

romani, romelsac istoriuli sinamdvilis da adamianis fsiqikis

saidumloebis axsna hqonda miznad dasaxuli (Milner, Pichois1985:67).

romantikosebi Sua saukuneebiT da antikuri epoqiTac xelaxla

dainteresdnen. maTi azriT, samyaros mSvenierebas sxvadasxva,

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli kulturaTa erTianoba qmnida, Tumca

romantikosTa yuradRebis miRma arc im periodis istoriul-politikuri

realoba rCeboda. samyaroSi adamianis misiis amosacnobad, romantikosebi

konkretulobis, sizustisa da damajereblobisken miiswrafodnen,

miuxedavad imisa, rom maT nawarmoebebSi moqmedeba xSirad egzotikur,

ucnob qveynebsa da warmosaxiT samyaroSi xdeba.

bunebasa da mis Zlevamosilebas didi roli ukavia romantizmis

epoqis mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi: peizaJis aRwera iqneba es, romantizmis

gmiris bunebasTan dapirispireba Tu masTan harmoniuli Tanaarseboba

(История немецкой литературы 1986: 58).

romantikosTa azriT, samyaros mTavar Rirebulebas swored

Semoqmedeba, Semoqmedebis rTuli procesi warmoadgens. maT swamT, rom

Semoqmedis Tavisufleba da misi fantazia xelovnebis kanonebs ki ar

emorCileba, aramed Tavad qmnis maT. rogorc literaturaTmcodne v. mani

aRniSnavs: ,,romantizma uaryo kanonebi da bevrad rTul kanonebs

daemorCila’’ (Ю. Манн). amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is JanrTa

mravalferovneba, romelic romantizmis epoqas axasiaTebs. romantizmis

periodSi bevr axal Janrs Caeyara safuZveli, bevrmac _ saxecva

ganicada: istoriuli romani iqneba es Tu fantastikuri moTxroba,

15

deteqtiuri novela, zRapari, lirikul-epikuri poema, drama.

romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia JanrTaA sinTezi, rogorc xelovnebis

sxvadasxva sferoSi, aseve sxvadasxva sferoebis erTmaneTTan

mimarTebaSi. aseT sinkretul JanrSi Sereulia fantastika da groteski,

maRali da mdabali stili, tragikuli da komikuri (Mitterand 1988 :176).

romantizmis epoqas mecnierebis ganviTarebac daemTxva:

filosofiis, sociologiis, istoriis, politologiis, qimiisa da

biologiis. yvela am mecnierebam romantikosTa Semoqmedebaze didi

gavlena iqonia.

internacionaluri xasiaTis miuxedavad, romantizmi yvela qveyanaSi

gansxvavebuli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. germania romantizmis Teoriuli

safuZvlebis samSoblod iTvleba, sadac istoriul-politikuri viTareba

filosofiis, eTikisa da esTetikis WrilSi ganixileboda

(v. vakenroderi, novalisi, Zmebi Slegelebi, l. tiki). romantizmis

pirveli koncefcia Camoyalibda germaniaSi da erT-erTi pirveli

literaturuli nawarmoebic ienis skolis warmomadgenlebs ekuTvniT (l.

tikis ,,Ceqmebiani kata’’-1797, novalisis ,,hainrix fon oftendingeni’’-1802).

romantikosTa meore Taobis warmomadgenlebi gaerTianebuli iyvnen

haidelbergis skolaSi (k. brentano, i. arnimi, Zmebi grimebi). am skolis

warmomadgenlebi religiiT, germaniis istoriiTa da folkloriT iyvnen

dainteresebulni (,,biWis jadosnuri sayviri’’-1806-08). amave skolis

wiaRSi Camoyalibda folkloris Seswavlis miTologiuri koncefcia,

romelic Zmebi Slegelebisa da Selingis Sromebs efuZneboda. germanuli

gviandeli ronmantizmisTvis realobisa da ocnebis mkveTri gamijvna (e.

hofmani, a. klaisti), sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis motivebi, socialuri

groteskia damaxasiaTebelia (a. Samiso, h.haine) (История немецкой литературы

1986: 63).

TavianT SemoqmedebaSi, inglisuri romantizmis warmomadgenlebi

udides adgils pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobas uTmobdnen.

maT mier istoriuli procesi katastrofis moaxloebad ganixileboda.

e. w. ,,tbis skolis’’ warmomadgenlebi (u. vordsuorTi, s. kolriji,

r. sauTi) warsuls aidialebdnen, patriarqalur, martiv, piruTvnelobaze

damyarebul adamianTa urTierTobebs asxamdnen xotbas. inglisurenovani

romantizmis warmomadgenlebis Semoqmedeba qristianuli morCilebiTaa

16

ganmsWvaluli ( u. vordsuorTis Semoqmedeba). romantikosebi adamianis

qvecnobieriT erT-erTi pirvelebi dainteresdnen. iseTi

mwerlebis Semoqmedeba, rogorebic arian j. baironi da p. Seli,

politikuri paTosiT, CagrulTa TanagrZnobiT, pirovnuli

Tavisuflebisken swrafviTaa ganmsWvaluli. tragikuli ganwirulobis

SegrZnebiT Sepyrobili meamboxe-gmiris saxem evropul literaturaze

didi gavlena moaxdina da ,,baironizmad’’ iwodeba (Словарь литературных

терминов- Байронизм).

safrangeTSi romantizmi XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi damkvidrda da

Teoriuli koncefciac mogvianebiT Camoyalibda. amis mizezi safrangeTis

revolucia da misi ganmanadgurebeli Sedegebia. safrangeTSi

klasicizmis gavlena jer isev mZlavrobda, magram axlis Seqmnis

dauokebelma survilma mwerlebs Tamami nabijebisken ubiZga:

literaturuli brZola salonis farglebs gascilda da scenaze

gadainacvla (Bénichou 2004 :347). madam de stali, germanuli romantizmis

frangulze gavlenis Sesaxeb werda da aRniSnavda, rom franguli

romantizmi, Tundac Tavisi damkvidrebisa da ganviTarebis periodiTaa

gansakuTrebuli. im dros, rodesac realizmma inglisur literaturasa

da xelovnebaSi Tamamad Semoabija, xolo germanulma literaturam

droebiT ,,miiZina’’, frangul literaturasa da xelovnebaSi isev

boboqrobda revoluciiT Sobili kulturis gamoZaxili. sakmarisia

gavixsenoT v. hiugos piesis _ ,,ernanis’’ dagmis Semdgomi movlenebi, rac

safrangeTSi romantizmis klasicizmze gamarjvebis mauwyebeli gaxda. es

piesa srulad gamoxatavda 1827 wels dramis _ ,,kromveli’’,

winasityvaobaSi warmodgenil v. hiugos esTetikur koncefcias (Bénichou

2004 :369). swored man ubiZga mwerlebs tradiciuli kanonebis rRvevisa

da avtoritetebis uaryofisken. dramis winasityvaoba franguli

romantizmis manifestad iqca (Зарубежная ...1990 :70).

v. hiugos azriT, mwerals bunebisa da sakuTari xmisTvis unda

egdo yuri, WeSmariteba STagonebSi eZebna, nawarmoebebis personaJebad

Cveulebrivi adamiani gaexada, romelSic erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli

Rirebulebebi Tanaarsebobs: tragikuli da komikuri, mSvenieri da

maxinji. nawarmoebSi asaxuli samyaro empiriulTan maqsimalurad unda

17

yofiliyo miaxlovebuli. v. hiugo WeSmaritebas realizmis

warmomadgenelTa mosazrebebis msgavsad ar moiazrebda: misTvis

WeSmariteba nawarmoebSi empiriuli WeSmaritebis identuri ar aris,

radgan ,,xelovneba arsdros ar gaxdeba absuluturad realuri’’

(Зарубежная...1990 :72). manifesti klasicizmis SemzRudav kanonebs

amsxvrevda: saubaria sami erTianobis kanonis Sesaxeb, romlis

mixedviTac nawarmoebi da misi personaJebi, Zalian tragikul

situaciebSic ki komikurad gamoiyurebodnen. hiugo konkretizaciisken da

ara _ abstragirebisken mouwodebda. misi azriT, ambis sicxade da misi

mayurebelze zemoqmedeba (saubaria Tavad dramaze _ ,,kromveli’’)

istorizmis principze iyo damokidebuli. mwerali bualos

Sexedulebebs uaryofda da magaliTis saxiT Seqspiris Semoqmedebis

Zala mohyavda (Зарубежная...1990 :73).

saerTo erovnuli xasiaTi frangulma romantizmma XIX saukunis

ocdaaTian wlebSi miiRo, Tumca franguli romantizmis esTetikuri

principi mainc pirovnebis sociumTan dapirispirebas gulisxmobda.

individi geniaa, romelsac Tavisi ZalisxmeviT samyaros ukeTesobisken

Secvla ZaluZs. romantikosebis esTetikur xedvSi religia udides rols

TamaSobs. romantikosTa mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi,

qristianuli sarwmunoebisken mobruneba da qristianuli moraliT

yvelasa da yvelafris gansjis survili realur da warmosaxviT

samyaroTa dapirispirebaSi vlindeba (Зарубежная...1990 :43).

Tu safrangeTSi romantizmis aRmocenebis winapiroba Seiqmna,

safrangeTSive individis Tavisuflebis SeboWvis meqanizmic yvelaze

mZafrad iqna gamoxatuli. is socialur-politikuri viTareba, romelic

safrangeTSi sufevda, individis Tavisuflebasa da yovlisSemZleobis

ideas akninebda. Semoqmedi ganwirulobisa da bedis ukuRmarTobis ideiT

iyo Sepyrobili (r. Satobriani, e. piver de senankuri, al. de lamartinis

adreuli Semoqmedeba). napoleonis magaliTic am mosazrebas amyarebda:

naxevari samyaros mbrZanebelma, wminda elenes kunZulze, tyveobaSi

daasrula Tavisi sicocxle (Brassel 2004 :355). g. hegeli franguli

romantizmis Taviseburebad pirovnebis ,,sayovelTao realobasa da

miwierTan dapirispirebas’’ miiCnevs (filosofiis ...1987 : 704). frangi

romantikosebisTvis burJuaziuli revolucia da misi Sedegebi rTulad

18

misaRebi aRmoCnda: yofiTis winaaRmdeg buntSi ganwirulobis intuiciuri

SegrZneba moiazreboda, rac sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis

tendenciebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. igi erTgvar antiburJuaziul utopias

waagavda (Mitterand 1988 :174). burJuazia ara konkretul-politikur

aspeqtSi (rogorc realizmis warmomadgenlebisTvis), aramed _ zogad-

sakacobrio aspeqtSi. burJuaziuli Rirebulebebi materialurTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. simandvilis aRqmis es koncefcia franguli romantizmis

katalizatorad iqca. safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis lozungebi

_ Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv imeds

saxavda, meore mxriv ki _ imedgacruebas. germanulsa da inglisur

romantizms realobis uaryofis naklebad radikaluri gamomsaxvelobiTi

formebi gaaCndaT, radgan igive inglisSi, burJuaziam klasikuri

Camoyalibebuli forma ukve SeiZina. germaniis sinamdvileSi ki,

burJuaziuli weswyoba nabij-nabij, yovelgvari paTosis gareSe ikidebda

fexs. germanuli da inglisuri romantizmisgan gansxvavebiT, franguli

romantizmi metad ganicdida Tanamedroveobis, kerZod, socialur-

politikuri procesebis wnexs (Карельский 1992: II).

franguli romantizmis wiaRSi, meamboxe pirovnebis iseTi tipis

konstruireba xdeba, romelic sazogadoebaSi mimdinare aRmSeneblobiTi

da misi Tanmxlebi destruqciuli procesebis momswrea. franguli

romantizmis ,,saukunis Svilis’’ fsiqologiuri portreti germanuli,

hofmaniseuli Semoqmedi-enTuziastisgan da ingliseli meamboxe-

heroikuli, titanuri gmiris tipisgan gansvavdeba (Brassel 2004 :360).

franguli romantizmi qmnis daxvewil, mgrZnobiare gmirs, romelic

uferul samyarosTan Widilsa da sulieri tanjvisTvisaa ganwiruli

(Mitterand 1988 :268). XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi, germanuli da inglisuri

romantizmis gavleniT (e.a. fon hofmani, j.g. baironi), frangul

romantikul gmirTa palitras titanis tipis gmirebi Seemata, magaliTad

Jan sbogari S. nodies da mose al. de viniis SemoqmedebaSi, Tumca es

gamonakliss warmoadgens.

frangul romantizmSi, Semoqmedisa da xelovnebis rolma da maTi

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sakiTxma, wina planze amave periodSi

wamoiwia. frangulma romantizma politikuri xasiaTi SeiZina. XIX

19

saukunis dasawyisSi, ganmanaTleblobis gavleniT, jer isev iwereboda

traqtatebi politikas, sazogadoebrivi moralisa da literaturis

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb (madam de stali, r. de

Satobriani, b. konstani, et. senankuri) (Mitterand 1988 :177). politikuri

cxovrebis mimarT interesi qveyanaSi socialur-politikuri procesebis

gamovlena iyo. am procesebma restavraciis dros yvelaze mkafiod Tavi

iCina. socialuri usamarTlobis uRelze jer kidev Satobriani wuxda.

madam de stalic naSromSi _ ,,safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelovani

movlenebi’’ (1818 w. ), adamianis zoon politicon -is statusis Sesaxeb saubrobs.

igive sakiTxebs exeba alfred de vinii Tavis nawarmoebSi _ ,,sen-mari’’

(Зарубежная...1990 : 15). XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi, mweralTa erTi nawili

_ v. hiugo, J. sandi, arsebuli realobis gardaqmnis gzebs eZiebdnen.

SemoqmedTa nawili ki _ sulierebasa da xelovnebis politikisgan

damoukideblobas qadagebda. frangi romantikosebis am

,,apolitikurobis’’ miRma, motyuebuli Taobis uimedoba, poetis

socialuri misiis warumatebuloba da imedgacrueba imaleboda. es

SesaniSnavad warmoCinda alfred de miuses SemoqmedebaSi (Mitterand

1988 :205).

franguli romantizmis warmomadgenelTa msoflmxedvelobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo angaJirebul da ,,wminda xelovnebas’’ Soris

arsebuli dialeqtikuri dapirispireba. swored romantizmis epoqaSi

Caisaxa ,,wminda xelovnebis’’ idea, romelmac asaxva hpova Sarl

bodleris, lekon de lilis da giustav floberis SemoqmedebaSi. TviT

teofil goties uSfoTveli esTetizmi gaugebaria moqalaqeobrivi

poziciiT ganmsWvaluli miuses lorencaCos gareSe, romelic,

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis miuxedavad, yvela mrwamsis romantikoss ar

stovebs gulgrils (Mitterand 1988:334).

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, franguli romantizmi mWidro kavSirs

inarCunebda klasicizmTan, ganmanaTleblobasa da realizmTan. imis

miuxedavad, rom es mimdinareobebi racionalistur, realobis obieqtur

asaxvaze dafuZnebuli mimdinareobebi iyo, maTi gavlena frangul

romantizmze germanul romantizmze idealisturi filosofiis gavlenas

utoldeboda. XIX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebSi, safrangeTis

20

literaturuli cxovrebis mZlavr komponents realizmi wamoadgenda

(al. de miuse, J. sandi, v. hiugo). amasTanaa dakavSirebuli is faqtic, rom

yovelive fantastikuri da irealuri mcired rols TamaSobda frangi

romantikosebis SemoqmedebaSi. mogvianebiT, fantastikuri S. nodies,

t. gotiesa da J. de nervalis nawarmoebebSi hpovebs ganviTarebas

(Mitterand 1988 :281). fantastikuri da warmosaxviTi, genetikurad, germanul

romantizms ukavSirdeba da frangul literaturaSi xSirad ironiul

xasiaTs iZenes. franguli romantizmisTvis religiur simbolikasTan

dakavSirebuli miTosurobac naklebadaa gamoxatuli. Ffranguli

romantizmis wiaRSi, qristianobis apologetad Tavidanve r. de

Satobriani iyo miCneuli. religia did rols TamaSobs lamartinis

poeziaSic, magram religiuroba, orive SemTxvevaSi, gandegilobasa da

Tavganwirvas rodi gulisxmobs: igi ufro esTetikuri an politikuri

miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba, rogorc filosofiuri da sazogadoebr-

politikuri xatovani forma (al. de lamartinis ,,angelozis dacema’’)

(Mitterand 1988:183).

rogorc avRniSneT, XIX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebi, franguli

romantizmis mwvervalad aris miCneuli. frang romantikosTa Semoqmedeba

romantizmis qristianuli religiis Sesaxeb doqtrinas exmianeba da

sasowarkveTilTa da miusafarTa religiad iqceva. sakmarisia gavixsenoT

qristianuli motivebis mniSvneloba v. hiugos, J. sandis da al. de

lamartinis SemoqmedebaSi. amave dros, franguli romantizmi interesdeba

aRmosavluri religiebiT, ezoTerizmiT, spiritualizmiTa da

iluminizmiT. Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi Tavs iCens

kosmopolitikuri da qristianuli orTodoqsiisgan Sorsmdgomi

esTetikuri koncefcia.

romantizmis xangrZlivoba sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens. amis

Sesaxeb mecnerTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs. Zneli dasadgenia,

rodis uTmobs adgils romantizmi realizms, gansakuTrebiT _ franguli

romantizmis SemTxevvaSi. es sadavo sakiTxia iseve, rogorc romantizmis

gavlenis sakiTxi realizmsa da simbolizmze. hainrix haine werda, rom

yvela eri davalebulia franguli revoluciiT, kerZod _ germaneli,

magram Tavad frangebs ,,ar ecalaT’’, radgan axali safangeTis

aRmSeneblobiT iyvnen dakavebulni (Зарубужная ...1990:129). bevri Tvlis,

21

rom saman viqtor hiugo cocxali iyo, safrangeTSi romantizmi iyo

gamefebuli (Карельский 1992:II). erTi ram cxadia, romantizmis aRzeveba

safrangeTSi XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi iwyeba, im dros samoRvaweo

asparezze e.w. ,,umcrosi romantikosebi’’ gamovidnen (t. gotie, J. de

nervali). romantizmis gamoZaxili udaod didia XIX da XX saukuneebis

gasayarze warmoqmnil neorealizmsa da siurrealizmzec.

franguli romantizmis Taviseburebebs SesaniSnavi ortomeuli

miuZrvna literaturis istoriis specialistma _ pol beniSum (1908-

2001ww). franguli romantizmis ganviTarebis Taviseburebas igi im

periods ukavSirebs, romelic frangulma sazogadoebam ganvlo da

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs iluminizms _ religiur-mistikuri

xasiaTis filosofiur mimdinareobas, romlis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen

lui-klod de sen-marteni (1743-1804ww), martines de paskali (1727-1774ww)

da emanuel svedenborgi (1688-1772ww). mecnieri kontrrevoluciis

romantizmze gavlenis Sesaxeb saubrobs, romelic brumeriT ( 22/X-20 XI)

iwyeba da restavraciis bolo wlebiT mTavrdeba (Bénichou 1996 :93).

xelovnebisa da xelovanis damiSnuleba, romelic exmianeba im periodis

liberalur tendenciebs, religiis da misi rolis axleburi gaazreba,

neokaTolicizmi, romelic S. furies socialur utopiasTan

Tanaarsebobs da moicavs gzas, romelic sazogadoebam mecnieruli

utopiidan demokratiamde ganvlo _ yvelaferma aman ,,diadi Taobis’’

Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli (Bénichou 1996 : 751). frangebisTvis, mtkivneuli

Sedegebis miuxedavad, revolucia optimizmis simbolo iyo (Bénichou 1996 :

445). romantizmi im qartexilebiT aRsavse epoqas asaxavs. pol beniSus

azriT, aman gansakuTrebiT 1830-1848 wlebSi iCena Tavi (Bénichou 1996 : 446).

romantizmis yvela zemoxsenebuli tendencia aisaxa frangi

mwerlisa da publicistis _ Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi.

22

I. II. Jerar de nervali da Jerar labruni

x.l. borxesi wers: ,,mweralma marto SemoqmedebiT ki ara, Tavisi

cxovrebiTac unda mogxiblos’’. es sityvebi namdvilad esadageba Jerar

de nervals, romlisTvis Semoqmedeba cxovrebisgan ganuyofeli iyo,

xolo cxovreba – Semoqmedebisgan.

Jerar labruni 1808 wlis 22 maiss parizSi daibada, mamamisi

samxedro eqimi gaxldaT. mwerlis deda _ mari-antuaneta-margerit

lorani, parizeli komersantis _ linger loranis qaliSvili, romelic

parizis erT-erT uZveles quCaze (kokieris quCa _ rue de Coquillère)

cxovrobda. dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ori wlis Jerari biZamisTan,

valuas uZveles mxareSi izrdeboda. mama pirvelad Svidi wlis asakSi

naxa. Tavis mogonebebSi, aleqsandre diuma momavali mwerlis mamasTan

Sexvedras aRwers: udardeli, sofelSi gazrdili biWuna masTan

miaxlovebulma samma samxedrom daafrTxo. erT-erTma magra Caikra

gulSi. ,,mama, mtken’’ _ uTxra biWma, misi mklavebidan ganTavisuflda da

gaiqca (Dumas 1990 :46). A

1814 wlidan moyolebuli Jerari mamasTan, etien labrunisTan erTad

parizSi cxovrobda da zafxulobiT xan montefontenSi, xanac

deduleTs, valuas stumrobda. sazRvargareT mogzaurobis msgavsad,

mwerali parizSic xSirad icvlida binas. monmartrze 1846 wels

dasaxlda, Sato bruialSi, Jirardonis quCis dasawyisSi. JorJ sandis,

viqtor hugos, alfons de lamartinis da alfred de viniisgan

gansxvavebiT nervals arasdros hqonia sakuTari saxli. igi daibada sen

martenis quCis 96 nomerSi. mas Semdeg, rac misi mSoblebi napoleonis

jarTan erTad germaniaSi gaemgzavrnen, Jerari luaziSi, biZasTan

gaamweses. Sarl bodleris msgavsad, nervali parizSi daibada da

gardaicvala, magram guli safrangeTis CrdiloeTisken miuwevda (Milner,

Pichois 1989: 371). dedis sikvdilis Semdeg (1810 wels), nervali biZamisTan,

antuan buSes saxlSi gadavida sacxovreblad, romelic montefontenSi,

ermenonvilTan axlos mdebareobda. Wabukobisas, nervali ermenonvilSi,

Jan-Jak rusos saflavze xSirad midioda. swored mSobliuri kuTxis

siyvarulSi unda veZioT nervalis ,,magiuri georafiis’’ fesvebi

(Jean1989:18). dRes biZis saxli da mis siaxloves mdebare anri IV -is

23

droindeli sasaxle, romelic nervalis nawarmoebebSi xSirad aris

asaxuli, aRar arsebobs. 1834 wels, nervali arsen usesTan erTad

parizSi, dRevandeli karuselis moedanze cxovrobda (1835 bozari quCa

#5); 1840-1841 wlebSi, teofil gotieTan erTad navarinis quCis #14 (Jean

1989 : 19).

mamas Svilis momavali saeqimo saqmesTan dakavSirebuli esaxeboda.

nervali samedicino saqmianobas eufleboda, bakalavris statusic

mieniWa da eqimi labrunis asistentadac muSaobda. momavali mwerali

saeqimo saqmianobas mamis gverdiT maSinac agrZelebda, rodesac parizSi

qoleris epidemiam ifeTqa, magram, sabolood, GJerar labrunim mwerloba

arCia (Milner, Pichois1985:372).

1841 wels nervals pirveli nervuli krizi daemarTa. igi emil

blanSis klinikaSi mkurnalobda, romelic gi de mopasanis eqimic

gaxldaT. Semdeg mkurnaloba eqimis vaJiSvilis klinikaSi gaagrZela.

mkurnaloba xSirad xangrZlivi iyo da nervals didi xniT eqimebis

zedamxedvelobis qveS uwevda yofna. mama-Svili blanSebis klinikaSi

nervali 1841-1855 wlamde, anu sikvdilamde mkurnalobda, norvinis quCa

#22-Si. monmartrze, blanSebis klinikaSi, romelic nervals Tavis

nawarmoebSi xSirad aqvs aRwerili, dRes kerZo sastumroa ganlagebuli.

m. fuko werda: ,,sigiJe aris gaSiSvlebuli simarTle adamianis

Sesaxeb, sakuTari Tavis meore mxridan danaxvis da Secnobis

saSualeba’’ (M.Foucault 1964 : 11-12). Jerar labrunic Tavis mdgomareobas

rogorc eqimi akvirdeboda da ikvlevda (Dumas 1990 : 260).

nervalis avadmyofobam mwerlis cxovrebas daRi daasva: Semoqmedisa

da realobis dapirispirebas avadmyofobiT gamowveuli pirovnebis

gaorebac daemata: megobrebis wreSi nervali mourideblad acxadebda

Tavisi oreulis arsebobis Sesaxeb (Dumas 1990 : 267). Jerar labruni Jerar

de nervalad gardaisaxa da parizSi, XIX saukunebSi, ori sxvadasxva

pirovneba daiareboda.

rodesac nervals avadmyofobis pirvelma simptomma iCina Tavi,

mwerali sazogadoebas Tavs ar aridebda, piriqiT, megobrebis

siyvarulisa da pativicemis damsaxurebas cdilobda. igi iZulebuli iyo

eTamaSa, gaxleCiliyo Tavis ubedurebasa da misTvis naklebad Rirebul

24

da mniSvnelobis mqone, magram esoden aucilebel sazogadoebriv

cxovrebas Soris. es gaoreba romantikosTa esTetikisTvis ucxo ar

aris. igi nervalis nawarmoebebSi aisaxa, magram iq, sadac nervalis

gmirebi gamarjvebas zeimoben, mwerali marcxdeba.

nervalis megobarTa Soris im epoqis bevri gamoCenili adamiani iyo:

diuma-mama, arsen use _ Comedie francaise-is direqtori, teofil gotie,

JorJ sandi da misi vaJi, mxatvari selesten nantei, aselino . . .

kritikosma da mweralma _ Jul Janenma (Jules Janin -1804-1874) SesaniSnavad

daaxasiaTaAnervali: ,,gamoRviZebuli mTvlemare’’ (Le rêveur éveillé).

nervals Tavis avadmyofobaze saubari ar uyvarda. amis Sesaxeb Tavis

keTilismsurvelebsac ekamaTeboda, magaliTad krebulis _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’, winasityvaobaSi, man Tavis megobarze _ aleqsandre

diumaze gabrazeba ver damala (Nerval 1994 :71). nervalis Tavisi

avadmyofobis ugulebelyofa da amiT misi damarcxeba hqonda mizanad

dasaxuli. mwerlis nawarmoebebis mkvlevarebi misi Semoqmedebis meore

periodis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb saubroben, kamaToben da cdiloben

erT kiTxvas upasuxon: nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, ra aris es? esei

SeSlilobis Sesaxeb, Tu SeSlilis esei.

1853 wlis 27 noembers, Jan-batist diublanisadmi miwerili werilSi,

nervali Tavis avadmyofobas kritikul asaks abralebs da misi daZlevis

imeds ar hkargavs. avadmyofobis Sesaxeb gulaxdil saubars, nervali

ganuyrel megobrebTanac aridebda Tavs. mis megobarTa Soris iyvnen

artistuli wris, ,,galanturi bohemis’’ warmomadgenlebi: teofil gotie,

arsen use, Jan de senieri, kamil roJie, Jozef buSari . . . swored am

periodis udardel cxovrebas eZRvneba poeturi krebuli _ ,,galanturi

bohema’’. yvelaze gulwrfeli labruni teofil gotiesTan iyo,

romelTanac jer kidev liceumis droidan megobrobda. egviptedan

nervali mas werlebs ugzavnis da amSvidebs, radgan Tavis janmrTelobis

mdgomareobas dadebiTad afasebs (1843 wlis maisi). amave dros, madam de

Jirardenisadmi miweril werilSi, momaval mkurnalobas zizRiTa da

SiSiT moixseniebs (1843 wlis aprili).

megobarTaA Soris aleqsandre diumac iyo, romelTan erTad nervali

piesebs werda. 1837 wels dramis, ,,pikiios’’, warumatebeli dadgmisa da

germaniaSi erTad gatarebuli dros Semdeg, nervalma, amave wlis

25

dekemberSi, diumas axalgazrda istoriis maswavlebeli _ ogiust make

(Auguste Maquet-1813-1888), warudgina. swored makesTan TanamSromloba

gaxdeba, manamde Teatraluri piesebiT cnobili diumas, popularobis

erT-erTi mizezi: make diumas momavali roman-felietonebis ZiriTad

qargas sTavazobda, romelsac diuma ostaturad aSalaSinebda. 1858 wels

makem saCivari Seitana diumas saxelze: igi misi saxelis dafiqsirebas

moiTxovda saqveynod cnobili romanebis garekanze, magram makem procesi

waago (Encyclopédie libre-Maquet).

nervali, romelic qalebis mimarT gansakuTrebulad faqizi

damokidebulebiT gamoirCeoda, msaxiobi ida ferieTi iyo gatarebuli.

gamWriaxma msaxiobma xelmocarul literators sami muSketeris

avtori anacvala. SesaZloa, nervali nawarmoebebSi qalis Ralatis,

kerZod, msaxiobi qalisadmi uimedo siyvarulis Tema aramarto Jeni

kolonis siyvaruls, aramed madam diumasadmi mwerlis gauziarebel

grZnobasac ukavSirdeba. mogvianebiT, samkurnalo dawesebulebaSi yofnis

dros, nervali werilebs swored idas werda da Tavs sruliad

gamojansaRebulad aCvenebda. diumam da nervalma ida feriesTvis Seqmnes

piesa saxelwodebiT _ ,,alqimikosi’’, romelic 1839 wels daidga.

nervals arsen uses meuRlesTanac hqonda mimowera. 1852 wels,

megobris meuRlis gardacvaleba mwerliTvis tragediad iqca. nervalis

cxovrebis es epizodi aseve aisaxa mis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

(saqorwino beWdis epizodi).

erTxel, morigi krizis dros, nervalma Seityo, rom literaturul

wreebSi misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen. ganawyenebuli da

imedgacruebuli, igi klinikidan Tavis megobrebsa da nacnobebs Woris

Sesaxeb werilebs swerda da periodul presaSic ki gamoaqveyna Tavisi

guliswyroma (Dumas1990 : 238). arsen usesadmi miweril werilSi, mwerali

J. Janenis statiaze gabrazebiT saubrobs. Janenma, nervalis fsiqiatriul

klinikaSi mkurnalobis dros gamoaqveyna statia, sadac nervali

,,gardacvlilad’’ moixsenia. amas ,,Revue Francaise’’-is redaqtorTan _

feliqs bonerTan, miwerili werili mohyva, sadac nervali yvela

msurvels Tavis dakrZalvaze epatiJeba. yvelaferi imiT dasrulda, rom

26

mweralma Tavi unikalur pirovnebad CaTvala, romelsac sakuTar

dakrZalvaze daswrebis saSualeba mieca (Jean 1989:95).

XIX saukuneSi, fsiqiatriul klinikebSi, eqsperimentuli

fsiqologiis gamoyeneba avadmyofebSi SemoqmedebiTi potencialis

gamomJRavnebiT xdeboda. blanSebis klinikaSi nervals werisa da xatvis

saSualebas aZlevdnen, magram mwerali mainc mkurnalTa tyveobaSi

imyofeboda da maTi nebarTvis gareSe klinikis datoveba ar SeeZlo.

mwerali nebarTvas sazRvargareT gamgzavrebisTvisac iRebda. nervali

bevrs mogzaurobda: germaniaSi, belgiasa da avstriaSi, italiaSi da

aRmosavleTSi mogzaurobas samwerlobo da Jurnalistur saqmianobas

uTavsebda. Tavisi aRmosavluri STabeWdilebebis Sesaxeb nervali

ortomeulSi _ ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’ _ mogviTxrobs (Nerval 1980).

ormocdaaTian wlebSic mwerali bevrs mogzaurobda da janmrTelobis

mdgomareobis gamo ferenc lists xSirad ewuwuneboda. 1854 wlis 23

ivniss miweril werilSi, igi ferenc lists Tavisi samSoblos genias

uwodebs, romlisTvis siSmage geniosis ganuyreli Tanamgzavria. aseTi

gulRiaoba imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom kompozitori im seniT

itanjeboda, ramac nervals sicocxle mouswrafa.

nervali baron osmanis rekonstuqciamdeli parizis erTguli

amsaxvelia. Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis garda, nervali literaturul

qmnilebebSic iyenebda epizodebs Tavisi cxovrebidan. mas parizi da misi

gareubnebi ise hqonda gaTavisebuli, rom Tavis mxatvrul-

literaturul teqstebSi gaseirnebebis STabeWdilebebs didi adgili

miuCina. misi sicocxlis ukanaskneli wuTebic Semoqmedis artistul

qmnilebas, dadgmul warmodgenas waagavs: simboluria, rom Tavis

CamoxrCoba mweralma im quCaze gadawyvita, saidanac iwyeba moqmedeba mis

cnobil nawarmoebSi _ ,,orelia’’ (Nerval 1984:9).

Jerar de nervali literaturuli saqmianobidan aRebuli

honorarebiT irCenda Tavs. klinikebSi mkurnaloba Zviri ujdeboda,

amitom mwerali bevrs muSaobda da Tavisi nawerebis gamoqveynebas

Cqarobda. 1853 wels, nervali iZulebuli Seiqna swrafad gamoeqveynebina

novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’. bevri mkvlevari krebulis

kompoziciur Taviseburebas am siCqariT xsnis (Milner, Pichois1985:143). amave

wlis oqtombris TveSi, eJen standlerisadmi miweril werilSi, nervali,

27

dafarvis gareSe, Tavis fizikur gadaRlilobas da uunarobas uCivis,

magram Tavis gamomcemels, ferdinand sartoriuss, 1854 wlis 14

oqomberis weriliT mZime krizis daZlevas axarebs: gamomcemelze didad

iyo damokidebuli narkvevis _ ,,gaseirnebebi da mogonebebi’’, da

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, bedi.

fsiqikur aSlilobas nervali ,,mistikur gons’’ uwodebda. erT-erT

Tavis werilSi nervali aRiarebs: ,,rogorc ki gamovjanmrTeldi,

yvelaferi gauferulda da xibli dakarga; yvela genialuri idea

gauCinarda da gaqra poeziac, romelic amden xans CemSi budobda’’ (Nerval

1994: 71).

Jerari mkurnalobiT ukmayofilo iyo da eqimebs policielebs

adarebda, romlebic adamianis sulis nacvlad mis sxeuls mkurnaloben.

policielebisa da eqimebis Sedarebamac Tavi iCina nervalis bolo

nawarmoebSi (samxedroebis mier mTxrobelis dakaveba da misi

saavadmyofoSi gadayvana). Tanamedrove fsiqiatriisgan gansxvavebiT, XIX

saukuneSi eqimebi pacientebis dakvirvebebiT Semoifarglebodnen, maT

moTminebiT epyrobodnenAda, didsulovnebis niSnad, xelovnebiT

gatacebis uflebas aZlevdnen. naxatebisa da nawerebis saSualebiT,

eqimebi pacientis mdgomareobas akvirdebodnen. es epizodi asaxulia

nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’. zogierT fsiqiatriul

dawesebulebaSi, samkurnalo saSualebad narkotikul nivTierebebs

iyenebdnen. es nivTierebebi halucinaciebs iwvevda. moTxrobis,

,,orelias’’, TiTqmis naxevari mTxrobelis halucinaciebs ukavia.

mkurnalobis es meTodic asaxulia nawarmoebis bolos.

1852 wels, nervali Tavis cnobil novelas _ ,,silvis’’, aqveynebs,

romlis Sesaxebac italieli mecnieri da mwerali _ umberto eko wers:

,,ukve oci welia, rac am novelas vikvlev da misi yoveli wakiTxvis

Semdeg ufro mets vigeb, vidre manamde vicodi’’ (Эко 2002: 48). amave

periodSi nervali muSaobas asrulebs beletristul naSromze _P,,bohemis

patara sasaxleebi’’ (,,Petits Château de Bohême’’), romelic erTi wlis Semdeg

qveyndeba.

droebiT warmatebas mciredi finansuri anazRaurebac mohyva, Tumca,

janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, nervali iZulebuli Seiqna Tanxa eqim

blanSis kerZo klinikaSi daetovebina, sadac sami Tve (1854 wlis

28

agvisto, seqtemberi da oqtomberi) gaatara. iqidan gamosuls aRaraferi

ebada. swored es periodi aqvs asaxuli nervals Tavis mSvenier

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

1852 wlis ianvarSi, nervalma dubuas municipalur saavadmyofoSi

ganagrZo mkurnaloba, radgan kerZo klinikis mkurnalobis safasurs

veRar ixdida. avadmyofoba mas Tavis saqmianobaSi xels ar uSlida.

eqimebisgan waxalisebuli nervali jer asrulebs da Semdeg aqveynebs

mogonebebs, saxelwodebiT _ ,,gaseirnebebi da mogonebebi’’ (,,Promenades et

Souvenis’’), Semdeg narkvevs _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’ (,,Les nuits d’octobre’’).

1854 wels mwerali gamoscems Tavis yvelaze cnobil novelaTa

krebuls _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’. masSi gaerTianebulia novelebi da

zRaprebi. krebuli nervalis yvelaze axlo megobris, aleqsandre diumas

daxmarebiT gamoica.

erT dRes, Lla libertes (La Liberté) redaqtori cnobil fotografs,

etien Sarli gaspar-feliqs turnaSons (1820-1910), igive nadars ewvia.

nervalis skvdilidan oc welze meti iyo gasuli. redaqtorma

fotografiis patriarqs nervalze hkiTxa. misi interviu Mercure de France-

is 1908 wlis pirveli aprilis nomerSi gamoqveynda, nadaris sikvdilamde

ori wliT adre (Mercure # 256, T. LXXII). nadarma upasuxa, rom nervali

bavSviviT gulubryvilo, Zalian saTno da keTilmosurne adamiani iyo,

romelmac siamayis gamo moikla Tavi; siamayis, radgan yvelas igi ukve

gardacvlili egona.

nadaris sitvebiT, nervali sicocxlis ukanasknel periodSi Zalian

nerviulobda, rom veRafers qmnida. Ggardacvalebamde ramdenime saaTiT

adre, nervali aselinosTan imitom mivida, rom samkiTxvelos bileTis

fuli esesxa. rodesac samkiTxveloSi, romelSic mwerali manamde

yoveldRe dadioda, veraferi dawera, mSierma, kostumis amaram, zamTris

susxSi, parizis bnel da ukacriel quCaze CamoixrCo Tavi (Jean 1989:185).

sicocxlis bolos nervali deidasTan, parizSi saxlobda.

xelmokleobisa da avadmyofobis miuxedavad igi ,,kargad’’ iqceoda da

zedmetad aravis awuxebda. rodesac wera veRar SesZlo, nervalma

sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula. aleqsandre diuma igonebs im

dRes, rodesac arsen usesgan nervalis gardacvalebis ambavi Seityo. mas

29

policielma miakiTxa da ganyofilebaSi gvamis amosacnobad waiyvana.

sabralo megobris danaxvaze diumam fizikuri tkivili SeigrZno (Dumas

1990: 125). Tavdapirvelad, policiaSi nervalze parizis bnel quCaSi

Tavdasxmis versiac arsebobda. es mosazreba naklebad sarwmunoa, radgan

Silifad Cacmuli adamiani TavdamsxmelebisTvis arc Tu iseTi

momxibvleli msxverpli iqneboda. nervalis literaturuli saqmianoba

warmatebiT (man goeTes fausti Targmna), TviT goeTes aRiarebiT daiwyo

da usaxelod damTavrda.

nervalisa da misi naTesavebis usaxsrobis gamo, misi dakrZalvis

xarjebi megobrebma Tavis Tavze aiRes. teofil gotiem da marsel usem

nervalis piesebis Tanaavtors _ Jozf meris, finansur daxmarebaze uari

uTxres da mTeli xarji Tavad gaiRes. dakrZalvis ceremoniis win notr-

damSi paraklisis gadaxda da per la Sezze dakZalva 400 franki dajda.

marto arsen usem 380 franki gadaixada.

Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebas Zalian mWidro kavSiri aqvs Jerar

labrunis cxobrebasTan, igive _ Jerar de nervalis biografiasTan. amaSi

igi aleqsandre diumasac gamoutyda Tavisi cnobili novelebis

krebulis _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ _ winasityvaobaSi. mwerlis azriT,

arseboben mwerlebi, romelTa nawarmoebebi mwerlisa da personaJis

igiveobas asaxaven. nervali Tavs maT ricxvs miakuTvnebda (Nerval 1994:72).

30

II Tavi

Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebis Janruli identifikaciis

sakiTxisTvis

Zveli droidan dRemde, literaturuli nawarmoebis Janruli

idiferenciaciis sakiTxi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad rCeba.

istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, igi gansxvavebulad ganixileba da yovel

konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad, Taviseburi

midgoma da meTodologia iZebneba, Tumca aristoteles Teoria

literaturis sami Janris Sesaxeb _ lirikuli, epikuri da dramatuli

Janrebi _ dResac ar hkargavs Tavis aqtualobas (Wilaia 1984: 253).

m. baxtini werda, rom literaturuli Janri literaturis

ganviTarebis procesis SemoqmedebiTi maxsovrobaa, amitom Janrs am

ganviTarebis erTianobis da uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofis unari Seswevs

(Бахтин 1975:25).

bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

upriania Janris poetikis sakiTxebis Seswavla istorizmis poziciidan,

radgan nebismier JanrSi ,,maradiuli’’ ,,axlisgan’’ ganuyofelia, iseve

rogorc tradiciuli – novatorulisgan.

Janrebis sazRvrebis dadgenasTan erTad, literaturaTmcodneebi e.w.

qveJanrebis sazRvrebsa da farglebs ganixilaven (romani, balada,

tragedia). qveJanrebsac, Cveulebriv, Janrebad moixsenieben da maT

ramdenime saxeobas ganarCeven.

nebismieri Janri ganixileba rogorc Sinaarobriv-formaluri

kategoria. nawarmoebis struqtura istoriulad Camoyalibebul ideur-

esTetikur erTianobas warmoadgens, romlis formireba nawarmoebis

Janruli kuTvnilebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Janrebis konstruirebis

kanonzimierebebis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia nawarmoebebis

individualuri mxatvruli Rirebulebebis dadgena.

arsebobs erTmaneTisgan gansxavebuli da axlosmdgoni Janris

Teoriebi. Janruli identifikaciis sakiTxiT daintereseba Tavad

nervalis Semoqmedebis Taviseburebam ganapiroba. erTi mxriv, nervalis

nawarmoebebi tradiciuli novelis CarCoebs inarCunebs (mcire zoma,

Txrobis lakonuri stili, ZiriTadi siuJeturi qargis sworxazovneba),

31

magram nawarmoebebSi arsebuli ,,Senakadebi’’ mas moTxrobis, vrceli

moTxrobis, Tundac mcire zomis romanis Tvisebebs aniWebs.

nervalis Semoqmedebas gansakuTrebul xibls mis nawarmoebebTan

literaturuli da jadosnuri zRaprebis Serwymis mcdelobaEsZens. amave

dros, Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

fantastikur Janrs da mis mravalsaxeobas.

II. I. fantastikuri Janris istoriidan

,,fantastikuri’’ franguli sityvidan _ ,,fantastique’’_ aris nawarmoebi,

rac uCveulos niSnavs. etimologiurad es sityva laTinur sityvas _

,,fantasticus’’, ukavSirdeba, romelic berZnuli sityvidan – phantasticos, aris

warmoqmnili; es ukanaskneli ki _ sityvisgan _ ,,phantasma’’, anu

,,moCvenebebi’’. fantastika mxatvruli literaturis, kinematografiisaA da

saxviTi xelovnebis Janria, romlis esTetikur dominantas

fantastikuris, anu uCveulos kategoria warmoadgens, rac Cvens garSemo

arsebuli realobis CarCoebis da sazRvrebis reprezentaciis wesebis

ugulebelyofaSi gamoixateba. Tanamedrove, XXI saukunis xelovnebaSi

arsebobs fantastikis sami ZiriTadi Janri: samecniero fantastika,

fentezi da saSinelebaTa Janri.

fantastikuri Janris sawyisebi jer kidev post-miTosur da

folklorul cnobierebaSi unda veZioT, rac jadosnuri zRaprebis

arsebobas ukavSirdeba. fantastikis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

damoukidebel saxeobad Camoyalibeba misi folklorisgan gamoyofiT,

adamianis garSemo arsebuli empiriuli realobis miTosuri Semecnebis

uaryofiT iwyeba. samyaros pirvelyofiliEaRqma, uZvelesi

kosmologiuri miTebiT misi axsna realobis axlebur gagebas aRar

akmayofilebda. saWiro gaxda realobis gansxvavebuli ganmarteba, mis

mimarT damokidebulebis Secvla, amitomac uwodebs olga fraidenbergi

fantastikas ,,realizmis pirvel pirmSos’’ (Фрeиденберг1997: 3).

fantastikuri literaturis Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze, miTSi da

miTosur azrovnebaSi realizmi fantastikuri arsebebis SetaniT

imkvidrebs Tavs. mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi igi aisaxa iseTi RvaTebrivi

32

warmomavlobis arsebebis SeqmniT, romlebsac adamianisa da

cxovelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi gaaCndaT (kentavrebi, sfinqsebi..)

mogvianebiT, werilobiTi literaturuli tradiciis damkvidreba-

ganviTarebasTan erTad, safuZveli eyreba fantastikis iseT Janrebs,

rogoricaa utopia, Semdeg ki _ fantastikuri mogzauroba. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom homerosis odisea dasavleT-evropuli fantastikis pirveli

literaturuli nimuSia, Tumca miTosuri da mimesuri formebis pirvel

gacnobierebul nazavs aristofanes SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT, sadac

fantastikuri mogzauroba da utopia erTmaneTTan harmoniulad aris

SekavSirebuli da Sezavebuli.

elinistur-romaul epoqaSi, fantastika ganviTarebis axal, ufro

maRal safexurze gadadis. elinistur epoqaSi iqmneboda e.w.

fsevromogzauroba. nawarmobebis gmirebi dedamiwis sxvadasxava kuTxeSi

mogzaurobdnen da saucxoo Tavgadasavlebis monawileni xdebodnen

(antonius diogenes ,,saocari Tavgadasavlebi tules meore mxares’’).

zogjer, nawarmoebis personaJebi dedamiwis farglebs scildebodnen da

mis gareT mogzaurobdnen, magaliTad _ mTvareze. elinistur-romaul

epoqaSi Seqmnili fantastikuri Janris nawarmoebebSi fantastikuri

xSirad fonad gasdevs sinamdvilis socialur-pilitikur asaxvas da

sasiyvarulo ambebs. gamogonili personaJebis garda, avtorebi

nawarmoebebs istoriul pirebzec qmnidnen. sakmarisia gavixsnoT fsevdo

kalisfenes ambavi aleqsandre didisa, sadac kacobriobis udidesi

mxedarTmTavari goliaTebiT, jujebiTa da kaciWamiebiT dasaxlebul

gasaocari florisa da faunis mqone qveynebSi mogzaurobs, ebrZvis maT

da amarcxebs kidec (Dictionnaire...2001 :434).

fantastikis qveJanrebidan aucileblad unda gamovyoT romanebi,

sadac gardasaxva, personaJebis ierisa da maT mier sakuTari bunebis

saxecvla aris asaxuli, magaliTad apuleusis metamorfozebi, anu oqros

viri. es nawarmoebi literaturis istoriaSi damkvidrda rogorc

pirveli fantastikuri xasiaTis mxatvruli qmnileba adamianis sulisa

da sxeulis Sesaxeb. im epiqos erT-erTi pirveli utopiuri xasiaTis

nawarmoebia petroniusis satirikoni, sadac uSvilZirod darCenilTa

qalaqis _ kronosis, ambavia gadmocemuli. es nawarmoebi, fantastikuris

garda satirul xasiaTsac atarebs, rac SemdgomSi fransua rables

33

epopeaSi _ ,,gargantua da pantagrueli’’, da jonaTan sviftis ,,huliveris

mogzauroba’’-Sia gamoyenebuli da ganvrcobili. am qmnilebebSi,

satiruli fantastika naturalistur grotesks erwymis. fantastikuri

Janris istoriaSi komikuri elementi Semoaqvs lukianes sarwmuno ambavs,

romelSic, komikuri elferis gasamZafreblad, avtori ucnaur floras

da faunas aRwers.

II saukunis adreqristianul literaturaSi uxvadaa fantastikuri

tipis literaturuli nawarmoebebi, magaliTad klimentinebi.

nawarmoebis saxelwodeba mTavari personaJis _ klimnetis, saxels

ukavSirdeba. sxva moqmedi personaJebi realurad arsebuli istoriuli

Tu religiuri pirebi arian: petre mociquli, mogvi simeoni, Tumca maT

gverdiT, gamogonili, legendaruli gmirebic figurireben: umSvenieresi

elene. amave nawarmoebSi pirvelad Cndeba faustis saxe, romelic

Semdgom goeTes ukvdavi qmnilebiT imkvidrebs Tavs (Климентины 2002 :1).

V saukunidan moyolobuli, avtorTa yuradRebas yovelive uCveulo,

jadosnuri ipyrobs. amave periodSi safuZveli eyreba iseT Janrs

rogoricaa paradoqsografia. am Janris pirvel nimuSad iTvleba

tralieli flegontis gasaocari ambebi, sadac pirvelad gamoCnda

personaJi-moCveneba. Sua saukuneebSi (V_XI), fantastikuri literatura

ukana planze gadadis. fantastikis elementebi im epoqisTavis

damaxasiaTebel literaturul formebs erwymis. xdeba fantastikis

,,gamecnireba’’ _ ase axasiaTebs fantastikuri Janris Semdgmom etaps

frangi istorikosi, medievisti, totaluri istoriis koncefciis

erTguli, XIII saukunis dasavleT-evropis istoriis specialisti, wminda

lui IX da francisk asizelis biografiebis avtori _ Jak le gofi

(Jeacque Le Goff). am periodSi iqmneba wignebi, romlebSic gasaocari,

daujerebeli ambebia moTxrobili, e.w. ,,saocrebaTa wignebi’’: marko

polos mogzauroba, ser jon mandevilis Tavgadasavali. es ukanaskneli

imiT aris saintereso, rom misma avtorma (1357-1371) fsevdonimad Tavisi

wignis mTavari personaJis saxeli airCia (Jean de Mandeville).

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia raimon luliusis (Raymundus Lullius, Lulio _

1235-1315), katalonieli poetis, filosofosisa da misioneris, qaRaldis

wreebis meqanikuri logikuri manqanis Semqmnelis nawarmoebebs da

34

mosazrebebs (magaliTad, Ars Magna), romlebsac Semdgom hegelma mimarTa

Tavis SromebSi.

paradoqsografiac axal realobas moergo. paradoqsografia

rogorc damoukidebeli Janri, jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi arsebobda,

Tumca misi saxelwodeba literaturis istoriaSi mogvianebiT, germaneli

filolog-elinistis, anton vestermanis saSualebis damkvidrda. am Janrs

ganekuTvneba saocrebebis Sesaxeb ambebi, romelic aristoteles

miewereba; aseve varonis da ciceronis nawarmoebebi, romlebsac,

samwuxarod, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da maT Sesaxeb mxolod gadmocemiT

viciT. paradoqsografias profesoris, mwerlisa da ekonomistis, parizis

parlamentis wevris, politikis Sesaxeb mecnierebis fuZemdeblis _ Jan

bodenis (Jean Bodin-1529-1596) demonomania SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, romelic

bodenis saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis Sesaxeb Teoriaze aranakleb

popularuli iyo (Schneider 1985 :136). bodeni saxelmwifos mowyobis

optimalur formad absolutur monarqias miiCnevda, uaryofda

aristoteles mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo adamianis

bednierebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tumca Tavis literaturul

eqsperimentrebSi igi ufro Tamami aRmoCnda: jadoqrebis demonomaniaSi

man demonebis uRelqveS myofi adamianebis cxovreba aRwera. demonebis

an demonebiT Sepyrobili adamianebis Sesaxeb ambebi calke mdgar

qveJanrad aris gamoyofili. paradoqsografiis Janrs K nikola remis

Demonolatria-c miekuTvneba.

barokosa epoqaSi iqmneba avgustianeli beris _ hans ulrix megerpes

((1644-1709) _ abraham a santa-klaras HHeilsames Gemisch Gemasch. nawarmoebi

sqolastikis, mistikis da kaTolicizmis nazavia. nawarmoebSi

klerikalebi gaqilikebulni arian. abraham a santa-klaras mosazrebebi

f. Silerma gamoiyena Tavis valenStainis banakSi. imave epoqaSi, didi

popularobiT sargeblobda Jan-pier kamius sisxliani amfiTeatri

(L’Amphithéâtre sanglant), simon gelaris saucxoo ambebi (Histoires admirables),

antonio torkvemadas heqsameroni, fransua roses Theatrum tragicum.

paradoqsografiuli tradicia aisaxa fransua rables gargantuasa da

pantagruelSi, grimelshauzenis simplicisimusSi da jonaTan sviftis

guliveris mogzaurobaSi.

35

XII saukuneSi warmoiqmna e.w. jadosnuri zRaprebi, romlebSic

kelturi miTebi sagmiro eposis tradiciebs harmoniulad Seerwya.

sagmiro eposSi bevri jadosnuri personaJia, magaliTad, oberoni –

juja, iulius keisrisa da feria morganas Svili, romelic ciklis, guen

bordoselis personaJia (XII_XIV ss). oberonis saxe figurirebs uiliam

Seqspiris komediaSi _ ,,zafxulis Ramis sizmari’’. bevr fantastikur

elements vxvdebiT tristansa da izoldaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

fantastikuri elementebis arseboba Sua saukuneebis saraindo romanis

aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia (kretien de truas ,,parcifali’’ (1182)).

aRniSvnis Rirsia ingliseli gamomcemlisa da mwerlis, raindis, TeTri

da wiTeli vardebis omis monawilis, parlamentaris _ tomas meloris

(1417-1471) mefe arturze Seqmnili cikli. melorma cxovrebis bolo oci

weli cixeSi gaatara, sadac Seqmna kidec Tavisi literaturuli

qmnilebebi, maT Soris _ arturis sikvdili (1469).

saraindo romanSi jadosnuri realur samyarosTan Tanaarsebobs, igi

gasaocrad erwymis yofiTs. saraindo romani adamianis fantaziis

ukideganobaze, mis saucxoo masStabebze miuTiTebs. igi axali

fsiqotipis da zneobrivi kriteriumebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobas

warmoadgens, rac samyaros mowyobis Taobaze da am samyaroSi adamianis

daniSnulebaze eklesiis kanonikur warmodgenebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

fantastikuri literaturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi

ukavSirdeba monumentur-fantastikur tiloebs, romlebic istoriul-

epikur wanaZRvrebs moklebulni arian. sakmarisia davasaxeloT cnobili

humanistis, tito stocis naTesavis, gubernatoris, mateo-maria

boiardos (1441-1494) Seyvarebuli rolandi (Orlando innamorato), romelSic

avtorma mTlianad Secvala warmodgena sagmiro eposis gmiris, mamaci

meomris _ rolandis Sesaxeb: mis nawarmoebSi igi Seyvarebulia. erTiani

siuJeturi qargis ugulebelyofis miuxedavad, igi didi popularobiT

sargeblobda, radgan mkiTxvels karolingebis samefo karis raindebis

daujerebeli, gasaocari Tavgadasavlebi xiblavda. aqve unda gamovyoT

brwyinvale italieli poetis da dramaturgis, ludoviko ariostos

(Ludoviko Arioso, 1474-1533) ocdaxuTi wlis Sromis nayofi _ (1507-1532).

nawarmoebi warmoadgens tradiciuli, saraindo romanisa da sagmiro

eposis sinTezs. ariostom Seyvarebuli rolandis siuJeti ganavrco. mis

36

nawarmoebSi raindebi ara marto sarkinozebs, aramed urCxulebsac

ebrZvian. es Tema sxva sagmiro romanebSic damuSavda. ariostos asaxuli

movlenebis mimarT ironiul damoklidebulebas nawarmoebSi komikuri

elferi Seaqvs da wigns mkiTxvelisTvis momxibvlels xdis. SeSlili

rolandi didaqtikur xasiaTs ar atarebs da mas zneobrivi magaliTis

maCveneblis funqcia ar akisria.

aqve unda vaxsenoT XVI saukunis udidesi italieli poetis,

melanqolikis, Tavisi Tanamedroveebis mier daufasebeli mwerlis

torkvato tasos (Torquato Tasso – 1544-1595) ganTavisuflebuli ierusalimi

(1575), romelSic qristianebisa da mahmadianebis brZolaa aRwerili

pirveli jvarosnuli omis bolos. am nawarmoebSi fantastikuri

warmodgenilia eSmakis mociquli domaskos mefis saxiT, romelsac

alqaji aleqto da sxva boroti Zala da Winkebi exmarebian, amitom

eSmakis mier mojadovebuli saracini rainduli orTabrZolis wesebis

ver icavs. aRwerili egzotikuri peizaJi mxolod warmosaxvis nayofia:

taso aRwers tyes, romelic, axlo aRmosavleTis klimaturi

Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, realobaSi ar arsebobda.

aRniSvnis Rirsia ingliseli poetis, Seqspiris Tanamedroves, edmund

spenseris (Edmund Spenser -1552-1599) feriebis dedofali (1596). es

nawarmoebi adamianis Tormeti siqvelis alegoriuli gamoxatulebaa.

feriebis jadosnur qveyanaSi dedafali gloriana mbrZaneblobs,

romelic aravis unaxavs. dResaswaulze, romelic Tormeti dReE

grZeldeba, gloriana Tavis erTgul raindebs rTul da saxifaTo

davalebebis Sesrulebas sTxovs. edmund spenserma mxolod eqvsi wignis

dawera moaswro, sadac xotba Seasxa siwmindes, zomierebas, umwiklobas,

megobrobas, raindobas, simtkices. nawarmoebis personaJebi feriebi da

elfebi arian. SesaxedaobiT elfi raindisgan arafriT gamoirCeva.

feriebis dedofali saraido da sagmiro eposis mdidar tradiciebs

eyrdnoba. personaJebs Soris arian tristami (tristani), ufliswuli

arturi. nawarmoebSi uxvadaa jadosnuris atributic: jadoqari

merlinis sarke, romelSic meomari-qalwuli britomarTa Tavis

momaval satrfos _ artegals ixilavs. poemaSi istoriul aliuziebsac

vxvdebiT: sakmarisia vaxsenoT mariam stuarti, didi armada, anri

37

navareli; gakvriT aris miniSnebuli dedofali elisabedis da uolter

railis daSorebac.

franguli fantastikis SesaniSnav nimuSs warmodgens XII saukunis

cnobili alegoriuli poema, giom de lorisis da Jan de menis vadis

romani (Roman de la Rose). romanis 22 817 leqsidan pirveli 4669 XII

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aris dawerili. ormoci wlis Semdeg, 1279

wels, Jan de menma igi gaagrZela da ganavrco. giom de loriss Tavisi

qmnileba siyvarulis xotbad hqonda Cafiqrebuli. SeyvarebulTaAes

kodeqsi aristokratTa samagido wigni gaxldaT. mwerlis Semoqmedebaze

ovidiusma da kretien de truas romanebma didi gavlena iqonia.Mpoemis

personaJebi sxvadasxva abstraqtul cnebebs alegoriulad

ganasaxiereben: zrdiloba, safrTxe, SiSi, eWvi . . . Jan klopinelma, Jan

de menma sqolastikis ubadlo mcodnem, giom de lorisis nawarmoebs

enciklopediuri xasiaTi SesZina. misi kalmis qveS nawarmoebi

romantikuli xasiaTis intrigis da alegoriis nazavadD iqca.

klopinelma bunebis sxvadasxva movlenaze, adamianis grZnobebze saubari

scada, Seecada halucinaciebze yvelaferi moeTxro. romanSi

gaqilikebuli iyo mamakacis mxridan qalis mimarT platonuri siyvaruli

da morCileba. nawarmoebica da avtoric italiuri warmomavlobis

frangma poetma qalma, erT-erTma pirvelma feminisma _ qristin pizanelma

(Cristine de Pizane _ 1364-1430) kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara, Tumca maT

dasacavad bevma humanisma aRimaRla xma. MmaT Soris iyo erT-erTi

pirveli humanisti _ Jan de montreili. yvelafris miuxedavad, romani

didi popularobiT sargeblobda rogorc TanamedroveTa, aseve Semdgomi

epoqebis mkiTxvelTa Soris. amis dasturia romanis inglisur enaze

jefri Coseriseuli Targmani da kleman maros redaqtirebuli da

ganaxlebuli gamocema. orive nawili, maTi Tvisobrivi gansxvavebis

miuxedavad, jadosnuri alegoriis saxiTaa warmodgenli.

renesansis epoqaSi fantastika da jadosnuri adgils realistur

romans uTmobs. don kixotesa da gargantua da pantagruelSi

gaqilikebulia saraindo romanebi da Sua saukuneebis mxatvrul-

literaturuli gamosaxviTi saSulebebi. utopiis Janris ganviTarebis

mniSvnelovani etapic amave epoqas ukavSirdeba, rodesac utopia

fantastikuris CarCoebSi eqceva. amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT

38

Telemis saabatos epizodi gargantua da pantagruelSi: ironiiTa da

iumoriT daxatuli miwieri samoTxe irealuria, warmoudgeneli da,

aqedan gamomdinare _ fantastikuri.

utopiuri Janris erT-erTi fuZemdebelia romaul-kaTolikuri

eklesiis mier wmindanad aRiarebuli Tomas mori (Tomas More – 1478-1535),

inglisis mefis henri VIII – es kancleri. misi nawarmoebia oqros wigni.

tomas mori idealuri saxelmwifos da adamianTa Soris idealuri

urTierTobis models gvixatavs (1516). sityva _ ,,utopia’’, (kunZulis

saxelwodeba) idealuri saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis sinonimad

ixmara ingliselma mRvdelma _ samoel petCesma Tavis nawarmoebSi _

momlocveloba (Piligrimage).

cnobilma ingliselma mweral-fantastma da biologma, herbert

uelsma (1866-1946) kiTxvaze, Tu ras warmoadgens utopia, upasuxa: ,,utopia

es aris ocneba, saukeTeso momavlis imedi, adamianis ukeTesobisken

swrafva’’. nebismieri utopia imdenad aris fantastikuri, ramdenadac

masSi didia ukeTesobisken swrafva da ocneba. iqneba es eko Tu

teqnoutipia, antiutopia (anti-utopia an dystopia), romelic totalitaruli

saxelmwifos saSiSroebaze mogviTxrobs, an amerikeli sociologisa da

futuristis _ elvin tofleris (Alvin Toffler) zeindustriuli praqtopia.

aRniSvnis Rirsia italieli mweralis, tomaso kampanelas (Tomaso

Campanella 1568-1639 utopiuri socializmis koncefcia. kampanelam 27

weli cixeSi gaatara da ganTavisufleba mxolod kardinal riSelies

daxmarebiT SesZlo, romelmac kampanelas miRwevebis aRiarebis niSnad,

mas pensia dauniSna. kampanelas nawarmoebSi Civitas Solis (1602)

fantastikuri da realuri erTmaneTs erwymis. mwerali iseT

sazogadoebas gvixatavs, romelSic mbrZaneblobs metafizikosi. am

ukanasknels saxelmwifos samarTlian marTvelobaSi exmareba

Zalauflebis, sibrZnisa da siyvarulisgan Semdgari triumvirati.

utopiur saxelmwifoSi oTxsaaTiani samuSao dRea, romelic, komunizmis

damkvidrebasTan erTad, SeiZleba kidev Semcirdes. saxelmwifoSi

msuqanni da amxdarni uRldebian, rom qorwineba ufro harmoniuli

gamodges. utopiis qveJanrs miekuTvneba ingliseli filosofosis,

istorikosis da parlamentaris, empirizmis fuZemdeblis, adamianis

39

Zlevamosilebis mexotbis _ frensis bekonis (Francis Bacon – 1561-1626),

axali atlantida. nawarmoebi mkiTxvels socialur gardaqmnebs ar

sTavazobs, radgan kunZul benselemze arsebuli saxelmwifos wyoba im

periodis inglisis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobisgan TiTqmis ar

gansxvavdeba, Tumca mecnierebi TavianTi SromisTvis guluxvi,

ganaTlebuli mmarTvelis mier arian dafasebulni da TavianTi

miRwevebis gamo jildovdebian. axali atlantida teqnokratiuli

utopiaa: bekonma ukve XVI saukuneSi iwinaswarmetyvela teqnikis

imxanad daujerebeli iseTi miRwevebi rogoricaa wyalqveSa navi,

mikrofoni da telefoni.

miTologia da folklori yovelTvis iyo fantastikis uSreti

wyaro, Tumca arc bibliuri teqstebi axdendnen masze nakleb gavlenas.

ingliseli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis _ jon miltonis (John

Milton _ 1608-1674) dakarguli samoTxe (Paradise Lost-1667), erTi SexedviT

tradiciul fantastikad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tumca masSi bevria

uCveulo da saocari. nawarmoebis pirvel nawilSi moTxrobilia

damarcxebuli angelozis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis pandemoniums qmnis da

zecas emuqreba. swored demonis aseTi saxe iqca baironis demonizmis da

bevri romantikosis STagonebis wyarod. dakarguli samoTxe apokrifuli

demonologiis stilSia Seqmnili. misi personaJebi zebunebrivi arsebebi

arian. nawarmoebi alegoriul xasiaTs atarebs. bibliur siuJetebsa da

tradiciebze aRmocenebuli erovnuli motivebiT gajerebuli teqsti,

qristianuli fantastikis nimuSia. miltonis religiuri gamocxadebis

poetikam uiliam bleikis vizioneruli fantastikis Camoyalibeba da

ganviTareba ganapiroba.

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, barokosa da manierizmis epoqaSi

fantastikuri mxolod fonis rols asrulebda: mis mimarT interesi

daikarga, moxda fantastikuris esTetizacia, ramac jadosnuris,

zebunebrivis mniSvneloba daaknina. manierizms da barokos klasicizmi

Caenacvla. klasicizmisTvis ucxo iyo yovelive fantastikuri. XVII

saukunis bolos fantastikurma racionaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. im

periodis nawarmoebebSi iseT ambebis aRweren, romelTa axsna

SesaZlebeli iyo. am periods ganekuTvneba e.w. ,,tragikuli ambebi’’. aseTi

saxis nawarmoebSi aRwerilia Zaladoba, mkvlelobebi, demonebiT

40

Sepyrobili adamianebi. swored am epoqSi Caeyara safuZveli evropuli

literaturis erT-erT umniSvelovanes Janrs _ e.w. ,,Sav romans’’,

romelSic paradoqsografiis tradicia gamonagonTan aris Sezavebuli

(Schneider 1985 :120). ,,tragikuli ambebi’’ pier boetios saxels ukavSirdeba.

boetiom italiuridan Targmna italieli novelistis, domenikanelTa

ordenis wevris, mateo bandelos (Matteo Bandello-1185-1561) ramdenime

novela. safrangeTis mefis, anri II-is mefobis dros, bandelo aJanis

episkoposi iyo. samefo karTan mWidro kavSiris gamo, man didi roli

iTamaSa franguli renesansis ganviTarebaSi. bandelos 214 novela

CikviCentos epoqis sazogadoebas asaxavs. mwerali sentimentaluri

xasiaTis mqone siuJetebis didostati iyo, magram upiratesobas e.w.

,,sisxlian Janrs’’ aniWebda. bandelos erT-erTi novelis siuJeti uiliam

Seqspirma gamoiyena Tavisi romeo da julieta-sTvis: saswaulmoqmedi

sasmisi julietas ise daaZinebs, rom yvelas mkvdari hgonia. es

mniSvnelovani fantastikuri elementia realistur stilSi daweril

novelaSi. bandelos CanafiqriT, Seyvarebulebis TviTmkvleloba

nawarmoebs e.w. ,,sisxlian Janrs’’ miakuTvnebs. marteo bandelos

tradiciis gamgrZleblad safrangeTSi gvevlineba margarita navarelis

aRsazrdeli _ fransua de belfore (Francois de Belleforest) (Schneider

1985 :107). Seqspiri daniis ufliswulis ambavs swored misi

interpretaciiT gaecno.

imave periodSi, fransua de rose da Jan pier kamiu, episkoposi diu

bele (Du Belley) TavianTi nawarmoebebis Sesaqmnelad da maTTvis

damajereblobis misacemad kriminalur qronikas iyenebdnen. frangul

enaze servantesis samoZRvrebo novelebis mTargmneli, fransua de

roses (François de Rosset) Cveni drois tragikuli ambebi da novela _ ,,da-

Zmis tragikulisiYsiyvarulis uCveulo ambavi’’ (1614), mwerlis mfarvelis,

dedofali margos gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda.

romantizmis epoqaSi fantastika adamianis gaorebas ukavSirdeba.

,,wminda siSmage’’ yvela romantikosis STagonebis wyarod iqca. ienis

skolis warmomadgenlebisTvis fantastikuri legendebis da miTebis

samyaroSi SeRwevis tolfasi iyo. uCveulo, jadosnuri da fantastikuri

WeSmaritebis Ziebis sawindari gaxda, rac l. tikisa da novalisis

41

SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. romantikosTa haidelbergis skola fantastikuri

elementebiT avsebda siuJets, radgan mkiTxvels yovelive saidumlo da

amoucnobi ufro izidavda. romantikuli fantastika transformaciasa da

sinTezs e.a. hofmanis SemoqmedebaSi ganicdis: goTikuri romani (,,eSmakis

eleqsiri’’), zRapari (,,rwyilTa mbrZanebeli’’), feeriuli fantasmagoria

(,,princesa brambila’’) da realisturi vrceli moTxroba _ SesaniSnavad

Tanaarseboben germaneli romantikosis SemoqmedebiT palitraze (Schneider

1985 :151). inglisur romantizmSi goTikuri romanis tradiciebs

agrZelebs edgar alan po (,,eSerTa saxlis dacema’’).

franguli fantastikis fuZemdebelad aRiarebulia rokokos epoqis

frangi mwerali _ Jak kazoti (1715-1792). man dasavleT indoeTSi msaxuriT

sakmao dovlaTi daagrova imisTvis, rom parizis maxloblad udardelad

ecxovra da literaturul saqmianobas miscemoda. aRmosavluri

zRaprebiT monusxuli niWieri diletanti, kazoti pirvel frangul

literaturul-fantastikur zRaprebs qmnis (,,katis TaTi’’, ,,La patte de

Chat’’). manamde man ariostos nawarmoebebze Seqmnili parodiebiT gaiTqva

saxeli (1772 w.). kazoti misticizma da martinizma ise gaitaca, rom misi

cnobili mistikuri mimowera mwerlis dapatimrebis da, Semdeg,

sikvdiliT dasjis mizezi gaxda (1792 w. ). kazotis nawarmoebebs nervali

Sarl nodies saSualebiT gaecno: es ukanaslkneli, imxanad popularul

mwerals piradad icnobda. nervalis winasityvaobiT gamoqveynda kazotis

cnobili ,,Seyvarebuli eSmaki » (1845 w). SesaZloa es nawarmobi gaxda

nervalis fantastikuri novelis pirvelwyaro da axalgazrda mwerlis

iluminizmiT (svedenborgi, martinistebi) gatacebis mizezi (Искусство и

художник...1985:464).

Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebSi fantastikuri sinkretuli Janris

konstruirebisTvis gamoiyeneba. mis SemoqmedebaSi fantastika aris foni

da ara mizani. nervalis prozaSi erTmaneTs Seerwya yvela is Tviseba,

rac fantastikuri JanrisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: fantastikuri,

jadosnuri, utopisturi, demonur-apokrifuli. fantastikuri mis

novelebSi transformacias ganicdis, rac nawarmoebebis kompoziciis da

arqiteqtonikis mravalferovnebaSi vlindeba, amitom nervalis novelebis

kompoziciis Taviseburebebis Seswavla mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT.

42

II.II. JanrTa maravalferovneba Jerar de nervalis

SemoqmedebaSi

XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis, novelam, iseve rogorc sxva Janrma,

ganviTarebis didi da gangrZlivi gza ganvlo. v. tolmaCovis da

er. karelskis mosazrebiT, romantizmis epoqaSi warmoqmnilma

SemoqmedebiTma impulsebma XX saukuneSi evropuli kulturis

ganviTareba ganapirobes. es, garkveul wilad, ukavSirdeba

miToSemoqmedebas, axal miTologiis warmoqmnis mcdelobas, romelic fin

de sciècle da modernizmis epoqaSi iqna jerovnad dafasebuli.

romantizmis epoqis Janruli mravalferovneba epikuri Janris

ganviTarebas efuZneba. literaturuli zRaprebi Tu fantastikuri

novelebi romantizmis epoqis siuJeturi konstantebis (invariani)

SesaZlo variantebis mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. saavtoro

(literaturuli) zRapris da fantastikuri novelis Janri momxibvleli

iyo romantikuli msoflmxedvelobisTvis, pirvel rigSi, pirobiTobisa

da reglamentirebis ugulebelyofiT da Semecnebis procesis

dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis asaxvis SesaZleblobiT; Tu sxva

mimdinareobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia individis socializacia,

romantizmis esTetika TviTSemecnebas da TviTidentifikacias efuZneba.

es procesi romantikuli gmiris saxes qmnis, rasac yvelaze didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba romantizmis esTetikaSi.

novelis evoluciaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia aRorZinebam da

ganmanaTleblobis epoqam. aRorZinebis epoqaSi Camoyalibda humanizmis

msoflmxedveloba, romelmac Searyia saeklesio-feodaluri ierarqia,

gaanTavisufla adamiani Sua saukuneebis dogmatikis klanWebidan,

daamsxvria arsebuli, saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli

RirebulebaTa sistema da adamiani samyaros centrad aqcia. es

tendenciebi, rasakvirvelia, literaturaSic aisaxa. meore epoqa,

romelmac aseve didi gavlena iqonia novelis rogorc Janris

ganviTarebaze – ganmanaTleblobaa, romelmac adamianis gons Seasxa

xotba (Dictionnaire... 2001 :522).

adamianis da bunebis kavSiri, misi bedi, saqmianoba, cnobiereba,

sazodagoebasTan misi damokidebuleba, socialur-politikuri,

43

filosofiuri, zneobrivi sakiTxebi mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis

sagnad iqca, rac, istoriis calkeul etapze, Janruli tradiciebis

gardaqmnas iwvevda. XIX saukunis dasawyisis novela, misi Janruli

mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, am Janris sxva, adreuli nimuSebisgan

Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba. man lakonuroba da siuJetis dinamikac

dakarga. XIX saukunis novelebSi movlenebze mniSvnelovani Tavad

adamiani da pirovneba gaxda (Исскуство...1985:9). swored amitom,

romantizmis epoqis novelaSi adamianis cxovrebis fsiqologiur

aspeqtebs eniWeba upiratesoba: personaJi, moqmedi gmiri movlenaze

mniSvnelovani xdeba. nawarmoebis gmirmac ganicada transformacia:

moazrovne da mgrZnobiare, igi mSrali faqtebis samyaroSi aRar

cxovrobda, radgan misTvis sulieri samyaro gaxda mniSvnelovani.

adamianis msoflmxedveloba, cnobiereba da grZnobebi romantizmis

epoqis da mis warmomadgenelTa yuradRebis centSi moeqca (Dictionnaire

2001:737).

Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebs novelis, aseve mcire zomis romanis

niSnebic aqvs. es tendencia SeimCneva iseT nawarmoebebSi rogoricaa:

,,orelia’’, ,,anJeliki’’, ,,emili’’. rogorc novelaSi, yovel maTganSi

personaJTa raodenoba mcirea, yuradRebis centrSi erTi ZiriTadi

ambavia moqceuli, Tumca kvanZis gaxsna moulodnel xasiaTs ar atarebs.

patar-patara ambebi, romlebsac Sua saukuneebSi novelas uwodebdnen,

ori saxiT arsebobda: samoZRvrebo novelebis (exemplum) da canari, anu _

,,ixvis’’ saxiT. Sua saukuneebSi, kanaris, romelic sxvadasxva TavSesaqcev

ambavs gadmoscemda, mosaxleobas quCebSi usasyidlod urigdeboda.

nervali orive saxis noveliT iyo dainteresebuli: novela _ ,,anJeliki’’,

da masSi gadmocemuli ambavi axalgazrdebis Wkuis dasarigeblad

gamodgeba; rac Seexeba meore saxis novelebs (canari), mas nervali calke

Tavs uZRvnis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ (Нерваль 1985 : 87).

Jerer de nervalis novelebis krebulSi, novelebTan erTad

zRaprebic aris gaerTianebuli. TiToeul maTganSi homogenuri

samyaroebia asaxuli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, nervalis novelebSi,

SesaZloa erT konkretul ambavs ar gviTxroben, magram nawarmoebebis

fiqcionalur samyaroSi SesaZleblobaTa erTiani sistema moqmedebs.

44

krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, Semavali novelebi Tu zRaprebi

cal-calke, erTi Janris farglebSi ganicdian cvlilebas. krebulSi

mravali Janris nimuSia Tavmoyrili. krebulisgan gansxvavebiT,

mxatvrul-literaturuli teqsti saxelwodebiT _ ,,orelia”, met

Tavsatexs gviCens: igi moTxrobad, zogan novelad moixsenieba.

literaturul kritikaSi bevri mas literaturul zRaparsac uwodebs

(Jean 1964 :111). romanis zoma ganmsazRvrel faqtors ar warmoadgens,

amave dros nervalis nawarmoebi unda ganvasxvavoT biografiuli

xasiaTis naratiuli teqstisgan, iseve rogorc _ zRaprisgan, romelSic

jadosnuri ambavia gadmocemuli (Dictionnaire.. 2001:522). nervali

SesaniSnavad flobda literaturuli zRapris Seqmnis teqnikas.

sakmarisia gavixsenoT iseTi nawarmoebi rogoricaa _ ,,ganTiadis

dedoflis da sulTa mbrZaneblis, solomonis ambavi’’ (Nerval 1980:233).

Tavis mogonebebSi, aleqandre diuma wers, rom nervali, Wabukobidan

moyolebuli, sabas dedofalis saxiT iyo gatacebuli. mwerli iqve

dasZens, rom nervalis uiRblo siyvaruli sxva araferia, Tu ara

sakuTari cxovrebis zRaprad qcevis mcdeloba (Dumas1990:59).

nervalis novelebze, mis fantastikur JanrTan siaxloveze

saubrisas, mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia gamovyoT is faqti, rom novalisisgan

gansxvavebiT, romelsac erT nawarmoebSi aqvs gaerTianebuli realurica

da irealuric, rac fiqcionaluri samyaros kuTvnilebad aqcevs

istoriulad arsebuli sazogadoebis, konkretuli epoqis socialur-

ekonomikur wyobas da jadosnur samyaros, nervali gansvavebulad

qmedebs: dasawyisSi igi am or cnebas mijnavs (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’),

Semdeg ki _ Slis realursa da irealurs Soris arsebul sazRvrebs

(,,orelia’’). germaneli mwerlis gadawyvetilebas mis SemoqmedebaSi

groteskis elementebi Semoaqvs. nervalTan groteski minimumandea

dayvanili: mis mizans ar warmoadgens mkiTxvelis winaSe realobis

gaqilikeba. nervals surs gaakvirvos mkiTxveli, aCvenos da daarwmunos,

rom sulisSemxuTvel realobasTan erTad, warmosaxviTi, ocnebebis

mSvenieri samyaroc arsebobs, metic, mxolod es ukanasknelia Rirebuli.

nervali erT krebulad gamoscems sakuTriv novelebs (,,oqtavi’’,

anJeliki’’, ,,silvi’’, ,,emili’’), literaturul zRaprebs (,,mwvane urCxuli’’,

,,mojadovebuli xeli’’), jadosnur zRaprebs (,,Tevzebis dedofali’’),

45

fantastikur novelebs (,,eSmakis portreti’’), publicistur narkvevebs

(,,ixvis damajerebeli ambavi’’) da mogzauris Canaxatebs (,,oqtombris

Rameebi’’, ,,venis Tavgadasavlebi’’). igi cdilobs, erTmaneTisgan gamijnos

mcire epikuri teqstebi, rac Janrul aberacias ar iwvevs. Sesabamisad,

novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, literaturul zRaprebs

Tavisi adgili ukavia, sakuTriv novelebs ki _ Tavisi, Tumca maTi erT

krebulad gamocema eqperimentad unda aRviqvad. mogvianebiT, nervali

realursa da irealursac erT mxatvrul-literaturul teqstSi

moaqcevs. saubaria mis ukanasknel nawarmoebze, moTxrobaze _ ,,orelia’’.

novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, gaerTianebulia

zRapari _ ,,Tevzis dedofali’’. teqsti literaturuli zRaparis Janrs

ganekuTvneba. xismWreli Zmiswuls totebis mosatanad tyeSi gzavnida.

tyeSi biWuna meTevzis qaliSvils xvdeboda. patara gogona saaTobiT

idga wyalSi. mas gvelTevzebi ise ecodeboda, rom daWerisTanave

uSvebda. gogona yovel DdRe saxlSi xelcarieli brundeboda da

ufrosebis risxvas imsaxurebda. bavSvebi mxolod erT DdRes ar

xvdebodnen, rodesac meluzina Tevzad iqceoda da edas dedofali _

gedad. orives erTi da igive sizmari esizmreboda. boroti xismWrelis

damarcxebis Semdeg, gogona Tevzebis dedoflad, biWi ki _ tyis mefed

iqca (Nerval 1980:219). am ambavs, rogorc yvela zRapars, keTili

dasasruli aqvs. miTisgan gansxvavebiT, masSi ugulebelyofilia

sakraluri profanulis sasargeblod, mas ar gaaCnia ezoTeruli

xasiaTi, Tumca empiriuli sinamdvilis realisturi asaxva

damajereblobis efeqts qmnis da nawarmoebs arazRaprul prozasTan

aaxlovebs. literaturuli zRapariviT, nervalis teqsti didaqtikuri

xasiaTis matarebelia. igi novelistur zRaparsac uaxlovdeba, radgan

borotis damarcxeba istoriulad determinirebul droSi xdeba.

zRaprisTvis Cveuli keTili dasasrulis TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas

ipyrobs nervalis kidev erTi qmnileba _ ,,mwvane urCxuli’’. es nawarmoebi

Tavisi ironiuli xasiaTiT gamoirCeva. sardafSi sanaZleoze Casuli

jariskaci ubadlo Rvinos daigemovnebs. uecrad, sardafSi boTlebis

cekva-TamaSi atydeba. am gansacdels jariskaci fulis Sovnis mizniT ki

gauZlebs, magram qorwilisTvis naSovn fuls misTvis bedniereba ar

moaqvs: axalgazrda col-qmars saSineli urCxuli SeeZineba. ironia kidev

46

ufro mZafrdeba, rodesac mwerali urCxulis dabadebis mizezs ar

xsnis da mkiTxvels upasuxod tovebs. erTxelac, mwvane urCxuli qreba

da misi gaCenis, misi mSoblebis dawyevlis mizezic samudamod

amouxsneli rCeba. am nawarmoebSi, nervali sakuTriv zRapris CarCoebs

arRvevs da qmnis legendas mwvane saSineli arsebis Sesaxeb. nawarmoebSi

asaxuli istoriuli periodi, zRaprisTvis uCveulo dasasruli teqsts

zRaprisgan mijnavs, magram ambis racionaluri axsnis SesaZlebloba,

nawarmoebs uCveulos qveJanrs miakuTvnebs (Todorov: 1970:42).

ironia da satirac SesaniSnavad warmoCindeba narkvevSi _ ,,ixvis

damajerebeli ambavi’’. nawarmoebis inkipitidan moyolebuli, mwerali

sagonebelSi agdebs mkiTxvels: igi uecrad aRmoaCens, rom mas jadosnur

zRapars, miTs an legendas sulac ar sTavazoben. mkiTxvels molodinis

horizonti gaucruvdeba da swored amaSi mJRavndeba mwerlis ironia:

Jurnalistebi ,,ixvs’’ gasocar axal ambavs uwodeben (canari). rogorc

zemoT ukve avRniSneT, es tradicia Sua saukunebidan momdinareobs.

uecari aRmoCena mkiTxvels Soks hgvris. gasaocari, Znelad

dasajerebeli ambis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad Jurnalisti Tavs ar

iwuxebs: nervali dascinis 1850 wlis cenzuris kanons, romelic roman-

felietonebis (roman feuilleton) gamocemas krZalavda (Boyer 2001 : 34).

rac Seexeba moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’, igi nervalis SemoqmedebiTi

eqsperimentebis mwvervalia. mweralma masSi Tavi mouyara Tavis yvela

naazrevs, esTetikur koncefcias da msoflmxedvelobis Taviseburebas.

II. III. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, kompoziciis Taviseburebani

nebismieri Janri ganixileba rogorc nawarmoebis formalur-

kompoziciuri organizacia, amitom Txrobis principebi Janris

kanonzomierebebs unda emorCilebodes. romanze msjelobisas, m. baxtini

mas urTuless, mravalferovan mxatvrul-literaturul teqsts uwodebs

da imasac dasZens, rom romanis Camoyalibebis procesi dasrulebuli ar

aris. misi azriT, avtors romanSi priviligirebiuli pozicia ar ukavia,

igi diskursTa ierarqiazea mTlianad damokidebuli (Бахтин 1970: 112).

g. kosikovi eTanxmeba baxtinis mosazrebas, rom romani mxatvrul-

47

literaturuli samyaros ,,epikuri’’ erTianobis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda,

rac ,,idealur Rirebulebebze’’ orientirebuli gmiris da am

Rirebulebebis uarmyofel yofierebas Soris konfliqts efuZneba

(Косиков 1976:65). romanSi WeSmariteba gmiris pirovnul simarTleze,

samyaros aRqmis subieqturobazea agebuli. romani epikur Janrs

ganekuTvneba. tragediisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac aRweris sagnad iqceva

mxolod is, rac misi personaJebisTvis aris Rirebuli, romanSi piriqiT,

yuradRebas iqcevs is rac, TiTqos personaJis yuradRebis miRma rCeba,

amitom romanSi WeSmariteba ori rakursiT aris danaxuli: erTi

personaJi-gmiris, da meore _ avtoris, romelic pirvelis mcdelobas

iluzorulad miiCnevs. R. yaralaSvili aRniSnavs im faqts, rom

Tanamedrove dasavlur romanSi mZlavrobs subieqturi sawyisi da masSi

lirikuli potencialis momZlavreba SeimCneva. aseTi saxis romani

asaxavs samyaros mTxrobelis cnobierebaSi da ara samyaros TavisTavad.

Tanamedrove romanebSi introversiis midrekileba iCens Tavs, rac erTi

personaJis cxovrebaze koncentrirebaSi gamoixateba. aseTi tipis

romanebi ara socialur-panoramuli xasiTisaa, aramed _

,,centriskenuli’’. ar. Sopenhaueris azriT, romani xelovnebis formaa

da miT ufro maRali da keTilSobiluria igi, rac ufro metad iWreba

Sinagan cxovrebaSi da rac ufro naklebad warmoaCens gare realobas

(dasavleT evropis . . .1985 :125).

romanis mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis arakanonikuri forma,

romelic mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis, SesaZlebels qmnis nervalis

nawarmoebi _ ,,orelia’’, mcire zomis romanad CavTvaloT. amis garda,

nawarmoebi daumTavrebelia (,,orelias’’ meore nawili mwerlis

gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda), amitom sakmaod rTulia imaze

msjeloba, Tu ra saxes miiRebda nawarmoebi mwerals misi dasrulba rom

dascloda. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneboda, Txzulebis

kompoziciis Taviseburebis gansazRvra misi Janrobrivi identifikaciis

fonze, romelic orelias Sinaarsisa da formis Taviseburebebs

warmoaCenda.

nervalis mcire zomis romans Tu moTxrobas (,,orelia’’) axasiaTebs

,,daxuruloba’’, igi emijneba gare realobas (misi siuJetidan

gamomdinare), socialur-ekonomikur da istoriul sinamdviles, Tumca

48

masSi aisaxeba yvela is miRweva Tu mosazreba, romliTac esoden

mdidari iyo XIX saukune. nervalis nawarmoebs mcire zomis romans an

rusuli literaturis specifikur Janrs _ повесть (vrceli moTxroba)

mivamsgavsebdiT. mas epikuri struqturis gaxsniloba (erT invarianze

agebuli erTi mwerlis sxvadasxva nawarmoebi), romanul movlenaTa,

mxatvruli ssistemis elementebis Tavisebureba axasiaTebs.

arqiteqtonikis TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebi or nawils moicavs. amave

dros, naratul teqsts axlavs epiteqsti _ ,,Memorables” da e.w.

,,nawyvetebi oreliadan”. nawarmoebi nervalis sxva prozauli

qmnilebebisgan gansxavdeba, Tundac sayovelTaod cnobili novelebis

krebulisgan _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi”. nervalma krebuli ise aago, rom

masSi prozauli da lirikuli nawarmoebebi gaaerTiana (sonetebi _

,,qimerebi’’). Tu novelebis krebulSi Sedis sxvadasxva saxisa da Janris

prozauli qmnilebebi: jadosnuri zRaprebi, sakuTriv novelebi

(miuxedavad imisa, rom nervali arRvevs Janris Cveul sazRvrebs),

moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, yvela zemoxsenebuli Janris erTobliobas

warmoadgens.

moTxrobis siuJeturi qarga sworxazovan Txrobas efuZneba, anu

ambavi Txrobis momentTan mimarTebaSi retrospeqtulia da

qronologiuradaa gadmocemuli. Txrobis momenti mTeli nawarmoebis

manZilze mxolod erTxel icvleba: nawarmoebis meore nawilSi. teqstis

pirvel nawilSi Txrobis momenti ucvleli rCeba. ambavs samyaros da

sakuTari ,,me’’-s SecnobiT STagonebuli mTxrobeli gviambobs, romelic

ambis diegesisSi Tavad monawileobs. igi homodiegesuri mTxrobelia da

Txrobis dasrulebamde erTaderT naratorad rCeba, Tumca igi ambavs

ara rogorc yovlismcodne aramed, rogorc ubralo aRmwereli da

movlenebis amsaxveli gadmoscems (aq vlindeba nervalis mxatvrul-

literaturuli teqstebis aRwerilobiT teqstebTan miaxloebis

tendencia). Sesabamisad, saqme gvaqvs gare fokalizaciasTan (la focalisation

(Jouve 1997 : 181)). niSandoblivia, rom nawarmoebSi damajereblobis efeqti

mTxrobelis gaorebiT iqmneba: implicituri avtori Tavis SegrZnebebsa

da xilvebs afiqsirebs da, gaorebuli protagonistis arsebobis fonze,

subieqturi gancdebis maqsimalur obieqturobas aRwevs. nawarmoebSi

STambeWdavad aris warmoCenili mwerlis xedvis subieqturoba, rac

49

teqstSi homodiegesuri mTxrobelis arsebobas ukavSirdeba; meore mxriv,

gare fokalizaciis pirobebSi, igi realobisa da protagonistis

SegrZnebebisE mimarT distanciurobas inarCunebs da obieqturobis

iluzias qmnis.

nawarmoebSi, Txrobisas erTamaneTs realuri cxovrebis epizodebi

sizmrebs, zmanebebs da halucinaciebs enacvleba. nervalis nawarmoebebi,

kerZod _ ,,orelia’’, xSirad aris fsiqoanalizis obieqti. gaston

baSlari nervalis orelias labirinTs adarebs da dasZens, rom is

Tavgadasavali, romelsac mwerali asaxavs, misi mogzauroba

qvecnobieris labirinTSi, sxva araferia, Tu ara mtanjveli

koSmarebisgan mwerlis daRwevis mcdeloba: ,,nervalTan erTad Cvenc

Tavs sizmrisgan davixsniT da sicocxles davubrundebiT’’ _ askvnis

baSliari (Башляр 1990 : 39).

Tavad nervali, realurs da irealurs erTmaneTisgan ar ganarCevda:

,,vfiqrob, adamianis warmosaxvas iseTi araferi Seuqmnia, rac

SeuZlebelia’’ _ werda igi. moTxroba _,,orelia’’, nervalis cxovrebis

urTules periodSi iqmneboda: daavadebuli mwerali fsiqiatriul

klinikaSi mkurnalobda. realuri da irealuris monacvleoba, erTi

mxriv, romantizmis esTetikis erTgulebiT aixsneba: mxatvrul

nawarmoebSi paraleluri samyaroebis asaxva, realobis da warmosaxviTis

urTierTdapirispireba romantizmis esTetikisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli;

meore mxriv, nervalis nawarmoebSi asaxuli movlenebi da moTxrobis

struqtura mwerlis avadmyofobis mimdinareobas hgavs. Sesabamisad,

orelia avadmyofobis amsaxvel Canawerebad SeiZleba miviCnioT da es

ganvixiloT rogorc mxatvruli teqstis kompoziciis Tavisebureba. Tu

gavixsenebT Jerar de nervalis samedicino praqtikas, bunebrivad

miviCnevT, rom mwerlis sakuTar Tavze dakvirveba profesiuli

miswrafebebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.

Sizofrenia _ termini, romelic e. bleierma 1908 wels daamkvidra,

fsiqikur disfunqcias gulisxmobs, romlis drosac adamianebs realuris

aRqmis gauareseba aReniSnebaT, rac halucinaciebSi, iluziebis,

fsevdohalucinaciebsa da depersonalizaciaSi gamoixateba (Schizophrénie).

adamianebs eCvenebaT, rom nebismieri qmedeba avtomatur xasiaTs atarebs

da sxvaTa an maT mierve, sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg sruldeba.

50

yovelive amas emociuri disfunqcia da ipoqondriuli TviTanalizi

axlavs. Znelia, u. ekos ar daeTanxmo: mwerali nervali aRwers

labrunis avadmyofobas da Tavis dakvirvebebs literaturul formas

aZlevs (Эко 2006 : 68).

TiTqmis yvela niSani, romelic axasiaTebs SizofreniiT

daavadebuls, analogiuria imisa, rac nervalma moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

aRwera, magaliTad: naTesavebis mimarT Semcirebuli yuradReba. amas

uCivis misi gamzrdeli, rodesac mTxrobeli mas sizmarSi xedavs.

gamzrdeli sayvedurobs, rom igi Tavis mSoblebs naklebad dastiris,

vidre Tavis satrfos: ,,ase gulmxurvaled Seni mSoblebic ar

dagitiria’’ (,,Tu n’as pleuré tes vieux parents ausssi vivement’’ (Nerval 1985 :61)).

logikuria, rom am sityvebis Semdeg, mTxrobeli jer bavSvobas ixsenebs,

Semde ki _ mamis sanaxavad midis. danaSaulis grZnoba mTxrobels

sizmarSic ar tovebs: mTxrobelis winaSe winaprebis saxeebi erT wamSi

gaielveben. TiToeuli maTgani ferkmTaldeba da qreba: ,,isini xan

naTdebodnen, xanac _ ferkmTaldebodnen. gaielvebdnen da ukuniT RameSi

qrebodnen, rogorc gawyvetili krialosanis Tvlebi’’ (,,Elles défilaient,

s’éclairant, pâlissant et retombant dans la nuit comme les grains d’un chapelet dont le lien s’est

brisé’’ (Nerval 1985 :61)).

mTxrobeli Tavs damnaSaved satrfos winaSec grZnobs da Tvlis,

rom misi Rirsi ar aris. igi RmerTis winaSec damnaSavea, radgan gabeda

da samyaros saidumloebis wvdoma moisurva, amitomaa igi dawyevlili:

,,ra Cavidine? jadosnuri samyaros harmonia davarRvie . . . SeiZleba

amitomac damwyevles . . ‘’ (,,Qu’avais-je fait ? J’avais troublé l’harmonie de l’univers

magique où mon âme puisait la certitude d’une existence immortelle. J’étais maudit peut-être

pour avoir voulu percer un mystère redoutable en offensant la loi divine’’(Nerval 1985 : 48)).

sulierad avadmyofebis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba codvebis gamudmebuli

monaniebis survili da moTxovnilebaa. orelias gaxsenebaze mTxrobeli

muxlebze ecema da RmerTs patiebas sTxovs: ,,RmerTo Cemo, mapatieT!

Sevhyvire da muxlebze daveci’’ (,,Mon Dieu, Pardonnez ! écriai-je en me jettant à

genoux’’( Nerval 1985 :59)).

SizofreniiT davadebulebs, maTi rwmeniT, sakuTari azrebis

teleportacia SeuZliaT. isini grZnoben TiTqos viRac an raRac maT

azrebs akontrolebs (kandinski-klerambos simptomi). nervalis

51

nawarmoebSi aRwerilia erTi epizodi, rodesac mTxrobeli Tavis

momakvdav megobars saavadmyofoSi esaubreba: ,,Cven erTad vfiqrobT da

vocnebobT’’ (,,Nous pensons et rêvons ensemble’’ (Nerval 1985 :54)). nervali bevrgan

imeorebs: ,,megona, rom meubneboda’’, ,,momeCvena, rom miTxra’’, ,,misi

sityvebis azrs, mgoni, ver Cavwvdi’’ (,,Il me sempla qu’elle me disait – (Nerval

1985 :61)); ,,Je ne puis citer autre chose de cette conversation que j’ai peut-être mal entendue

ou mal comprise ‘’(Nerval 1985 :54)).

Tavisi gansakuTrebulobis dasamtkiceblad, avadmyofi wignebSi,

Jurnal-gazeTebSi eZiebs gzebs, niSnebs, romlebis mas saidumlo codnas

gaumxelen, radgan WeSmaritebis Secmobis maniakaluri survili

sakraluri codnis SeZenaSi gamoixateba da misticizmSi vlindeba:

,,kabalas ramdenime wigni Sevkribe da davewafe’’ (,,J’ai réuni quelques livres de

cabale. Je me plongeai dans cette études, et j’arrivai à me persuader que tout était vrai dans ce

qu’avais accumulé là-dessus l’esprit humain pendant des siècles’’(Nerval 1985 :52)).

suliT avadmyofebi sakuTar Tavs samyaros centrad miiCneven,

hgoniaT, rom samyaro maT garSemo brunavs. isini darwmunebulni arian,

rom samyaroSi, qaosis gamefebamde, adamiani iyo RmerTi, massaviT

Semoqmedi. moTxrobis mTxrobelis mtkicebiT, harmoniis damkvidrebis

SemTxvevaSi, adamians Tavisi RvTaebrivi warmomavlobac daubrundeba (,,Le

type commun des âmes humaines, dont chacune était à la fois homme et Dieu’’ (Nerval

1985 :53)).

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobels, iseve rogorc klinikis

mkvidrebs, esmis xmebi. fsevdohalucinaciis dros, realurisa da

ararsebuli xmebis garCevaa SesaZlebeli. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’,

protagonists gamoafxizlebs qalis yvirili. igi darwmunebulia, rom

xma cxadSi Caesma. mTxrobeli eWvobs, rom intonaciisa da tembris

mixedviT, xma gardacvlil satrfos ekuTvnis: ,,es cocxali adamianis xma

iyo, Tumca me masSi orelias xma amovicani’’ (orelia nawarmoebis am

epizodSi ukve gardacvlilia-n.q.) (,,C’était la voix d’une personne vivante, et

pourtant c’était pour moi la voix et l’accent d’Aurélia’’ (Nerval 1985 : 47)).

SizofreniiT daavdebulebs garSemo mtrebi elandebaT da

eCvenebaT, rom viRacas unda SeebrZolon. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’,

protagonisti uwyveti brZolisTvisaa mzad. pirveli misi mteri is

oreulia, romelic ,,motyuebiT’’ oreliaze daqorwinda: ,,Cems oreuls

52

elodnen, oreliasTan rom SeuRlebuliyo’’ (,,On enttendait mon double qui devait

épouser Aurélia’’ (Nerval 1985 :46)). megobrebma swored mTxrobelis oreuli

da ara Tavad mTxrobeli daixsnes cixidan: ,,Secdnen! Cems wasayvanad

movidnen da sxva gaanTavisufles’’ (,,Mais on se trompe! m’écriais-je, c’est moi

qu’ils sont venus chercher et c ‘est un autre qui sort !’’ Nerval 1985 :14)). nawarmoebis erT

epizodSi, protagonisti aRmosavleli ufliswuliviT Cacmul

axalgazrdas ebrZvis, romelic mas Zalian hgavs. sinamdvileSi,

ufliswuli misi aslia (Nerval 1985 :40). mTxrobels xSirad iaraRiT

emuqrebian. igive aRmosavleli ufliswuli tanisamosis qveS iaraRs

malavs, romelsac protagonistri mainc SeamCnevs: ,,xelSi gaurkveveli

iaraRi ekava’’ (,,Il portait à la main une arme dont je distinguais mal la forme’’ (Nerval

1985 :43)).

mTxrobeli ara marto halucinaciebsa da sizmrebSi ibrZvis. mas

realobaSic uwevs Cxubi: igi kliSis midamoebSi moCxubare muSebs da

policias aSvelebs. erT-erTi xilvis dros, mTxrobels eCveneba, TiTqos,

wminda estates eklesiasTan, armaniakebisa da burginionebis Cxubs

eswreba. (,,Je croyais s’élevaient autour de moi des fantômes des combattants . . ‘’ (Nerval

1985 :72.)).

sainteresoa erTi epizodi, sadac mTxrobeli sakuTar Tavs

napoleonTan aigivebs. fuas kafeSi igi acxadebs: Secdoma davuSvio.

mTxrobelis es gancxadeba yvelasTvis gaugebaria (,,J’ai fait une faute’’ (Nerval

1985 : 75)). sakuTar Tavze Seqmnil STabeWdilebas igi Tanxis

gadauxdelobis aRiarebiT gamoasworebs. sinamdvileSi, nervali

napoleonis Secdomebze miuTiTebs da ara fulis gadauxdelobaze.

a. diumas mogonebebis erTi epizodi imas mogviTxrobs, rom nervali

sakuTar Tavs napoleonTan aigivebda (Dumas1990 :162). napoleonis saxem

udidesi gavlena moaxdina XIX saukunis axalgazrdebis cnobierebaze.

nervalisTvis napoleoni iyo mesia, samyaros gadamrCeneli. Jiul

Janenisadmi miweril werils nervali awers: ,,G.Nap.’’, e. i. _ Jerar

napoleoni. nervalma napoleons oTxi sonetic miuZRvna (Benichou 2004 :

1760).N

SemoqmedebiTi potencialis mateba suliT daavadebulTa kidev

erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania, siTamame (imis Tqma, rasac sxva ver bedavs)

53

da gadametebuli religiurobac. survilis nawilobrivi dakargva

(hipobulia) da sruli dakargva (abulia), nervalis TviTmkvlelobis

mizezi SeiZleba gamxdariyo. nervalma Tavisive avadmyofobis aRweras

Zalzed kargad gaarTva YTavi: misi halucinaciebi, zmanebebi, sizmrebi da

realoba urTierTkavSirSia. realurs da irealurs Soris kavSiri

mxolod nawarmoebis fiqcionalur samyaroSi iZens mniSvnelobas.

mkiTxvels survili uCndeba CaeZios, gamoikvlios es kavSiri da erTi

halucinaciis saSualebiT meore axsnas.

J. delozis ganmartebiT ,,veluri gamocdileba’’ (sigiJe),

subieqturi qaosis suraTi, romelic yovelgvar struqturas

ugulebelyofs da amave dros, potenciur kreatiulobas gamoxatavs.

merlo-pontis azriT, huserlis fenomenologiisa da haidegeris

egzistencializmTan genetikurad dakavSirebuli cnobierebis

Tanamedrove koncefcia is Tanamedrove ,,metafizikaa’’, romelic

adamianis cxovrebis axsnas cdilobs. spinozas Tezisis mixedviT,

adamiani Tavis cxovrebas sxva sagnebTan da adamianebTan urTierTobisas

ayalibebs, radgan arseboba win uswrebs ars, rac merlo-pontis

intersubieqtur cnobierebaSi (arseboba-sxvisTvis) gamoixateba. jeims

hilmani yvelafris ,,bavSvobis wlebTan dakavSirebas’’ fsiqikis

terorizirebas uwodebs da adamianisadmi damokibulebas

postfreidistebsac uwunebs. misi azriT, imis nacvlad, rom

arqeologiviT, adamianis bavSvobis wlebSi yvela kiTxvaze veZioT

pasuxi, Cveni yuradReba imaze unda gavamaxviloT, Tu rogor dakarga

adamianma bavSvobasTan erTad warmosaxvis unaric. (Хиллман...on-lain

dok). swored warmosaxvas unda mieces absoluturi Tvisufleba da,

iungis analitikuri fsiqologiisgan gansxavebiT, aRiarebul iqnas ara

erTi monoTeisturi fsiqologia, romelic individualizaciis

universalur models miuaxlovdeba, aramed ,,poliTeisturi

fsiqologia’’, romelic aRiarebs warmosaxvisa da fantaziis unikalur,

TviTganviTarebad xasiaTs. nervalis cxovreba da misi moRvaweoba

mWidro urTierTkavSirSia: misi pirovnuli tragediis sawyis, nervalis

urwmunoebis fesvebi dedis adreul gardacvalebis faqts unda

davukavSiroT. nervalis bavSvobis wlebi misi Semoqmedebis, misi uSreti

fantaziis wyarod iqveva.

54

Jak deridas dekonstruqcia, romelic exmianeba haidegeris

destruqcias, rac teqstis siRrmiseul aRqmas, mis xelaxal gadakiTxvas,

stereotipis rRvevas da axal konteqstSi teqstis wakiTxvas gulisxmobs,

amitom nervalis nawarmoebi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iqnas

interpretirebuli. masSi furies socialuri utopiis gamoZaxili

SeiZleba amovikiTxod, SizofreniiT daavadebulis dRiurebad aRviqvad

an, Tundac, taros kartebis saidumloebac amovicnoT. moTxrobis _

,,orelia’’, protagonistis azrebi klinikaSi mkurnalobis dros misi

cxovrebis mogonebaa da ara aTi wlis Sromis nayofi. sabolood,

yvelaferi mainc uTqmeli rCeba, miniSnebis usasruloba Seucnobad

yofierebas sruliad faravs.

umberto eko, Tavis vrcel kvlevaSi _ ,,valuas nisli’’, romelic

nervalis novelis _ ,,silvi’’, kompoziciur Taviseburebebis kvlevas

eZRvneba, nervalsa da labrunize, rogorc or gansvavebul pirovnebaze

saubrobs da dasZens, rom Tu universitetis profesuras novelaSi _

,,silvi’’, labrunis biografiis nakvalevis amocnoba surT _ es maTi

nebaa, magram nawarmoebis swor interpretacias aseTi msjeloba ar

waadgeba (Эко 2006 45). eko im mosazrebas anviTarebs, rom labruni

marTlac fsiqikurad iyo daavadebuli, magram amas mweral nervalTan da

mis SemoqmedebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. SesaZloa, silvi-sTan

mimarTebaSi es marTlac momgebiani mosazreba iyos, magram moTxroba _

,,orelia’’, nawarmoebi, romelSic ara marto biografiiT, aramed

nervalis sxva nawarmoebebiTacaa nasazrdoebi, nervalis biografiasTan

paralelebis gavlebas aucileblad saWiroebs.

Tavis cnobil werilSi, nervali madam diumas gamoutyda: ,,guSin

Tqvens meuRles Sevxvdi. …albaT getyodaT, rom Tavs ukeT vgrZnob, rom

goneba gadamewminda, Tumca CemTvis araferi Secvlila: rogoric viyavi,

iseTive var”. xolo moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia”, Tavis mdgomareobas

mwerali ase axasiaTebs: ,,Tavi ase kargad jer arasdros migrZvnia”

(Nerval 1985:23).

romantizmis epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqsperimentebi mxatvruli

nawarmoebis formasTan mimarTebaSi, ucxo ar iyo e.w. ,,mcire

romantikosTa” jgufis warmomadgenlis _ nervalisTvis. germaneli

romantikosebis kvaldakval, nervalis mier sinkretuli Janris Seqmnis

55

mcdeloba poeturi da prozauli teqstebis harmoniul SerwymaSi aisaxa.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’ ideur-Tematurad aris

dakavSirebuli novelebTan _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi” da lirikul

krebulTan _ ,,qimerebi”. yuradsaRebia am nawarmoebebis fabulaTa

msgavseba. am TvalsazrisiT, moTxroba _ ,,orelia” _ saintereso xdeba

ara marto rogorc damoukidebeli mxatvruli teqsti, aramed rogorc

nervalis mxatvrul-stilistikuri xerxTa Tviseburebis gamovlineba:

mwerlis ocneba, Seeqmna erTi diadi qmnileba, swored am sami

nawarmoebis erTian konteqstiT gaazrebaSi hpovebs asaxvas da

romantikosTa eqsperimentebs exmianeba. nervalis samive zemoxsenebul

nawarmoebs erTi, saerTo fabula aqvs: satrfos Zieba. rasakvirvelia,

satrfoSi ara marto realuri pirovneba SeiZleba moiazrebodes.

mwerali ,,oreliaSi” monaTxrobs ,,jojoxeTs STasvlas’’ adarebs,

Txrobas ki satrfos dakargvis mogonebiT iwyebs. samive nawarmoebis

fabulaTa msgavsebis fonze SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom ,,orelia’’ iseve,

rogorc cecxlis qaliSvilebi da qimerebi, orfevsis Sesaxeb miTis

siuJeturi invariantis sxvadasxva versiaa, anu igi am miTis Tavisebur

kompilacias warmoadgens. es ki nawarmoebis _ ,,orelia ‘’ _ kompoziciis

kidev erTi Taviseburebaa.

fabulaTa msgavsebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, siuJetis warmomqmneli

elementebis, motivebis identurobac emateba. magaliTad: italiaSi

mogzaurobis epizodi, dabruneba valuas mxareSi, sadac Tavad mweralma

gaatara bavSvoba ramdenjerme aris gameorebuli. es msgavseba

laitmotivis arsebobad unda miviCnevT erTi avtoris sami nawarmoebis

farglebSi rogorc erTi hipoteqsti da ramdenime hiperteqti. swored aq

Cans nervalis rogorc mwerlisa da Semoqmedis novatoroba, radgan

nawarmoebis kompoziciis safuZvlad laitmotivebis gamoyeneba

damaxasiaTebeli xdeba ufro mogvianebiT, neoromantizmis, miTosur

azrovnebaze dafuZnebul mimdinareobebis, simbolizmisa da XX saukunis

miTolosuri romanisTvis. nervali, sakuTari Semoqmedebis farglebSic,

erTi siuJeturi invariantis sxvadasxva, damoukidebel nawarmoebebad

transformirebas ostaturad axerxebs. misi eqsperimenti warmatebuli

aRmoCnda: TiToeuli nawarmoebi damoukidebel mxatvrul-literaturul

formas inarCunebs, maTi wakiTxva mkiTxvels siamovnebas hgvris. ufro

56

gaTviTcnobierebuli mkiTxveli (mkiTxveli-modeli, idealuri

recipienti), nervalis novatorobas iwonebs da Semoqmedebis procesis

srulqmnis survilad aRiqvams. nervalis Semoqmedebis magaliTze

SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom romantizmis SemoqmedebiTma impulsebma

mniSvnelovan wilad ganapirobes evropuli kulturis ganviTareba XX

saukuneSi: axali miTologiis Seqmna, rac gamoarCevs fin de sсiècle da

postmodernizms.

laitmotivi rogorc literaturaSi gamoyenebuli musikaluri

termini, asaxavs dominantas, mwerlis erTi romelime nawarmoebis, an

mTeli Semoqmedebis farglebSi. Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

dakarguli satrfos Zieba, laitmotivad gasdevs nervalis mTels

Semoqmedebas. laitmotivi Tematuri elementis saxes iZens da

warmoadgens mudmiv, SeiZleba iTqvas ,,kanonikur” gamomsaxvelobiT

saSualebas, romelic nervalis stilis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs

(Wilaia 1985:163). laitmotivi xSirad Tematurad erTmaneTTan

daukavSirebeli, an sxvadasxva Janrebis erTiani emociuri aRqmis

sawindari xdeba. bunebrivia, rom moTxrobis analizi nervalis sxva

nawarmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. iqmneba epikuri da lirikuli

nawarmoebebis jaWvi, romelSiac erTiandeba novelebi, leqsebi da mcire

zomis, Tundac daumTavrebeli epikuri Janris teqsti (,,orelia’’).

moTxrobas _ ,,orelia‘’, axasiaTebs unilinearuli ganviTarebis

siuJeturi qarga (Tu mwerlis mxatvrul amocanad realuris da

irealuris urTierTmonacvleobas CavTvliT), magram fabulis

ganviTarebis sworxazovneba nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis II TavSive

wydeba. moTxrobis pirveli ori Tavi SeiZleba winasityvaobad,

eqspoziciad, CavTvaloT, romelic mkiTxvels mTeli nawarmoebis

mniSvnelobas da ideas acnobs (l’incipit in medias res) Tanmimdevroba _

/qmedeba_reacia/ _ nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, realuri da irealuris

amsaxveli epizodebis urTierTCanacvlebazea agebuli, magaliTad:

Sexvedra _ halucinaciebi, saavadmyofo _ sizmari. e. i. siuJeturi

kogezia realuri da irealuris daqvemdebarebul TanmimdevrobaSi

vlindeba.

57

miTi orfevsze moTxrobis _ ,,orelia‘’, siuJetur-semantikuri

safuZvelia. siuJetis warmomqmneli elementi, riTac Txrobis inicireba

xdeba, es realobaa, romelsac nervali gvixatavs: gaseirneba parizSi da

mis gareubnebSi, megobrebTan mxiarulad gatarebuli dro an Tundac

saavadmyofoSi mkurnaloba. nawarmoebis I nawilSi, romelic Tavebis

simciris miuxedavad iseTive zomisaa rac meore, homodiegesuri

mTxrobeli, vrceli Sesavlis Semdeg, aRiarebs, rom sizmari ,,meore

cxovrebaa’’ (,,Le rêve est une segonde vie’’(Nerval 1985:3)). igi xvdeba qals,

romelic satrfos agonebs. am moments, meyseulad, xilva enacvleba.

pirveladi amplifikacia xdeba korelaciuri elementis damatebiT.

qmedeba – protagonistis Sexvedra ucnob qalTan, romelsac igi

satrfos amsgavsebs. am TvalsazrisiT, xilva sapasuxo reaqciad

moiazreba. e. i. siuJetis konsruirebisas, amplifikacia zmanebebis,

sizmrebis da halucinaciebis xarjze xdeba. SemaerTebeli

konstruqciuli elementebis roli akisria reminiscenciebs da

avtoaluziebs, nervalis sxva nawarmobebTan (,,qimerebi’’ da ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’) moTxrobis transteqstualuri urTierTkavSirebis

xarjze.

arsebobs bevri mosazreba nervalis poetur krebulTan _ ,,qimerebi’’

_ mimarTebaSi. zogi mas taros kartebs da magias ukavSirebs, zogi ki

furies socialur utopias (Jean 1989:131). imazec ki msjeloben, aris Tu

ara es leqsebi erTi ideiT gaerTianebuli, Tu maTi erT krebulSi

Tavmoyra SemTxveviTia. Cveni mosazrebiT, es leqsebi mTlianobas

warmoadgens. leqsebis krebuli nervalis poeturi samyaros suraTia. igi

gzaa qaosidan harmoniamde. TiToeuli soneti erT romelime epoqas an

religias warmoaCens. magaliTad, meeqvse soneti _ ,,artemide’’, oqros

saukunes asaxavs (oqros saukunis miTologema orelias saTaurSi

amoikiTxeba-n.q.). leqsis bolos, bunebis saidumloebas farda aexsneba da

adamianebi samyaroSi TavianT adgils daimkvidreben. soneti exmianeba

S. furies da misi mimdevrebis mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT samyaro

did transformacias manam ganicdis, sanam adamianebi dakargul

harmonias daamkvidreben (es motivi oreliaSic JRers). taros kartSi 12

arkania, rac adamianis 12 vnebas Seesabameba. krebulSi QTormeti sonetia.

S. furies mixedviT, adamianis codvebs mecametec emateba _ harmonizmi

58

anu uniTeizmi. sainteresoa, rom nervalis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’, cameti nawarmoebia gaerTianebuli. Tu qimerebis

saidumlos axsnas taros kartis mixedviT SesaZleblad miviCnevT,

romelic JorJ le bretonma Camoayaliba Tavis naSromSi, an maT Sarl

furies da furierizms mivusadagebT, aseve SeiZleba taros karti an

furies socialuri utopizmi gaxdes moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, analizis

sawindaric (Jerar de nervali moTxrobaSic _ ,,orelia’’ _ amoicnoba

taros kartis didi arkanebi (CamoxrCobili, dedofali . . . ) (Le

Breton...on-lain dok).

krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, aerTianebs rogorc sakuTriv

novelebs, aseve literaturul zRaprebs. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

nervalis sxva nawarmoebze miniSnebebi, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc

gameorebadi, CarTuli _ kumulaciuri elementi. es teqstis frontaluri

analizis dros SeiZleba ar Candes, magram siRrmiseuli analizisas,

isini elifsisis an reziumirebis saxiT mainc vlindeba. analizis Sedegi

ki imis aRiareba iqneba, rom moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, jadosnuri

zRaparis, miTis da mcire zomis epikuri JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel

elementebs Seicavs. esec nawarmoebis kompoziciis Taviseburebis

maCvenebelia.

fantastikuri novelisgan gansxvavebiT, moTxrobas _ ,,orelia”,

mZafri fabula, movlenebis dramatuli ganviTreba ar axasiaTebs:

moTxroba asaxavs ara ,,SemTxvevas”, adamed – ,,process”, Tumca masSi

moqmedebis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba daculia (movlenebis

TanmimdevrobaSi mTxrobelis gancdebis da SegrZnebebis Tanmimdevrobac

igulisxmeba). moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia‘’, moqmedebis (movlenebi) mkveTrad

gamoxatuli upiratesoba ar SeiniSneba (le récit d’événement); igi ufro

aRwerilobiT principzea agebuli (le récit de pensées - Jouve 1997: 31). teqstSi

siuJeturi ,,Senakadebis’’ arseboba minimumamdea dayvanili, iseve rogorc

sxvaoba siuJetsa da fabulas Soris, magram ukve is, rom moTxrobaSi

miTosuri CarCo ar aris ugulebelyofili (pirovnuli miTis Seqmnis

mcdeloba), es faqti nawarmoebs literaturuli zRaprisgan mijnavs,

magram nawarmoebSi arsebuli kumulaciuri struqturuli elementebi

59

(erTi da igive movlenisa Tu qmedebis ramdenjerme gameoreba), zRapris

JanrTan mis siaxloveze metyvelebs.

maSasadame, Jerar de nervalis orelias, kompoziciis Tavisebureba

gamoixateba:

1) daumTavrebeli nawarmoebis arqiteqtonikaSi;

2) pirovnuli miTis CamoyalibebaSi;

3) moTxrobis _ ,,orelia”, novelebis krebulis _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi” da leqsebis _ ,,qimerebi” _ fabulaTa msgavsebaSi, rac

samives erT siuJetur invariantze agebul sxvadasxva nawarmoebad

ganixilavs;

4) avtobiografiulobaSi;

5) mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis samecniero kvlevad qcevis

mcdelobaSi;

6) Janrobrivi identifikaciis sirTuleSi: ,,orelia’’ rogorc

fantastikuri novelis, jadosnuri zRapris da moTxrobis

makonstruirebeli elementebis matarebelia. Txrobis mSvidi,

neitraluri stiliT, fsiqologiuri, subieqtur-Semfasebluri xasiaTiT

orelia mcire zomis romans uaxlovdeba.

II. IV. TxrobiTi instanciebis cvla Jerar de neralis novelaSi _

,,anJeliki’’

krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, novelebidan yvelaze

didtaniania ,,anJeliki’’. igi Tormeti nawilisgan Sedgeba. sainteresoa,

rom nervali TiToeuli Tavis periteqstSi sakmaod dawvrilebiT

gvacnobs novelis Tavebis Sinaars. rogorc moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

novelaSic Tavebad dayofa pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs: nawarmoebis

Tormeti Tavi Tormet werils ar gulisxmobs. faqrobrivad, nawarmoebSi

oTxi werilia, romlis mixedviT mkiTxveli xvdeba, rom werilebis

avtori SekveTiT istoriuli Sinaarsis nawarmoebis daweras cdilobs.

novelaSi arc konkretuli adresatia miTiTebuli da arc werilebis

avtori, Tumca periteqstSi miwerilia: ,,À M.L.D.’’(,,baton direqtors’’

(Nerval 1994 : 380); erTxel, Jerar de nervalic aris naxsenebi (Nerval

60

1994 :145). avtobiografiuli cnobebi, mogzauroba nervalis mSobliur

mxaresa da germaniaSi (nervalma 1938 da 1850 wlebSi germaniaSi

imogzaura), saSualebas gvaZlevs mTxrobelSi Tavad mwerali

vigulisxmod, Tumca es sakmaod gulubryvilo da araseriozuli

damokidebuleba iqneba. nervalis nawarmoebebs biografiuli xasiaTi

aqvs, magram mwerlis cxovrebis realuri epizodebi mis SemoqmedebiT da

esTetikur koncefciebs exmianeba. nervalis nawarmoebebis fiqcionaluri

samyaro imdenad asaxavs empiriul realobas, ramdenadac igi mxatvrul-

literaturuli teqstis daniSnulebas exmianeba da mwerlis miznebs

emsaxureba. v. tiupas sqemis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, avtobiografiuli

romani, an nebismieri naratiuli teqsti, avtobiografiisa da

biografiisgan gansxvavebiT, fiqciurobisken miiltvis. emociuri da

racionaluri sawyisi masSi naklebia, vidre dRiursa Tu mogonebeSi,

iseve rogorc _ naratiuloba (Тюпа-on-lain dok.). andre Jidi

mogonebebze agebul avtobiografiuli xasiaTis teqstebs naxevrad

gulrwfels uwodebs (,,Les mémoires ne sont qu’à demi sincères, si grand que soit le

souci de vérié’’). sapirispiro mosazreba aqvs f. moriaks, romelic dasZens,

rom fiqcia ar cruobs (,,La fiction ne ment pas’’) (Baudelle 1005 :231).

nervalis novela, romlis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel niSans

moulodneli kvanZis gaxsna unda warmoadgendes, mkiTxvels siuJetis

konstruirebiT da kompoziciiT xiblavs, vidre SinaarsiT. frankfurtis

bukinistTan mTxrobeli vinme abat bukuas Sesaxeb germanul-frangul

wigns waawydeba. wignis SeZenis nacvlad, safrangeTSi dabrunebuli

mTxrobeli biblioTekebSi mis moZiebas iwyebs. kvlevisTvis saWiro

istoriuli wyaroebis sapovnelad mTxrobels didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba.

nacnobobis miuxedavad, igi wigns samkiTxvelo darbazebis sacavebSi ver

ipovis. bukuas sagvareulos istoriiT dainteresebuli, anaznad, abatis

Soreuli naTesavis, anJelikis dRiurebs aRmoaCens. mkiTxvels, samuSaos

SemkveTsa da werilebis adresats (savaraudod, gazeTis redaqtori),

rom ,,ar moswyindes’’, mTxrobeli, anJelikis dRiurebis mixedviT,

axalgazrda qalis Tavgadasavals hyveba.

erTi SexedviT, sasacilod gamoiyureba is faqti, rom erTi ambis

sanacvlod, avtori meores mogviTxrobs. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi,

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patareqstiT SecdomaSi Seyvanil mkiTxvels, SesaZloa cotaoden

gabrazebulsac, mwerali ,,miwaze daabrunebs’’. marTalia, mTxrobeli abat

bukuas Sesaxeb wigns eZebs, magram nawarmoebs ,,abat bukua’’ ki ara _

,,anJeliki’’ hqvia. Tavad mTxrobeli acxadebs, rom dainteresebul

mkiTxvels (,,samagaliTo mkiTxveli’’ _ umberto ekos gansazRvrebiT)

abat bukuas Tavgadasavlebis Sesaxeb imave avtoris (,,anJelikis’’

protagonisti) sxva nawarmoebSic SeuZlia waikiTxoso (Nerval 1994 : 171).

mTxrobelis es aRiareba novelis boloSia miwerili da novelis

ironiuli dasasruli, kidev ufro aRizianebs istoriuli da deteqtiuri

Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulT, romlebsac abatis Soreuli naTesavis

sasiyvarulo ambavi mouyves. Tu ironia, romelic nawarmoebis bolos

cxaddeba, novelis moulodneli kvanZis gaxsnad CaiTvleba, maSasadame,

swored aseTi saxiT mJRavndeba mwerlis novelis konstruirebis teqnika

da amaSi imaleba mwerlis mizanic.

novelis -_ ,,anJeliki’’, ZiriTad siuJetur qargas _ wignis Ziebas,

nervali kidev sxva ambiTac avsebs. anJelikis sasiyvarulo

Tavgadasavali abat bukuasTanaa dakavSirebuli: anJeliki bukuas

naTesavia, magram nawarmoebis II werilSi moTxrobili le pileris

tragikuli ambavi bukuas ojaxis istoriasTan araviTar kavSirSi ar

aris. ubralod, wignis Ziebis dros, mTxrobeli biblioTekaSi policiis

sammarTvelos Canawerebs waawydeba da ojaxuri dramis ambavs

mogviTxrobs. le pileris ambavma, novelis -_ ,,anJeliki’’, mTxrobeli

mxolod imiT daainteresa, rom mis Tvalwin ,,sazareli drama

gaTamaSda’’ (,,Tout une drame se déroula devant mes yeux’’ (Nerval 1994 : 95)). nervalis

ironiuli toni nawarmoebis am nawilSic aris SenarCunebuli, radgan,

kanonmorCili burJuasaviT, mwerali mkiTxvels imas uyveba, rasac

istoriuli xasiaTi aqvs da faqtebiTacaa dasabuTebuli. zemoxsenebuli

drama, rac ar unda tragikuli iyos siZisa da colisZmebis SuRli,

romelic mkvlelobiT dasrulda, srulebiTac ar hgavs romans (,,Ce n’est

pas un roman’’(Nerval 1994 :95)), anu sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavals. Txroba

policiuri gamoZiebis masalebs eyrdnoba da fiqciis Saravandeds

hkargavs. es aRiareba mTxrobels (implicitur avtors) mniSvnelovan

movlenad miaCnia: romani rom daewera, anu sasiyvarulo ambavi, mis

Txzulebas eWvis TvaliT Sexedavdnen da ar gamoscemdnen, amitom

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nawarmoebis dasawyisSive mTxrobeli acxadebs, rom romanebs ar wers:

cenzuris Sesaxeb axali kanonis masac eSinia da im jarimisac, romelic,

romanis dabeWvdis SemTxvevaSi, avtors da gamomcemels daekisrebaT.

jarima ki, mTxrobelis gamoTvliT, nawarmoebis gasamrjelos aRemateba:

,,Jurnal-gazeTebis Sesaxeb kanons mec SevuSindi’’ (,,Mais je commence à

m’effrayer aujourd’hui des condamnations suspendues sur les journaux pour la moindre

infraction au texte de la loi nouvelle’’(Nerval 1994 : 85)).

siuJeturi qargidan uCveulo gadaxvevas mTxrobeli imiT xsnis, rom

cenzuris kanonebs emorCileba. nervali 1850 wlis 16 ivlisis kanonze

mianiSnebs, romlis mixedviTac literaturul gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs

roman-felietonebis beWvda aekrZalaT (Nerval 1994 :380). eJen siu, viqtor

hiugo, onore de balzaki, nervalis megobari _ aleqsandre diuma,

swored aseTi romanebis didostatebi iyvnen. im droisTvis (1849),

nervals gamosaqveynebeli hqonda erTi aseTi saxis romani _ ,,markiz de

faioli’’. am tipis romani (roman-felietonebi) romantikosebis Janrul

mravalferovnebis moTxovnas akmayofilebda da XIX saukuneSi

damkvidrda kidec rogorc calke Janruli modifikacia

referenciulobisa da fiqcionalobis, dokumentalobisa da warmosaxvis

gasayarze. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom romanis rogorc literaturuli

Janris istoria, im mxatvrul- literaturuli teqtebis, romlebsac

romanebs vuwodebT, swored XIX saukunidan ikidebs fexs. romanze

saubrisas, m. baxtini am Janaris gansazRvis sirTuleebzec miuTiTebs. igi

aRniSnavs, rom romani erTaderTi Janria, romlis Camoyalibeba ar aris

dasrulebuli. misi azriT, romani axali epoqis pirmSoa, igi ,,Tavisi

adgilis damkvidrebisTvis ibrZvis’’. Tu sxva epoqebSi (klasicizmi,

antikuri epoqa) sxvadasxva Janri harmoniulad Tanaarsebobs da

erTmaneTs avsebs, romani maTgan gancalkevebiT dgas (literaturuli....

.2008 :30). m. baxtini aRniSnavs, rom epoqaSi, rodesac Tanamedrove romanma

popularobiT yvelas gauswro, sxva Janrebma ar dahkarges TavianTi

kanonikuri forma, magram moxda maTi ,,romanizacia’’, JanrTa

trasnsponireba (sakmarisia gavixsenoT j. baironis galeqsili don

Juani). mravalplaniani Tu erTplaniani romani, sxva Janrisgan

gansxvavebiT, ufro ,,moqnili’’ epikuri nawarmoebia, amitom misi

popularobac metia (literaturuli... .2008 :33).

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nervalis novelebi da moTxrobebi, iseve rogorc literaturuli

zRaprebi, ar icaven Janris kanonikur formebs. nervali mkiTxvels

novelis kanonikuri Janris nacvlad, imxanad tabudadebul romans, anu

sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavals sTavazobs. nervalis mizani ara

kanonmorCilebaSi unda veZioT, aramed _ mis amboxSi.

XIX saukunis safrangeTSi, mwerals Tavisi mwiri honorarebiT Zlivs

gahqonda Tavi. roman-felietonebis periodul presaSi gamoqveyneba

avtorisTvis wignis gamocemis maRali tarifis Jurnal-gazeTebis dabali

tarifiT Secvlis SesaniSnav saSualebas warmoadgenda ise, rom

mkiTxvelis didi raodenobis mozidva yofiliyo ESesaZlebeli. novelis

(,,anJeliki’’) mTxrobelis wuxili da cezuris SiSi imdenad didi iyo,

rom momaval nawarmoebs mxolod ,,abat bukua’’ da ara ,,abat bukuas

daujerebeli Tavgadasavali’’ (sawyisi varianti) uwoda da dasZina:

,,arc me var romanisti’’ (,,Moi-même, qui ne suis pas un romancier’’ (Nerval 1994 :

85)). axla gasagebia, nervalma mkiTxveli ,,SecdomaSi’’ ratom Seiyvana:

rogorc literatori da Jurnalisti, igi ewinaaRmdegeboda cenzuris

uazro kanons da novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, misi gaqilikeba scada: erTi

ambis nacvlad mkiTxvels sxva ambavi (ara sasiyvarulo) SesTavaza da,

TiTqos ucabedad, sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavalic ,,Seapara’’. nervali da

misi novelis mTxrobelic, ise eSmakurad moiqcnen, rogorc Seherazada,

romelic sikvdiliT dasjis SiSiT, yovel Rame, sulTan Sahriars axal

zRaprebs uambobda. Jerar de nervalis novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, wignis

ZebniT iwyeba da misi povniT mTavrdeba. mesame werilSi naratori

biblioTekaris gasaocar ambavs mogviTxrobs. biblioTekaris sulis

gamocxadebis, iseve rogorc iadoniT movaWre qalis an ori

bibliofilis ambavi, novelis ZiriTad siuJetur qargas ar ukavSirdeba

(Nerval1994 :108,101). nerval-mweralSi nervali-Jurnalisti iRviZebs da

mkiTxveli (novelis savaraudo adresatad cenzurac moiazreba), sanam

gons moegebodes, novelis didostatis eSmakobis msxverpli xdeba.

novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, sxva, ufro vrceli nawarmoebis _ ,,yalbi

mariliT movaWreni’’ _ Semadgeneli nawili iyo (Nerval 1994 :380). es

ukanaskneli, 1850 wlis oqtomber-dekemberSi, literaturul JurnalSi _

,,Le National’’-Si gamoqveynda. Semdeg nervalma nawarmoebi daanawevra da,

64

1853 wels, erTi nawili sxva krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’_

gamosca. literaturul kritikaSi, anJeliki moixsenieba rogorc novela.

maSasadame, am mcire formis TxrobiT nawarmoebs originaluri mZafri

fabula da logikuri kvanZis gaxsna (puanti) unda axasiaTebdes

(Wilaia 1984 :226); magram nervalis novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mTxrobelis

mier sasurveli wignis povna Zalzed logikurad gamoiyureba: alogikuri

da paradoqsuli, swored, am wignis moZiebis SeuZlebloba iqneboda: amas

mwerali, novelis bolos, elifsisis klasikuri magaliTis saxiT

gvawvdis (Neravl 1994 :171). sawyis etapze, nawarmoebi gaSlil anegdotur

ambavs marTlac waagavs (Wilaia : 1984 :226). formis simciresa da mZafr

fabulasTan erTad (anJelikis ambavi), novelas asaxuli mxatvruli

movlenis erTianoba ar axasiaTebs (Rey 1992 : 114). nervalis ,,anJeliki’’ am

princips ewinaaRmdegeba: masSi, Senakadebis saxiT, ramdenime, ZiriTad

siuJetTan daukavSirebel ambavTan erTad, mwerali sami mTxrobelis

Semoyvanas axerxebs: pirveli es aris mTxrobeli, romelic abat bukuas

Sesaxeb wigns eZebs, meore _ anJeliki, romelic Tavis ambavs

mogviTxrobs da mesame _ anJelikis biZaSvili (kuzeni), romelic

naTesavis ambis gansxvavebul, SeiZleba iTqvas _ dramatul versias

sTavazobs mkiTxvels (Nerval 1994: 142). miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturul-

istoriuli viTareba novelis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs, nervalis

novelis mcire forma, anegdoturi ambis gadmocema da genetikuri

safuZvlebi mas zRapars, an igavsac amsgavsebs. SesaZloa, amiT aixsneba

nawarmoebis parateqstic _ ,,anJeliki’’: axalgazrda qalis sevdiani

ambavi, im samoZRvrebo novelas mogvagonebs, romlebsac momaval Taobas

darideba-gafrTxilebisTvis uyvebian. nervali novelis am uZveles

Janrsac (samoZRvrebo novelebi) miagebs pativs.

anegdotisgan novela gadmocemuli ambis ara komikuri, aramed

tragikuli an sentimentaluri xasiaTiT gansxvavdeba. novelaSi _

,,anJeliki’’, ambavi, romelic ZiriTad siuJetur qargas gadmoscems,

sasacilod Tavad mTxrobelsac ki eCveneba: man frankfurtSi nanaxi

franguli wignis safrangeTSi moZieba ver SesZlo. cenzuris mesveurebma

mwerlis faruli ganzrazva rom ar amoicnon, aRiarebs _ weriTac veRar

vwero, da amas istoriuli xasiaTis narkvevis dasawerad masalis

simciriTa da uqonlobiT xsnis (Nerval 1994:103). marTlac sasaciloa,

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frangi Tavadis Tavgadasavali germaniaSi rom ipova da safrangeTSi _

ver (Nerval 1985 :173). mwerali mkiTxvels TavSesaqcevad sxva ambavs

sTavazobs: xan axalgazrda qalis sasiyvaruli Tavgadasavals, xan

realisturi xasiaTis Canaxats (,,Le canari’’- 102); xan Zvelfrangul

baladebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoketa mefe luim Tavisi urCi

qaliSvili dilegSi, magram satrfoze uari ver aTqmevina (,,Le roi Loys’’

(Nerval 1984:121), xan ki, Txrobas CrdiloeT safrangeTis da Tavisi

bavSvobis mogonebebiT avsebs. VI, IX,XII XII TavSi mTxrobeli sanlisis,

suasonis, Sanlisis, ermenonvilis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. safrangeTis

Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare mxaris aRwera realobis iluzias qmnis,

mTxrobelis codnas warmoaCens, istoriul atmosferos gadmoscems da

mkiTxvels safrangeTis istoriiT xiblavs. amave dros, mwerals

cenzurac SecdomaSi Sehyavs: mTxrobeli Tavis bavSvobis wlebs ixsenebs,

Zvel romaulsa da druidul wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, ris

fonzec subiequri ,,me’’-s wina planze wamoweva xdeba. istoriul

warsulSi wiaRsvla novelas dramatul elfers sZens, rac mkiTxvelis

warsuliT _ realobisgan gansxavebuli fenomeniT _ dainteresebas kidev

ufro metad ganapirobebs.

nawarmoebSi, realoba homodiegesuri mTxrobelis fsiqologiur

qronotops ukavSirdeba. moqmedeba germaniasa da safrangeTSi xdeba,

oqtombris dasasruls iwyeba da noemberis TveSi mTavrdeba, anu

gamoqveynebis Tanadroulia. Cveni azriT, nervalis mxridan, erT

nawarmoebSi epistolaruli, publicisturi da naratiuli Janrebis

gamoyeneba empiriuli sinamdvilis iluziis Seqmnas, ambis

damajereblobas emsaxureba. MmTxrobeli topografiul qronotops

maqsimalurad akonkretebs: 11 noemberi (121), 20 noemberi (122), 30 noemberi

(173), yvela wmindanis dRe, anu 1 noemberi (II werili), ,,SabaTs, dilis

Svid saaTze’’ (175). damajereblobis gasaZlireblad, mwerali werilebSi,

romelsac protagonisti, savaraudod, Tavis gamomcemels swers,

akonkretebs drosac da adgilsac; swored am misamarTze unda Catardes

auqcioni, sadac saZiebeli wigni gaiyideba (,,5 dekemberi, bruseli,

puasenis quCa #5’’ (Nerval 1994 :157)). nervalis cenzuras kidev erTxel

uxdis xarks: prolefsisis es magaliTi mxolod abnevs mkiTxvels,

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radgan sabolood, mTxrobeli sasurvel wigns _ ,,abat bukuas

Tavgadasavals’’ safrangeTSi ki ara _ bruselSi SeiZens (Nerval 1994 :171).

novelis dasawyisSi, frankfurtidan dabrunebuli mTxrobeli wigns

parizis biblioTekebSi ver moiZiebs: igi arc mazarinis (Nerval 1994 :117),

arc arsenalis da arc nacionalur biblioTekebSi ar Semonaxula (Nerval

1994 :109). mTxrobels erTaderTi gamosavali rCeba: protagonistma igi

bukinistebTan unda daZebnos. nervali, TiTqos, mwerlis funqciaze uars

ambobs da, JamTaaRmwerlis sizustiT, XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris

parizis biblioTekebisa da bukinistebis samyaros gviRweres: misma

teqstma im epoqis cnobili frangi bukinistebis saxelebi Semogvinaxa:

fransi, merleni, teSneri. saubedurod, wigni arc fransTan arc

merlenTan ar aRmoCnda (Nerval 1994 :120). mTxrobelma es wigni

teSnerTanac ver naxa. moxuci wignebiT movaWre protagonists

saidumlod gaandobs, rom kerZo koleqcioneris sakuTrebis auqcionze

wigni gasayid nivTebs Soris iqneba (Nerval 1994 :121). kerZo koleqcioneris

savaraudo saxels nawarmoebis boloSi vigebT _ batoni motli (Nerval

1994:170), Tumca mTxrobeli didxans ar gvimxels mis vinaobas, romelic

teSnerisgan gaigo (Nerval 1994 :166). novelis protagonisti TiTqos

mkiTxvels eTamaSeba, intrigas agebs, cdilobs koleqcioneris

mniSvnelobas moklebuli vinaoba damalos, magram is, rom mTxrobeli

mis povnis imeds ar hkargavs, Tavgadasavals avanturistul elfers

sZens. nervali ostaturad Jonglirebs empiriuli realobis (XIX

saukunis parizuli cxovreba) epizodebiTaA da mxatvruli nawarmoebis

fiqcionaluri samyaroTi. igi publicistikasa da literaturul fiqcias

erTmaneTs uxamebs, amitom novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, Jerar de nervalis

mxatvruli samyaros konstruirebis, mis mxatvrul-literaturul

teqstebSi, realurisa da irealuris monacvleobis TvalsazrisiTac

aris saintereso. nervali agebs metadiegesur samyaros, qmnis

metaTxrobis precendens (Женетт 1998 :411). Tu moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

realuri da irealuri erTmaneTs upirispirdeba da enacvleba erTi

warmosaxviTi, fiqcionaluri samyaros farglebSi, amjerad nervali,

mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, qmnis fiqcionalur da garefiqcionalur

samyaroTa Tanaarsebobis iluzias, garRvevas, metalefsiss: erTi mxriv _

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abat bukuas Sesaxeb wignis Zieba, romelic mkiTxvelis mier empiriul

realobasTan igivdeba, meore mxriv _ anJelikis dRiurebi, romelic,

wignis moZiebasTan mimarTebaSi, literaturul fiqciad aRiqmeba.

mTxrobels cenzuris ganawyenebis imdenad eSinia, rom TviT abat bukuas

pirovnebis arsebobis faqts eWvis qveS ayenebs: ,,am pirovnebis arsebobis

damadasturebeli sabuTebi ar arsebobs. . . samsjavroze Tu wamomaZaxes

ra mivugo _ grafi bukua wignis gamogonili personaJi, avtoris

warmosaxvis nayofia-meTqi? ’’ ,,Il n’y a pas un légiste qui ne fût fondé même à

l’existence matérielle de l’individu . . . Que répondre à un substitut qui s’écrierait devant le

tribunal: le compte de Bucquoy est le personnage fictif, créé par la romanesque imagination de

l’auteur ?’’ (Nerval 1994 :93). novelaSi damajereblobis efeqtis Seqmna

imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom mwerali, keTilsindisieri redaqtoriviT,

nawarmoebis bolos, Txrobis procesSi daSvebul uzustobebs asworebs

(Nerval 1994 :171). es miTiTebebic nervalis novelas metadiegesur xasiaTs

sZens: erT mxriv, publicisturi nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesi,

redaqtorTan mimowera da wignis Ziebis procesis dawvrilebiT aRwera

da, meore mxriv, sabralo anJelikis ambavi (SenakadebiT). amave dros,

xdeba savaraudo adresatis Tu idealuri recipientis konkretizacia

(metalefsisis magaliTi), am ukanaskneliT da fiqtiuri mkiTxvelis

instanciebiT manipulireba.

novelaSi kvanZis gaxsna deteqtiuri nawarmoebis dasasruls

mogvagonebs. bolos vigebT, rom abat bukuas Tavgadasavlis Sesyidva

Tavad bukinist teSnersac da nacionaluri biblioTekis

warmomadgenelsac (romelsac mTxrobelma Tavis droze igive wignis

moZieba sTxova) hqoniaT ganzraxuli (Nerval 1994: 166). maTi dainteresebis

Sesaxeb mkiTxveli da mTxrobelic erTad Seityoben: orivesTvis es

moulodneli aRmoCndeba. protagonistTan erTad, mkiTxvelic, erTi

mxriv, wignis ZiebiT aris dakavebuli, meore mxriv _ mTxrobelTan

erTad, am wignis da Tavad graf bukuas warmomavlobazec eWvobs. aseT

moulodnel dasasruls, vfiqrobT, ori mizezi SeiZleba hqondes:

1) Tu grafis warmomavloba istoriulad ar iqneba

dadasturebuli mTxrobels, momavali istoriuli Txzulebis

avtors, axali kanonis mixedviT romanebis weraSi dasdeben

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brals da mas da literaturuli Jurnalis mflobelsac

daajarimeben;

2) Tu aqamde, mkiTxveli mTxrobels (abat bukuas ambis)

konkretul avtorTan aigivebda (metadiegesisis farglebSi),

axla mTxrobeli yovlismcodne rodi Cans: igi nawarmoebis

fiqcionalur samyaroSia ,,gamomwyvdeuli’’. manac imdenive

icis, rac novelis mkiTxvelma. es ki, nervalis Canafiqrs xdis

fardas: winamdebare Txzuleba publicistikas an istoriuli

xasiaTis narkvevs hgavs: mweralma faqtualuri masalis

mosapoveblad Zalisxmeva ar daiSura, magram publicisturis

nacvlad mxatvruli nawarmoebi Seqmna da mkiTxvels

mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis fiqcionaluri samyaro

SesTavaza.

novelaSi Tavad bukuas pirovneba idumalebiTaa moculi. mTxrobeli

ambobs: ,,bukuas Zebna ganvagrZe’’ (,,Je continue à faire chercher le prétendu conte du

Buquoy’’ (Nerval 1985 : 92)). esec nervalis novelas deteqtiur JanrTan

aaxlovebs. nervalis novelas _ ,,anJeliki’’, klasikur deteqtiuri

nawarmoebis Tvisebebi gaaCnia: masSi mTxrobeli abat bukuas wignis

moZiebis Sesaxeb Tanmimdevrulad mogviTxrobs. Tavad graf bukuas ambavs

saidumlod tovebs, rom istoriuli pirovnebis vinaobaSi eWvi ESeitanos.

mkiTxvels TandaTan miewodeba kvlevisTis saWiro informacia, amitom,

ambis dasasruls, mas sakuTari marTebuli daskvnis gamotana ar uWirs.

nervalis mier realuri, empiriuli samyaro maqsimalurad obieqturobiT

aris daxatuli (moTxrobisgan _ ,,orelia’’ gansxvavebiT). mkiTxveli didi

Zalisxmevis gareSec ikvlevs gzas da sazRvras, ra aris Cveuli da

piriqiT – uCveulo. personaJebis qceva stereotipulia, maTi

fsiqologiuri portretebi gamWvirvalobiT gamoirCeva. maTi saqcielic

advilad amosacnobia.

nervalis novelaSi siuJetis aprioruli agebis wesi XIX saukunis

tradicias Seesabameba, magram klasikuri deteqtivi faqtobrivad

gamoricxavs Secdomas, romelic anaznad SeiZleba iqnas daSvebuli:

deteqtivSi xom yovel Secdomas Tavisi mizezi aqvs (SecdomaSi erTi

ambis sanacvlod meoris Txrobas vgulisxmobT –n.q.). deteqtiuri Janris

pirveli nawarmoebebad edgar alan pos novelebia miCneuli, magram

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deteqtiuri elementebi, romlebic fantastikuris qveJanrs axasiaTebs,

adrec iyo gamoyenebuli sxva cnobili mwerlebis mier (,,Savi romani’’,

tragikuli ambebi’’).

deteqtivis centralur figuras warmoadgens maZiebeli, igi SeiZleba

iyos profesionali an moyvaruli. nervalis nawarmoebis mTxrobeli

profesionali Jurnalistia. avtori ar ayovnebs da meti damajereblobis

da sarwmunoebisTvis, mkiTxvels sakuTar saxelsa da gvars axsenebs: ,, es

dokumenti mkiTxvelisTvis, sasiamovno batoni Jerar de nervalisTvis,

moviZie’’ (,,Lecteur sympatique de M.Gérard de Nerval et désirant lui être agréable, je lui

communique le document ci-joint . . .’’(Nerval1985 :145)). am konkretul SemTxvevSic,

saqme gvaqvs iseT movlenasTan, romelsac metalefsisi ewodeba.

ritorikaSi metalefsisi metonimiis nairsaxeobas aRniSnavs, ormag

metonimias. Jerar Jenetma am cnebas sxva datvirTva SesZina: man

fiqcionaluri samyaros garRvevas metalefsisi uwoda, rac mTxrobelis

an eqstradiegesuri adresatis diegesur samyaroSi, an diegesuri

personaJebis metadiegesur samyaroSi SeWras gulisxmobs. Jenetma

metalefsisis transgresiul bunebas gausva xazi (Genette 1972: 285) da

aRniSna, rom aseTi saxis transgresiuli movlena axasiaTebs rogorc

klasikur teqstebs (deni didro), aseve _ Tanamedrove nawarmoebebsac

(m. prusti, Jak rulo, klod klotzi).

metalefsisi TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis Canacvlebazea

agebuli. naratiul teqstebSi TxrobiTi komunikaciis TamaSis (le jeu sur

les niveaux) sami SemTxveva gamoiyofa: CarCoiani moTxrobebi, teqsti

teqstSi (mise en abime) da metalefsisi. swored metalefsisi Txrobisa

da fiqciis urTierTCanacvlebiT xorcieldeba, romelic moulodneli

xasiaTisaa da mkiTxvelis gakvirvebas an ironias iwvevs (Reuter 2005 :57).

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, metalefsisi novelis (,,anJeliki’’) bolosac

fiqsirdeba. nawarmoebi ironiul xasiaTs atarebs. mTxrobeli aRiarebs,

rom nawarmoebis erT-erT werliSi, naxsenebia vinme Jerar de nervali.

erT-erTi werili misi Ziebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. novelis _

,,anJeliki’’, konkretuli avtori gviyveba im ambavs, romlis personaJi

Tavadaa. am SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba metalefsisi da xdeba

ontologiuri samyaros sazRvrebis garRveva: xdeba abstraqtuli

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avtoris konkretizacia, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, implicituri da

eqsplicituri avtorebis Tanxvedra. sawyisi ambis mTxrobeli

eqtradiegesuria, radgan igi moTxrobili ambis diegesisSi ar

monawileobs (anJelikis werilebi) da amavdroulad _

heterodiegesuric, radagan ambis nawils (bukuas Sesaxeb wignis moZieba)

gviyveba, romelSic igi wigns daeZebs. novelis mTxrobeli pirveladi

mTxrobelia: igi gviyveba frankfurtSi wignebis gayidvis Sesaxeb da im

mizanzec, ramac germaniaSi Caiyvana. Sesabamisad, novelis mTxrobeli

eqstradiegesuria (pirveladi) nawaroebis im nawilSi, romelic,

TiTqosda, publicistur xasiaTs atarebs. dRiurebis Sinaarsidan

gamomdinare, igive mTxrobeli intradiegesuria, anu _ meoreuli. es

mosazreba nawarmoebis parateqstis _ ,,anJeliki’’ _ literaluri

xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli da, rasakvirvelia,

Tu mkiTxveli nervalis Canafiqrs Caswvdeba: sasiyvaruli ambis

SeparviT moyola; Tumca, pirvelis wakiTxvisas (le récit premier), ambis

mTxrobeli, romelic novelis avtorTan igiveobis iluzias qmnis, aris

pirveladi da, aqedan gamomdinare, anJeliki _ meoreuli

(eqstradiegesuri), qalis naTesavi ki _ mesame (intra/heterodiegesuri).

am TvalsazrisiT, parateqsti rematuli xasiaTis iqneba (Rhématique), anu

nawarmoebis meorexarisxovan personaJebTan dakavSirebuli. rogorc

vxedavT, nervali Tavis novelaSi xSirad mimarTavs TxrobiTi

komunikaciis doneebis TamaSs, rac parateqstis aRqmis mraval

SesaZleblobaSic vlindeba.

nervalis nawarmoebi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mkvlelobis Tu qurdobis

gamoZieba araa. Sesabamisad, masSi arc dazaralebuli an msxverplia

vinme. am TvalsazrisiT, novela klasikur deteqtiur Janrs ar hgavs.

nawarmoebSi gamomZiebels (maZebeli) marto erTi damxmare ar hyavs,

rogorc bevr deteqtiuri Janris novelaSia xolme: wignis mopovebaSi mas

bevri adamini exmareba, rogorc zRapris protagonisti, romelic

siZneleebis gadalaxvas sxvaTa daxmarebiT axerxebs. damxmare

personaJebis cvla siuJetis cvlazea damokidebuli: jer mTxrobels

nacionaluri biblioTekis TanamSromeli aRmouCens daxmarebas, Semdeg _

teSneri, bibliofili. mogzaurobis dros, mTxrobels bavSvobis

megobari _ silveni axlavs (mTxrobelis bavSvobisdroindeli megobari

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silveni, krebulis _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebis’’, kidev erT novelaSi _

,,silvi’’, aris naxsenebi). novelis _ ,,anJeliki’’, eWvmitanili – Tavad

bukuaa, radgan mTxrobels (da masaTan erTad mkiTxvelsac) ara marto

mis Sesaxeb wignis povna, aramed – misi vinaobis dazustebac ainteresebs.

mokled rom vTqvaT, nervalis novelebi a. greimas aqtanturi sistemis

(personaJebis semiotikuri modeli) sailustraciod gamodgeba (Jouve

1997:52).

nawarmoebSi ori sxvadasxva, ZiriTadi ambavia aRwerili: erTi XIX

saukuneSi xdeba, meore XVII-Si. marTalia anJelikis Tavgadasavali

sasiyvarulo ufroa, magram kuzenis mier Tavisi naTesavis Sesaxeb

naambobi monaTxrobs yovelive romantikuls akargvinebs. anJelikis

vreceli dRiuris wakiTxvis Semdeg, mkiTxveli qaliSvilis mier

movlenebis araadekvaturad aRqmaSi darwmundeba. mkiTxveli anJelikis

Tavgadasavals aRar ganixilavs rogorc sasiyvarulo ambavs. monaTxrobi

axalgaxrda qalis winaSe qmris danaSaulebrivi da Seuracxmyofeli

saqcielis aRwerad iqceva, Tavad ,,dRiurebi’’ Kki _ deteqtivis siuJetad.

nervalma erT novelaSi orze meti ambis gadmocema moaxerxa, romelic

sxvadasxva saukuneSi viTardeba da, cenzuris sapasuxod, faqtebiTac

daadastura.

rogorc avRniSneT, novelaSi sami mTxrobelia. Txrobis momenti

novelis dasasruls aris mowodebuli. ori ambavi, bukuas wignis Zieba

da anJelikis sasiyvarulo istoriac, retrospeqtulia Txrobis

momentTan mimarTebaSi. novelSi orive ambavi erTmaneTis paralelurad

viTardeba: erTi axlo warsulSi, meore _ SoreulSi. yvela SemTxevaSi

Txroba retrospeqtulia, anaqroniuli. ganarCeven gare, Sida da Sereul

analefsisebs. gasarkvevi rCeba, Tu ramdenad emTxveva erTi moTxrobili

ambis xangrZlivoba ZiriTadi ambis ganviTarebas. gare analefsisis

SemTxevavSi (analepses externe), meore ambavi pirvelisgan damoukideblad

viTardeba. Sida analefsisis dros (analepses interne), erTi ambavi meoreSi

aris SeWrili. Sereuli analefsisis dros (analepces mixte), distancia

meore ambis pirvelTan mimarTebaSi didia, nawarmoebis bolos igi

ZiriTadi ambis drosa da sivrceSi ganviTarebas emTxveva. arsebobs

heterodiegesuri analefsisi, rodesac meore ambis diegesisi ar

utoldeba ZiriTadisas, da homodiegesuri analefsisi, rodesac pirveli

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ambisa da ZiriTadi ambis Tanxvedra xdeba. nervalis novelaSi _

,,anJeliki’’, gare analefsisi figurirebs (Женет 1998 :397).

novelaSi CarTul ambebTan mimarTebaSi (iadonis ambavi,

biblioTekaris sulis gamocxadeba, ori bibliofilis ambavi), abat

bukuas ambis mTxrobeli homodiegesuria: igi mowme xdeba rogor uTxra

moxuc qals Citebis gamyidvelma iadonis yidvaze uari (Nerval1994 :83).

heterodiegesuria mTxrobeli, rodesac mojadovebuli zaris ambavs

ixsenebs, radgan es ambavi sxvisgan moismina. novelaSi intradiegesuri

naratoric figurirebs (Nerval 1997 : :25). anJelikis ambavis komentirebis

dros, abat bukuas mTxrobeli meoreuli mTxrobelia igi anJelikis

ambavs mkiTxvels uyveba da is, rac am axalgazrda qals gadaxda, am

ukanasknelis dRiuridan icis. Sesabamisad, nervali novelaSi _

,,anJeliki’’, metadiegesur samyaros qmnis, romelic sxvadasxva diegesisis,

mTxrobelis statusis, TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis instaciebis

cvlaSi vlindeba. nervali cdilobs Tavis novelas maqsimaluri

damajerobloba SesZinos. es arCevani mwerlis mxatvrul mizans

emsxureba: man, mkiTxevlis winaSe, iseTi ambavi unda waradginos, romlis

utyuarobaSi aravis epareba eWvi da didZali jarimac aicdinos. amave

mizans emsaxureba mwerlis mier arCeuli epistolaruli Janric,

romelic faqtobriv masalazea agebuli, magram werilebi, rogorc

pirveli ambis (abatis) ESesaxeb, romelic mTxrobels ekuTvnis, aseve _

anJelikis, epistolaruli urTierTobis klasikur magaliTs ar

warmoadgenen. arc werilebi da arc intimuri dRiurebi erTmaneTan

mimarTebaSi polisubieqturi araa. isini arc dialogis modelia, radgan

pirvelis (abat bukuas ambavi) adresati savaraudod gamomcemelia, meore

_ dRiurebis saxes atarebs da inspirirebulia anJelikis

Tayvanismcemlis mier. Tayvanimcemlis pirveli sasiyvarulo

baraTi anJelikis dRiurebs ,,qanqaras principiT’’ ar agebs. erTi werili

(Tayvanismcemlis) anJelikis Tavgadasavlebis mizezi ki gaxdeba, magram

anJelikis adresati arc misi Tayvanismcemeli da arc naTesavia, romelic

mxolod anJelikis ambis boloSi gamoCndeba. anJelikis werilebi

klasikuri ,,epistolaruli monodiebis’’ magaliTs mxolod imiT

uaxlovdeba, rom mimoweraSi udidesi mniSvneloba pirveli

(Tayvanimcemlis werili) da bolo _ naTesavis werils eniWeba (Женетт

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1998 :413). orive mimowera (mTxrobelis savaraudod gamomcemelTan da

anJelikis) kreatiul komunikaciur strategias emsaxureba. abat bukuas

wignis Ziebis SemTxevaSi, mTxrobelis werilebi dialogis, replikis

funqcias iTavseben nawarmoebis mxolod erT nawilSi, rodesac xdeba

implicituri da eqsplicituri avtoris Tanxvedra. X werilSi

mTxrobeli adresatisgan (romelic kvlav ucnobi rCeba) or miRebul

werils pasuxobs. mTxrobeli mkiTxvels am werilebis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb

Zalian mokled, reziumes saxiT, sapasuxo werilSi mouTxrobs.

belgiidan mosul werilSi ki Tavad nervalic aris moxseniebuli,

rogorc abat bukuas ambis mkvlevari, Tumca werilis avtori kvlav

ucnobi rCeba. mxolod varaudi SeiZleba gamovTqvaT, rom werlebis

avtori, saZiebeli nawarmoebis konkretuli avtoria (abstraqtuli

avtoris konkretizirebuli instancia). mTxrobelis sapasuxoT,

belgiidan biblioTekaris pasuxSi vkiTxulobT: ,, . . . .minda rameSi

gamovadge iseT sasiamovno pirovnebas rogoric Jerar de nervalia’’

(,,Lecteur sympatique de M. Gérard de Nerval et désirant lui être agréable, je lui communique

le document ci-joint . . .’’(Nerval 1994 :145)). epistolaruli da sakuTriv

naratiuli Janrebis erT novelaSi gamoyeneba droTa TamaSzec

miuTiTebs: werili ambis da Txrobis droTa Tanafardobis efeqts qmnis

(scena _ ad=Td), rasac emateba analefsisiT gamoxatuli movlenaTa

retrospeqtiva. swored amitomaa saintereso novelaSi droTa Tanxvedra.

nervali, asociciaciis wyalobiT, warsulis (anJelikis ambavi _ XVII

saukune) da awmyos (abat bukuas wignis Zieba _ XIX saukune) erT

novelaSi gaerTianebas ostaturad axerxebs (wignis Ziebis dros

mTxrobeli abatis didedas werilebs waawydeba) (Nerval 1994 :109).

anJeliki Tavis bolo werils biZaSvils swers. anJelikis naTesavi

aris intredegesuri narateri (Nerval 1994 :26) axalgazrda qalis danarCeni

werilebis konkretuli adresati dasaxelebuli ar aris, anu igi

eqstradiegesur naraterzea gaTvlili, magram bukuas ambis mkvlevari,

uneblied, anJelikis adresati xdeba, e.w. narateri da Tavis statuss ar

icvlis: igi estradiegesur naraterad rCeba.

radgan anJeliki Tavis Tavgadasavalsa da SegrZnebebs Zalze

subieqturad aRiqvams da gadmoscems, ambavi misi TvalTaxedviT aris

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gadmocemuli, Sesabamisad saqme Sida, anu romelime personaJze

morgebul fokalizaciasTan gvaqvs (La focalisation interne (Jouve1999 :33)),

rodesac igive ambis gansxvavebul versias anJelikis naTesavi hyveba,

mTxrobelis SecvlasTan erTad fokalizacia ar icvleba: igi aseve

Sidaa, radgan erTsa da imave ambavis sakuTar xedvas anJelikis naTesavi,

gesankuri gvTavazobs (Нерваль 1985155). abat bukuas ambavs wignis

maZiebeli mkiTxvels (an naraters) sakuTari konemtarebiT awvdis, magram

igi amas gulsgareT, samagaliTo JunalistiviT akeTebs. axalgazrda

qalis mier dRiurebis Sesaxebac uinteresod hyveba iseve, rogorc misi

naTesavis mier, sruliad saporispirod danaxul igive ambavs, amitom

saqme gare fokalizaciasTan gvaqvs (Le focalisation externe).

abat bukuas wignis Zieba erTxel aris moyolili, ambis Txroba

Tanamimdevrulia: wignis Ziebis dasawyisidan misi SeZeniT damTavrebuli

(erTjeradi Txroba). anJelikis ambavi samjer aris moTxrobili

(mravaljeradi Txroba): pirvelad abatis ambis maZiebeli (novelis

ZiriTadi mTxrobeli, nawarmoebis eqsplicituri da implicituri

avtori) mas reziumirebis saxiT hyveba, qalis sasiyvarulo gancdasa da

mis uiRblo siyvarulis istorias ramdenime striqonSi atevs. Semdeg

igive ambavs hyveba Tavad anJeliki, da bolos _ anJelikis biZaSvili.

Txrobis momentis ambavTan mimarTeba intimur dRiurebSi Tu werilebSi

Sereul xasiTs iZens. erTi mxriv, dRiurebisa da werilebis dialoguri

formidan gamomdinare, ambis Txrobis dro Txrobis momentis

Tanadrouli unda iyos (La narration intercalée (Jouve 1999 :36)) da Txrobis

mometis momdevno (La narration ultérieure ( Jouve 1999 :36)). anJelikis werilebi,

Tu maT dialogis formad miviCnevT ucnob, igi homodiegesur naraterze

unda iyos gaTvlili, magram hetero da intradiegesur naratateris

(mkiTxvelis) xelSi aRmoCndeba, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, Txrobis

momentTan mimarTebaSi, novelaSi momxdarzea saubari (La narration ultérieure).

abat bukuas wignis Ziebis dros, saqme Sereul SemTxevasTan gvaqs (La

narration intercalée): novelis mTxrobelis sxva personaJebTan Sexvedrebis

dros (dialogis SemTxvevaSi) Txrobis droisa da momentis Tanxvedra

xdeba (La narration simultanée ( Jouve 1999:36), rac sinamdviles ar Seesabameba,

magram logikurad SesaZlebalia. anJelikis werlebis SemTxvevaSi,

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novelis igive mTxrobelis mier warsuli ambis (wignis Ziebis procesi

da bukuasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi, maT Soris anJelikis werilebic)

moyolisas, Txrobis moments ambavi uswrebs win (La narration ultérieure).

mxolod erT epizodSi, rodesac novelis mTxrobeli mosalodnel

auqcionze da Tavis gegmebze saubrobs, Txrobis momenti win uswrebs

Tavad ambavs (La narration antérieure (Jouve 1999 :36)).

Sesabamisad, novelaSi damajereblobis efeqti (effet de réel) iqmneba,

ambis gadmocemis gameorebiT, metalefsisiT (transgresiiT) da TxrobiTi,

naratiuli instanciebis (naratori) cvliT, gare da Sida fokalizaciis

monacvleobiT. amave dros, nervali qmnis metamoTxrobas (métarécit),

moTxrobas moTxrobaSi (Genette 1972 :239), romelsac hyavs Tavisi

mTxrobeli da mkiTxvels literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb

uyveba.

damajereblobis efeqtis Seqmnis sailustraciod gamodgeba

nervalis kidev erTi novela _ ,,emili’’. novelaSi mogviTxroben

axalgazrda samxedros sevdiani ambis Sesaxeb. oTaxSi Tavmoyrili

adamianebi deroSis TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb bWoben da surT gaigon, ram

aiZula aseTi vaJkaci qristianisTvis Seuferebeli da miuRebeli

saqcieli Caedina.

nervali novelaSi ramdenjerme cvlis mTxrobels:

I. Tavdapirvelad ambavs eqstra/homodiegesuri mTxrobeli gviyveba,

romelic mkiTxvels deroSis TviTmkvlelobas amcnobs da eWvi Seaqvs

mis saqcielSi (Nerval 1994 :291);

II. Txrobas agrZelebs intradiegesuri mTxrobeli (mRvdeli).

sainteresoa, rom mis moTxrobil ambavSi, igi yvela epizodis mowme ar

yofila, magaliTad: deroSis mier axalgazrda germaneli memaqmanis

gacnoba. maT Sexvedras yovelTvis sxva eswreba (qaliSvilis deida).

meoreuli mTxrobeli axalgazrdebis siyvarulis Sesaxeb Tavad

deroSisgan igebs da germaniaSi maT dasaqorwineblad Cadis (Nerval

1994 :293);

III. ambis damajereblobis efeqtis gasaZliereblad, nervali bevri

mwerlis nacad xerxs mimarTavs: Txrobis procesSi mas abstraqtuli

avtori Semohyavs. am epizodSi xorcieldeba metalefsisi, rac

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abstraqtuli avtoris konkretizaciaSi, intra/heterodiegesuri

mTxrobelis yovlismcodne mTxrobelad gardaqmnaSi vlindeba (Nerval

1994 :296);

IV. adamianis Sinagani buneba, misi samyaro amoucnobi da

saidumloebiT moculia. yvelaze ukeT pirovnebis Sesaxeb Tavad igi

moyveba, amitom nervali novelis nawils, sadac deroSis ucnaur

saqciels exdeba farda _ deroSi brZolis sacolis mamas dros hklavs

_ Tavad deroSs ayolebs (Nerval 1994 :300);

V. nervalis amas ar sjerdeba da kidev erTxel cvlis mTxrobels.

ambavs meoreuli mTxrobeli _ mRvdeli, agrZelebs. amjerad igi ambis

mowmea, anu intra/homodiegesuri mTxrobelia. am ukanasknelis sityvebiT

sruldeba novelac da msmenelebs deroSis saqcielis marTebulobaSi

eWvi aRar eparebaT (Nerval 1994 :301);

rogorc vxedavT, nervali, damajereblobis efeqtis misaRwevad,

cvlis TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebs da instanciebs. novelaSi _

,,anJeliki’’, igi ,,CarCoiani novelebis’’ agebis xerxs iyenebs: erTi patara

nawarmoebis farglebSi sxvadasxva ambavs sxvadasxva mTxrobeli

mogviTxrobs (Le récit emboîté généralisé). ironiis miRma imaleba mxatvrul-

literaturuli teqstis metadiegesuri konstruqciis Seqmnis survili.

igive xdeba novelaSi _ ,,emili’’, amjerad, damajereblobis efeqti erTi

ambis danawevrebis, sxvadasxva mTxrobelis Semoyvanis xarjze iqmneba.

novela _ ,,oqtavi’’ aseve ,,CarCoian novelebs’’ SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT,

magram novelisgan _ ,,anJeliki’’, igi imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mTxrobelis

werili novelis farglebSi calke ambis saxiT ar aris Setanili.

yovelive es awmyosa da warsulis, realuri da warmosaxviTi samyaros

Soris sazRvrebis waSlas emsaxureba (Le récit emboîté ponctuel (Reuter 2005: 57)).

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II. V. ornamentuli prozis raoba da misi mniSvneloba Jerar de

nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

ornamentuli prozis cneba farTea da fundamentuli.

ornamentalizmi teqstSi mxolod sityvaTa TamaSi rodia (Baudelle 2005 :30).

ornamentuloba efuZneba simbolizmisa da modernizmisTvis

damaxasiTebel azrovnebasa da msoflmxedvelobas, romelic Tavisi

arsiT miTopoeturia. ornamentul prozaSi (discours orné) iseTi saxis

teqstebi moiazreba, romlebic poeziis gavlenas ganicdian, rac

miTosuri azrovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. miTosuri azrovneba

kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi vlindeba: filosofiasa da poetikaSi,

fsiqologiaSi... ornamentul prozaze saubrisas erTmaneTisgan unda

gavmijnoT sakuTriv naratiuli teqtebi da iseTebi, romlebic poezias

uaxlovdeba, anu naratiuli proza ornamentuls SevadaroT

daEdavupirispiroT.

naratiul teqstSi Txrobis dros umniSvnelovanesi, ganmsazRvreli

roli ara komunikaciur struqturebs ekisreba, aramed Tavad

mTxrobelis instanciis arsebobas. termini ,,naratiuli’’ upirispirdeba

,,deskripciuls’’ anu ,,aRwerilobiTs’’. naratiuli teqsti ambavs

gadmogvcems da axdens mis temporalizacias, anu ambavs droisa da

sivrcismier sazRvrebSi aqcevs. naratiulobis cneba axlos dgas

,,fabulobasTan’’. ambavi movlenis cnebas ukavSirdeba, rac arsebuli,

sawyisi situaciis cvlilebas gulisxmobs. es cvlileba moTxrobil,

fiqcionalur samyaroSi xorcieldeba. Tavisi bunebiT, movlena SeiZleba

iyos bunebrivi, aqciuri (dakavSirebuli moqmedebasTan, qmediTi) da

interaqciuri, Sinagani (mentaluri). maSasadame, naratiuli teqtebis

amocnoba movleniTobas, xdomilobas ukavSirdeba. lotmanis

gansazRvrebiT, movlena TxrobiTi teqstis xerxemals warmoadgens da

,,personaJis semantikuri velis sazRvis miRma gadaadgilebas’’

gulisxmobs; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _ ,,akrZaluli sazRvris

gadalaxvas’’ (Лотман 1970 :282). Tavisi arsiT, xdomiloba transgresiuli

bunebisaa: xdomilobis, movlenad aRiarebuli qmedebis dros, xdeba

topografiuli, pragmatuli, eTikuri, fsiqologiuri an SemecnebiTi

sazRvris garRveva, anu personaJis mier iseTi qmedebis realizeba,

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romelic normisgan gansxvavdeba. rac mTavaria, dakanonebulisgan

gadaxveva mkiTxvelisa da fiqcionaluri samyaros instanciebis mier

erTnairad unda aRiqmebodes (Шмид 2003 : 20).

n. tamarCenko movlenad subieqtis miznisken swrafvas aRiqvams,

personaJis empiriul Tu mentalur samyaroebSi gadaadgilebas.

xdomiloba realobis iluziis Seqmnas efuZneba. xdomiloba movlenad ar

aRiqmeba, Tu personaJi mxolod ocnebobs da miznis misaRwevad arafers

akeTebs (Шмид 2003:20). aseT SemTxevaSi, movlenad aRiqmeba Tavad

ocnebis, zmanebis, warmosaxvis, halucinaciis procesi. aqedan

gamomdinare, nervalis nawarmoebebSi, kerZod, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

ocneba da zmaneba SeiZleba xdomilobas gautoldes, radgan mTxrobeli

realobasa da sizmriseul samyaros Soris sazRvris garRvevas Seecada.

naratologiur analizs ornamentuli prozis nimuSebic eqvemdebareba:

amis erTi mizezi xdomilobisa da warmosaxviTis tolfasobaa; meore

mizezi, ornamentuli Tu aRwerilobiTi saxis teqstebis

naratiulobisken swrafvaa.

rogorc zemod avRniSneT, moTxrobil ambavSi xdomiloba

realobasTan unda iyos daaxlovebuli (effet de réel), personaJma da

mkiTxvelma moyolili ambavi SesaZleblobaTa erTiani sistemiT unda

Seafason. nebismier movlenas Sedegi unda mosdevdes, anu qmedeba

movlenad im SemTxvevaSi iqceva, Tu mas Sedegi mohyva. Sedegi naraciis

dasrulebamde unda gamJRavndes. amas Smidti moqmedebis Sedegze

orientirebul qmedebas uwodebs (Шмид 2003 : 22). aseTi saxis moqmedeba

upirispirdeba inqoatiur movlenas, anu iseTs, sadac moqmedebis mxolod

sawyis etapzea saubari, gmiris mxridan moqmedebis martooden

mcdelobaze (moqmedebis konatiuri xerxi), an qmedebaze, romelic

ganxorcielebis stadiaSia (moqmedebis duratiuli xerxi).

funqciebis garda, xdomilobas ganxorcielebis stadiebic aqvs.

sruli xdomilobis SemTxvevaSi, naratiul teqsts xuTi kriteriumi unda

axasiaTebdes:

I. pirveli relevantobaa, rac movlenis mniSvnelobas

gulisxmobs, asaxuli movlenis mniSvnelobas, mis gadamwyvet

funqcias personaJis cxovrebisTvis. movlena STambeWdavi

mkiTxvelisTvisac unda gaxdes.

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II. meore Tviseba _ gauTvaliswineblobaa. naratiuli teqstisTvis,

gauTvaliswineblobas, moulodnelobis efeqts udidesi mniSvneloba

eniWeba. mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirurTierTobis saSualebiT

moulodnelobis efeqti mkiTxvelisTvis logikuric SeiZleba aRmoCndes,

rac mkiTxvelis dainteresebas da misi molodinis horizontis

gamarTlebas emsaxureba.

III. naratiuli teqstis mesame niSanTviseba _ konsekuciurobaa, anu

ra kvali datova ama Tu im movlenam personaJis cxovrebasa Tu mis

msoflmxedvelobaze.

IV. meoTxe niSanTviseba movlenis Seuqcevadobaa: ramdenadac didia

movlenis Seuqcevadobis albaToba, miT ufro metia Tavad movlenis

mniSvneloba personaJebisa Tu mkiTxvelisTvis. naratiul teqstebSi,

movlenebis ganviTarebas personaJis gamorkveva, gons mogeba unda mohyves.

es ki personaJis zneobriv amaRlebas, pirovnebis Camoyalibebas

gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, Seuqcevadi movlenis Sedegad moqmedi piri ar

da ver ubrundeba Tavis pirvandel mdgomareobas, mentalursa Tu

suliers.

V. movlenis mexuTe niSania _ ganumeorebloba. es ukanaskneli, imaze

miuTiTebs, rom cvlileba, romelzedac nawarmoebSia saubari, erTjerad

xasiaTs unda atarebdes. gameorebadi cvlileba xdomilobas ar qmnis,

Tundac Seuqcevadi iyos. movlenebis gameoreba aRwerilobiTi teqstis

niSanTvisebaa.

naratiul teqtebs yovelTvis ar axasiaTebT xdomilobis

damaxasiaTebeli xuTive niSani da Tu axasiTebT, yvela erT doneze ar

aris gamovlenili.

v. tiupa gamohyofs naratiuli teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

xdomilobis sam ZiriTad kriteriums: heterogenuloba, qronotopuloba,

intelihibeloba (Smidi2003 :295). naratiuli teqstebis sami niSniT

daxasiaTebas mkvlevari naratologiis da misi mimdevrebisa da

warmomadgenlebis mier xdomilobis cnebis gansazRvris garTulebiT

asabuTebs. misi azriT, gansxvavebuli bunebis mqone diskursuli

procesebis, magaliTad komunikaciuri xdomilobisa da istoriuli

(kvaziistoriuli, fiqcionaluri) procesis referenciuli xdomilobis

erTi niSniT gaerTianebis mcdelobas, Sedegad movleniTobis

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gansazRvrebis sirTule mohyveba. Tu lotmanisTvis xdomiloba, movlena

,,normisgan mniSvnelovan gadaxvevas’’ niSnavs, ganmsazRvrels, am

SemTxvevaSi, Tavad normis farglebis gadgena warmoadgens: epoqis,

socialur-kulturuli gamocdilebis, eris istoriis . . . g. hegeli

erTmaneTisgan mijnavda imas, rac ubralod xdeba da imas, rac epikur

nawarmoebSi movlenad iqceva. hegeli garegan cvlilebas movlenis

yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad miiCnevda. am Tvalsazrisis

gaziarebiT imis aRiareba mogviwevs, rom subieqturi xasiaTis

matarebeli mxatvrul-literaturuli teqsti narativs ar warmoadgens.

n. tomarCenkos azriT, xdomiloba erTi mdgomareobidan meoreze

gadasvlaa: personaJis qmedebis, mogzaurobis, an garemoebaTa

zemoqmedebiT (biologiuri cvlilebebi, antagonistebis moqmedeba,

bunebis movlenebi istoriuli perepitiebi . . .). mxatvrul narativSi

umniSvnelo elementi ar arsebobs (v. tiupa). rogorc i. tinianovi

ambobda, movlenis arsi misi niSan-Tvisebebis maqsimalur raodenobaSi ki

ara, aramed maT aucilebel minimumSi vlindeba. lotmani wers: ,,movlenad

unda aRviqvad is, rac moxda, magram SeiZleba arc momxdariyo’’.

realisturi prozisTvis damaxasiaTebelia samyaros aRqmis

samecniero-empiriuli modeli da Txrobis fiqcionalur-naratiuli

principi, romelic xdomilobazea orientirebuli. aseTi saxis naratiul

teqstebSi, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens mimesuroba, mentaluri da

garegani qmedebebis fsiqologiuri damajerebloba; modernistul

prozaSi ki piriqiT _ am principebis ganzogadeba xdeba, rac

aranaratiuli arsis mqone poezias prozasTan aaxlovebs. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, upriania gavixsenoT romantizmis Teoretikosis _

f. Slegelis, sityvebi, romantikuli poeziis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb:

,,romantikuli poezia eposs hgavs da SeiZleba gaxdes samyaros amsaxveli

sarke. poeturi refleqsiis frTebma igi caSi unda aitacon, nebismieri

saxis realuri Tu idealuri interesebisgan gaanTavisuflon’’

(Хрестоматия 1955 : 21).

naratiuli prozisgan gansxavebviT, ornamentuli proza istoriul

kanonzomierebebs ar eqvemdebareba. igi poeziis gavlenis qveS eqceva.

literaturis istoriaSi naratiuli teqstis poeturTan miaxlovebis

magaliTebi mravlad moipoveba da, yvela SemTxvevaSi, saubaria im poetur

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sawyisebze, romlebic miTosur azrovnebas gulisxmobs. saukuneze meti

xnis win novalisi werda, rom romantikuli bunebis mqone moTxrobebSi

movlenaTa Soris kavSiri mcirea, magram asociacia _ meti. moTxrobebi

sizmrebs hgvanan. novalisi iqve dasZens, rom leqsebi mSvenieri sityvebis

wyebaa, yovelgvari Sinagani kavSirisa da Sinaarsis garaSe, sadac

mxolod calkeuli strofebia gasagebi da mniSvnelovani

(Зарубежная...1991 :72). am TvalsazrisiT, nervalis orelia poeziisgan ar

gansxvavdeba.

poeturobidan gamomdinare, ornamentuli proza miTis struqturul

saxed aRiqmeba. ornamentul prozaSi, miTosuri azrovneba

mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis motivirebis, mizez-Sedegobriobis

kanonebis rRvevaSi vlindeba.

realistur prozaSi sityva pirobiTi simboloa, miTosur

azrovnebaSi, am azrovnebis models daqvemdebarebul mxatvrul-

literaturul teqstebSi ki _ xatia. miTSi sityva ar warmoadgens

niSans, romelic saganze moiuTiTebs. sityva Tavad sagnis

ekvivalenturia, amitom miTosuri azrovnebisTvis ar aris

damaxasiaTebeli idealurisa da realuris gamijvna. am mosaxrebas

iziarebs germaneli filosofosi _ erns kesireri, romelsac miaCnda,

rom eris istoria ki ar gansazRvravs mis miTologias, aramed

miTologia _ naciis istorias. miTi transcedentul process

gamoxatavs. miTosuri samyaro warmosaxviTia, Sesabamisad, ornamentuli

prozis saSualebiT sityva da sagani igivdeba (Кесcирер –on-lain wigni).

siuJetebisa da Temebis gameoreba rogorc miTosuri samyaros, aseve

ornamentuli prozis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia. mxatvrul-

literaturul nawarmoebSi laitmotivebis jaWvi amoicnoba, iqmneba

calkeuli niSnebis ekvivalentoba. swored am ekvivalentobas

eqvemdebareba naratiuli teqstis enobrivi sintagma da moTxrobili

ambis Tematuri sintagmac. ornametul prozaSi ritmuloba, JReradi

ekvivalentoba Tu laitmotivze dafuZnebuli iteraciuli xerxebis

gamoyeneba SeiniSneba. gameorebadi faqtorebi teqstis kompoziciur

erTianobas uzrunvelyofen, anu siuJetis Sesusteba laitmotivebis

arsebobis xarjze xdeba da amiT siuJeturi qargisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis simcirec kompensirdeba.

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gameorebis principi laitmotivebs da yvela sxva saxis formalur

Tu Tematur ekvivalentobas gulisxmobs, romlebic mxatvrul teqstSi

ZiriTadi ambis paralelurad Tanaarseboben da am ambis droSi

konstruirebas agvareben. laitmotivebi da ekvivalentoba realistur

prozaSic arsebobs. realisturi prozisgan ornamentuli gameorebebis

principiT gamoirCeva, magram Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani teqstSi Sesabamisi

mxatvruli Tu stilistikuri xerxebis gamoyenebaa, rac moTxrobili

ambis Tu diskursis doneze vlindeba. Tu realistur prozaSi

laitmotivi da ekvivalentoba mxolod Tematur doneze Cans, ornamentul

prozaSi, naraciis prezentaciis dros, orive Tematur da siuJetur

TanafardobaSi vlindeba. Sesabamisad, gadmocemuli ambavi da movlenaTa

Soris urTierTkavSiris ageba semantikur, leqsikur da formalur

doneze xdeba.

ornamentuloba komunikaciis princips eyrdnoba. ornamentul prozas

Sinaarssa da gamoxatvas Soris sazRvris waSla, gare da Sinagan,

meorexarisxovan da mniSvnelovan, JReradi motivebis Tematur motivebad,

metaforis da stilistikuri xerxebis siuJetis nawilad qceva

axasiaTebs.

rogorc avRniSneT, ornamentuli proza siuJetis SesustebiT

gamoirCeva. moTxrobili ambavi SeiZleba iyos gabneuli nawarmoebis

sxvadasxva nawilSi, romelTa Soris kavSiri mocemulia ara naratiul-

sintagmnatikur planSi, aramed _ poeturi paradigmis planSi, maT

msgavsebasa da kontrastSi.

ornamentuli proza teqstis naratiul safuZvels bolomde ar

ugulebelyofs. rogorc v.Smidti ganmartavs, es maSin xdeba, rodesac

paradigmatizacia da siuJeti erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, magram maSinac,

sityvisa da Txrobis xelovnebas azrobrivi datvirTvisa da aRqmis

gamZafrebisken mivyavarT. prozisa da poeziis naerTi poeturi da

naratiuli SesaZleblobebis rTul interferencias, hibridul prozas

qmnis (Шмид 2003.263).

swored aseTi saxis teqstebTan gvaqvs saqme Jerar de nervalis

SemTxvevaSi. misi prozauli nawarmoebebi ornamentul prozas

ganekuTvneba. amis dasturad, sakmarisia avRniSnoT realurisa da

irealurs Soris sazRvris waSla, siuJeturi qargis Sesusteba, rac

83

laitmotivebiT, aluziebiTa da avtoaluziebiT kompensirdeba

(motivebisa da xdomilobis simciris xarjze). gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZens mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis miTosur azrovnebasTan

siaxlove.

Cvvi azriT, nervali wminda saxis naratiuli teqstebis Seqmnas

gamiznulad gaurbis, rac mis nawarmoebebs poeziasTan aaxlovebs.

SesaZloa amiT avxsnaT nervalis novelebis da sonetebis (,,qimerebi’’)

erT krebulad (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) gaerTianeba. ufro met interess

iwvevs nervalis teqstSi stilistikuri xerxebis simcire: nervalis

esTetika miTopoeturia, amitom mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiTi

saSualebebis simcire simboloebiT aris Canacvlebuli; amitom gaxda

nervalis Semoqmedeba momdevno TaobebisTvis ufro saintereso; amitomac

ar unda gagvikvirdes misi Semoqmedebisadmi interesi arc simbolistebis,

arc siurealistebis mxridan (Conty 1988 :280). aseTi saxis miTopoeturi,

ornamentuli teqsti franguli romantizmisTvis, kerZod frangi

adamianis kartezianuli gonebisTvis ucxoa. miT ufro gasagebi xdeba,

nervalis germanel romantikosebis esTetikasTan siaxlove. nervalis

proza ornamentulia da hibridulic, radgan nawarmoebebSi arc

naratiuli da arc poeturi sawyisebi ar iSleba.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, misi esTetikisa da

formidan gamomdinare, yvelaze metad vlindeba ornamentuli prozis

niSan-Tvisebebi. movlenis damaxasiaTebeli xuTi niSnidan, nervalis

moTxrobaSi warmodgenil movlenebs mxolod oTxi axasiaTebT:

relevantoba, gauTvaliswinebloba, konsekuciuroba da Seuqcevadoba.

amave dros, misTvis (movlenisTvis) naratiul teqstebTan axlosmdgomi

aRwerilobiTi teqtebis Tvisebebic ar aris ucxo, anu im teqtstebis,

romlebSic statikuri mdgomareobaa aRwerili, aRwerilia portreti,

iqmneba klasebad dayofili sazogadoebis suraTi, xdeba gameorebadi

xasiaTis mqone movlenebis, cikluri procesebis Sejameba. v. Smidis

azriT, aRwerilobiTi xasiTis teqstebsa da naratiul teqstebs Soris

zRvari yovelTvis gamokveTili ar aris: yovel TxrobaSi aRwerac

figurirebs, rac Txrobis procesis Seyovnebas iwvevs da nawarmoebs

garkveul statikurobas sZens. aRwerilobiTi saxis teqstebSic moipoveba

84

dinamikuri elementebi, xdomilobis Semcveli struqturebi. mkiTxvelze

bevrad aris damokidebuli rogor aRiqvams igi nawarmoebs, rogor avsebs

igi e.w. ganusazRvrel adgilebs (literaturis. . . 2008: 186).

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi nebismieri moqmedeba mxolod peizaJebis

aRwera rodia. teqstSi asaxuli samyaro qmnis toposs da yovelTvis

konkretul aRqmas exmianeba, romelic empiriuli realobis Semecnebas

ukavSirdeba. es toposi mwerlisa da mkiTxvelis Cveul samyarosTan

maqsimaluradaa miaxlovebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, ra saxisac ar unda

iyos mxatvruli nawarmoebi (realisturi Tu fantastikuri), igi ama Tu

im epoqis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, amitom ,,mkiTxveli

sagnis (literaturuli nawarmoebis _ n.q.) pasiuri momxmarebeli ki ara,

aramed SemoqmedebiTi procesis aqtiuri monawilea. aqtiuria igi Tundac

imitom, rom . . . nawarmoebis gasaRebi aRmoCenas moiTxovs’’ (yaralaSvili

1977: 34). mkiTxvelis mier teqstis konkretizacia, aqtualizacia da

rekonstruqcia amarTlebs an, piriqiT, _ awbilebs mkiTxvelis

molodinis horizonts da nawarmoebis gansxvavebulad wakiTxvis

saSualebas iZleva (literaturis . . . 2008: 187).

nervalis nawarmoebis (,,orelia’’) SemTxvevaSi, realurisa da

irealuris analizis dros, mniSvnelovani xdeba imis garCeva aris

nervalis teqsti aRwerilobiTi, statikuri Tavisi bunebiT, Tu

iteraqciuli, radgan, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, movlenebs naklebi

mniSvneloba mieniWeba, vidre _ meoreSi, rac kumulaciuri elementebis

arsebobis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs da nawarmoebs jadosnur zRaparTan

gaaigivebs. naratiuli da aRwerilobiTi teqstebi ara statikuri Tu

dinamikuri elementebis raodenobiT ganisazRvreba, aramed am

elementebis saboloo funqciiT, Tumca es ukanaskneli Sereuli xasiaTis

SeiZleba iyos (Шмид 2003: 20). mxatvrul nawarmoebSi erTi an meore

funqcia dominirebs. b. tomaSevski droismier da mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSirebis arsebobas, nawarmoebis fabulis agebis ganmsazRvrel

faqtorad miiCnevs (tomaSevski fabulas nawarmoebSi moTxrobil an

aRweril movlenaTa erTobliobas, xolo siuJets _ am movlenebis

gadmocemis Tanamimdevrobas uwodebs-n.q). (Томашевский 1925: 137)). mkvlevari

mogzaurobasac ,,ufabulo Txrobad’’ moiazrebs. b. tomaSevskis am

mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, radgan mogzaurobac SemecnebiTi procesia

85

da Tu masSi mcire raodenobiTaa movlenebi, STabeWdilebebis

mniSvneloba da gavlena adamianis cnobierebaze yovelTvis didia da

xSirad ufro gadamwyveti, vidre Tavad movlena. Cven vemxrobiT fabulis

Smidiseul gansazRvrebas, romelic ,,fabulas’’ ,,moTxrobil ambavs’’, an

ubralod ,,ambavs’’ uwodebs (Шмид 2003:24).

nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, da novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’, Semavali zogierTi nawarmoebi (,,venis Tavgadasavlebi’’),

aRwerilobiTi saxis teqstebTan aris miaxlovebuli. mTlianad

aRwerilobiTi xasiaTisaa Jerar de nervalis ,,mogzauroba

aRmosavleTSi’’, ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ,,gaseirnebani da mogonebani’’,

Tumca,. yovel maTganSi, mTxrobelis Sualeduri instancia figurirebs

(Шмид 2003:25). nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambebi (,,mogzauroba

aRmosavleTSi’’, ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ,,gaseirnebani’’) Tavisi arsiT,

diegesuri ar aris, anu moTxrobil samyaros ar ganekuTvneba. igi

mimesuria, Sesabamisad, aRweras utoldeba. yoveli aseTi saxis teqsti

(nervalis zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebebic) Sualeduri instanciis cvlas

asaxavs. swored, mTxrobelis Sualeduri instancia nervalis

publicistur nawarmoebebs mxatvrul-literaturul, naratiul

teqstebad aqcevs.

86

III Tavi

realuri da irealuri Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

III.I. naratiurli drois problema

Jerar de nervals gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia franguli

romantizmis istoriaSi. es ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, franguli

romantizmis ganviTarebis TaviseburebiT, meore mxriv _ germanuli

romantizmis gavleniT nervalis Semoqmedebaze. romantizmis esTetika da

nervalis Semoqmedeba imis safuZvels iZleva, rom nervalis

nawarmoebebis (,,orelia’’, ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) analizisas

naratologiis meTodologia gamoviyenoT. amas gvkarnaxobs romantizmis

warmomadgenelTa nawarmoebebSi iseTi samyaroebis arseboba, romelic

mxatvruli teqstis fiqcionalur samyaroSi moqmedebis SesaZleblobaTa

ramdenime sistemiT gamoixateba, romlebic erTmaneTs upirispirdeba an

enacvleba. movlenebisgan Semdgari ambavi, drosa da sivrceSi viTardeba,

amitom kvlevis sagani naratiuli dro unda gaxdes.

rogorc zemod avRniSneT, meoce saukuneSi, naraciis Sesaxeb

uamravi Teoria Seiqmna: rusi formalistebis Teoriebi (v. propi, v.

Sklovski), m. baxtinis narativis dialoguri Teoria,

neoaristotelianuli Teoriebi (Cikagos skola, u. buti),

fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriebi (z. froidi, J. lakani), hermenevtikuli da

fenomenologiuri Teoriebi (r. ingardeni, p. rikiori),

struqturalisturi, semiotikuri, topologiuri (k. levi-strosi, al.

greimasi, J. Jeneti), marqsistuli da sociologiuri Teoriebi (f.

jeimsoni), recefciuli esTetika (r. ingardeni), poststruqturalisturi

da dekonstruqtivistuli (J. derida, p. de mani). naratologia XX

saukunis samocian wlebSi struqturalizmis wiaRSi aRmocenda. mis

fuZemdeblebad miiCneven algirdas greimass, cvetan todorovs, Jerar

Jenets da klod bremons. Txrobis Teorias Sualeduri adgili ukavia

struqturalizmsa da recefciul esTetikas Soris. rogorc

literaturaTmcodneobis disciplina, igi Seiswavlis xelovnebis

komunikaciur aspeqtebs, naratiul teqstebs da gamohyofs kvlevis

ZiriTad kategoriebs: avtoris da mTxrobelis, naratiuli droisa da

87

sivrcis, mkiTxvelis, TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis, TvalTaxedvis

(fokalizacia) . . .

Jerar de nervalis pirovnebis, misi nawarmoebis aRqmis

sirTulidan gamomdinare, saWirod migvaCnia zemoxsenebuli

nawarmoebebis (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, ,,orelia’’) analizisas

naratologiuri meTodologiis gamoyeneba, rac mwerlis Semoqmedebis

ukeT aRqmisa da Cveni kvlevis ukeT warmaTvisTvisaa mizanSewonili.

literaturuli nawarmoebis analizisas didi adgili droisa da

sivrcis problemas eTmoba. nebismieri ambavi drosa da sivrceSi xdeba.

mniSvneloba ara aqvs, saubari gvaqvs realizmis kuTvnil mxatvrul-

literaturul teqstze, romelic Cvens garSemo arsebul, empiriuli

realobis msgavs realobas asaxavs, Tu _ fantastikurze. yvela

SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli nawarmoebis fiqcionaluri samyaro, homo

Tu heterogenuli, ambavs mogviTxrobs, romelic drosa da sivrceSia

ganfenili.

pol rikioris ganmartebiT, samyaro, romelic TxrobiT

nawarmoebSi iqmneba, es droiTi samyaroa: ,,dro iqceva adamianur drod

imdenad, ramdenadac igi naratiuli xerxebiT artikulirdeba, da

piriqiT, Txroba imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac masSi ikveTeba

droiTi gamocdilebis Tavdapirveli naratiuloba (literaturis

Teoria :2008 200).

drois naratologiuri analizi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad mijnavs

ambis dros (saukuneebi, wlebi, dReebi . . ) da sakuTriv Txrobis dros

(striqonebi da gverdis, furcelTa raodenoba): magaliTad, erTi Taobis

ambavs SeiZleba mTeli romani, erTi gverdi, an Tundac erTi striqoni

daeTmos (Jouve 1997 :44).

naratologia naratiul dros ganixilavs rogorc nawarmoebis

struqturul elements. igi striqonebisa da wignis gverdebiT

ganisazRvreba. naratologia sivrces mxatvruli teqstis kompoziciis

Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevs. frangi mecnieris _ Jerar Jenetis

TvalsazrisiT, sivrcis kvlevis sakiTxi klasikuri naratologiis

CarCoebs scildeba (Jouve 1997 : 35).

J. Jenets naratologiaSi Semohyavs Txrobis drois logikis cneba,

romelic aerTianebs anaqroniis literaturul teqnikas, movlenaTa

88

xangrZlivobis modifikacias, sixSirisa da Txrobis tempis SesaZlo

variaciebs (Genette 1977 : 36).

anaqronia prolefsiss da analefsiss gulisxmobs. sixSire

mTxrobelis mier momxdaris mravaljer gameorebaa, an piriqiT _

mravaljeradis erTxel moxsenieba. J. Jeneti xazs usvams reziumes,

deskrifciuli pauzis (Txrobis Seyovneba, atmosfero, peizaJis,

garegnobisa an romelime sagnis zedmiwevniT aRwera), scenis (dialogi)

da elifsisis (Txrobis xazis mTliani ugulebelyofa) mniSvnelobas.

Sesabamisad, naratiuli drois problemis analizisas naratologia

ganarCevs Txrobis moments, temps, sixSiresa da Tanamimdevrobas.

swored aseTi kuTxiT SevecdebiT ganvixiloT Jerar de nervalis

novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ da warmovaCinoT frangi

mwerlis msofmxedvelobis siaxlove romantizmis esTetikasTan, xolo

romantizmi – rogorc eqsperimentuli mimdinareoba, romelmac didi

gavlena iqonia modernistul literaturaze.

nervalis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mkvlevaris, filip destruelis

azriT, drois problema mis nawarmoebSi udides rols TamaSobs. misi

mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom cecxlis qaliSvilebs ,,drois

qaliSvilebi’’ SeiZleboda rqmeoda (Нерваль1985 :55).

romantizmis Teoretikosis, fridrix Slegelis TvalsazrisiT,

literaturis universaluroba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Caswvdes

da gadmosces adamianis, bunebisa da mTeli samyaros arsi. universumis

ZiriTadi kanonzomierebis wvdoma SemoqmedebiTi intuiciis MmeoxebiT

xdeba da sinkretuli Janris nawarmoebebSi aisaxeba, anu iseT

nawarmoebebSi, romelic yvela literaturul Janrs moicavs (Шлегель

1955 : 20).

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’_ mravali novelisa da maTTan ideur-Tematurad

gaerTianebuli leqsebisgan Sedgeba. lirikuli da epikuri Janrebis erTi

saTauriT gaerTianeba, SesaZloa, leqsebisa da novelebis zomis simciris

gamo moxda, an, romantikosTa kvaldakval, mxatvruli nawarmoebis

formis srulqmnis xelsayrel da Sedegian cdad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

Tavad mwerali, 1854 wels, anu im dros, rodesac krebuli _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’, gamoaqveyna, literaturul salonebSi mniSvnelovani

89

nawarmoebis Seqmnaze xmamaRla saubrobda (Нерваль 1985 :17). SesaZloa, mas

leqsebisa da novelebis erT krebulSi moqceva surda ise, rom leqsebi

novelebis erTgvar reziumed qceuliyo. sabolood, leqsebisa da

novelebis erT krebulad gaerTianeba aleqsandre diumas daxmarebiTa da

ZalisxmeviT moxda, radgan nervalis poetur Sedevrs swored igi

gamoexmaura pirveli (arsebobs nervalis leqsis _ ,,El Deschirado’’-s

diumaseuli manuskripti-n.q.). Tu yurad viRebT im faqts, rom nawarmoebis

saboloo saxis miRwevamde nervalma krebuls _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’,

mravaljer ucvala forma da gaviTvaliswinebT romantikosTa

eqsperimentebs, damajereblad migvaCnia am krebulSi Semavali oTxi

novelis gamorCeva, romlebic qalTa saxelebs atarebs: ,,anJeliki’’,

,,silvi’’, ,,oqtavi’’ da ,,emili’’.

sixSiris (La fréquence) naratologiuri cneba nervalTan ara marto

romelime calkeul novelasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed cecxlis

qaliSvilebis, orelias da qimerebis erTian konteqstSi unda iqnas

ganxiluli. novelis martivsiuJetiani JanrisTvis sixSiris

erTjeradobis xerxis (Le mode singulatif) gamoyenebaa damaxasiaTebeli,

rodesac erTxel momxdars erTxelve hyvebian. nervalis calkeul

novelaSi ZiriTadi ambavi erTxelaa warmodgenili. ar unda dagvaviwydes,

rom nervalis nawarmoebebi erTian qmnilebad moiazreba, amitom erTi da

igive, an masTan miaxlovebuli ambavi, sxva novelebSic meordeba. am

SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba sixSiris mravaljeradi xerxi (Le mode répétitif) :

mTxrobeli erTxel momxdars mravaljer imeorebs: siuJeti msgavsi,

xSirad avtobiografiuli xasiaTis, magram saxecvlili movlenebiT

ivseba, magaliTad saanlisis, mSobliuri mxaris monaxuleba, satrfos

dakargva, italiaSi gamgzavreba . . .

novelebis dasawyisSive mTxrobeli Tavisi adgilsamyofelis, xSir

SemTxvevaSi _ parizis, datoveba uwevs: zogjer, gauziarebeli

siyvarulis gamo (,,silvi’’, ,,oqtavi’’ _ mTxrobeli dedaqalaqs msaxiobi

qalis gamo tovebs), zogjer _ idumali xelnaweris saZieblad

miemgzavreba (,,anJeliki’’), an saidumloebiT moculi sikvdilis mizezis

asaxsnelad Zalas ar iSurebs (,,emili’’). novelebSi siuJetis Semdgomi

90

ganviTareba mogzaurobebsa da warmosaxviT Tavgadasavlebs ukavSirdeba,

an kidev _ Soreuli warsulis mogonebebs.

novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, sanatreli adgilebis monaxulebis survils

mTxrobeli valuas sagrafoSi Cahyavs, sadac bavSvobis wlebi aqvs

gatarebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom valua parizis CrdiloeTSi mdebareobs.

novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’, mTxrobeli ki _ evropis samxreTiT miemgzavreba:

jer marselSi da Semdeg _ italiaSi. novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, moqmedeba

belgiasa da safrangeTSi viTardeba, safrangeTis aRmosavleTiT _

germaniaSi momxdars novelis _ ,,emili’’, mTxrobeli hyveba. mogzaurobis

Tema, romelsac didi adgili ekava romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi, aseve

mniSvnelovania nervalisTvis. mwerali mogzaurobis Temas ubrundeba

Tavis ortomeulSi _ ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’, ,,gaseirnebebsa da

mogonebebSi’’. nervalis SemoqmedebaSi, mogzauroba simbolur datvirTvas

iZens da novalisis sityvebs exmianeba: ,,Cven samyaroSi mogzaurobaze

vocnebobT: magram samyaro Cvens sulSia! Cvens sulSi unda viswavloT

wiaRsvla. swored iq mivyavarT saidumloebiT mocul gzas. maradisoba

swored Cvens sulSi unda veZioT. gare samyaro aCrdilTa saufloa

mxolod . . .’’ (Зарубежная...1991 :72)

mTxrobeli mogzaurobebis gezs dawvrilebiT miuTiTebs (,,oqtavi’’,

,,anJeliki’’) da samaxsovro adgilebis aRweras sakmod bevr dros uTmobs

(,,silvi’’). deskrifciuli pauza, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Txrobis erTiani xazis

Seyovnebas iwvevs da teqstis diegesisSi (ambis dro da sivrce)

mTxrobelis mewyvilis (narateri) dainteresebas emsaxureba (désignation par

encrage) (Jouve 1997 :49). sivrcis aRwera realobis iluziis Seqmnas da

mTxrobelis mier samyaros Sesaxeb Sexedulebis naraterisTvis

gaziarebas emsaxureba. igi esTetikuri datvirTvis matarebelia. aRwera

moTxrobili ambis dramatizirebas ar axdens da arc ambis gagrZelebis

mcdelobas warmoadgens. nervali sivrcis aRweras personaJis guneba-

ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad iyenebs, magram nervalis novelebSi

deskrifcias ambis drosTan mimaTebaSi upiratesoba ar eniWeba

Jerar de nervalis yvela zemoxsenebuli novelebis siuJeturi

qargis ganviTarebad gmiris imedgacrueba SeiZleba miviCnioT. silvica

da oqtavic mTxrobelisTvis miuwvdomel idealTan miaxlovebis

saSualebebia, Tumca arc erTTan naratori sabolood ar rCeba.

91

novelebis dasasruls, silvica da oqtavic qorwindebian: pirveli

usiyvarulod Txovdeba da misi erTaderTi nugeSi qmrisa da mTxrobelis

fizikuri msgavsebaa, meore ki _ sarecelTan mijaWvul meuRles uvlis.

qorwils novelaSi _ ,,emili’’, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia, magram am

ambavsac bednieri dasasruli araa aqvs: emilis meuRle kvdeba, Tavad ki

_ monasterSi monazvnad aRikveceba. Tu krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’, miwier qorwinebazea saubari, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, igi

RvTaebriv saxes iZens (mistikuri qorwineba). gamomdinare iqidan, rom

moTxrobis (,,orelia’’), Seqmnas novelebis gamocema uZRvoda win, SeiZleba

davinaxoT, rogor iZens sakralur mniSvnelobas yofiTi movlena

(qorwineba) nervalis Semoqmedebis bolo periodSi. es mwerlis

SemoqmedebiTi eqsperimentis Sedegia, rac amarTlebs moTxrobil

ambavTa msgavsebis aucileblobas da gameorebis princips usvams xazs.

moTxrobis am safexurze (novelebis calkeul epizodebSi), dro

sworxazovania da movlenaTa Tanamimdevroba maT mizez-Sedegobriobas

efuZneba.E novelebis saboloo epizodebSi, kvanZis gaxsna mTxrobelis

reziumirebiT sruldeba. or novelaSi (,,oqtavi’’, ,,anJeliki’’) saboloo

komentari pirvel narators (mTxrobels) ekuTvnis, novelaSi _ ,,emili’’,

reziumirebas meoreuli, intra-homodiegesuri naratori axdens. amave

novelaSi, anaqronia analefsisiT gamoixateba da Txrobis momenti ambis

dros ukan mosdevs. nervalis novelebSi (,,oqtavi’’, ,,anJeliki’’, ,,emili’’)

Txrobis dro ramdenjerme wydeba, rac meoreuli mTxrobelis Semoyvanas

ukavSirdeba (naratiuli instanciebis cvla), deskrifciul pauzas an

CarTul struqturul elements (magaliTad _ werili) komunikaciis

doneebis cvlas.

naratologiaSi, Tanamimdevrobis cneba movlenaTa logikur

prezentacias eyrdnoba. nervalis zog novelaSi, Txrobis qronologia

ambis gadmocemis arasworxazovnebiT irRveva (im SemTxevebis garda,

rodesac erTi konkretuli ambavi Tavisi ,,siuJeturi SenakadebiT’’ aris

moTxrobili). naratiuli anaqroniis ori saxeobidan, prolefsisis

raodenoba novelebSi Zalian mcirea (,,oqtavi’’). novelebSi

retrospeqtuli subieqturi anaqroniaa warmodgenili. analefsisi ki

xSiriAmovlenaa.LENAA

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novela _ ,,silvi’’, Txrobis drois araTanmimdevrulobiT

gansxvavdeba novelisgan _ ,,oqtavi’’, romelSiac Txrobis drois

Tanamimdevroba daculia da mxolod erTxel irRveva (werilis epizodi).

naratiuli drois araTanmimdevruloba realurisa da irealuris

asociaciur monacvleobas ukavSirdeba, rac Jerar de nervalis

SemoqmedebisTvis esoden niSandoblivia da romantizmis esTetikisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli.

drois danawevrebas novelaSi _ ,,emili’’ vxvdebiT, sadac warsulis

gaxseneba yofili samxedro piris _ deroSis, sikvdilis saidumlos

axsnasa da axali mTxrobelis SemoyvanasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Txrobis

dro novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mTlianad danawevrebulia, radgan mravali,

patar-patara ambisgan Sedgeba, Tumca ZiriTadi ambavi (récit premier) _ abat

bukuas Sesaxeb wignis Zieba _ linearulad aris gadmocemuli.

novelis tradiciuli forma nervals saSualebas aZlevs ambavi

ramdenime sityviTa Tu striqoniT gadmosces, amitom ritmi, Txrobis

tempi, daCqarebas efuZneba (accélération). Txrobisa da novelaSi

gadmocemuli ambis droebis Sesatyvisobis oTxi SesaZlebeli

variantidan, anu rodesac Txrobis tempi ambisas emTxveva (dialogi),

masze didia (daCqareba), an kidev _ mcire (pauza), an maqsimalurad

Sekvecili (elifsisi) (ad=Td, Td<ad, Td=n da ad=0, Td=0 da Aad=n),

nervali upiratesobas ambis mimoxilvas aniWebs. mis nawarmoebTa

umetesobaSi siCqare Seesabameba formulas Td<ad, romlis mixedviTac

ambis dro Txrobis droze didia (Td<ad). krebulisgan _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’ _ gansxvavebiT, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, ambis dro ufro

mcirea, vidre _ Txrobis.

ambisa da Txrobis droTa tempis zemoxsenebuli Tanafardoba

(Td<ad), SenarCunebulia werilis, rogorc damoukidebeli naratiuli

erTeulis, epizodSi novelebSi _ ,,oqtavi’’, ,,anJeliki’’. Tavad werili,

iseve rogorc aRwera an aRsareba, novelis struqturuli elementia,

CarTulia da Txrobis erTiani xazis Seyovnebas iwvevs (,,oqtavi’’). am

SemTxvevaSi, Txroba Senelebulia, tempi ki Semdeg formulas Seesabameba:

Td=n, da ad=0, (Td=n da ad=0 / Td=n, ad=0). mwerali novelis erTi

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epizodis (werili) Txrobas ufro met dros andomebs, vidre danarCeni

epizodebis moyolas.

rogorc avRniSneT, novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, sxvebisgan imiTac

gamoirCeva, rom werilebis forma aqvs. werili am nawarmoebSi sul sxva

datvirTvis matarebelia: igi drois Seyovnebas ar emsaxureba, rogorc,

magaliTad novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’. werilebi Txrobas ar anawevreben,

radgan saqme sxvadasxva ambavTan, sxva naraterTan da naratorTan gvaqvs,

amitom Txrobis dro novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, arasworxazovania.

novelaSi _ ,,emili’’, naratiuli drois danawevreba naratoris

SecvlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sami mosaubris kamaTis mizezis axsnis

mizniT, meoreuli mTxrobeli warsulis ambebs ixsenebs, romlis

momswrec iyo. novelis dasawyisSi, ambis dro Txrobis Tanadroulia (la

narration simultanée). momdevno epizodSi, Txrobis moments ambis dro

uswrebs win (la narration ultérieure). meoreuli mTxrobelis aRsareba ambavs

wyvets. saqme CarTul drosTan gvaqvs (la narration intercalée). novelaSi _

,,oqtavi’’, ambavi Txrobis moments win uswrebs, TxrobaSi CarTuli

werili Txrobis xazs wyvets da ambisa da Txrobis Tanadroulobis

efeqts qmnis. Sesabamisad, novelaSi e.w. CarTuli dro figurirebs (Jouve

1997 : 43).

novelis _ ,,silvi’’, dasawyisSi, ambis dro Txrobis momentis

Tanadroulia. naratoris ymawvilkacobis mogonebebi Txrobis xazs

wyvets da Txrobis momentamde momxdars gadmogvcems. Txroba isev sawyis

aTvlis wertils ubrundeba. Txrobisa da ambis droTa xangrZlivobis

monacvleoba mTeli novelis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.

nervalis novelebSi, elifsisi xSiradaa gamoyenebuli. novelaSi _

,,silvi’’, mTxrobeli bavSvobisdroindeli gatacebis _ emilis bedis

Sesaxeb mravali wlis Semdeg igebs, iseve rogorc _ mTxrobelis wamieri

gatacebis, monazonis sikvdils.

msaxiobi qalisa da adrienis (monazonis) gaigivebas bolos uRebs

memaqmanis (silvi) komentari adrienis adreuli sikvdilis Sesaxeb. mTeli

novelis ganmavlobaSi, naratersa da naratorsac am ori qalis msgavseba

mosvenebas ar aZlevs. elifsisis meoxebiT, romelic novelaSi puantis

funqcias asrulebs, konkretuli avtori xatovnad da ostaturad

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gadmogvcems am epizods, riTac realurisa da irealuris

urTierTCanacvlebas da monacvleobas aRwevs.

III.II. Txrobis momenti Jerar de nervalis novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’

Jerar de nervalis novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’ _ saboloo varianti Jurnal

,,le muSketerSi’’ (,,Le Musquetaire’’) 1853 wlis 17 dekembers daibeWda. zomiT

igi yvelaze mcirea novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ (1854)

_ Semaval nawarmoebTa Soris. simciris miuxedavad, yuradRebas novelis

kompozicia iqcevs. novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’, homodiegesuri mTxrobeli im

gauziarebeli siyvarulis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, romelic mas parizis

mitovebas aiZulebs da gezs samxreT-aRmosavleTisken, kerZod,

italiisken aaRebinebs.

italiis Tavgadasavals mTxrobeli qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT

ki gviyveba, Tumca mas sxvadasxva dros ixsenebs. pol larivai,

,,moTxrobis morfo-logikur analizSi”, siuJetur qargas xuT etapad

anawilebs (Jouve 1997 :47):

I. sawyisi etapi (wonasworobis mdgomareoba)

II. provocireba

III. qmedeba

IV. Sedegi

V. wonasworobis aRdgena

Tu nervalis novelas _ ,,oqtavi”, ganvixilavT rogorc novelas,

romelSic ambavs anaqroniulad gviTxroben da nawarmoebis kompoziciis

Taviseburebad masSi Semaval elements _ werils _ gamovyofT, novelis

yvela struqturuli elementis damoukideblad gaanalizeba gaxdeba

mizanSewonili. maSin, rodesac werili (struqruli elementi), calke

analizis sqemas unda daeqvemdebaros, parizidan gamgzavrebisa da ukan

dabrunebis ambavic erTian konteqstSi saWiroebs ganxilvas (Todorov 1970:

22).

sruqturis TvalsazrisiT, novelaSi moTxrobili ambavi, romelsac,

pirobiTad, ,,neapolis Tavgadasavals’’ vuwodebT, werilis (struqturuli

elementi) saSualebiT orad aris dayofili: werili da mogoneba.

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kompoziciis TvalsazrisiT ki, ambavi Osam nawilad SeiZleba daiyos:

werilamde, werili da werilis Semdeg (mogoneba), Tumca novelaSi

gadmocemuli ambavi protagonistis cxovrebis oTx epizods ukavSirdeba:

oqtavis Sexvedra, oqros ZafebiT mqargvelis gacnoba (Ramis

Tavgadasavali _ werilis epizodi), oqtavisTan daSoreba da masTan

Sexvedra aTi wlis Semdeg. es dayofa pirobiTia, radgan ,,neapolis

Tavgadasavlis” Txrobisas ganmsazRvreli ara novelis arqiteqtonika,

aramed nawarmoebis drois Sreebis mixedviT danawevrebaa, romlebic

erTmaneTisgan Txrobis momentiT gansxvavdeba, im distanciiT, romelic

monayolsa da mTxrobelis mier mis gadmocemas aSorebs. maT, pirobiTad,

laTinuri asoebiT aRvniSnavT da larivais sqemas mivusadagebT:

sqema # 1 @

A (werilamde monaTxrobi}

I. gauziarebeli siyvaruli

II. safrangeTidan gamgzavreba

III. ingliseli qaliSvilis _ oqtavis gacnoba

IV. markiz gargalos dis literaturuli saloni.

V. sastumroSi dabruneba

B werili (werlis pirveli nawili)

I. gauziarebel siyvarulze dardi

II. Ramis neapolSi gaseirneba

III. ucnob qaliSvilTan _ mqargvelTan, stumroba

IV.TviTmkvlelobis uSedego mcdeloba

V. sasowarkveTa

werilis Semdeg ambavi or nawilad iyofa:

C I. gaucnobierebeli dardi

II. vezuvis monaxuleba

III. oqtavisTan Sexvedra

IV. gaziarebuli siyvaruli

V. uecari bednierebis SegrZneba

D I. 10 wlis Semdeg neapolSi dabruneba

II. sastumro ,,romSi’’ dabinaveba

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II. oqtavisTan Sexvedra

IV. gaziarebuli siyvaruli

V. marselSi dabruneba

amave sqemis mixedviT, nervalis novelis _ ,,oqtavi” _ siuJeturi

qarga ase gamoiyureba: gauziarebeli siyvaruli (I), safrangeTidan

gamgzavreba (II), neapolis Tavgadasavali (III), oqtavis siyvaruli (IV),

safrangeTSi dabruneba (V) (Нерваль 1985:214).

sqema # 2 @

I wonasworobis mdgomareoba gauziarebeli siyvaruli A

II provocireba safrangeTidan gamgzavreba A

III qmedeba neapolis Tavgadasavali B

IV Sedegi oqtavis siyvaruli C

V wonasworobis aRdgena safrangeTSi dabruneba D

sqemidan #2 Cans, rom mTeli novelis mniSvenlovani nawili,

romelic personaJis qmedebas ukavSirdeba, nawarmoebSi werilSi

aRwerili ambis saxiTa warmodgenili (B /III).

nervalis novela mTlianad, xolo misi Semadgeneli nawilebi

damoukidebeli siuJetis mqonea. novelis arqiteqtonikis yvela elementi

siuJetur erTianobas ki qmnis, magram TiToeuls sxvadasxva Txrobis

momenti aqvs da neapolis Tavgadasavals sxvadasxva rakursiT

gvTavazobs. dasawyisSi vigebT, rom 1835 wlis gazafxulze, mTxrobels

italiis naxvis gausaZlisi survili eufleba (Nerval 1994:248). alpuri

wablis surneli da mTis CanCqerebis macocxlebeli Sxefebi, xelovnebis

ukvdavi nimuSebi da saTno, axalgazrda inglisel qaliSvilTan

Sexvedra, ,,sanimuSo mkiTxvels’’ (mkiTxveli modeli _ u. eko (Эко 2002:67))

romantikuli ambis molodinSi amyofebs. aq mwerali Txrobas uecrad

wyvets da im werils gvTavazobs, romelSic homodiegesuri mTxrobeli,

mkiTxvelisTvis neapolis jer kidev ucnobi Tavgadasavlis Sesaxeb

mogviTxrobs. es werili im qalisTvisaa gankuTvnili, romelic

naratoris parizidan gamgzavrebis mizezi gaxda: ,,im Ramis Sexvedram es

werili damawerina, romelic Semdeg swored im qals gavugzavne, parizis

datoveba rom maiZula’’ (,,La rencontre que je fis cette nuit-là est le sujet de la lettre

suivante, que j’adraissai plus tard à celle dont j’avais cru fuir l’amour fatal en m’éloignant de

97

Paris’’) (Nerval 1994 : 250)) novelis am or monakveTSi (A,B) movlenaTa

qronologia darRveulia. erTi mxriv, ,,im Ramis Sexvedris‘’ Sesaxeb

mkiTxvelma jer araferi icis, mTxrobeli mxolod gvamcnobs, rom igi

Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, werilamde gadmocemul TavgadasavalTan

mimarTebaSi, Sexvedra prolefsisis funqcias asrulebs. meore mxriv,

werili isev im Ramis neapolSi gvabrunebs, rodesac mTxrobeli markiz

gargalos dis literaturuli salonidan gamovida (A,V) (Nerval 1994 :250).

rom ara konkretuli avtoris mier werilis, rogorc arqiteqtonikis

elementis gamoyeneba, masSi aRwerili ,,Ramis Tavgadasavali’’ novelis

siuJetis ganviTebas logikurad Seerwymeboda: werilamde da werilis

dasawyisSi erTsa da imave Ramezea saubari _ neapoli, 1835 wlis

gazafxuli, Tumca werilis SuaSi mTxrobeli gvimxels, rom neapolis

Tavgadasavali sami wlis win gadaxdomia: ,,kidev sad gamomecxada

sikvdilis saxe? oh, amis Sesaxeb ukve movyevi, es neapolSi moxda, sami

wlis win’’ (M,,Mais où donc cette image s’est-elle déjà offerte à moi ? Ah, je vous l’ai dit,

c’était à Naples, il y a trois ans’’) (Nerval 1994 : 251)). naxsenebma samma welma

SeiZleba dagvabnios da gvafiqrebinos, rom erTiani siuJeturi qargis

fonze (1835 wlis gazafxulis neapolis Tavgadasavali), nawarmoebis

Txrobis momenti, romelTan mimarTebaSi mTeli ambavi retrospeqtul

xasiaTs Seicavs da savaraudod, 1838 wels emTxveva, narateris mier

sworad araa aRqmuli. nervali anaqronias ar sjerdeba. Ramis jadosnuri

Tavgadasavlebis, vezuvis midamoebis, oqtavisTan sasiyvarulo paemanis

aRweriT monusxul mkiTxvels aRwerili movlenebisgan aTi wliT

aSorebs. mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobi rCeba ra moxda am aTi wlis manZilze,

ratom daSordnen erTmaneTs oqtavi da mTxrobeli, mas Semdeg, rac

orivem erTad yofnis bedniereba ganicada. am SemTxevaSi, saqme gvaqvs

gamiznulad, mkiTxvelis dasaintereseblad gamotovebul ambavTan

paralifsisTan. novelis am monakveTSi ambis dro ganusazRvrelia,

Txrobis dro ki nulis toli. es elifsisis nimuSia.

erT patara novelaSi, romelic sul xuTiode gverds itevs, nervali

Txrobis moments ostaturad samjer cvlis: erTi novelis dasawyisSi,

rodesac afiqsirebs TariRs _ 1835 wlis gazafxuli. meored, ukve

werilSi _ savaraudod, 1838 weli, xolo mesamed _ novelis dasasruls,

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romelic adasturebs, rom manamde moTxrobili ambavi mTxrobels, sul

mcire, aTi wlis win mainc gadaxda _ daaxloebiT 1845 wels.

sami TariRi da sami Txrobis momenti novelis

arqiteqtonikasTanaa dakavSirebuli. neapolis Tavgadasavali werilis,

novelis struqturuli da kompoziciuri elementis saSualebiT, samad

aris dayofili: werilamde, werili da werilis Semdeg, Tumca werilis

Semdeg, movlenebi mkiTxvelisTvis moulodnelad viTardeba. frazamde _

,,ra Sors aris axla es yvelaferi! aTi wlis win aRmosavleTidan rom

vbrundebodi . . . im axalgazrda inglisel qaliSvils isev Sevxvdi’’

(,,Hélas ! que tout est loin de nous ! Il y a dix ans, je repassais à Naples, venant d’Orient. J’allai

descendre à l’hôtel de Rome, et j’y retrouvé la jeune Anglaise’’-(Nerval 1994 : 255)).

mkiTxvels SenarCunebuli aqvs iluzia, rom Txrobis momentsa da

gadmocemul ambavs Soris sami welia gasuli, e. i. homodiegesuri

mTxrobeli am ambavs 1838 wels gviyveba, magram zemoxsenebuli fraza

(,,ra Sors aris axla es yvelaferi! aTi wlis win . . ’’), sruliad cvlis

mkiTxvelis damokidebulebas: oqtavisa da mTxrobelis grZnobebi mas

romantikul Tavgadasavlad aRar eCveneba, aramed mas sabediswero

Sexvedrad aRiqvams, ganSorebas ki – ubedurebad. amas novelis daskvniTi,

bolo winadadebac mowmobs: ,,am bednierebis saidumlo oqtavis gavande,

man ki igi Seinaxa’’ (,, . . .et je me dit que peut-être j’avait laissé là le bonheur. Octavie en

gardé près d’elle le secret’’ (Nerval 1994 : 256)). elifsisis es magaliTi

mkiTxvels umalavs rodis, sad da ra saxiT gaando mTxrobelma

inglisel qaliSvils Tavisi bednierebis Sesaxeb. amaze konkretuli

avtorica da fiqtiuric, orive dums. am TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebSi ara

romantikuli Tavgadasavali, aramed mTxrobelis mogonebebi da

grZnobebi xdeba yuradsaRebi. asociaciuri azrovneba da erTmaneTisTvis

ucxo, ucnobi da Soreuli sagnebisa Tu adamianebis uxilavi ZafebiT

dakavSireba nervalis mxatvrul-esTetikur da stilistikur

Taviseburebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

Txrobis momentiT manipulireba werilis pirvelsave frazaSi Cans:

,,ver visveneb. ukve oTxi dRea, rac ar minaxixarT, an sxvebTan erTad Tu

gxvdebiT’’. werilis Sesavali mkiTxvels, romelsac novela bolomde

wakiTxuli ara aqvs, isev sagonebelSi agdebs: oTx dRes igi manamde

naxseneb 1835 wlis gazafxuls ukavSirebs (A) da gaocebas ver malavs.

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drois ase mcire SualedSi (oTxi dRe – B,I), im mogzaurobis

ganxorcieleba, romelsac naratori werilamde dawvrilebiT

mogviTxrobs, SeuZleblad miaCnia: parizi, marseli, nica, genua,

florencia, romi, Civitavekia, neapoli . . . mkiTxvels sxva araferi

darCenia, garda imisa, rom es fiqcia realobad miiRos.

am mxriv, saintereso xdeba, erTi da imave ambis Txrobis

sixSirec. mogzauroba marselidan iwyeba da marselSive mTavrdeba,

Tumca es sxvadasxva wels xdeba. erTi da igive ambavi mkiTxvels

sxvadasxva saxiT da drois gansvavebuli SualediT miewodeba: rac

werilSia monaTxrobi (Ramis ucnauri Tavgadasavli da ucnob lamaz

qaliSvilTan saxlSi stumroba _ B,III) werilis miRma darCenil novelis

nawilSi gamotovebulia. werilSi aRwerils mTxrobeli novelis sxva

kompoziciur elementebSi Tavs aridebs, magaliTad: werilis epizodSi

oqtavi saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli. SesaZloa, Txrobis aseTi saxiT

warmarTva, erTi da imave movlenis mniSvnelobisa da damajereblobis

xazgasasmeladaa gamoyenebuli, miT ufro, rom neapolis Tavgadasavals

ara ramdenime, aramed erTi homodiegesuri mTxrobeli hyavs. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, neapolis Tavgadasavlisadmi mTxrobelis esoden did

interess, mkiTxvelic avtoris Canafiqris Tanaziari unda gaexada: rac

nervalisTvis da mTxrobelisTvisaa mniSvnelovani, mkiTxvelisTvis aseve

saintereso unda gamxdariyo.

Tu novelis moculobas gaviTvaliswinebT, Jerar de nervalis

ostatobiT movixiblebiT. erTiani siuJeturi qargis fonze, igi

sworxazovan Txrobas Tavs aridebs da gvTavazobs siuJets Tavisi

,,SenakadebiT’’. aseTi konstruqcia ,,CarCoiani novelebisTvis’’ an intimuri

dRiurebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli: rodesac warsulSi momxdari

movlenis Txroba awmyo droSi retrospeqtuli komentariT periodulad

wydeba. nervalis novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi ‘’, xan Txrobis momentis (1835, 1838,

1843 wlebi), xanac erTi mTxrobelis mier neapolis Tavgadasavalis

samjer TxrobiTa da am Tavgadasavlis gansxvavebul momentebze

yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, droTa sxvadasxva Sre iSleba. nawarmoebis

kompoziciuri elementebi isea gadanawilebuli, rom anaqronuli Txroba,

erTi mxriv, movlenaTa qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas inarCunebs.

calkeuli struqturuli elementi ki gansxvavebul siuJets sTavazobs

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mkiTxvels, romlebic erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi xan analefsisis, xanac

prolefsisis saxiT vlindeba.

III. III. realuri da irealuri moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, rTulia realurisa da irealuris

erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. saqme ara marto nawarmoebis Sinaarsis plans,

aramed nawarmoebis arqiteqtonikasac exeba.

imisTvis, rom visaubroT realursa da irealuris iurTierTobebze,

unda ganvmartoT, Tu ras vgulisxmobT am cnebebSi. realurs vuwodebT

logikurad dasaSveb da fizikurad SesaZlebel movlenas, irealurs _

fizikurad SeuZlebels an logikurad dauSvebels.

kvlevis sirTules nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) xdomilobis, movlenebis

Tanamimdevrobis, maT Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris

dadgenac warmoadgens.Mmovlenebi xSirad meordeba: erT TavSi dawyebuli

ambavi, romelic SeiZleba realur an irealur samyaroTa asaxvas

emsaxurebodes, wydeba da Semdeg, nawarmoebis sxva nawilSi grZeldeba.

xSirad mTxrobeli erT movlenas mravalmxriv warmogvidgens,

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel samyaros, realursa Tu irealurs,

ganekuTvneba igi. nervali ambis Txrobis gameorebis xerxs iyenebs

(le mode répétitif), romelic xSirad figurirebs epistolaruli tipis

nawarmoebebSi an Tanamedrove romanebSi, sadac Sexeduleba movlenaze,

misgan momavali emocia Tavad movlenaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani

xdeba. movleneTa gameoreba nervalis teqsts zRaparTanac akavSirebs:

mcireodeni cvlilebebiT gameorebuli qmedebebi zRaprisTvis

damaxasiaTebel rekursiul struqturul elementad SeiZleba iyos

aRqmuli.

Cven ukve vimsjeleT nervalis nawarmoebebis ornamentulobis

Sesaxeb, Tumca nawarmoebebSi movlenaTa gameorebas sxva gamarTlebac

SeiZleba moeZebnos: erTi da igive ambis mravaljer aRwera,

damajereblobis efeqts qmnis. es gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens,

radgan saubaria ambavze, romlis damajereblobac saTuoa.

101

Jerer de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, realurisa da

irealuris dapirispireba nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis II Tavidan iwyeba.

pirveli nawilis I da II Tavebis fiqcionalur samyaroSi protagonistis

(aqtioris) realuri cxovrebis amsaxveli epizodebis xvedriTi wili

metia, vidre irealuri samyaros aRweris.

Cven SevecadeT realuri da irealuri epizodebi sqemis saxiT

dagvelagebina. es realurisa da irealuri samyaroebis gamijvnis da

xdomilobis gamovlenis survilma ganapiroba (simciris miuxedavad,

natariuli teqsti movleneTa minimalur raodenobaze maincaa agebuli).

pirveli Tavis siuJeti Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

sqema #3

I dRe

A. megobrebTan

ganSoreba

B. gaseirneba

C. xilva

R

IR.

IR

II dRe

A1. megobrebTan

ganSoreba

B1. gaseirneba

C1. xilva

D sizmari

R

IR

IR

sqemaSi laTinuri asobiT (A, B, C, D, A1, B1, C1 ) I TavSi momxdari

movlenebia aRniSnuli. laTinuri asoebiT _ R da IR _ realur (R) da

irealurs (IR) avRniSnavT.

rogorc vxedavT, moqmedebebi, romlis Sesaxebac mTxrobeli

mogviTxrobs, oTx ZiriTad punqtamde SeiZleba daviyvanoT. am

SemTxvevaSi, pirveli da meore dRis movlenebi, romlebic logikurad

arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, D punqtiT _ ,,sizmari’’ _

gansxvavdeba.

nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis II Tavamde, romelic inkipitsa da

ramdenime gverds moicavs, realuri da irealuri samyaro erTmaneTisgan

102

jer isev mkveTrad aris gamijnuli. inkipiti sruli saxiT aris

warmodgenili: masSi miTiTebulia protagonisti (topos de l’inconnu),

mosayoli ambis savaraudo dro (topos du nouveau) da sivrcec (topos du

dévoilement (Jouve 1997: 21)). teqstis am monakveTSi, movlenebis

Tanamimdevrobac da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiricaa daculi: satrfos

uaris Semdeg mTxrobeli parizidan miemgzavreba (moTxrobis inkipiti

novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’, dasawyisis msgavsia – n.q.). sxva qveyanaSi Casuls

meore qali xiblavs da es-esaa satrfos daviwyebas iwyebs, rom,

moulodnelad, orive qals erT nadimze xvdeba. mTxrobeli sasiyvarulo

problemis gadaWras Tavs aridebs da parizSi brundeba. dardis

gaqarvebas verc megobrebis wreSi axerxebs. mTxrobeli maT Sordeba,

Semdeg saseirnod midis, amas ki _ xilva mohyveba.

pirvel dRes, movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri ikveTeba

da es rogorc realurs, aseve irealur epizodebs exeba. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas meore dReze. ori dRis ganmavlobaSi, erTmaneTis msgavsi

movlenebis gameoreba alogikurad gamoiyureba. iseTi STabeWdileba

rCeba, rom nervali wris Sekvras cdilobs: erTi mxriv, amiT am

movlenebis mimarT mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba surs, meore mxriv,

imas usvams xazs, rac pirvel da meore dReebs erTmaneTisgan

ganasxvavebs: am SemTxvevaSi _ sizmars (sqema #3). isic SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom nervali rekursiuli elementebis arsebobiT Tavis

qmnilebas, gamiznulad, zRapars amsgavsebs.

nawarmoebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, moTxrobis meore Tavidan

moyolebuli, rasac mis danarCen nawilSi vkiTxulobT, halucinaciebad,

sizmrebad da zmanebebad unda aRviqvaT. amis Sesaxebac nervali Tavad

saubrobs pirveli nawilis II Tavis dasawyisSi (Nerval 1984:7), Tumca

nawarmoebis II nawilSic aris realobis amsaxveli epizodebi, anu

figurirebs fizikurad SesaZlebeli da logikurad dasaSvebi

movlenebis garkveuli raodenoba: mamasTan, poetTan, megobarTan

vizitebi, eklesiaSi wasvla . . . maTi rekonstruireba aluziebis,

avtoaluziebis, mwerlis biografiis saSualebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli.

nervalis azriT, xiluls da uxilav samyaros erTmaneTisgan spilos

Zvlis karebi gamohyofs: ,,TrTolvis gareSe ver SevaRe uxilavi

103

samyaros spilos Zvlis karebi’’ (,,Je n’ai pu percer sans frémir ces portes d’ivoire ou

de corne qui nous séparent du monde invisible’’(Nerval 1985 :3)). sqemaSi #3@

miTiTebuli movlenebis, realuridan irealur samyaroSi mTxrobelis

gadasvlis gansakuTrebuli niSnebi ar aris aRniSnuli, Tumca

moTxrobaSi, realuris irealuri samyaroTi Canacvleba, transgresiis

niSaniT aris gamoxatuli, romelic SeiZleba erTi an ramdenime iyos.

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, nervali or paralelur samyaros

Tanaarsebobas asaxvas, romelTa Soris arsebobs zRvari da igi

gadalaxvas saWiroebs. transgresia SesaZlebelsa da SeuZlebels Soris

zRvris gadalaxvas gulisxmobs (m. fuko). am fenomenma gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba postmodernistul filosofiaSi moipova (m. fuko, J.

deliozi, f. gvatari, m. blanSo). transgresia postmodernistuli

mxatvruli azrovnebis aRqmis erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens (Bataille,

Encylophédie philosophique, on-lain dok).

transgresiis koncefciis mixedviT, arsebobs yofierebis ori

SesaZlebeli ganzomileba (dasaSvebi SesaZlebeli da dasaSvebi

SeuZlebeli) da aseve ori Sesabamisi faseulobaTa sistema, romelic

Taviseburad xsnis aqtualuris da SesaZlebelis cnebas. adamianis

garSemo arsebuli empiriuli samyaro pirovnebas dasaSvebi

SesaZleblobis tyveobaSi aqcevs, mis mier axlis Secnobis saSualebas

zRudavs, SeuZlebels xdis, magram transgresiis saSualebiT dasaSvebi

SesaZleblobis sazRvari irRveva.

m. fukos azriT, transgresiis postmodernistuli koncefcia

evoluciis procesis siRrmiseul, magram arasworxazovan meqanizms

warmoadgens (fuko 2004:75).Ftransgresiis fenomenis sawyisebi adreul

Sua saukuneebSi, barokos epoqasa Tu modernizmSi unda veZioT, anu igi

yvela im mxatvrul-esTetikuri sistemisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,

romelsac Semoqmedebisadmi romantikuli midgoma axasiaTebs. aseTi

sistemebis konceftualuri modeli efuZneba binarul opozicias _

dasaSvebi SesaZlebeli da dauSvebeli SesaZlebeli. realisturi tipis

mxatvruli sistemebi (antikuri epoqa, ganmanaTlebloba, realizmi)

samyaros da adamianis arsis Sesaxeb koncefciis Camoyalibebisas

104

xelmZRvaneloben antiTeziT: dasaSvebi SesaZlbeli da dasaSvebi

SeuZlebeli, romelic transgresiis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.

Semoqmedebis romantikuli tipis mxatvruli sistemebis jaWvi

warmoaCens transgresiis fenomens, mis evolucias (misi elementebis

evolucias), Sua saukuneebis epoqis misticizmidan dawyebuli

postmodernizmiT damTavrebuli. am evoluciaSi dominants warmoadgens

romantizmis` da modernizmis epoqebis xelovneba, romelic romantikul

miTologiur tradicias efuZneba da simbolisturi miToSemoqmedebis

warmmarTvelia.

swored dauSvebeli SesaZlebelis gadalaxvas cdilobs nervalis

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ protagonisti. amiT aixsneba nawarmoebis

ornamentuli xasiaTi da mentaluri movlenebis siuxvec. realurisa da

irealuris dapirispirebidan gamomdinare, nawarmoebis nawilebad da

Tavebad dayofac pirobiTia, radgan moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, I da II Tavis

wignis danarCeni nawilisgan gamijvnulia transgresiiT _ akrZaluli

sazRvris gadalaxvis surviliT. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad xorcieldeba

transgresia: is rac literaturuli nawamoebis fiqcionalur samyaroSia

SesaZlebeli, dauSvebelia empiriul samyaroSi, amitomaa nervalis

moTxroba _,,orelia’’, ocnebac da transgresiac.

pirvel dRes, realur samyaros _ gaseirneba _ mkiTxveli

protagonisTan erTad mas Semdeg ,,tovebs’’, rac mTxrobeli, parizis

quCaSi seirnobisas, saxlis nomers SeniSnavs. nomeri mis asaks emTxveva.

saxli naratoris yuradRebas imiTac miiqcevs, rom mis gverdiT

ganaTebuli lampionia. saxlis nomeri, lampioni transgresiis niSanebia.

mesame niSani, SeiZleba vTqvaT, transgresiis (ontologiuri samyaros

garRvevis) utyuari niSani, es Tvalebis daxraa. Tvalebis daxra sxva

samyaroSi gadasvlis mauwyebelia: ,,Tvalebi davxare Tu ara, Cems

Tvalwin qali davinaxe, romelic orelias magonebda. sakuTar Tavs

gamovutydi: es Cemi an misi sikvdili meuwya-meTqi’’ (,,En baissant mes yeux, je

vis devant moi une femme, qui me semblait avoir les traits d’Aurélia. Je me dis: ,,c’est sa mort

ou la mienne qui m’est annoncée ! ’’ (Nerval 1985 :8)). xilvebis meore dRes niSnebi

icvleba. TuU pirvel SemTvevaSi, mauwyeblis rols saxlis nomeri

TamaSobs, meore dRes, parizis gareubnis quCa (pirveli niSani) sami quCis

gasayariT icvleba (,,Arrivé cependant au confluent de troi rues . . .’’-10), lampioni

105

(,,Le numéro d’une maison éclairé par un réverbère’’ (Nerval 1985 : 8)) ki _ varskvlaviT

(,,Je me miis à chercher dans le ciel une étoile’’ (Nerval 1985 : 9)).

mwerali TiTqos mkiTxvelis dabnevas cdilobs, misi msjelobis

logikis Secvlas; surs daafiqros igi da nawarmoebSi SemTxveviTobis,

ucabedobis gancda Semoitanos, Tumca moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, avtori

mkiTxvels bolomde ar ,,swiravs’’. c. todorovis azriT, swored

mkiTxvelis meryeoba _ irwmunos Tu uaryos avtoris mier asaxuli

samyaros realuroba, fantastikuri Janris nawarmoebs danarCeni

Janrebisgan gamoarCevs. fantastikuri Janris ramdenime qveJanrs

gamoyofs, romlis saSualebiTac Janruli mravalferovnebis

klasifikacias cdilobs. misi azriT, arsebobs uCveulo, uCveulo-

fantastikuri, jadosnuri-fantastikuri da jadosnuri (Todorov 1970 :42).

I. uCveulo saxis mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi, moTxrobil

ambavs SeiZleba racionaluri axsna moenaxos, Tumca Sedegi

Sokismomgvrelia (ed. alan pos ,,eSerTa saxlis dacema’’);

II. uCveulo-fantastikuri saxis mxatvrul-literaturuli

teqstisTvis mkiTxvelis moTxrobili movlenebis realurobis

iluziis qveS yofnaa damaxasiaTebelia. saboloo jamSi, ambis

dasasruli racionalur axsnas eqvemdebareba (ian potockis

,,saragosaSi napovni xelnaweri’’);

III. jadosnur-fantastikuri mxatvrul-literaturuli

teqstebisTvis moTxrobili movlenebis racionaluri axsna ar

aris damaxasiaTebeli. aseTi saxis teqstebis analizisas,

mkiTxveli zebunebrivi Zalebis moqmedebaSi rwmundeba

(,,teofil goties ,,Seyvarebuli micvalebuli qali’’);

IV. jadosnuri saxis mxatvrul-literaturuli teqtebi

movlenebisTvis racionaluri axsnis moZebnas aRar saWiroebs:

maT jadosnurobaSi eWvi arc nawarmoebis gmirebs da arc

implicitur mkiTxvels ar eparebaT.

nervalis mcdeloba ki imiskenaa mimarTuli, rom mkiTxveli Tavis

simarTleSi, Tavisi mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi daarwmunos. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevSi, misi (mwerlis, personaJis, mTxrobelis) piradi gamocdileba

Rirebuli ver iqneba, subieqturi gancdis gaziareba ar moxedxdeba da

ambavic da movlenac mniSvnelobas dakargavs. zmoxsenebuli

106

klasifikaciidan gamomdinare, nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’,

fantastikuri Janris momijnave Janrs _ jadosnur-fantastikurs unda

mivaweroT; magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom nervalis nawarmoebSi

realuri da irealuri samyaroebi erTmaneTTan ar aris dapirispirebuli,

aramed erT mTlianobas qmnis, moTxrobaSi aRwerili movlenebi

logikurad ki ar unda avxsnad da, gancvifrebis miuxedavad, mTxrobelis

kvaldakval, maTi damajereblobac virwmunoT, aramed Tavidanve

vaRiaroT moTxrobili ambis sarwmunoeba.

jadosnuri elementebis, faruli Tu gancxadebuli niSnebis siuxve

gansakuTrebiT amZafrebs movlenaTa msvlelobas da mkiTxvels

daZabulobaSi amyofebs. jadosnuri, siuJetis zebunebrivi movlenebis

mravalferovnebasTan erTad, kiTxvis procesi ufro da ufro rTuldeba:

erTsa da imave elements, realuri iqneba es Tu irealuri, nervali

martividan rTulisken anviTarebs. ferkmTali qalis aCrdilis xilva

(I dRe _ C, sqema # 3), romelic mTxrobels satrfos agonebs, mkiTxvelis

gakvirvebas naklebad iwvevs, vidre, jer Tanmxlebi megobris, Semdeg ki _

Tavad mTxrobelis metamorfoza (II dRe _ C1, sqema # 3). megobrebis

mitoveba da parizis quCebSi marto gaseirneba naklebad metyveli da

mniSvnelovania (I dRe _A), vidre erT-erT maTganTan _ polTan, erTad

gaseirneba (IIdRe _A1). swored polTan yofnis dros, mTxrobels ara

marto xilva ewveva, aramed Tavad ganicdis metamorfozas. mTxrobelis

martoobaSi orelias xilva mkiTxvelisTvis nakleb damajereblad

JRers. megobris _ polis, mTxrobelTan erTad yofna yovelive momxdars

eWvis qveS aRar ayenebs. Sesabamisad, simetriuli konstruqciis pirobebSi

(xilva/gamocxadeba _ C da xilva/metamorfoza _ C1).), meore monaTxrobi

ufro damajereblad gamoiyureba. es faqtic, nervalis mxatvrul-

literaturul teqstSi, erTi da igive movlenis gameorebis

mizanSewonilobas amarTlebs.

moTxrobis or samyaroSi, realursa da irealurSi, personaJis

gadaadgilebaa saintereso: Tu rogor viTardeba siuJeturi qarga

realurs da irealur samyaroebSi movlenebis gadanawilebis fonze. am

or samyaros Soris sazRvrebis garRveva transgresiuli xasiaTisaa.

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, transgresiis niSnebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva da

107

simbolur datvirTvas iZens: erTgan _ oTaxSi Sesvla, sxva samyaroSi

aRmoCena, waqceva. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi (I da II Tavi), erTi niSani sxva

niSniT ise icvleba, rom maTi mimsgavseba, saerTo TvisebiT erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba xdeba SesaZlebeli, Tanac meore dRis niSnebi Tvisobrivad

ufro rTuli da mravlismTqmelia iseve, rogorc Tavad meore movlena.

Tu pirvel dRes, parizis quCa mkiTxvelSi gansakuTrebul grZnobas ar

iwvevs, meore dRes, am niSnis ,,sami quCis gasayariT’’ Secla mTrobels

(da masTan erTad mkiTxvels) arCevanis gancdas uqmnis (Nerval 1985 : 10).

anaznad gvagondeba Zveli, jadosnuri zRaprebi da gzis gasayarTan

mdgari zRapris personaJi.

analogiuria danarCeni niSnebis _ lampionisa da varskvlavis _

urTierTkavSiric: Tu lampioni miwier cxovrebas, yofiTobas,

ontologiur realobas ukavSirdeba, varskvlavi _ yovelive zeciurs,

miuwvdomels da idumals, Tumca orives _ lamparsa da varsvlavsac,

saerTo Tviseba aerTianebs _ Suqi, romelic gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas da datvirTvas iZens nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’.

varskvlavi, mze, mTvare, Suqi, lampioni, sanTeli _ es saganTa is

jaWvia, romlebsac saerTo sema akavSirebs da mwerlis saTqmels

simbolurad gamoxatavs: realuri samyarodan irealurSi gadasvla,

samyaroSi, romlisken mnaTobi, lampioni an Suqi miuTiTebs, ukeTesi

momavlis, bednierebis mopovebis iluzias qmnis. simbolos

hermenevtikuli potenciali teqstis aRqmis, avtoriseuli Canafiqris da

mkiTxvelis adekvaturi an originaluri interpretaciis meqanizms

warmoadgens. igi esTetikis universaluri kategoriaa. rogorc

s. averincevi werda, simbolos arsis wvdoma, misi mniSvnelobis axsna

martooden gonebis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia. simbolo unda gaiTaviso,

Seisisxlxorco (Аверинцев ,,Cимвол’’). simbolos semantikuri struqtura

aRmqmelisgan did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.

erTdaderTi niSani, romliTac realurisa da irealuris gamijvna

SeiZleba _ mzea. nervalis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli irwmuneba,

rom sizmarSi mzes veravin xedavs: ,,yvelam icis, rom sizmarSi mze ar

mzeobs’’ (,,Chacun sait que dans les rêves on ne voit jamais le soleil’’ (Nerval 1985 :28)).

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, mze ganixileboda rogorc RvTaebrivi

arsis mqone ciuri sxeuli. Zvel romSi nebismier sakanonmdeblo aqts

108

mzis dros iRebdnen. wertiliani wre mzis simbolikas odiTganve

gamoxatavda. Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT, mze zevsis Tvali iyo (Tvali-

mnaTobi). Zvel egviptelebs hyavdaT amomavali mzis RmerTi herpi, da

Camavali mzis RmerTi tumi, romelic gvelis saxiT gamoisaxeboda.

neoliTis epoqaSi mze qalur sawyiss ukavSirdeboda. ikveTeba

asociaciaTa jaWvi: mze _> cexli _> qimerebi _ cecxlis qaliSvilebi,

rac nervalis SemoqmedebisTvis mnaTobis miTologemis mniSvnelobas

usvams xazs. evropuli tradiciis mixedviT, mze kvirasTan asocirdeba.

sayuradReboa, rom nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, (meore nawili)

moqmedeba kviras xdeba. imas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom nawarmoebSi

kviris sxva romelime dRe saerTod ar figurirebs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT

ra did mniSvnelobas iZens kvira da misi simbolika, Sesabamisad _ mzec,

nawarmoebis interpretaciis, teqstis da misi calkeuli epizodebis

rekonstruirebis, misi konkretizacia-aqtualizaciis procesSi.

mwerlis sityebidan gamomdinare, mze, Suqi realuri cxovrebis

atributia. mze uZvelesi astraluri simboloa, romelsac yovelTvis

Tayvans scemdnen, magram nervalis nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’), mze rogorc

sizmarSi aseve xcadSi figurirebs. es kidev erTi utyuari miniSnebaa,

rom realuri da irealuri nervalis teqstSi erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli

ar aris. yvelaferi, rasac mTxrobeli yveba, erTian, warmosaxviT

samyaroSi xdeba: sizmaric, zmanebac, realuri cxovrebis epizodebic.

sizmarSi nebismieri sagani RvTaebrivi SuqiT aris gasxivosnebuli:

,,sagnebi da sxeulebi sakuTari SuqiT iyvnen gasxivosnebulni’’ (,,Les objets

et les corps sont lumineux par eux-mêmes’’( Nerval 1985 : 28)). erT-erT sizmarSi,

rodesac mTxrobels sami mrTveli esizmreba, dRe samjer metad

brwyinavs, vidre Cveulebrivi, bunebrivi dRe (,,Un jour trois fois plus brillant que

le jour naturel’’(Nerval 1985 :27)). es epizodi apokalifsisis erT frazas

exmianeba: ,,naTeli bnelSi naTobs’’ (biblia 1989: 1197/1:5). erT-erTi

zmanebis dros, romelic VIII TavSia aRwerili, planetas naTeli efineba,

rodesac sabolood, uTvalavi gardasaxvis Semdeg, masze harmonia

mkvidrdeba: ,,uecrad, saocarma harmoniam daisadgura . . planetac nel-

nela ganaTda’’ (,,Tout à coup une singulière Harmonie résona dans notre solitude . . .la

planète s’éclairait peu à peu’’(Nerval 1985 : 33)).

109

mzis miTologema moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, ganaxlebis simboloa:

iseve rogorc cecxli, mze ganaxlebis mauwyebelicaa. xilvebSi

mTxrobeli axali mzis sxivebqveS momuSave noes vaJebs xedavs: mas

Semdeg, rac noes kidobani aRTqmuli miwis napirs miadga, warRvnas

gadarCenil samyaros RmerTisgan axali mze eboZa: ,,noes vaJiSvilebi

axali mzis sxivebqveS dauRalavad Sromobdnen’’. (,,Les fils de Noé travaillaient

péniblement aux rayons d’un soleil nouveau’’( Nerval 1985 : 37)). es epizodic nervalis

moTxrobis fiqcionaluri samyaros irealuri movlenebis nawilSi xdeba.

nawarmoebis meore nawilSi (IV Tavi), mTxrobels, parizSi seirnobis

dros, warRvnis suraTi warmoudgeba: mze Savdeba, tuilris baRebs Tavze

sisxlis sfero dahyurebs: ,,tiulris baRebs Tavze dahyurebda Savi mze

da sisxlis sfero’’ (,,Je croyais voir un soleil noir dans le ciel et un globe rouge de sang

au-dessus des Tuileries’’(Nerval 1985 : 70)). protagonists eCveneba, rom yvelaferi

pirvandel qaoss daubrunda. am epizodSi mze saerTod ar Cans: mis

naclad, caze mosalodneli wyvdiadis mauwuebeli sisxlis sferoa

Camokidebuli: ,,usasrulo Rame dadgeba. igi sazareli iqneba. netav ra

moxdeba, adamianebi mzis gaqrobas rom SeamCneven ?’’ (,,La nuit éternelle

commence, et elle va être terrible. Que va-t-il arriver quand les hommes s’aperecevront qu’il

n’y a plus de soleil ?’’ (Nerval 1985 :70)).

nawarmoebSi mze, mzis Suqi, mzis amosvla ganaxlebis, sicocxlis

simboloa, mzis Casvla ki _ dacemisa da sikvdils mauwyebeli. moTxrobis

_ ,,orelia’’, IX TavSi, mTxrobeli bavSvobis wlebs igonebs da mkiTxvels

im mxaris (luazi) monaxulebis Sesaxeb mouTxrobs. mzis Casvlis fonze,

Tvalwarmtaci bunebis cqerisas, mTxrobeli waborZikdeba da daecema.

katabasisis amsaxvel am epizodSi, mzis Casvla dacemis, sikvdilis

simboloa. protagonisti iqve dasZens, rom daisis Jams sikvdilze didi

bedniereba mainc araferia: ,,bednierebis SegrZneba dameufla, rodesac

vifiqre, rom aseT Jams movkvdebodi’’ (,,Je me sentais heureux de mourir ainssi, à

cette heure . . ‘’( Nerval 1985 : 39)).

Camavali mze aseve figurirebs nawarmoebis meore nawilis II TavSi. am

SemTxvevaSi, Camavali mzis mSveniereba bavSvobis udardel cxovrebasTan

asocirdeba: ,,patara qalaqSi, Cemi naTesavebis saxlSi, sadac Cemi

axalgazrdobis ramdenime bednieri dRe gavatare . . . xSirad davdiodi

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Camavali mzis sacqerlad’’ (,,Dans une petite ville où j’avais passé quelques jours

heureux de ma jeunesse, chez les vieux parents . . . J’avais aimé souvent à y venir voir coucher

le soleil’’ (Nerval 1985 : 57)). mze saavadmyofos gisosebian sarkmelSic aRwevs:

,,Camavali mzis sxivebis aTinaTi moxatul kedels anaTebda’’ (,,Sur le mur,

situé au couchant étaient tracées des figures . ..’’ – (Nerval 1985 : 77)). mze moxatul

kedels anaTebs, rac mkurnalobiTa da Tavisi sneulebiT gaTangul

protagonists imeds usaxavs.

mzis amosvla esTetikuri siamovnebis momgvrelicaa. mTxrobeli

klinikaSi gatarebuli dReebis, ori Tvis mkurnalobis arasasiamovno

procesis daviwyebas cdilobs da parizSi gaseirnebebs mihyofs xels:

,,parizis garSemo momlocvelobas mivhyavi xeli’’ (,,Je repris mes pélégrinage

autour de Paris’’ (Nerval 1985 :71)). protagonisti monmartrze xSirad dadis,

rom aisis cqeriT datkbes. mzis amosvlasTan erTad, igi axali

cxovrebis dawyebas imedovnebs: ,,RamiT monmartris maRlobze saseirnod

da amomavali mzis sacqerlad mivdiodi’’ (,,J’allais me promener toute la nuit sur la

colline de Montmartre et y voir le lever du soleil’’(Nerval 1985 :72)). Sesabamisad,

nervalis nawarmoebSi, mze imedis simbolocaa. kidev erTi epizodi igives

dasamtkiceblad gamodgeba. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis V

TavSi, botanikuri baRisa da osteologiuri galereis monaxulebis

dros, mTxrobels mosalodneli warRvnis SegrZneba daeufleba.

sasowarkveTili, igi uamravi qalisa da bavSvis daRupvis SesaZleblobam

SeaZrwuna da SiSma Seipyro. sakuTari ususurobiT mTxrobeli kidev

ufro metad itanjeba, radgan safrTxis Sesaxeb maT gafrTxilebas ver

aswrebs, magram uecrad naTdeba da mTxrobels imedi isev Caesaxeba:

,,rogorc ki Weqa-quxili Sewyda, mzis sxivma naTeba daiwyo da Cems suls

imedi daubrunda’’ (,,Vers le même orage s’apaisa, et un rayon du soleil commença à

briller. L’espoir rentra dans mon âme’’ (Nerval 1985 :73)).

ciuri sxeulis saxiT mze nawarmoebis meore nawilis VI TavSia

warmodgenili. tusaRebi, (mTxrobeli ase moixseniebs klinikis mkvidrT)

baRSi seirnoben. maT ciuri sxeulebze magiuri zegavlena aqvT. baRSi

wriuli moZraobiT isini varskvlavebis traeqtorias imeoreben da mzis

moZraobas awesrigeben: ,,am baRSi Tavmoyrili adamianebi ciuri

sxeulebis moZraobas ganagebdnen . . . is ki, vinc wreSi uwyvetad

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trialebda, Tavad mzis moZraobas awesrigebda’’ (,,Les personnes réunies dans ce

jardin avaient quelque influence sur des astres . . . celui qui tournait sans cesse dans le même

cercle y réglait la marche du soleil’’( Nerval 1985 :77)).

zogjer, mwerali mzes yvavils adarebs da xazs usmavs mis formas,

magaliTad: samyaros gardaqmnisa da metamorfozis aRweris dros,

nervali evoluciis erT moments ukavSirebs mzes, romelic mcenares

hgavs. am epizodSi mze sicocxlis wyaroa: ,,yvavilis msgavsi mze . . .

dedamiwaze mcenareebisa da cxovelebis nayofier Canasaxs yrida’’ (Le

soleil pareil à la plante . . .de sa tête inclinée suit la révolution de sa marche céleste, semait sur

la terre les germes féconds des plantes et des animaux’’ (Nerval 1985 :53)). SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom romantikosebis simbolo _ cisferi yvavili, nervalis

nawarmoebSi mnaTobad transformirdeba. ,,RmerTi mzea’’ –bavSvobaSi

gamzrdelma biZam ase upasuxa patara bavSvis gulubryvilo SekiTxvas _

,,ra aris RmerTi’’M (,,Dieu, c’est le soleil’’). am frazaSi qristianobamdeli

epoqis mimarT nervalis didi interesi igrZnoba, rac exmianeba samyaros

usasrulobis uZveles ideas, romlis simbolur gamoxatulebas mzis

diskos wriuli forma warmoadgens.

Cveulebriv, saxecvala, metamorfoza fantastikuri nawarmoebis

Semadgeneli elementia. nervalis personaJi mogvad gardaisaxeba (C1

_ sqema # 3),@ rac amZafrebs asociaciur jaWvs _ varskvlavi <__> mogvi.

es ki mkiTxvelSi bibliur reminiscenciebs iwvevs, rac nervalis

nawarmoebis interpretaciis kidev erT saSualebas iZleva. Tavad

mTxrobeli qristesTan asocirdeba, rac kibidan Camovardnis (katabasisis

miTologema, jojoxeTSi STasvlis metafora) epizodiTac mtkicdeba

(Nerval 1985:65).

rogorc vxedavT, Jerer de nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, rogorc

Tavisi SinaarsiT, aseve formiTacaa saintereso. nawarmoebSi realuri da

irealuri samyaroebia asaxuli. fiqcionaluri samyaro homogenuria, rac

realurisa da irealuris dapirispirebiT ki ara, aramed _

urTierTCanaclebiTa da monacvleobiT dasturdeba da irealur da

realur epizidebSi asaxuli movlenebis msgavsebaSi vlindeba (sqema # 3).

realuri samyarodan irealurSi gadasvlas (transgresia) Tavisi niSnebi

axlavs, romelic simbolur datvirTvas iZenen. rogorc sqemidan Cans,

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pirveli da meore dRis movlenebi -_ realurica da irealuric, erT

funqcias asrulebs da saerTo mizans emsaxureba: mkiTxvelis yuradReba

sizmarze gaamaxvilos da imazec, rac sizmarSia moTxrobili.

sqemaSi # 3 miTiTebuli movlenebi ori dRis moqmedebas asaxavs.

orive dRes moqmedeba dRis miwuruls xdeba: ,,erT saRamos, SuaRamisken...’’

(C) (,,Un soir vers minuit...’’(Nerval 1985 :7)), da (C1) ,,saRamos, rodesac

sabediswero Jami dgeboda... ’’ (,,Le soir, lorsque l’heure fatale semblait s’approcher...’’

Nerval 1985 :9)). orive movlena irealur epizods gvixatavs, Tumca nervali,

rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, topografiul qronotops gvizustebs:

moqmedeba saRamos da, orive SemTxvevaSi, parizSi xdeba. dazustebuli

topografiuli qronotopi gansakuTrebul datviTvas ar iZens: sizmars,

romelic I dRis xilvis Semdeg naxa mTxrobelma, Zilis bunebriv

movlenasTan aris dakavSirebuli, Sesabamisad, Rames ukavSirdeba da

Tavis mniSvnelobas, rogorc zebunebrivi movlena, hkargavs. igi

mauwyebelad, dasaSvebi SeuZlebelis zRurblis gadalaxvad ar aRiqmeba.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nervali, adamianuri cxovrebis Cveul ritmTan

SesabamisobaSi, movlenebis ganviTarebis logikis SenarCunebas cdilobs.

es kidev erTxel amtkicebs im faqts, rom nervalis moTxroba (,,orelia’’)

jadosnuris magaliTia (c. todorovi).

nawarmoebis I nawilis I da II Tavi SeiZleba ganvixilod, rogorc

realuri Tavgadasavali (satrfos uari, mogzauroba da sxva qaliT

gataceba, ori qalis Sexvedra, parizSi dabruneba, megobrebTan Sexvedra,

parizis quCaSi xetiali, cudad gaxdoma da mTxrobelis saavadmofoSi

moTavseba). rac amis Semdeg xdeba, scildeba realuri droisa da

sivrcis CarCoebs, radgan nebismieri, Tundac momxdari realuri faqti

(Tavad mwerlis cxovrebaSi momxdari da nawarmoebSi gadmotanili),

irealuris statuss iZens. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom ambavs ara

Tavisufali, janmrTeli adamiani gviambobs, aramed saavadmyofos oTx

kedelSi gamomwyvdeuli, fsiqiatriuli klinikis pacienti. amas Tavad

mTxrobeli aRiarebs: ,,Sevecdebi, im xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sesaxeb

Cemi SegrZnebebi gadmovce, romelic Cems sulSi iyo miCqmaluli’’ (,,Je

vais essayer de transcrire les impressions d’une longue maladie qui s’est passée tout entière

dans les mystères de mon esprit’’ (Nerval 1985 :4)). igi Tavis avadmyofobas ki

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aRiarebs, magram imasac dasZens, rom ase kargad Tavi arasdros ugrZnia

(,,Je ne me suis senti mieux portant’’(Nerval 1985 :4)). swored am gaorebaSi unda

veZioT nervalis nawarmoebebis hierofania (Eliade 1974 : 5).

sqemaSi (# 3) warmodgenili yvela etapi simbolur xasiaTs atarebs.

pirvel dRes, qalis ferkmTali aCrdilis gamoCena mTxrobels

afiqrebinebs, rom misi an misi satrfos sikvdili gamoecxada (,,C’est sa

mort ou la mienne qui m’est annoncé (Nerval 1985 :8)). meore dRes, jer mTxrobelis

megobris mogvad gardasaxva da Tavad mTxrobelis metamorfoza

satrfosTan dakavSirebis niSnad aRiqmeba: ,,neba momeci maT SevuerTde,

(serafimebs-n.q.), radgan is vinc miyvarda, axla maT Soris aris’’ (,,Laisse-

moi les rejoindre, car celle que j’aime leur appartient, et c’est là que nous devons nous

retrouver!’’Nerval1985 :10)). miuxedavad imisa, rom II Tavidan moyolebuli,

saavadmyofoSi moxvedridan dawyebuli, realuri da irealuri,

nawarmoebis danarCen nawilSi warmodgenili movlenebisgan Tvisobrivad

gansxvavdeba (frTosani angelozis xilvis Semdeg, mkiTxveli movlenaTa

damajereblobaSi unda daeWvdes), orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc I da II

nawilSi, figurirebs realuri, sizmari, ocneba, xilva, zmaneba da

halucinacia; oRond, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, realuri mogonebaa, meoreSi _

warmosaxvis nawili. mogoneba warsulis atributia, magram realur

movlenebs asaxavs (realurs fiqcionalur samyaroSi), sizmaris, ocnebis,

xilvis, zmanebis da halucinaciebis dros, yoveli movlena awmyo droSi

xdeba (Txrobis momentis da movlenis Tanxvedris pirobebSi, rac scenis

magaliTia da Sinagani monologiTaa gamoxatuli (monologue rapporté) (Jouve

1997 : 32/36)).

III TavSi, rodesac mTxrobeli sakaceze wevs, aRmosavleTis cis

msgavsi ca ixsneba (,,les mystiques splandeurs du ciel d’Asie’’ (Nerval 1985 :13)) da

uamravi wre Cans (,,D’immenses cercles se traçaient dans l’infinie’’ (Nerval 1985 :13)).

nervali maT wyalSi Cavardnili sxeulis garSemo gaCenil wreebs

adarebs (,,comme les orbes que forme l’eau troublée par la chute d’un

corps’’Nerval1985 :13)). e.i. cas igi wyals adarebs. ca da wyali

simetriulad asaxavs imas, rac xmeleTze xdeba, anu sarkis funqcias

asrulebs. miwieris da zecieris dapirispireba movlenebis simetriuli

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ganlagebasa da moqmedebis simetriaSic aisaxeba. es kargad Cens qvemod

moyvanil sqemaSi:

sqema # 4

I tanisamosis gaxda /

II. xelebis gaSla (frena) /

III. mistikuli himni /

I. kaSnis yelze moxveva

II. loginze wola

III. yvirili

teqstis am nawilSi protagonsti Zvel germanul tradicias

ixsenebs, romlis mixedviT sikvdilis win adamians oreuli ecxadeba:

,,germaniaSi, tradiciis mixedviT, Tvlian rom yvela adamians oreuli

hyavs . . rodesac mas dainaxav, sikvdilic maleve gewveva’’. (,,une tradition bien

connue en Allemagne, qui dit que chaque homme a un double . . lorsqu’il le voit, la mort est

proche’’ ( Nerval 1985 :13)). nervali germaneli romantikosebis nawarmoebebze

mianiSnebs. protagonisti gaorebulia, movlenebi ormag saxes iRebs,

nebismieri moqmedeba ki asaxvas sapirispiro qmedebaSi hpovebs. swored

aseT gaorebas ukavSirebs c. todorovi nervalis moTxrobis (,,orelia’’)

fantastikuri diskursis orazrovnebas (Todorov 1970 : 32).

avadmyofi megobris monaxulebac mxatvruli alegoriaa (VI Tavi).

mTxrobeli avadmyofSi sakuTar Tavs xedavs; avadmyofi misi anareklia

sarkeSi. sarke samyaros, WeSmaritebis Secnobis simboloa. kosmogoniasa

da kosmologiaSi igi RvTaebriv, qalur sawyiss, wyals, mTvares

ukavSirdeba sarkeSi mxolod saganTa zedapiri aisaxeba da ara sagnis

arsi. sarke mTvares waagavs, romelic mzis Suqs aireklavs da sakuTari

ar gaaCnia. sarke, amavdroulad, universumis Secnobis simbolocaa. bevri

eris warmodgeniT, sarke adamianis suls aireklavs da imqveyniuri

samyaros karibWes warmoadgens. zogierTi tradiciis mixedviT, sarkis

anarekls da mis obieqts Soris magiuri kavSiri arsebobs, amitom igi

sulebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad gamoiyeneba. iudevelebTan,

egviptesa da iaponur-budistur tradiciebSi sarkes gardacvlilis

TavTan dgamdnen (metalisgan damzadebul sarkesac), ojaxi rom boroti

Zalebisgan daecvaT, radgan sarkeSi enegiis koncentrireba da

transformireba xdeba. indielebis tradiciis mixedviT, sarke

WeSmaritebis simbolaa. Zvel CineTSi sarkes ukavSirdeba cifri _

8, RvTaebrivi srulqmnilebis simbolo. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi

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sarke iyo fufunebis sagani da SemecnebisE simboloc. sarke RmerTis

sityvis gamoxatulebaa. ikonografiaSi igi mariam RvTismSobelTan

gamoisaxeba, rogorc siwmindis, qristes RvTaebrivi Suqis simbolo.

mTvarisken mimarTuli sarkiT winaswarmetyvelebda Sua saukunis

alqimikosi _ albert didi. igi yvelas Cveulebrivi sarkis yidvas da

masze magiuri sityvebis daweras sTavazobda: ,,S.Solam S.Tattler

S.Echogordner’’. amiT, yoveli Tavs ubedurebisgan daixsnida (Encyclopédie des

symbles 1996).

movlenebis ormag axsnas, moTxrobis pirveli nawilis IV TavSic

vxdebiT, sadac irealuri zmanebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. erTi mxriv,

es aris realur mogonebebze dafuZnebuli bavSvobis mogonebebi,

romelic Semdeg samyaros warmoqmnis suraTad gardaiqmneba. III TavSi,

mkiTxvelma protagonisti klinikaSi, sawolze mwoliare datova. sawoli

akavSirebs mTxrobels mis bavSvobasTan, im saxlTan sadac igi gaizarda.

mas warmoudgenia, rom parizTan axlos, luazis mxareSi, montefontenSi

biZis saxlSia da msaxuri _ margereti sawols ulagebs. nervalis

nawarmoebSi saavadmyofos sawolidan biZis saxlis sawolamde _ erTi

nabijia: protagonistis warmosaxviT samyaroSi dro da sivrcec

mniSvnelobas hkargavs. lamaz, mxiarul saxls (,,la maison riante’’), mwvane

darabebze ayolil usurvazs Camavali mzis sxivi anaTebs. satrfoze

mogonebebi mTxrobels aqac ar asvenebs. marTalia, orelia mas ar

ecxadeba, magram mTxrobeli mis portrets xedavs. droSi mogzaurobis

saSualebiT, mogoneba materializirdeba: mTxrobeli, saavadmyofoSi

(rogorc sakanSi), igonebs bavSvobas (bednier dros), warsulSi ki

momavals igonebs (orelias da portretze gamosaxuli qalis msgavseba).

Tu nervalis nawarmoebi kvlevas warmoadgens, avtoris Ziebas,

mkiTxvelic, mTxrobelis kvaldakval, nel-nela samyaros aRqmis

urTules fsiqikur procesebs uRrmavdeba. teqstis aRqma SeuZlebeli

xdeba misi konkretuli, eqsplicituri avtoris _ Jerar de nervalis,

biografiis codnis gareSe. metic, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ teqsti

nervalis sxva nawarmoebebTan ideur-Tematurad aris dakavSirebuli,

amitom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mwerlis sxva nawarmoebi misi ukanaskneli

qmnilebis gasaRebad gamoiyeneba. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, uxvadaa

avtoaluzia, rac nawarmoebis swori interpretaciis sawindaria. es

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ukanasknelic, Tavis mxriv, mwerlis sxva nawarmoebis swori

interpretaciis saSualebaa.

realuri da irealuri samyaroebis warmosaCenad, saWirod migvaCnia

ganvixilod moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, iseTi epizodebi, romelSic naTlad

gamoCndeba gansxvaveba realur da irealur samyaroebs Soris, da iseTic,

rodesac maTi gansxvaveba da erTmaneTisgan gamijvna rTulia.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, nervalis nawarmoebSi, realuri da

irealuri samyaroebi ara imdenad movlenebiT, aramed erTi samyarodan

meoreSi gadasvlis, transgresiis niSnebiT arian mniSvnelovanni, magram

es niSnebi vizualuri da smeniTicaa. moTxrobis erT-erT epizodSi,

gons mosvlis, gaRviZebis, transidan gamosvlis win, mTxrobels yvirili

afxizlebs. sizmarSi a. diureris cnobil graviuraze _ ,,melanqolia’’,

gamosaxuli angelozis msgavsi dacemuli serafimis xilvis Semdeg,

mTxrobeli sizmarSi yviris da mexdacemuliviT iRviZebs: ,,sazareli

yvirili Camesma da umal gamomeRviZa’’ (,,Je ne pus m’empêcher des cris d’effroi, qui

me réveillèrent en sursaut’’(Nerval 1985 :9)).

saxelosnos monaxulebis dros (X Tavi), protagonists qalis

gamWoli kivili Caesmis da afxizlebs: ,,qalma sazarlad Sehkivla da

wamovxti’’ (,,Le cri d’une femme, distinct et vibrant, empreint d’une douleur déchirante, me

réveilla en sursaut !’’ (Nerval 1985 :47)). halucinaciebis dasrulebas, mTxrobelis

erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlasac, smeniTi halucinaciebi

axlavs. pirveli nawilis VII TavSi, iluzoruli samyaros usasrulo

cvalebadobas primitiuli arsebebis yvirili, Rmuili da wioki ayovnebs

(Nerval 1985 :33). protagonists orelias portrets molaparake Citi

apovninebs. mTxrobels igive xmiT miwadmoqmedi esaubreba: ,,igi

(miwadmoqmedi-n.q.) igive xmiT melaparakeboda, riTac _ Citi’’ (,,Je le reconnus

pour le même qui m’avait parlé par la voix de l’oiseau’’(Nerval 1985 :17)). zmanebasa da

halucinaciebSi, orivegan figurirebs Citi. erTxel adamianis xmiT

molaparake saaTis gugulis saxiT (,,Sur cette horloge rustique un oiseau qui me mit

à parler comme une personne’’(Nerval 1985 :16)), meorejer, igive xmiT

miwadmoqmedi saubrobs. mTxrobeli askvnis, rom gardacvlili adamianebi

cxovelebis da frinvelebis sxeulSi agrZeleben sicocxles (Nerval

1985 :17). amitom xdeba mniSvnelovani, mTxrobelis mier sizmarSi dedis

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portretis xilva: TiTqos, naxatis saSualebiT igi cocxldeba. nervalis

Semoqmedeba miTosuri xasiaTisaa, amitom sakraluri azri SeiZleba

nebismier, ,,profanul’’ saganSi iyos amokiTxuli, rasac mirCe eliade

hierofanias uwodebs (Eliade 1972 : 43).

mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, realuris da irealuris Canacvlebis

fonze, sizmars (D) didi mniSvneloba eniWeba da mis Semdeg

daniSnulebaze metyvelebs:

1) sruqturis TvalsazrisiT igi gamyofis rols asrulebs;

2) avtori epizodebs imeorebs;

3) mniSvnelovani irealuri movlena – sizmari xdeba;

4) sizmris damajereblobas da momxdaris zebunebrivobas abaTilebs

Zilis bunebrivi procesi.

Sesabamisad, movlenaTa simciris da maTi ciklurobis fonze,

moTxrobili ambavi SeiZleba realurad momxdari movleniT daiwyos

(realuri fiqcionalur samyaroSi) da irealuriT gagrZeldes

(halucinaciebSi, sizmrebSi . . ). es kidev erTxel mianiSnebs, rom

nervalis nawarmoebSi asaxulia erTiani homogenuri warmosaxviTi

samyaro, romelSic realuri da irealuri erTmaneTs ki ar emijneba,

aramed – enacvleba. aseTi saxis homogenur warmosaxviT samyaroSi,

nebismieri movlena mwerlis saTqmels simbolurad gamoxatavs.

III. IV. qronotopis sakiTxisTvis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi moqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi viTardeba: mas

gaaCnia qronotopi. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi xmarebuli es termini

(ainStainis ,,fardobiTobis Teoria’’), mxatvrul literaturasTan da

mxatvrul nawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi pirvelad m. baxtinma gamoiyena. misi

azriT, qronotopi nawarmoebis Janrul kuTvnilebas gansazRvravs,

radgan sxvadasxva JanrisTvis gansxvavebuli qronotopia

damaxasiaTebeli (М.Бахтин, 234-407). saTavgadasavlo romanebze

msjelobisas el. meletinski igive azrs anviTarebs (Мелетинский 1986:302).

r. enuqiZe warmoadgens qronotops rogorc subieqtis, droisa da sivrcis

samganzomilebian sistemas (subieqti + dro + sivrce). l. karanceva am

118

sistemas kidev erT komponents umatebs _ ,,moqmedebis algoriTms’’

(Леонтьева.on-lain dok.).

tartus semiotikuri skolis warmomadgeneli _ p. toropi, epikur

nawarmoebSi, kerZod romanSi, sami tipis qronotops ganasxvavebs:

topografiuls, fsiqologiurs da metafizikurs (Баршт/Тороп.1983 :133).

topografiuli qronotopi dakavSirebulia nawarmoebSi konkretul

drosa da sivrcesTan, romelic istoriul droisa da sivrces emTxveva.

topografiuli qronotopi siuJetis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. xSirad

erT nawarmoebSi ramdenime topografiuli qronotopia. meore tipis

qronotopi – fsiqologiuria, igi personaJebis mier droisa da sivrcis

aRqmis subieqturobis gamomxatvelia. mesame tipis qronotopia _

metafizikuri. igi asaxuli movlenebis avtoriseul xedvas warmoaCens,

nawarmoebis metaenas. Sesabamisad, moTxrobil samyaros topografiuli

qronotopi Seesabameba, asaxul samyaros _ fsiqologiuri, avtorisas _

metafizikuri.

f. dostoevskis xelnawerebze muSaobisas k. barSti da p. toropi

askvnian, rom teqstis aRqma misi Seqmnis procesis codnas (masalis

kodirebis procesi) da mis wakiTxvas, an interpretacias (masalis

dekodirebis procesi) gulisxmobs (Баршт/Тороп.1983 :135). Sesabamisad,

teqstis swori aRqma da misi gageba samive tipis qronotopis Seswavlas

saWiroebs.

Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, xdeba mwerlis

pirovnuli gamocdilebis mxatvruli metamorfoza. topografiuli

qronotopis gansazRvra mwerlis biografiaze dayrdnobiT an

avtoaluziebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. fsiqologiuri

qronotopis Seswavlis dros, erTmaneTisgan unda gaimijnos

implicituri da eqsplicituri avtori (teqstis avtobiografiulobidan

gamomdenare) da gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos protagonistis gaoreba,

gansakuTrebiT, realuri samyaros amsaxvel epizodebSi.

Jerar de nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, warmosaxviTi samyaros

asaxvaa. qronotopi rogorc realur, aseve irealur samyaroebs

axasiaTebT (fiqcionalur samyaroSi). topografiuli qronotopi,

romelic realur samyaros Tundac halucinaciebisa da xilvebisgan

unda ganasxvavebdes, sakmaod mwired aris warmodgenili. moTxrobaSi

119

ramdenjerme aris dasaxelebuli dRis monakveTi (dRe, Rame, mzis Casvla,

mzis amosvla). miTiTebulia weliwadis dro _ gazafxuli da Semodgoma.

zogjer aRniSnulia konkretuli saaTi (,,oTx saaTze’’, ,,ori saaTis

Semdeg’’, ,,erT TveSi’’, ,,ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi’’). dasaxelebulia

ramdenime qalaqi: parizi, reimsi, parizis gareubani. konkretul

epizodebSi, ganurCevlad imisa realur samyaros exeba es Tu

warmosaxviTs, miTiTebulia adgili: saavadmyofo, saxli, mamis saxli,

kazino, saxelosno, megobris saxli, saxli, romelSic bavSvobis wlebi

gaatara, sofeli, kafe, botanikuri baRi . . . zogjer, adgili, sadac

moqmedeba viTardeba saxes icvlis, erTi adgili meores enacvleba.

nawarmoebSi iseTi samyaroc aris daxatuli, romelic mxolod

warmosaxvaSi arsebobs, Tumca isic transformirdeba, magaliTad Zveli

samyaro, romelSic sruli harmonia sufevda, Zveli rasebis

adgilsamyofeli (Nerval 1985 : 56).

zemoxsenebuli meoreDdRis epizodis Semdeg (sqema #3), nawarmoebSi

asaxuli movlenebis interpretaciisas, maTi winaswarmetyveluri

daniSnulebac mxedvelobaSi unda miviRod. 1855 wlis 26 ianvars, Satles

maxloblad, parizis erT-erTi quCis CixSi, nervali lampionze

CamoxrCobili ipoves. es sazareli TviTmkvleloba ganTiadze, dRis

umSvenieres Jams moxda. ganTiadi asociaciurad nervalis ukanasknel

nawarmoebis saxelTan gvakavSirebs, romelsac orelia ewodeba,

etimologiurad momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan _ OR, da iTargmneba

rogorc oqro. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ nervalma Tavisi aRsasruli

iwinaswarmetyvela. man parizis quCis boloSi, eulad mdgari

lampionisken mimavali gza aRwera, Tavisi bolo miwieri gaseirneba:

,,gareubans mivaSure (avedi-n.q.), sadac Cemi sacxovrisi meguleboda.

avixede da, anaznad, lampioniT ganaTebuli saxlis nomeri SevamCnie’’

(,,Je remontais un faubourg où se trouvait ma demeure, lorsques, levant les yeux par hasard, je

remarquai le numéro d’une maison éclairé par un réverbère’’(Nerval 1985 :8)). es epizodi

imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom SeiZleba igi winaswarmetyvelebad CavTvloT,

nervalis mier pirovnuli miTis konstruirebis mcdelobad, romelic

Slis zRvars realurs (empiriuli, faqtualuri samyaro) da irealurs

(nawarmoebis ficionaluri samyaro) Soris. nawarmoebis am epizodSi,

mwerlis mier xmarebuli gramatikuli dro _ dausrulebeli warsuli

120

(l’imparfait), moqmedebis gameorebis STabeWdilebas tovebs da mkiTxvels

sagonebelSi agdebs. igi xazs usvams nawarmoebis siubieqtur,

avtobiografiul da piradul xasiaTs: nervalma Tavi CamoixrCo Zveli

lampionis quCaze, im quCasTan axlos, sadac daibada. (La rue de la Vielle

Lantèrne). quCis saxelwodebac (lantèrne - lampioni) mwerlis teqstTan

gvakavSirebs.

saavadmyofoSi moxvedrili mTxrobelis monayoli (II Tavis bolo)

mkiTxvelisTvis ukve iZens irealur xasiaTs, amitom realurica da

irealuric sakuTriv realurisgan (dasaSvebi SesaZlebelisgan

fiqcionalur samyaroSi) imijneba principiT realuri / mogoneba,

zmaneba da iZens dasaSvebi SeuZlebelis statuss, romelSic rogorc

realuri aseve irealuris elementebia gaerTianebuli (Todorov 1970 : 64).

nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’), realurisa da irealuris dapirispireba

vlindeba Txrobis subieqturobaSi, konkretuli avtoris biografiuli

epizodebis mxatvrul-literaturul teqstSi gadatanaSi, rac

metafizikuri da fsiqologiuri qronotopebis Tanxvedras iwvevs.

realuris da irealuri cxovrebis diqotomiis magaliTad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos xilvebisa da maTi mauwyebeli niSnebis urTierTkavSiri,

magaliTad: FferkmTali qalis aCrdili, mTxrobels orelias rom

agonebs, ukavSirdeba konkretuli avtoris realur cxovrebas,

realurad arsebul faqts: msaxiob Jeni kolonisadmi nervalis

siyvaruls, romelic nawarmoebSi mTxrobelis oreliasadmi siyvarulSi

aisaxa. mTxrobelis gauziarebeli siyvaruli sarwmuno xasiaTs iZens da

masSi daeWvebis mizezi mkiTxvels aRar aqvs. am epizodSi xdeba

metafizikuri (avtoris qronotopi) da fsiqologiuri (personJis)

qronotopebis Tanxvedra da, mwerlis biografiaze dayrdnobiT,

topografiuli qronotopis aRdgena.

msgavsi meqanizmi moTxobis _ ,,orelia’’, sxva nawilSic moqmedebs.

nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis III TavSi, mTxrobeli gviyveba jariskacebis

mier misi dapatimrebis komikur ambavs: ,,iyo raRac komikuri imaSi Tu

rogor zrunavdnen Cemze jariskacebi’’ (,,Il y avait quelque chose de comique dans

le soin que je prenais de ménager les forces et la vie des soldats qui m’avaient recueilli’’(Nerval

1985 :12)). SesaZloa, es cnobili movlenebis gamoZaxilia, romelsac

121

adgili hqonda ernanis premieris Semdeg. 1829 wlis 30 seqtembers notr-

dam de-Sampis cnobil salonSi, romelsac ,,oqros SroSanis oTaxs’’

uwodebdnen, 27 wlis viqtor hiugom Tavisi axali piesa _ ,,ernani’’

waikiTxa. es saloni Zalian popularuli iyo da mas xSirad

stumrobdnen: o. de balzaki, e. delakrua, a. de vinii, a. de miuse . . . 1830

wlis 25 Tebervals, piesis premiera komedi-fransezSi Sedga. viqtor

hiugos drama _ ,,ernani’’, madam de stalis xmamaRali gancxadebebis

Semdeg, klasicizmisTvis kidev erTi seriozuli silis gawvna iyo.

premieras axalgazrda frangi mwerlebic eswrebodnen, e.w. ,,axalgazrda

safrangeTi’’ (Jeunes-France) (Bénichou 1996 : 398), maT Soris, teofil gotie da

Jerar de nervali. isini klasicizmis dromoWmul esTetikas xmamaRla

aprotestebdnen (Bénichou 1996 :398). am movlenebis dros, nervali

megobrebTan erTad ramdenjerme daakaves. politikuri sarCeliT nervali

1831 wels iqna dapatimrebuli (zogierTi monacemebiT, 1832 wlis

TebervalSi). mwerali pruveres quCze mdebare wminda palagias cixeSi

Casves (Jean1989 :25)

Tavisi patimrobis Sesaxeb nervali ,,parizelis mogonebebSi’’

mogviTxrobs, Tanac dasZens, rom es mogonebebi mas silvio pelikod ver

aqcevs (mogonebebi . .1999 :10). pelikom (1789-1854ww) cxra weli cixeSi

gaatara, sadac wigni _ ,,Cemi patimrobis ambavi’’ _ dawera (Pelico).

nervali yveba, rom Tavadac ,,bevri jaWvi aCxriala’’ da ixila ,,rogor

iWreboda gisosebSi dRis sinaTle’’ (,,mogonebani’’ 1999 :11). nervali

aWarbebs: igi dapatimrebuli ki iyo, magram sul mcire xniT; Tu mis

saavadmyofoSi yofnas (sazRvargareT mogzaurobebis miuxedavad)

patimrobad miviCnevT, maSin mwerlis es fraza azrs moklebuli

namdvilad ar iqneba.

sapatimros Temam mwerali ise gaitaca, rom 1839 wels JurnalSi, ,,La

Presse’’, 17-18 seqtembris nomerSi, saTavgadasavlo moTxroba gamoaqveyna

saxelwodebiT _ ,,raul spifamis, senior de granJis gasaocari

biografia’’. nawarmoebi, romelSic mefis oreulis ambavia moTxrobili,

mkiTxvelma daafasa da igi, 1845 wels, xelaxla gamoica saTauriT –

,,safrangeTis saukeTeso mefe’’. es nawarmoebi Cvens yuradRebas

sapatimros scenis aRweriT ipyrobs, romelic asociaciur jaWvs qmnis

122

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ (dapatimrebis da saavadmyofos

urTierTCanacvlebis epizodebi), leqsTan _ ,,wminda palagia’’, da kidev

erT saTavgadasavlo nawarmoebTan _ ,,abat bukuas Bambavi’’. am vrceli

moTxrobis beWvda Jurnal ,,Le National’’-Si 1850 wlis 22 oqtombers daiwyo

da imave wlis 22 dekembers dasrulda. Tavdapirvelad, erTi ambis saxiT,

igi moTxrobis _ ,,mariliT ukanono movaWreebi’’, Semadgeneli nawili iyo.

Semdeg nervalma nawarmoebi Secvala: nawili calke moTxrobad gamosca,

nawili ki novelebis krebulis SemadgenlobaSi Seitana (,,anJeliki’’).

novelaSi _ ,,abat bukuas ambavi’’, mwerali dapatimrebis epizods aseve

imeorebs. cixeSi abatis yofna isevea asaxuli, rogorc Cemi patimrobis

mogonebebSi, ubralod pirvel nawarmoebSi mTxrobeli homodiegesuria,

meoreSi _ heterodiegesuri. nawarmoebebSi wminda pelagias cixeSi

patimrebis diskriminacia (privilegirebul da naklebad privilegirebul

patimrebad dayofa), saknebisa da tusaRTa cxovrebis aRwera meordeba:

,,abat bukuas ambavi’’, ,,raul spifami’’ da ,,parizelis mogonebebi’’, rac

Tavis gamoZaxils hpovebs leqsSi _ ,,wminda pelagia’’ da moTxrobis _

,,orelia’’, mesame TavSi. nervali wminda palageas cixeSi wers: ,,cixeSi

moxvedras aravis vusurveb’’ (mogonenebi . . 1999 :13). ivlisis movlenebTan

dakavSirebiT (1832 weli) igi isev daapatimres, rac mweralma asaxa

kidec Tavis leqsSi (,,politika’’ – 1832). SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

moTxrobaSi (,,orelia’’) aRwerili mTxrobelis dapatimrebis epizodi

nervalis or dapatimrebas ukavSirdeba da Tvalyuri mivadevnoT, rogor

iqceva mwerlis biografiis epizodi Semoqmedis pirovnul miTad, rogor

iZens igi nawarmoebSi mxatvrul Rirebulebas. amave dros, Znelia imaze

saubari, ramdenad eqstravertuli Tu intravertuli xasiaTisaa

moTxrobaSi amosacnobi avtoaluziebi.

avadmyofobis pirveli krizi, romlis gamoc mwerali klinikaSi

moaTavses, mwerals 1841 wels daemarTa, e.i. ivlisis revoluciidan aTi

wlis Semdeg. rogorc Jeni kolonis SemTxvevaSi (I Tavi), aTi wliT

daSorebuli ambebi nawarmoebSi erTmaneTze aris daleqili. orive

movlenas nervalis cxovrebaSi erTnairi adgili ukavia. a. diuma ixsenebs

nervalis sityvebs: ,,Tu Jeni mokvdeba, me gavgiJdebi’’ – ,,da danapirebic

Seasrula’’ _ dasZens diuma (Dumas 1990 : 159). III TavSi dapatimrebis

epizods saavadmyofoSi ganTavsebis epizodi mohyveba. SeiZleba

123

vivaraudoT, rom moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis II da III TavSi

asaxuli realoba da halucinaciebi, (rogorc nawilis I TavSi)

erTmaneTTan aTi wliTaa daSorebuli da cnobierebaSi erTmaneTze

daleqil, sxvadasxva, magram msgavs, sxvadasxva dros momxdar

movlenebze mouTiTebs (Le mode itératif). am SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis

topografiuli qronotopi fsiqologiuri qronotopiT ivseba.

nawarmoebis avtobiografiuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, implicituri da

eqsplicituri avtoris igiveobis iluziis fonze, metafizikuri

qronotopis doneze, es epizodi (II, III Tavi) erTianad aRiqmeba. igi

nawarmoebis mxolod sam gverds ikavebs, e.i. realuri cxovrebis

amsaxveli epizodebis (I, II Tavi) da irealuris (II, III Tavi)

topografiuli qronotopi (mwerlis biografiidan gamomdinare) aTi

wliT ganisazRvreba. es movlena teqstSi (,,orelia’’) reziumirebis

saxiTaa warmodgenili, topografiuli qronotopi dazustebuli ar aris,

moTxroba atarebs avtobiografiul xasiaTs, rac mwerlis mxatvrul

mizans emsaxureba: iseTi movlenis iluziis Seqmnas, romelSic

gaerTianebuli iqneba realurica da irealuric. nervali axerxebs

kidec amas, radgan sxvadasxava dros momxdars (ivlisis revoluciis

Semdgomi periodi, 1831 weli), sxvadasxva ambavs erTad gviambobs:

nervalis gonebaSi, mis qvecnobierSi dapatimreba da saavadmyofoSi misi

dawvena (orive SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebis aRkveTa) erTmaneTzea

daleqili, amitom moTxrobaSi topografiuli qronotopis dadgena

mxolod avtoaluziebis saSualebiT, mwerlis biografiuli monacemebiT

gaxda SesaZlebeli.

mwerlis biografiis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs nawarmoebSi

amovicnoT da avxsnaT, erTi SexedviT gaugebari, sacnauri ambebi.

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis III TavSi, megobarTan

ganSorebis Semdeg, mTxrobeli Tavisi halucinaciis Sesaxeb gviyveba:

misi metamorfoza tanisamosisgan ganTavisuflebiT iwyeba, radgan samosi,

misi rwmeniT, sulisa da sxeulis gancalkevebas uSlis xels: ,,Cemi

miwieri samosi moviSore da mivagde. im wuTs velodi, rodesac suli

sxeuls gamoeyofoda.’’ (,, . . j’ai quitté mes habits terrestres et je les dispersais,

attendant le mement où l’âme allait se séparere le corps . . .’’(Nerval1985 :12)).

124

aleqsandre diumas mogonebebma erTi saintereso ambavi Semogvinaxa.

rogorc ,,gvirgvinosani mwerali’’ (klod Sopis SefasebiT) igonebs, rom

erTxel, Ramis or saaTze, saxlSi mas Jandarma nervalis werili

miutana. nervali megobars sapatimroSi misvlas da qurTukis mitanas

sTxovda. Jandarmebma franguli mwerlobis patriarqs SewuxebisTvis

patieba sTxoves da auxsnes, rom dakavebuli, ianvris susxian Rames,

parizis quCebSi dediSobila daiareboda da igi sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis darRvevisTvis daakaves. diumam Jandarmebs nervalis fsiqikuri

avadmyofobis Sesaxeb uambo (rac samarTaldamcavTaTvis isedac naTeli

iqneboda), megobars mitanili palto miafara da saxlSi waiyvana (Dumas

1990 :64). gzad, nervalma Tavisi saqcielis mizezad is varskvlavi

daasaxela, romelic mas esoden izidavda, da sadac misi satrfo

imyofeboda (im droisTvis nervalis satrfo ukve gardacvlili iyo-n.q.)

nervals bunebrivad miaCnda, rom tanisamosiT, romelic mas amZimebda,

varskvlavze gafrenas ver moaxerxebda. uSedego mcdelobis miuxedavad,

amas sxva Rames Seecdeboda da warmatebaSic darwmunebuli iyo.

nervalis cxovrebis es epizodi, romelic mwerlis SeSlilobaze

metyvelebs, aseve aris asaxuli nawarmoebSi _ ,,orelia’’: mTxrobeli

tanisamoss ixdis, rom Tavisi sxeulis uwonadobas Seeguos (Nerval 1984 :

12).

Cven SevecadeT gagveanalizebina nawarmoebSi _ ,,orelia’’, movlenebi,

romelic xilvebSi (halucinaciebSi) aris asaxuli. aRwerili movlenebi

(realurica da irealuric) ramdenime etapad davyaviT, rom aRweris

meqanizmis Tavisebureba gveCvenebina, romelic realurs irealurisgan

ganasxvavebs. TiToeuli etapi ramdenime nawilisgan Sedgeba. II Tavis

bolosa da III TavSi realobas halucinaciebi cvlis. nawarmoebis am

nawilSi, siuJeturi qarga arasworxazovani xdeba. imisaTvis rom

gavarkvioT Tu razea saubari da risi gadmocema surs avtors, movlenebi

Tanmimdevrulad ar unda wavikiTxod. Cven isini sqemis saxiT

warmovadgineT:

125

sqema # 5

I reloba _ megobrebTan vaxSami, polTan erTad quCaSi xetiali, varskvlavis

mimarTulebiT svla;

xilva _ polis (megobris) metamorfoza, mTxrobelis metamorfoza;

II realoba _ megobarTan ganSoreba (le soir, lorsque l’heure fatale semblait s’approcher- 9),

varskvlavis mimarTulebiT svla, mistikuri himnis Sesruleba;

halucinacia – varskvlavis gadideba, cieba, varskvlavis miziduloba,

mTxrobelis metamorfoza (gadideba), yvelafris daeleqtroveba;

III realoba _ jariskacebis mier dapatimreba (quelque chose de comique -12);

halucinacia – sakace, cis gaxsna;

IV realoba – sakaceze mwoliare mTxrobeli, jariskacebis dakavebulTan

saubari, ori megobris mosvla;

halucinacia _ or megobars gahyavs sxva (oreuli) ;

V realoba _ yviris. daparimreba;

VI realoba _ ori megobari akiTxavs, sadili, mTxrobeli arTmevs megobars

beWeds, kaSnes kisris garSemo ikeTebs, xeli stkiva;

VII realoba _ gonebis dakargva, awvenen loginze, ramdenime dReSi

saavadmyofoSi modis gons;

erTi SexedviT, realur epizodebs topografiuli qronotopi aqvs

da moqmedeba saRamos, quCaSi xdeba. epizods, romelic realur movlenas

asaxavs, konkretul drosa da sivrceSi viTardeba, magram, rogorc

nawarmoebis pirvelsa da meore TavSi, mis danarCen nawilSic

mniSvnelovani realuris da irealuris (am SemTxvevaSi _ halucineciebi)

urTierTkavSiria, is momentia, rodesac erTidan meoreSi gadasvla

xorcieldeba. am SemTxvevaSi, realuri epizodebis qronotopi irRveva:

irealuri ambis Txrobidan gadaxvevaa. aseTi daskvna im SemTxvevaSi

iqneboda marTebuli, realurobis amsaxveli epizodebi warmmarTveli,

upiratesobis mqone rom yofiliyo, magram nervalis moTxrobaSi

realuri iseve mniSvnelovania rogorc _ irealuri. arc erTi da arc

meore ,,gadaxvevas’’ ar warmoadgens, Sesabamisad, orive (realurica da

irealuric) movlenaTa erTobliobaa, romelic erTian drosa da

sivrceSi xdeba. v. tiupas mixedviT xom qronotopuloba movlenis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia (Smidi 2003 :295). erTi SexedviT

126

ekleqtikuri, realurisa da irealuris dapirispirebuli cnebebi erT

mTlianobas qmnian, rac xdomilobis, moqmedebis erTianobas efuZneba.

dapatimreba da saavadmyofoSi dawvenac nawarmoebSi orjer

meordeba: megobrebTan sadili (vaxSami, sadili), wola (sakaceze,

loginSi), varskvlavis mimarTulebiT svla, jariskacebis mier dakaveba

(erTxel mTxrobelis, meored _ misi oreulis). zemoxsenebuli

movlenebi, ganurCevlad imisa, realur Tu warmosaxviT samyaroSi xdeba,

erTmaneTisgan damatebiTi detalebiTaa gansxvavebuli, magram teqstSi

yvela erT daniSnulebas asrulebs: sakaceze wola cis qveS (,,étendu sur le

lit du camp’’ (Nerval 1985 :12)) da klinikaSi sawolze dawvena (,,On me mit

sur un lit (Nerval 1985 :15)) orive sxvadasxva moqmedebaa, magram

nawarmoebisTvis, mwerlis CanafiqriT, saerTo mniSvneloba aqvs _

uZlureba.

nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, fsiqobiografiis nimuSia (Jouve

1997 : 90). fsiqoanalizisgan gansxvavebiT, Sarl moronis fsiqokritika

mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis literaturul Rirebulebebs

prioritetulad miiCnevs. moronis Tanaxmad, literaturuli nawarmoebi

mecnieruli kvlevis sailustraciod ki ar gamoiyeneba, aramed masSi

literaturuli nawarmoebis konstruirebis meqanizmebi ikveTeba. moroni

am procesis oTx ZiriTad etaps gamohyofs:

1) saerTo niSnebis amocnoba, rac erTi avtoris ramdenime

teqstSi movlenebis erTmaneTze daleqviT, maTi

ciklurobiT gamoixateba (superposition);

2) mniSvnelovani movlenebis gamoyofa da fsiqikis

siRrmeebSi wvdomis mcdeloba (situation dramatique);

3) pirovnuli miTis konstruireba (mythe personnel);

4) mwerlis biografiiT sakvlevi masalis damowmeba

(vérification par l’étude biographique) (Jouve 1997 :90).

marTalia, morons nawarmoebisa da misi avtoris gaigiveba dasdes

bralad, rac sauniversiteto tradiciebis gagrZelebad miiCnies, magram

neralis SemTxvevSi, vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia avtoris fenomenis uaryofa

(Mitterand1988 :403). Tu manamde, Cven visaubreT nervalis nawarmoebis

ornamentulobis Sesaxeb, rac movlenaTa gameorebas, miTosur azrovnebas

127

efuZneba, moronis mosazreba pirovnuli miTis konstruirebis da saerTo

saxe-xatebis simravlis Sesaxeb, aseve emsaxureba nervalis teqstebis

kvlevis procesis ukeT warmarTvas.

Tu vivaraudebT, rom nervali mis cnobierebaSi erTmaneTze

daleqil sxvadasxva movlenebs erT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan movlenaSi

aerTianebs (saavadmyofoSi moTavseba, dapatimreba), III Tavis siuJeturi

qargis mixedviT, erT movlenaze erTxel aris saubari (Le mode singulatif),

magram Tu CavTvliT, rom erTi movlena (Ria cis qveS wola)

saavadmyofoSi logins mijaWvuli avadmyofis retrospeqtuli

warmosaxvaa, saqme erTi movlenis metaforul asaxvasTan gveqneba. am

SemTxevavaSi, saqme erTi ambis ramdenjerme TxrobasTan gvaqvs (Le mode

répétitif). e.i. moTxrobis avtobiografiuli safuZvlidan gamomdinare,

sxvadasxva realur movlenazea saubari, romelsac realur samyaroSi

hqonda adgili. teqstis irealur samyaroSi ki, yvela msgavsi moqmedeba

erT movlenamde daiyvaneba, riTac, nawarmoebis fiqcionalur samyaroSi,

pirovnuli miTi konstruirdeba.

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ pirveli nawilis I da II TavSi,

mTxrobeli Tavis gauziarebeli siyvarulis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, ramac

igi Tavgadasavlebis maZieblad aqcia. sabediswero Secdomis daviwyebis

survilma, romlis patiebis imedi amoewura, protagonists sxva qalaqSi

da sxva qalis siyvarulSi apovnina Sveba, magram, sakmarisi iyo

warCinebul qalbatons (,,une femme d’une grande renomée’’ (Nerval 1985 :5)) da

iuRblo siyvaruliT tanjul mamakacs Soris mimowera wamowyebuliyo,

rom sxva qalaqSi, mTxrobelis Zveli da axali satrfo erTmaneTs

Sexvedroda (,,Un hasard les fit connaître l’une à l’autre’’- (Nereval 1985 :7)). erTi

SexedviT, ori qalis Sexvedra mTxrobels uxerxulobas uqmnis, igi

saswrafo saqmes moimizezebs da orives miatovebs. es Sexvedra

mkiTxvels sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis ambis Txrobas ar uqadis. igi ufro

metad, warsulis da awmyos Tanxvedris gamoxatulebaa da alegoriulad

gadmoscems nervalis survils Seqmnas ori drois, ori paraleluri

samyaros Tanaarsebobis precendenti. mkiTxvelis sasiyvarulo intrigebs

da avantiurebis molodini maleve gaqarwyldeba, radgan nervalis

mizans, arc don Juanis Tavgadasvlebis da arc tragikuli siyvarulis

128

ambis Txroba ar warmoadgens. parizSi saxelmwifoebrivi davalebis

Sesasrulebad gamgzavrebuli protagonisti nawarmoebis danarCen

nawilSi arc ki axsenebs Tavis ,,mwvalebels’’ Tu ,,mSvelels’’, amitom,

,,orelias’’ pirveli nawilis I da II TavSi, yovelive momxdars avtori

Zalian mokled gvixatavs. moTxrobils reziumirebis saxe aqvs: CvenTvis

ucnobia, rodis an sad moxda es ambavi. mwerali qalaqis (,,Il arriva dans la

ville’’ (Nerval 1985 :5)) da sxva qalaqis (,,dans une autre ville’’ Nerval 1985 :7))

xsenebiT Semoifargleba. moxda yovelive es protagonistis

axalgazrdobaSi, Tu Txrobis momentidan sul cota xnis win –

mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobia.

bevri mkvlevari (Jani, piSua, briqsi) TavianT kvlevebSi miiCnevs, rom

orelias STagonebis wyaro msaxiobi qali Jeni koloni (Jenny Collon -1808-

1941) iyo. nervalma igi 1834 wels gaicno da qalis uaris da ori

qorwinebis miuxedavad, masze platonurad iyo Seyvarebuli (H.-P.Blottier

1992 :6). yovel SemTxvevaSi, cnobebi maTi ufro axlo urTierTobis

Sesaxeb ar moipoveba, magram mwerlis grZnoba imdenad didi iyo, rom

nervalma saSualo donis msaxiobis popularizaciisTvis Jurnalic ki

daarsa. misma gamocemam _ ,,Le Monde Dramatique’’ (1834),L biZis anderZiT

datovebuli memkvidreoba Seiwira, magram nervalsa da msaxiobis

urTierTobas, iseve rogorc mwerlis karieras, ver uSvela. nervalis

nawarmoebis meore personaJi qalis saxe mari pleidens unda

ukavSirdebodes (Jean 1989 :38).

J. nervalis axlo megobars _ teofil goties, Jeni koloni Jimnazis,

varieteebisa da opera-komikis usaxur momRelad eCveneboda da didi

STabeWdileba arc mis garegnobaze hqonda (Jean1964 :28). vfiqrobT,

nervalis gataceba misi personaluri miTis warmatebuli konstruirebis

kidev erTi magaliTia: cota xniT adre (1853 wels) nervalma xom baroni

foSeris meuRle novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebSi’’

ukvdavyo.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, avtobiografiul

xasiaTs atarebs, pirveli nawilis I da II TavSi asaxuli Tavgadasavali

1834 wels unda mivakuTvnoT. Tavisi Jurnalis warumateblobis, mwerlis

gakotrebis Semdeg, nervali italiaSi miemgzavreba. nawarmoebis

129

dasawyisSi, mTxrobelic daaxloebiT igive ambavs gviyveba. nawarmoebis am

epizodSi nervals mis cxovrebaSi momxdari realuri faqti gadaaqvs.

moTxrobis pirveli nawili 1855 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda. meore nawili

mwerlis gardacvalebis Semdeg _ 1855 wlis TebervalSi. e.i. nawarmoebis

Seqmnasa da im movlenebs Soris, romelmac mwerals misi dawera ubiZga,

ocdaerTi weli aSorebs. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilSi

mTxrobeli gvauwyebs, rom pirveli da meore nawilis Seqmnas Soris aTi

welia gasuli. Tu orelia 1855 wliT TariRdeba, pirveli nawili 1841

wels unda daweriliyo. es faqti moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’

avtobiografiuli sizustiT Seqmnas gamoricxavs.

nawarmoebs da mwerlis cxovrebas Soris mWidro urTierTkavSirze

nervalis avadmyofobis pirveli krizi (1841) da msaxiobi qalis

gardacvalebis TariRi metyvelebs (1842). Jeni koloni 1842 wels

gardaicvala. Tu vivaraudebT, rom Jeni koloni orelias poeturi saxe-

xatis safuZvelia, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirvel nawilSi, kerZod, I da

II TavSi protagonistis realuri cxovrebis amsaxveli epizodi mwerlis

biografiis erT etaps unda asaxavdes _ 1834 – 1842 wlebs.

nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, mTxrobeli, angelozis xilvas sakuTari an

satrfos sikvdilis mauwyebel niSnad miiRebs. xilva simbolurad

gamoxatavs da erTmaneTTan akavSirebs or movlenas nervalis

cxovrebidan: Jeni kolonis sikvdils da avadmyofobis pirvel krizss.

realuri cxovrebis epizodebis nawarmoebSi gadatana axali cxovrebis

dawyebis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi, rac axali nawarmoebis SeqmniT

gamovlinda. es kidev erTxel metyvelebs imaze, rom nervalis cxovreba

da Semoqmedeba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia.

saWirod migvaCnia, diumas mogonebebiT vixelZRvaneloT, rom

aRmovaCinoT nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) is epizodebi, rac mwerlis

cxovrebidan aris nasesxebi da topografiul uzustobebs naTels

mohfens. erTxel diumam da nervalis megobarma _ antoni deSamma (dante

aligieris RvTaebrivi komediis galeqsili versiis avtori), nervali

klinikaSi moinaxules. ciebisgan anTebulTvalebiani nervali gisosebs

miRma idga da megobrebs dauyvira: ,,evrika, SeTqmuleba gavxseni da axla

solomonis beWedi me mekuTvnis. aTasi da erTi Ramis ganZic Cvenia!’’

rodesac diuma nervalis oTaxSi Sevida, magidaze uamravi furclis

130

nagleji dainaxa. nervalis swored aseT furclebze werda da mere maT

jibeSi inaxavda (Dumas 1990 : 179). rac diumam nervalisgan moismina,

nebismier adamians sagonebelSi Caagdebda da megobris SeuracxadobaSi

daarwmunebda: nervali amtkicebda, rom ramos diswuli iyo. nervalma

diumas Tavis gasaocari da yvelaze popularuli leqsi waukiTxa. es

leqsi usaTauroa, magram diumasTan saubrisas, nervalma mas ,,sxva

cxovrebis mogonebebi’’ uwoda. leqsi ki musikazea. nervalis avadmyofuri

goneba gasaocari siswrafiT muSaobda. asociaciurma jaWvma Jan-filip

ramos, klasikuri harmoniis pirveli Teoretikosis ZmiswulTan,

orRanist _ Jan-fransua ramosTan daakavSira, Semdeg musikasTan da

amitom, gasagebi xdeba nervalis sulis ukvdavebis da xelaxali

dabadebis Sesaxeb mosazrebis am mxriv warmarTva (Dumas 1990 :177). am

epizodSive nervali mianiSnebs mefe solomonis beWedze, romelic

daviTis varskvlavis saxeliTac aris cnobili. Jervem nervalis

portreti daxata. graviuris kuTxeSi nervalma waawera: ,,me meore var !’’

da iqve daviTis varskvlavic miaxata (Nerval. image, on-lain dok.).

legendis Tanaxmad, mefe solomonis beWdis mflobels Zlevamosil

jinebze mbrZanebloba SeeZlo, sxvadasxva rjulis cxovelebTan Tu

frinvelebTan saubari (moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ mTxrobels Citi

elaparakeba (Dumas 1990 : 182)). nervalis moTxrobaSi _,,orelia’’,

mTxrobeli beWeds dakargavs, romelzedac arabuli sityvebia

amotvifruli. eklesiaSi meores iyidis, rac codvebis monaniebis

simbolur datvirTvas iZens (Nerval 1984 :73). SesaZlebelia, beWdis epizodi

ukavSirdebodes arsen uses da stefani burJuas qorwinebas, romelic

wminda Toma akvinelis saxelobis eklesiaSi, 1842 wlis 5 aprils Sedga:

nefem beWedi dakarga da nervals axlis SeZena sTxova. nervali madam

usesTan megobrobda da misi gardacvalebac mtkivneulad ganicada.

mwerlis mier didi xnis movlenebis aRwera I da II Tavebis aRweris

reziumirebis xasiaTs naTels hfens: mTxrobelis da realurad arsebuli

qalis (Jei koloni, mari pleideni, sofi burJua) platonur urTierToba

nawarmoebSi motivis funqcias asxulebs, romelic mwerlis pirovnuli

miTis konstruirebas emsaxureba da emociur zegavlenas aZlierebs. amave

dros, realobis amsaxvel epizodSi dauzustebeli topografiuli

131

qronotopis arseboba, zogadad, mTels nawarmoebSi realobis

mniSvnelobaze, ufro ukeT, mis umniSvnelo rolze, metyvelebs: realuri

epizodebis raodenoba (sakuTriv realuris) minimumamdea dayvanili.

mTxrobels (avtorsac) Tavisi cxovrebis realuri faqtebi ki ar

ainteresebs, aramed warmosaxviTi, iluzoruli samyaro, romelic

nebismieri realuri, cxovrebiseuli movleniT, faqtiT SeiZleba

yofiliyo inspirirebuli, amitom aRiarebs nervalis personaJi

nawarmoebis pirvelsave TavSi, rom misTvis im qalTan, romelsac

orelias arqmevs, urTierTobis detalebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan

yoveli adamianis cxovrebaSi moiZebneba STambeWdavi mogoneba, romelmac

cxovrebaze moaxdina gavlena da Secvala kidec igi: ,,yvelas cxovrebaSi

moiZebneba gulisgangmiravi ambavi, romelmac adamianis sulze

gamanadgureblad imoqmeda’’ (,,Chacun peut chercher dans ses souvenirs l’émotion la

plus navrante, le coup le plus terrible frappé sur l’âme par le destin’’(Nerval _1984 :4)) .

nervalis cxovrebis epizodebi, xSirad cvlilebebis gareSe, misi

nawarmoebis nawili xdeba. realobis amsaxveli epizodebis Semdeg (I,II

Tavi), mkiTxveli mwerlis Canafiqrs xvdeba: nervals Tavisi xilvebis

aRwera surs. amas Tavis mwerlur movaleobadac ki miiCnevs: ,,mxolod

mwerlis daniSnulebaze vfiqrobdi da vcdilobdi gulrwfelad

ameRwera cxovrebis is mniSvnelovabi movlenebi, rac gadamxda. ase rom

ar mefiqra, daveWvdeboda da aRac ki Sevecdebodi momeyola is, rac,

SesaZloa, mxolod Cemi avadmyofuri warmosaxvis Sedegia’’. (,,Je ne pensais

que la misssion d’un écrivain et d’analyser sincèrement ce qu’il éprouve dans les graves

circonstences de la vie . . je m’arrêterais ici et je n’essayerais pas de décrire ce que j’éprouvai

ensuite dans une série de visions insensées peut-être, ou vulgairement maladives . . ‘’ (Nerval

1985 12)). nervali aRweras did dros uTmobs, amitom moTxrobaSi -

,,orelia’’, Txrobis dro ambis droze naklebia (Td<ad). isic ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom nawarmoebSi asaxuli movlenebi ramdenime faqsts

aerTianebs, rac moTxrobili ambis xanmokleobis iluzias qmnis.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom nervalis

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, topografiuli qronotopi srulyofilad ar

aris warmodgenili da nawarmoebis aRqmisTvis ganmsazRvreli

fsiqologiuri da metafizikuri qronotopi xdeba. topografiuli

132

qronotopi konkretuli avtoris biografiis, avtoaluziebis xarjze

rekonstruirdeba.

III.V. intermedialobis sakiTxisTvis Jerar de nervalis

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’

mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, ganvixiloT Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebi

(,,orelia’’) intermedialuri da interteqstualuri TvalsazrisiT.

intermedialuri urTierTobebze saubrisas, nervalis Semoqmedebaze

aRorZinebis epoqis germaneli mxatvris _ albrext diureris

Semoqmedebis gavlenas vgulisxmobT. imisTvis, rom ukeT warmovaCinoT

literaturuli nawarmoebisa da saxviTi xelovnebis urTierTkavSiri,

SevecdebiT, gamovikvlioT moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ erTi epizodi.

intermedialoba xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Soris

urTierTkavSirs gulisxmobs. gansxvavebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi

saSualebebis da erTiani esTetikuri principebis arsebobis fonze,

intermedialoba saerTo Temebis, saxe-xatebis, simboloebis Sedareba-

Sepirispirebisa Tu Janruli modifikaciis saxiT vlindeba.

intermedialuri analizi kvlevis saerTo donisa da kriteriumis

arsebobas eyrdnoba (Карасаева on-lain dok.).

intermedialoba rogorc termini, literaturaTmcodneobaSi gasuli

saukunis bolo aTwleulSi damkvidrda interteqtualobis kvaldakval,

Tumca, rogorc SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis wiaRSi

aRmocenebuli Teoria da meTodi, igi XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebidan

aris cnobili. intermedialoba xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Soris

urTierTkavSirs gulisxmobs. rasakvirvelia, es kavSiri SeiZleba

mravalmxrivi iyos da mravalSriani literaturuli teqstis kvlevis

saSualebad iqces.

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis

gansxvavebuli saSualebebi gaaCnia, Tumca maT saerTo esTetikuri

principebi aerTianebT. literatura, SesaZloa, saxviT xelovnebas an

musikas mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs daesesxos. amiT teqsti

133

gamdidrdeba da mkiTxvelze teqstis emociuri zemoqmedebac moimatebs.

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis urTierTkavSiris STambeWdav magaliTs

franguli simbolizmi warmoadgens, romelic warmatebiT iyenebda

saxviTi xelovnebisa Tu muskisTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul

gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs.

saxviTi xelovnebisa da literaturuli nawarmoebis

intermedialuri urTierToba SeiZleba gamovlindes: 1) citirebiT,

literaturul nawarmoebSi msgavsi Temebis, siuJetebis, saxe-xatebis

gamoyenebiT; 2) mxatvruli literaturisa da saxviTi xelovnebis

meTodebisa da saSualebebis Sedareba-SepirispirebiT; 3) ferTa

simbolikis, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis vizualizaciis saxiT; 5)

Janruli modifikaciis xarjze; 6) ilustraciebis SeqmniT.

rogoric ar unda iyos kavSiri literaturul nawarmoebsa da

mxatvrul tilos Soris, intermedialuri analizi moicavs:

1) analizis saerTo kategoriis an kriteriumis arCevas (saerTo

mxatvruli saxe, sivrce da dro, mxatvruli stili da forma)

2) analizis saerTo donis kvlevas, mTliani kompoziciis an

detalis doneze (Чуканцова on-lain dok.).

frang mweralsa da Jurnalists, Jerar de nervals, albrext

diureri Tavisi moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ pirvel nawilSi hyavs

moxseniebuli. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, mTxrobeli Tavis sizmars

aRwers. sizmarSi mas veeba RvTaebrivi arseba gamoecxadeba. uecrad,

angelozi bnel alags miwaze enarcxeba da caxaxs iwyebs. masTan

miaxloebuli mTxrobeli uTvalavi ferebiT gasxivosnebuli

angeloziTaa mojadoebuli. serafimi mTxrobels Tavisi antikuri

samosiT xiblavs, rac protagonists diureris graviuras _

,,melanqolias’’, agonebs (Nerval 1984:9).

qartexilebiT aRsavse epoqaSi, albrext diureri, xelovanis Cveuli

SemarTebiTa da guladobiT, Tavis personaJebs aRorZinebis xanis

tanisamosiT mosavda. amiT, mis graviurebze gamosaxuli figurebi

wmindanobis Saravandeds hkargaven. diureris SemoqmedebaSi religiurma

Tematikam socialur-kulturuli elferi SeiZina da politikur

pamfletTan gaigivda. diureris graviurebze legenda realobad

134

iqceoda, miTi ki aRorZinebis epoqis problemebs asaxavda. diureris am

novatorulma nabijma germaniaSi didi gamoxmaureba hpova da saxviTi

xelovnebis istoriac Secvala.

rodesac nervali Tavis teqstSi angelozis samosze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas, qveSecneulad sam epoqas akavSirebs: antikurs, renesanssa da

XIX saukunes. igi mkiTxvels sayovelTao WeSmaritebebsa da

Rirebulebebze miuTiTebs, romlebsac veras aklebs dro.

didi humanisti, erazm roterdameli, diureris ,,melanqoliaze’’

werda: ,,diurerma feradi saRebavebis gareSe, mxolod Savi feriT, imis

gamosaxva moaxerxa, risi daxatvac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, man adamianis

suli aametyvela’’ (Несельштраус 1961: 186).

nervalis teqstis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom

avtori saxviTi xelovnebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan atributs _ fers _

ugulebelyofs da diureris Canafiqrs ar iziarebs: mis nawarmoebSi

angelozi feradia, diureris graviuraze ki _ Sav-TeTri. diurerma

melanqolia Sav-TerT graviuaze gamosaxa, rac graviuris Sinaars

exmianeba: melanqolia xom Savs gulisxmobs. melanqolikebis mfarveli

planetac _ saturni _ Sav planetad iwodeba. nervalis

gadawyvetilebas, teqstSi feradi angelozi dagvixatos, Tavisi

gamarTleba moeZebneba. feradi sizmris aRweriT nervali irealur

samyaros ufro xelSesaxebad da cxadad warmogvidgens. sizmris

feradovneba empiriuli samyaros erTferovnebas upirispirdeba da

irealuris mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.

jer kidev antikur epoqaSi arsebobda moZRvreba oTxi temperamentis

Sesaxeb. Sua saukuneebSi, sqolastikis zewoliT, yvelaze met augs

melanqoliur temperamentze ambobdnen. gamxdar, ugergilo, mowyenilsa

da ugunebo, uunaro adamians melanqoliks uwodebdnen. mas sizarmacesa

da siZunwesac swamebdnen. renesansis epoqaSi, platonis akademiis

winamZRvarma, florencielma marselio fiCinom, melanqoliuri

temperamentis mqone adamianis Sesaxeb warmodgena Secvala. misi

moZRvrebis meoxebiT, melanqoliki filosofiuri azrovnebis unariTa

da SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebul adamianad iqca. Semdgom

epoqebSi, melanqoliki geniosis sinonimad aRiqmeboda da misTvis Cveul

135

martosulobas bevri mimbaZvelic gamouCnda. romantikosebma diureris

,,melanqoliaSi’’ Semoqmedis bedukuRmarToba amoicnes. rogoric unda

iyos melanqolikis mimarT damokidebuleba, yvela epoqaSi,

melanqolikTa Soris suliT avadmyofTa ricxvi Warbobs. melanqolikebs

idumalebiT moculi mnaTobi _ saturni mfarvelobs, romelic maT

avadmyofobasa da naadrev sikvdils uqadis. zogierTi mkvlevaris

azriT, diureris graviuraze, angelozis ferxTiT gawolili ZaRli

swored SeSlilis simboluri gamoxatuleba unda iyos.

nervalis mier diureris ,,melanqoliis’’ moxseniebam mkiTxvels unda

Seaxsenos, rom orelias avtori fsiqikuri daavadebiT itanjeboda.

SemoqmedebiT krizisSi gadazrdilma fizikurma Tu fsiqikurma

uunarobam mwerali TviTmkvlelobamde miiyvana (Bonnet 1996:93).

nervalis nawarmoebis germaneli mxatvris cnobil graviurasTan

kavSiri amiT ar amoiwureba. graviuraze daxatuli ramdenime detali

literaturul teqstSi aris mimobneuli (kibe, varskvlavi _ (Nerval 1984:8),

romelTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT diureris tilo rekonstruirdeba.

teqstSi arsebuli miniSnebebis garda, iseTic arsebobs, romelsac

gamocanasaviT gvTavazobs avtori.

germaneli mxatvris ,,melanqoliam’’ ,,msoflio gaaogna’’ (Несельшраус

1961: 152) da bevri Tavsatexic gauCina maT, vinc graviuriT monusxva ar

ikmara da urTulesi simboloebiT gajerebuli xelovnebis am nimuSis

axsna ganizraxa. saubaria diureris magiur kvadratze. CrdiloeTis

renesansis udidesma warmomadgenelma evropaSi pirvelma Seqmna magiuri

kvadrati, romlis mniSvneloba dResac kamaTs iwvevs.

diureris graviuraze gamosaxuli magiuri kvadratis bolo xazze

ganlagebul cifrebSi diureris graviuris Seqmnis TariRi amoikiTxeba

_ 1514 weli. am sayovelTaod cnobili faqtis msgavsad, nervalic

mkiTxvlisgan calkeul detalebze dafiqrebas moiTxovs.

RvTaebrivi frTosani arsebis xilvis Semdeg, sizmris Semzaravi

sicxade mTxrobels afxizlebs. imave saRamos igi megobrebTan ferebisa

da cifrebis magiur mniSvnelovaze msjelobs (Nerval 1984:9). cifris

magiuri Zalis Sesaxeb nervalis teqstSi cota adrec vkiTxulobT.

zemoxsenebuli sizmris xilvamde, gzaabneuli mTxrobeli lampioniT

136

ganaTebul saxls miadgeba. saxlis nomeri mTxrobelis asakis identuria

(Nerval1984:8). saxlis nomrisa da mTxrobelis asakis Tanxvedra, diureris

magiur kvadratSi graviuris Seqmnis ganzrax miTiTebul TariRs

SeiZleba davukavSiroT.

diureris graviuraze gamosaxuli magiuri kvadrati 16 ujredisgan

Sedgeba. kvadratis horizontalur da vertikalur xazebze ganlagebul

rixvTa jami 34-is tolia. ras SeiZleba niSnavdes nervalisTvis es

ricxvi, an niSnavs ki igi, saerTod, rames?

miTi orfevsis Sesaxeb laitmotivad gasdevs nervalis Semoqmedebas.

miTi frangi mwerlis ideur-Tematurad dakavSirebuli ramdenime

nawarmoebis siuJetur invariants warmoadgens. orfevsisa da evridikes

Sesaxeb ambis mimarT mwerlis esoden didi interesi Tavad nervalis

gauziarebel siyvarulsa da sayvareli arsebis dakargvas ukavSirdeba.

nawarmoebSi es angelozis gamocxadebis epizodSi aisaxeba, romelsac

mTxrobeli Tavisi an satrfos sikvdilis mauwyeblad moiazrebs (Nerval

1984 :10).

nervalis Semoqmedebis bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom msaxiobi Jeni

koloni nervalis muzad iqca da orelias prototipic gaxda

(Nerval1985:24). meorexarisxovani, arafriT gamorCeuli msaxiobi qalis

kariera 1842 wels, misi moulodneli gardaicvalebiT Sewyda. 1842 wels

nervali 34 wlisa iyo. vfiqrobT, es ubralo danTxveva ar aris. nervali,

TanamedroveTa Soris ezoTeruli ZiebebiT, kabalas codniTa da

naturfilosofiuri mosazrebebiT iyo cnobili (Nerval1985:12). gasakviri

ar unda iyos, rom mwerals yoveli Rone exmara da miusafari, yvelasgan

miviwyebuli sakuTari xvedri, romelic nebismieri literaturuli

nawarmoebis siuJetad SeiZleba qceuliyo, Tundac Tavsatexis saxiT

miewodebina mkiTxvelisTvis.

diureri ara marto mxatvari da saxviTi xelovnebis Sesaxeb

Teoriuli kvlevebis avtoria, aramed morwmune, renesansuli epoqis

pirmSo, romelmac qristianuli religiis sakuTari koncefiis Seqma

scada. 1480-1510 wlebSi, cnobili graviuris _ ,,melanqolia’’ _ Seqmnamde,

diureri graviuraTa serias xatavs, romelTa siuJetebi kanonikur Tu

apokriful teqstebs efuZneba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es graviurebi am

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teqstebis ilustraciebs wamoadgenen. 1498 wels germaneli mxatvari qmnis

15 graviuras apokalifsis Temaze.

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ meore nawilSi, dakarguli satrfos

Ziebis Temas uZRebi Svilis dabrunebis, codvebis monaniebisa da

WeSmariti morwmuneobis Temebic emateba. teqstSi mravladaa bibliuri

reminiscencia swored ,,ioane naTlimscemlis gamocxadebidan’’.

amave periodSi diureri asuraTebs Sua saukuneebSi, bibliis Semdeg

yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebis, dominekaneli beris _ iakob voraginelis

(Jacobo da Vorazze) ,,oqros legendis’’ ramdenime epizods. magaliTad,

,,wminda qristefore Cvil qritesTan erTad’’ , ,,wminda ekaterine da

jalaTi’’, ,,wminda giorgi’’, ,,wminda estate’’.

oqros legendisa da orelias Soris kavSiri imdenad

mniSvnelovania, rom Cveni azriT, nervalis ukanaskneli nawarmoebis

saTauric _ ,,orelia’’ , romelic, amavdroulad, sityvas ,,or’’, anu

,,oqros’’ ukavSirdeba, iakob voraginelis teqsts exmianeba, rom

aRaraferi vTqvaT wminda qristefores, qminda ekaterinesa Tu wminda

giorgize, romlebic aluziebis saxiT figurireben nervalis teqstSi

(Nerval 1984: 98).

amgvarad, Jerar de nervalis moTxrobasa da diureris graviurebs

Soris intermedialuri kavSiri vlindeba detalebis doneze, saerTo

mxatvruli saxis modelirebis, msgavsi siuJetisa da Temis xarjze.

mwerlis mier ostaturadaa gamoyenebuli saxviTi xelovnebis

umniSvnelovanesi atributi _ feri, romelic literaturul nawarmoebSi

am ukanasknelis kanonebiT moqmedebs, amitom vizualizacia srulebiTac

ar xdeba saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSis saSualebiT. diureris

,,melanqolia’’, iseve rogorc mxatvris sxva graviurebi, nervalis

filosofiuri koncefciis warmoCenas emsaxureba.

intermedialuri urTierTkavSiris dadgena (zogadisa Tu

fragmentulis) saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSsa da literaturul

nawarmoebs Soris saerTo wyaroebis dadgeniT xdeba SesaZlebeli.

nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, erTgvar hiperteqsts warmoadgens iakob

voraginelis nawarmoebTan _ ,,oqros legenda‘’ _ mimarTebaSi. am or

teqsts Soris intereqstualuri urTierTkavSiri arsebobs. amave dros,

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dominikaneli beris zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebi albrext diureris

graviurebis literaturuli wyarocaa. orive Semoqmedis nawarmoebSi

uxvadaa bibliuri reminiscencia, kerZod ki _ Temebi ioane

naTlismcemlis gamocxadebidan.

Jerar de nervali iyenebs diureris graviuras _ ,,melanqolia’’ _

imisTvis, rom xazi gausvas Tavis Canafiqrs: mis nawarmoebSi sizmris

samyaro feradia da igi diureris Sav-TeTr graviurasTanaa

dapirispirebuli. es ki irealuri samyaros mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.

frangi mwerlis teqstSi germaneli mxatvris tilos moxseniebiT sami

epoqa ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. graviuris simboluri datvirTva

nervalis Semoqmedebasa da biografiaze migvaniSnebs.

III.VI. interteqstualuri urTierTobebis roli nervalis

SemoqmedebaSi

Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZens interteqstualuri urTierTobebi.

interteqstualobis da interteqstualuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb

gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi alaparakdnen. es termini

poststruqturalizmis Teoretikosis, Julia kristevas saxels

ukavSirdeba (Словарь литературных терминовon-lain dok).

J. kristevas mosazreba m. baxtinis koncefcias exmianeba, romlis

mixedviT, nebismieri teqti sxva teqstebTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSia.

Tavisi arsiT, interteqstualuri urTierTobebi teqstebs Soris

arsebul aluziebs da reminiscenciebsac gulisxmobs, rac esoden

mniSvnelovania teqstis ukeT gagebisTvis, radgan ,,yvelaze mZafr

aqtualizacias iwvevs ara dasrulebuli, yovlismomcveli suraTi an

aRwera, aramed _ swored fragmentebi an sxvaTaSoris, ucabedad

naTqvami’’ (Tanamedrove . . .2002:213) Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebi am

mxrivadac sainteresoa: avtoaluziebi da aluziebi nervalis nebismeiri

teqstis ukeT wakiTxvas uwyobs xels. maTi wyalobiT rekonstruirdeba

mwerlis mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstebis fiqcionaluri samyaro.

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mxatvrul teqstSi transteqstualoba (J. Jeneti) Semdegi saxiT

SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili:

1) parateqstualoba _ ramdenime teqstis saTaurs da

qvesaTaurs Soris kavSiri da msgavseba;

2) metateqstualoba _ teqstebs Soris iseTi saxis

interteqstualuri urTierToba, rodesac erTi teqsSi

meores komentaris saxiT moixsenieben;

3) arqiteqstualobis SemTxvevaSi yuradReba nawarmoebebis

arqiteqtonikis, maTi agebulebisa da struqturebs Soris

msgavsebas efuZneba;

4) hiperteqstualoba gulisxmobs erTi teqstis nebismier

SesamCnev kavSirs sxva teqstTan. am SemTxvevaSi, teqsti-wyaro

hipoteqstad iwodeba, interteqstualuri kavSiris Sedegi ki

_ hiperteqstad;

5) interteqstualoba _ teqstebis erTmaneTTan siaxlovea,

romelic aluziebis da reminiscenciebis saxiT vlindeba

(Jouve1997: 81).

nervalis moTxrobaSi (,,orelia’’) arqiteqstualoba ar SeimCneva:

moTxroba struturis msgavsebas romelime sxva mxatvrul teqstTan ar

avlens: arc sxva mwerlis da arc Tavad nervalis, maTi ideur_Tematuri

siaxlovis miuxedavad. interteqstualoba nervalis moTxrobaSi

minimumandea dayvanili: Cven, SeiZleba, arazusti citirebebi moviZioT

(magaliTad, ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebidan), magram es kavSiri

ufro Soreuli gamoZaxili iqneba. Cveni azriT, parateqstualurad

nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, ukavSirdeba iakob voraginelis

oqros legendas. am msgavsebaSive vlindeba nervalis nawarmoebis

hiperteqstualuri kavSiri igive oqros legendasTan. hiperteqstualuri

kavSiri aRiniSneba nervalis moTxrobas (,,orelia’’) da publicistur

narkvevebs _ ,,gaseirnebani da mogonebani’’, ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’,

novelebs (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) Soris, rac avtoaluziebis saxiT

vlindeba. metateqstualobis magaliTic SeiZleba moviyvanoT

(avtokomentari), rodesac novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mwerali mkiTxvels

amave Temaze Seqmnil mis sxva nawarmoebis wakiTxvas sTavazobs.

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rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, Jerar de nervalis teqsti movlenebis

mcire raodenobiT xasiaTdeba. mwired warmodgenili xdomiloba ar

gamoricxavs ambis arsebobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi, arc mxatvrul-

literaturul an naratiul teqstze iqneboda saubari. nawarmoebSi

movlenaTa Txrobis simetriuloba SeimCneva. erTi da igive movlenebis

gameoreba nervalis nawarmoebis kompoziciur Taviseburebas warmoadgens,

gamohyofs imas, rac mniSvnelovani da yuradRebis Rirsia da am

ukanasknelis simbolur datvirTvas usvams xazs.

naratologia struqturalizmsa da recefciuli esTetikas Soris

mdgari meTodologiaa, amitom analizi rogorc erTis, iseve meoris

Semfaseblur damokidebulebas gulisxmobs. sityvis xelovneba yvelaze

abstraqtulia xelovnebebs Soris da warmosaxvas efuZneba

(literaturis . . 2008: 185). nebismier teqstSi arsebobs e. w. ganusazvreli

adgilebi (literaturis . . 2008: 185), romelTa konktretizacia da

rekonstruireba mravalmxrivia da mkiTxvelis aRqmazea damokidebuli.

teqstis aRqma, kiTxvis procesSi mkiTxvelisa da avtoris Sexvedra,

nawarmoebis Tavisufal interpretacias ar gulisxmobs. Tu J. deridas

davevsesxebiT, samyaro _ teqstia. samyaro usasrulo interprtetaciis

saSualebas iZleva, magram aRqmis procesi ,,Ria teqstis’’ koncefcias

unda daeqvemdebaros (Эко.У). Sesabamisad, teqstSi mxolod im

ganusazRvreli adgilebis Sevseba SeiZleba, riskenac Tavad teqsti

gvibiZgebs, ris saSualebasac igi iZleva. Cven SevecadeT warmogvedgina

is aluziebi, reminiscenciebi, avtoaluziebi, romelic nawarmoebis

aRqmas, kompoziciis Taviseburebas warmoCenas da ambis rekonstruirebas

uwyobs xels.

nawarmoebis _ ,,orelia’’ _ meore nawilis IV da V TavSi, mwerali

protagonistis parizSi da mis gareubanSi gaseirnebebis ambavs

mogviTxrobs. mTxrobeli germanel poetTan wasvlas apirebs, Semdeg

gadaifiqrebs, ziarebisTvis eklesiaSi Sedis da iqidan gamosuls

eCveneba, rom tuilris baRebTan qveynis dasasruli dgeba.

esqatologiuri SiSiT Sepyrobili protagonisti brundeba, germanel

poetTan misuli, cudad xdeba da igi TavSesafarSi gadahyavT.

nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV Tavi erTmaneTis mimarT simetriuli

movlenebisgan aris konstruirebuli. isini Cven sqemis saxiT SeiZleba

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gamovxatoT ise, rom IV da V Tavebis siuJeturi erTianoba ar dairRves,

radgan sqemaSi aRniSnuli movlenebis garda, sxvac xdeba, magaliTad:

mamasTan viziti, megobrebTan stumroba, megobar JorJTan erTad

gaseirneba, mRvdelTan Sexvedra, halucinaciebi, orelias gamocxadeba.

sqema # 6

A SimSili F eklesia

B monmartris sasaflao G namcxvaris dagemovneba

C germanel poetTan viziti H germanel poetTan viziti

D eklesia J TavSesafari

E apokalifsisi

nervalis xSirad imeorebs movlenebs, rogorc sxvadasxva

nawarmoebis, aseve erTis farglebSi.YsqemaSi # 6 miTiTebuli movlenebi

samyaros dasasrulis suraTis aRweriT aris erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli

(E). orive mwkrivSi warmodgenili movlenebi erTmaneTs Seesabameba da

avsebs, Tumca, zemoT moyvanili sqemisgan gansxvavebiT (ix. sqema # 3),

movlenebi simetriulobasa da wriulobas hkargaven. nervali, am

SemTxvevaSic, igive principiT qmedebs: mniSvnelobas im movlenas aniWebs,

romelic ar meordeba: apokalifsisis, mamasTan vizits, megobar

JorJTan gaseirnebas (ix. wina sqemebSi _n.q.) movlenebis gameoreba,

nervalis nawarmoebs natariuli teqstebis ornamentul prozis

saxeobasTan aigivebs. movlenaTa gameorebebis da mniSvnelovanis

gamoyofis xarjze xdeba calkeuli movlenebis simboluri datvirTvis

gaZliereba, es ki nawarmoebSi aluziebis da reminiscenciebis Ziebas

moiTxovs.

rogorc vxedavT, eklesia sqemis orive mwkrivSi figurirebs.

mTxrobeli IV TavSi aRsarebis survilis Sesaxeb saubrobs: ,,aRsareba

mindoda’’ (,,Je voulais me confesser’’ (Nerval 1985:68)). aRsarebis win, qristianma

patieba unda sTxovos yvelas, vis winaSe igi Tavs damnaSaved grZnobs

(maTe 6:14-15) da masac, visac boroti ganzraxviT ar awyenina (luka 19:8).

sasurvelia, rom aRsarebis win qristianma imarxulos da efiTemiis

SesrulebisTvis iyos mzad (Zilze unda Tqvas uari). sqemaSi #6 swored

amitomaa warmodgenili protagonistis uWmeloba (A). sakvebis miReba

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marxvis metaforuli gamoxatuleba xdeba da yofiTi situacia (nervalis

usaxsroba) nawarmoebSi sakralur xasiaTs iZens. mTxrobeli megobarTan

sadilze da sasiamovno drois gatarebaze ambobs uars: ,,quCaSi megobars

Sevxvdi. sadilad mimipatiJa. gasarTobad Cemi TavisTan wayvana surda.

uari vuTxari da uWmeli, monmartris gzas Sevudeqi’’ (,,Je rencontrer dans les

rues un ami qui voulait m’emmener diner chez lui pour me distraire un peu. Je refusai, et sans

rien manger, le me dirigeai vers Montmartre’’ (Nerval 1985 :67)). am SemTxvevaSic,

profanulis sakralizacia (hierofania) xdeba. logikuria, rom samyaros

dasasrulis saSiSroeba mTxrobelis eklesiaSi misvlis Semdeg

gadaivlis (Nerval 1985 :73), ris Semdegac, germanel poetTan meore

vizitamde, gulrwfeli aRsarebis da codvebis mitevebis niSnad,

mTxrobeli namcxvars daigemovnebs: ,,germanel poetTan wasasvlelad

Zala rom momcemoda, namcxviris patara naWriT SiSili davioke’’

(,,J’apaisai ma faim avec un petit gâteau pour me donner la force d’aller jusqu’à la maison du

poète allemend’’(Nerval 1985 :71)).

monmartrze mTxrobeli sasaflaoze midis, romelic daketili

daxvdeba. monmartri, sadac ganlagebuli iyo espri blanSis klinika,

romleSic nervali mkurnalobda, mowameTa mTasTan asocirdeba.

sasaflaoze misvlas igi manamdec, nawarmoebis meore nawilis II TavSi

mogviTxrobs. sasaflaoze misi naTesavebi ganisveneben: ,,am sasafloze

Cemi sami naTesavi iyo dakrZaluli’’ (,,Trois parents de ma famille maternelle y

avaient été ensevelis’’(Nerval 1985 :56)). iqve misi satrfo ganisvenebda, romlis

saflavis monaxulebis religiuri ufleba mTxrobels ar hqonda da es

uufleboba mas awuxebda: ,,mcvelebs misi saxeli ver gavumxile, radgan

masze araviTari ufleba ar mqonda’’ (,,Je n’osai pas dire aux gardiens le nom d’une

morte sur laquelle je n’avais religieusement aucun droit . . ‘’ (Nerval 1985 :56)).

sainteresoa, rom nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, mTxrobeli satrfoze rogorc

cocxalze ise saubrobs da arc Semdeg aqvs naxsenebi, rodis

gardaicvala igi. es epizodi kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom nervalis

nawarmoebi ornamentuli prozis nimuSia: movlena masSi arc ki aris

gadmocemuli. mwerlisTvis mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra funqciis

matarebelia, ra simboluri datvirTvaa aqvs ama Tu im movlenasa Tu

personaJs. naratologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es epizodi elifsisis

143

klasikuri magaliTia. niSandoblivia, rom nawarmoebSi, romelic

satrfos Ziebas asaxavs, satrfos gardacvaleba arc ki aris

moTxrobili, anu realuri da mniSvnelovani faqti moxseniebulia

mxolod.

sasaflaoze orive wasvla uSedego aRmoCndeba: erTxel, mTxrobels

satrfos saflavis adgilmdebareoba ar axsovs, meorejer _ sasaflao

daketili daxvdeba (Nerval 1985 :56). aseve uSedegoa germanel poetTan

vizitic: erTxel mTxrobeli gadaifiqrebs da germanel poetTan misvlas

monmartrze wasvlas amjobinebs (Nerval 1985 :680), meorejer _ Tavs cudad

igrZnobs da TavSesafarSi waiyvanen (Nerval 1985 :71).

sqemaze #-6, IV da V Tavis paralelurad ganlagebul movlenebs

aerTianebs apokalifsisis epizodi. IV TavSi mas avtori erTxel

moixseniebs: ,,gavifiqre, samyaros dasasruli dadga-meTqi da ioane

RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi nawinaswarmetyvelevis mowmeni viyaviT’’

(,,Je crus que les temps étaient accomplis, et que nous touchions à la fin du monde annoncée

dans Apocalypse de Saint- Jean’’(Nerval1985 :70)). nawarmoebis swored am nawilSi

Cans inter/para/metateqstualoba. momdevno TavSi am epizods tuilris

baRebTan mzis dabnelebisa da warRvnis aRwera mosdevs. mze Suqis

metaforaa, Suqi ki _ RvTaebrivs gamoxatavs. mzis metafora oqrocaa.

nervalis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ meore nawilSi, rodesac mTxrobeli

apokalifsiss tuilris baRebTan xedavs, igi kafes daxlze oqrosa da

vercxlis monetebs agdebs. es epizodi oiane RvTismetyvelis

gamocxadebis gamoZaxilia: ,,girCev iyido Cemgan oqro, vercxliT

gawmendili’’ (,,apokalifsisi’’, III.18).

ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis sxva reminiscenciebi

zemoxsenebul TavebSia mimobneuli. mTxrobeli eklesiaSi locvis dros

xelidan vercxlis beWeds moiZrobs, romelzedac arabuli sityvebia

amotvifruli: ,,Allah ! Mohamed ! Ali !’’. es moZraoba mTxrobelis mier

codvebis monaniebas gamoxatavs: igi sxva mrwams uaryofs da amiT codvis

monaniebisTvis mzadyofnas aRiarebs. eklesiidan gamosuli, igi sxva

beWeds yidulobs, rac RmerTis mier codvebis mitevebis maniSnebelia:

,,eklesiidan gamosulma, vercxlis beWedi viyide’’ (,,En sortant de l’église, j’ai

achetai un anneau d’argent’’(Nerval 1985 :73)). amave beWeds, ukve V TavSi, warRvnis

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Tavidan asacileblad gadaagdebs: ,,megona warRvna gviaxlovdeboda da

wminda estates eklesiaSi nayidi beWedi Zalian Sors movisrole’’ (,,Je

croyais l’inondation universelle, je jetai à l’endroit le plus profond l’anneau que j’avais acheté à

Saint-Eustache’’ (Nerval 1985:73)). ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis VI TavSi

(1-17) kravis mier Svidi beWdis axsnis Sesaxebaa saubari (,,da vixile, rom

kravma axsna erTi Svidi beWedTagani . . . (ap. 6:1). nervalis teqstSi cifri

Svidi beWdebTan mimarTebaSi ar figurirebs. apokalifsisSi am cifrs

beWdebis, varskvlavTa raodenoba ukavSirdeba. nervals igi locvasTan

dakavSirebiT aqvs naxsenebi: notr-dam de loretis eklesiaSi

mTxrobelis aRsarebisas mRvdeli locvas Svidjer wyvets: ,,mRvdelma

locva Sewyvita da Svidjer wamoiwyo. me ki misi sityvebis gageba

miWirda’’ (,,Le prêtre s’interromprit au milieu de l’oraison et recommença sept fois sans que

je puisse retrouver dans ma mémoire les paroles suivantes’’(Nerval 1985 :59)). moTxrobis

_ ,,orelia’’, amave TavebSi eklesiebia naxsenebi. maTi raodenoba aseve

Svidia: monmartris (68), notr-damis (68), notr-dam de loretis (69), notr-

dam de viqtuaris (70), reimsis kaTedrali (71) da eklesia sent-onores

quCaze (72). ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi weria: ,,Svidi

varskvlavi Svidi eklesiis angelosni arian, xolo Svidi sasanTle

eklesiaa Svidi’’ (1:20). nervalis fraza, romelic nawarmoebSi samyaros

dasasrulis suraTs win uZRvis, exmianeba frazas apokalifsisidan: ,,cis

kamaraze varskvlavebi anaTebdnen. uecrad, momeCvena, rom Caqrnen rogorc

is sanTlebi, eklesiaSi rom vnaxe’’ (,,Les étoiles brillaient dans le firmament. Tout à

coup il me sembla qu’elles venaient de s’éteindre à la fois comme les bougies que j’avais vues à

l’église’’ (Nerval 1985 :69)). es ukanaskneli, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

ineterteqstualobis (citireba, arasruli citireba), hiperteqstualobis

(hopo/hiperteqsti) madasturebelia. L

meore nawilis IX TavSi mTxrobeli Tavis bavSvobis mxareSi

mogzaurobs. igi bavSvobis megobars saxlSi estumra, kibidan Camosvlis

dros waborZikda, Zveli avejis kuTxes daenarcxa da dagorda. didi

Zalisxmevis Semdeg adga da baRSi gavida. es epizodi ioane

RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebas asociaciurad ukavSirdeba: ,,gaixsene

saidan daeci, da Seinanie’’ (2 :5). mTxrobeli Tavis urwmonoebas bavSvobis

wlebis Tavisufal aRzrdas abralebs: ,,Cemi Tavisufali aRzrda-

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ganaTleba’’ (,,mon éducation . . trop libre’’(Nerval 1985 : 63)). misi ,,dacemac’’ da

anabasisic, rac mTxrobelis baRSi gasvliT gamoixateba, mSobliur

kuTxeSi xdeba. Tu waborZikeba da waqceva, metaforulad, codvebis

aRiarebas gamoxatavs, baRSi gasvla samoTxisken mimavali gzis simboloa.

nervalis nawarmoebisa da diureris namuSevrebis intermedialur

urTierTobebze saubrisas avRniSneT, rom diurers bibliuri epizodebi

aqvs dasuraTebuli. erT-erT graviuraze kibis safexurebTan

muxlmodrekili qristea asaxuli. albaT, aseTad esaxeboda nervals

mTxrobelis katabasisi: Zveleburi saxlis kibis safexurTan

waborZikebuli protagonisti (Дюрер, A-Сошествие во ад). es epizdi exmianeba

nervalis cnobil sonets _ ,,qriste zeTisxilis baRSi’’ (Nerval 1994 :323).

IV da V TavSi mTxrobels Caesmis galoba. igi amas patiebis niSnad

aRiqvams da or eklesiaSi midis, radgan apokalifsisSi naTqvamia: ,,visac

yuri aqvs, isminos, ras eubneba suli eklesiebs’’ (ap. 2 :7).

nawarmoebis X TavSi, rodesac mTxrobeli saxelosnos stumrobs, iq

gavarvarebul rkals xedavs: ,,erT-erT xelosans xelT epyra rkinis

grZeli naWeri, romlis boloSi cecxlisgan gavarvarebuli sfero

iyo’’(,,Un des ouvriers de l’atelier . . tenant une longue barre dont l’extrémité se composait

d’une boule rougie au feu’’ (Nerval 1985 :47). es frazac ioane RvTismetyvelis

gamocxadebas inerteqstualurad SeiZleba davukavSirod: ,,cecxlSi

gavarvarebuli elvare rkali’’ (ap. 2 :1).

am epizodSi aluziebi martooden ioane RvTismetyvelis

gamocxadebiT ar Semoifargleba. saxelosnoSi mTxrobeli ucnaur,

Tixisgan gamoZerwil arsebas dainaxavs: ,,vixile rogor Zerwavdnen

Tixisgan xelosnebi uzarmazar frTosan lamas’’ (,,Je vis des ouvriers qui

modelaient en glase un aminal enorme de la forme d’un lama, mais qui paraissait devoir être

muni de grandes ailes’’(Nerval1985 :45)). Cveni azriT, es praReli kabalistis

mier Tixisgan gamoZerwil xelovnur adamianze _ golemzea miniSneba,

romelic yovel ocdacamet weliwadSi erTxel cocxldeba (Golem-on-

lain dok.). marTalia, Jerar de neralis teqstSi frTosan arsebazea

saubari, magram mwerlis mizans adamianis RvTiuri warmomavlobis, misi

SemoqmedTan gatolebis xazgasma warmoadgens.

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mistikuri qorwineba tradiciuli Temaa xmelTaSuazRvispireTisa da

antaliis esqatologiuri tradiciuli miTologiisTvis. es tradicia

wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielis saxels ukavSirdeba, romelic

sizmarSi iesoze saRvTo kavSiriT dainiSna (Voragine 1967 :44).

gaRviZebisTanave ekaterinem marjvena xelze beWedi dainaxa. am beWeds

mxolod TviTon xedavda. ekaterine Cv.w.aR.de IV saukuneSi sikvdiliT

dasajes, radgan man imperator maqsimilianes warmarTobaSi dasdo

brali. ekaterinem rwmenas ar uRalata, amiT imperatorsac da

aristokratiasac daupirispida. igi sawamebel borbalze gaakres.

mxolod VI saukuneSi, imperator iustinianes marTvelobis dros, misi

Zvlebi ipoves (wminda ekaterine beWdiT icnes) da sinas mTis ZirSi

agebul monasterSi daasvenes. monasterSi momlocvelebs vercxlis

beWeds dResac Cuqnian, romelzedac gulia gamosaxuli da sityvebic _

aria aikatepina (Святая Екатерина Александрийская on-lain.dok). zogadad, beWedi

erTianobis simboloa. CineTSi kurtizani qali imperatorTan yofnamde

vercxlis beWeds marcxena xelze ikeTebda, masTan daSorebis Semdeg,

radgan, CinelTa warmodgeniT, igi RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis pirs Seexo

da naxa, beWeds ukve marjvena xelze atarebda. CineTSive, nebismieri

qalisTvis, fexZimobis mecxre Tves, savaldebulo iyo beWdis tareba.

beWedi, mrgvali formis samkauli, yelsabami, samajuri mzis diskos

Zveli simboloa. mas faraonebi, umaRlesi qurumebi, mefeebi da

imperatorebi atarebdnen. bibliuri gadmocemis mixedviT, faraonma

ndobis niSnad iosebs beWedi gadasca, romelic Tavisi xelidan moiZro.

,,meTevzis beWeds’’ romis papi atarebs (Enciclopédie des symboles 2002). wminda

ekaterines beWedi saRvTo kavSiris garda, wamebluri aRsrulebis

simbolocaa.

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia,’’ pirveli nawilis VII TavSi, mTxrobeli

Zvelebur beWeds axsenebs, romelsac gulis formis opali amSvenebs. Tu

gavixsenebT, rom wminda ekaterines beWedze gulia gamosaxuli, es

nervalis teqstSi mistikuri qonwinebis miniSnebad unda CavTvaloT.

Cvens mosazrebas isic amyarebs, rom, cota xanSi, mTxrobels sisxli

waskdeba: ,,momeCvena rom sisxli mdioda’’ (,,Il me sembla couler le sang . . .’’

(Nerval 1985 :30)). wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielis Semdeg, ekaterine

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sienels, romelic aseve wmindanad aris aRiarebuli, qristesTan

mistikuri qorwinebis Semdeg, stigmatebi gauCnda (Sainte Catherine on-lain

dok). XIV saukuneSi ekaterine sienelma (q. siena italiaSi) ganacxada,

rom igi qristem daniSna da, amis aRsaniSnad, mas oTxi margalitiT

gawyobili almasis beWedi gadasca (Святая Екатерина Cиенская). miuxedavad

imisa, rom nervals teqstSi ,,mistikuri qorwinebis’’ (Nerval 1985 :58), gulis

formis opalisTvliani beWdis (Nerval 1985 :30), garda araferi aqvs

naxsenebi, asociaciurad, wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielisa da ekaterine

sienelze aqvs miniSneba. Cveni mosazreba imave TavSi naxsenebi freskebis

moxseniebiT kidev ufro myardeba. saavadmyofoSi gamoketil mTxrobels

kedlebze xatvis dauokebeli survili gauCnda. igi aguris nafSvnetis da

naxSiris saSualebiT xatavda: ,,kedlebi maleve freskebiT movxate’’ (,,Je

couvris bientôt les murs d’une série de fresques’’ (Nerval 1985 :31)). erTi gamosaxuleba

yovel jerze meordeboda: es orelias saxe iyo: ,,erTi saxe yvelasgan

gamoirCeoda. igi orelias ekuTvnoda. mas RvTiuri Saravandedi mosavda.

iseTi iyo, rogorc Cems sizmarSi’’ (,,Une figure dominait toujours les autres: c’était

celle d’Aurélia, peinte sous les traits d’une divinité, telle qu’elle m’était aparue dans mon rêve’’

(Nerval 1985 :31)). freskebze orelias ferxTiT mTxrobeli borbals

xatavs, rac kidev erTxel gvakavSirebs wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielis

saxesTan, radgan, rogorc wmindanis cxovrebis istoriidan viciT, wminda

ekaterine aleqsandrieli borbalze iqna gakruli da ise aResrula.

iakob voraginelis teqstSi, romelic wminda ekaterines wamebas aRwers,

vkiTxulobT: ,,ori borbali erTi mimarTulebiT unda amoZravebuliyo,

ori sxva ki _ sapirispiro, raTa sxeuli gaexliCaT’’ (,,On disposa deux roux

qui devaient tourner dans un sens, en même temps que daux autres roux seraient mises en

mouvement dans un sens contraire, de manière que celles . . .devaient déchirer les chairs’’

(Voragine1967 :391). nervalis moTxrobaSi es epizodi voraginelis frazis

gamoZaxilia: ,,mis ferxTiT bobrali trialebda da RmerTebi mas

axldnen’’ (,,Sous ses pieds tournait une roue, et les dieux lui faisaient cortège’’ (Nerval

1985 :31)). nervali ori wmindanis saerTo, gaerTianebul saxe-xats

gvixatavs, erT miTologemas qmnis. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom nervalis

personaJi- qali krebiT xasiaTs atarebs. nawarmoebSi nervals saxeli _

,,ekaterine’’ arsad ara aqvs naxsenebi. moTxrobis epiteqstSi igi ruseTis

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ori imperatoris meuRleze, or ekaterinaze gviyveba. moTxrobis _

,,orelia’’, xelnawerebSi, romelic nacionaluri biblioTekis

xelnawerTa ganyofilebaSi inaxeba da mxolod 1962 wlis 18 ianvars

,,literaturul siaxleebSi’’ (,,Les Nouvelles Littéraires’’) gamoqveynda, mwerali

or ekaterines axsenebs: ,,RmerTis msgavs arsebebs Soris ori ekaterine

gamoirCeoda’’ (,,De figures radieuses et divines, parmi lesquelles on distinguait les deux

Catherine’’(Nerval 1985 :95)). nawarmoebis ZiriTad nawilSi ekaterine

saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli (mxolod mistikuri qorwineba), magram

wmindanebi, mwerlis warmosaxvaSi, ruseTis saimperatoro karis or did

mmarTvelad gardaisaxebian. Sesabamisad, mTxrobelis sizmari istoriul

konteqstSic moiazreba. protagonisti mSvidobis molodiniT iRviZebs:

,,sizmris bolos, simSvidis tkbili SegrZneba dameufla’’ (,,Mon rêve se

termina par le doux espoir que la paix nous serait enfin donnée’’ (Nerval 1985 :95)).

xelnaweris es nawyveti, nawilobriv xsnis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, im

epizods, rodesac napoleonTan gaigivebis Semdeg (Nerval 1985 :75),

mTxrobeli Tavis Secdomebze saubrobs: nervali Tavis bavSvobas igonebs

da mSoblebis araswor gadawyvetilebaze miuTiTebs, radgan swored

ruseTis kompaniis dros daiRupa dedamisi, xolo mama _ tyved Cavarda

(Jean 1989 :19).

teqstSi erTi asosiaciuri kavSiri meores ebmis. wminda ekaterines

da mistikuri qorwinebis epizods, sisifes Sesaxeb miTTan

kavSiriEmohyveeba. saavadmyofos oTx kedelSi gamomwydeuli mTxrobeli

kedlebis moxatviT inugeSebs Tavs, magram mTxrobelis bednierebis

moSurne giJebi freskebs yovel dilas Slian: ,,yovel diliT, saqme

Tavidan mqonda gasakeTebeli, radgan Cemi bednierebis moSurne giJebi,

naxatebis waSliT irTobdnen Tavs’’ (,,Tous les matins, mon travail était à refaire

car les fous, jaloux de mon bonheur, se plaisaient à en reduire l’image’’ (Nerval 1985 : -32)).

SeSlilni mTxrobelis freskebs afuWeben da mas yovel dRe axlis

Seqmna uwevs. es epizodi sisifes miTTan kavSirze metyvelebs

(Мифологический словарь 1989 :454). korinTes aRmSenebelisa da

damaarseblis, sisifes saxiT esqile, sofokle da evripide

interesdebodnen. miTis mixedviT, sisife tanatos, Zilis RmerTis _

gipnosis tyupiscal Zmas moatyuebs da, sikvdilis Semdeg, qvesknelSi ar

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darCeba. qvesknelis RmerTi da persefona mas zesknelSi im pirobiT

daabruneben, rom cols dakrZalvis tradiciis ugulebelyofisTvis

dasjis da qvesknels daubrundeba. sisife RmerTebs amjeradac atyuebs,

ris Semdeg mas hermesi mas olimpos gadawyvetilebas auwyebs: sisifes

mudmivi, fuWi Sroma miesaja: igi mTis wverze mZine tvirTis sazidadaa

ganwiruli. RvTaebrivi Zalis meSveobiT, atanili lodi isev pirvandel

adgils ubrundeba. nervali miTs sisifes Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv,

qvesknelSi Casuli da ukan dabrunebuli mokvdavis saxis warmosaCenad

iyenebs da RmerTebisgan tanjvisTvis ganwiruli adamianis simbolod;

meore mxriv, sisifes mier qvesknelis, Zilis RmerTis motyueba

asociaciurad Tavad mwerlis avadmyofobas ukavSirdeba: bolo periodSi

nervalisTvis Zilica da RviZilic gaigivebuli iyo.

is, rom nervalis nawarmoebi oqros legendis hiperteqsts

warmoadgens, amas kidev erTi epizodi amtkicebs: quCaSi gamarTuli

Cxubis Semdeg, mTxrobeli tanovan kacs dainaxavs, romelsac xelSi

giacintis feris samosiani Cvili hyavs atatebuli. baSvis kabis feri

asociaciurad ukavSirdeba mSvidobas, radgan giacinti simbolurad

mSvidobas da Zlierebas gamoxatavs (Hiacinte on-lan dok). feris

simboluri datvirTva gasagebia, radgan mTxrobeli SeWidebis SeCerebas

axerxebs. mxarbeWgaSlil muSas mTxrobeli wminda qristefores

amsgavsebs: ,,moCxubarTa gaSvelebas Sevecade. am dros, iqve zorba muSam

Caiara. marcxena mxarze giacintisferkabiani bavSvi ejda. warmovidgine,

rom es wminda qristefore iyo, romelic qristes atarebda mxrebiT’’

(J’essayai de séparer les combattants . . en ce moment, un ouvrier de grande taille passa sur la

place même où le combat venait d’avoir lieu, portant sur l’épaule gauche un enfant vêtu d’un

robe d’hyacinthe. Je m’imaginait que c’était saint Cristophe portant le Christ’’ (Nerval

1985 :68)). oqros legendaSi moTxrobilia ambavi, Tu rogor gadaiyvana

qristeforem Cvili ieso mdinaris meore napiras (Voragine 1967 :9).

cnobilia albrext diureris graviura, romelzedac wminda

qristefores Cvili qriste mxrebze uzis. es ukanaskneli odnav marcniv

aris gadaxrili. vfiqrobT, es nervalis teqstis da diureris graviuras

Soris arsebul kavSirs kidev erTxel avlens (Durer/Saint- Christophe).

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oqros legendaSi aRwerilia wminda qristefores, wminda egides,

wminda dionises, wminda ekaterines, wminda pavles, wminda giorgis

cxovreba. yvela es wmindani nervalis moTxrobaSia warmodgenili.

nawarmoebis meore nawilSi, avtori im sakiTxebis gansazRvras, im

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs, romlebic nawarmoebis pirvel

nawilSi aris dasmuli. am TvalsazrisiT, aluziebis arsebobaa

saintereso. erTi mxriv, es aris sxvadasxva mxatvrul-literaturul

nawarmobebTan (dante, apuleusi, hofmani, novalisi) aluziebi, bibliuri

reminiscenciebi; rogorc wina TavebSi, aseve _ meoTxeSic, mTxrobels

Tavisi megzuri hyavs. mTxrobelis megzuri jer megobaria, Semdeg – ori

megobari, bolos megzurobas, jer biZamisis msaxuri _ margareti uwevs

(mis saxels mTxrobeli zustad verc ki ixsenebs, magram isic

voraginelis nawarmoebSi moxseniebul wmindans ukavSirdeb), Semdeg ki –

miwadmoqmedi. nervalis nawarmoebSi megzuris arseboba, avtoris mier

virgiliusis, dante alegieris xseneba (Nerval 1985 :9), moTxrobaze _

,,orelia’’, ,,RvTaebrivi komediis’’ gavlenaze metyvelebs. meore mxriv,

nervali avtoaluziebsac aqtiurad iyenebs, romelTa arseboba mis

ukanasknel qmnilebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens (Jean 1989 :90).

gasaTvaliswineblia avtoaluziebic nervalis sxva nawarmoebebTan

(,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ,,silvi’’, ,,qimerebi’’, ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’).

am nawarmoebSi erTi da igive Temebi, msgavsi movlenebi erTi siuJeturi

invariantis irgvliv meordeba, TiTqos mwerali mniSvnelovani sakiTxis,

problemis gadawyvetis ramdenime saSualebas eZiebs da maT Tavis

personaJebsa da mkiTxvels sTavazebs.

teqstis IV TavSi, mTxrobeli seirnobs parizis quCebSi, monmartrze,

kliSize, gamarjvebis quCaze, SeTanxmebis moedanze, senis sanapiroze da

eliseis mindvrebze. igive marSruts imeorebs oqtombris Rameebis

mTxrobelic; metic, Tu moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, iseTi kompoziciuri

elementebi rogoricaa personaJi _ megzuri, parizis ubnebisa da quCebis

dasaxeleba, sizmari, kopernaumi, jujebi, sizmari _ nawarmoebis

sxvavdasxva epizodSi iCens Tavs, narkvevSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, maT

calke Tavi eZRvneba. es ki imaze miuTiTebs, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas

aniWebs nervali TiToeul maTgans (nervali 2002 :26).

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moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, homodiegesuri mTxrobeli, imis fonze, rom

nawarmoebSi Zalzed Znelia dadgena Tu ra aris realurad momxdari da

ra _ warmosaxvis nayofi, xazgasmiT asaxelebs parizis quCis

saxelwodebebs, mis gareubnebs da sxva qalaqebsac: monmartri, kliSi,

strasburgi . . . monmartri, kliSi _ swored am mimarTulebiT moZraobs

naratori. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, mis yuradRebas ipyrobs sasaflao

monmartrTan, eseebSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi”’ _ gauqmebuli qvis

samtexlo.

eseebSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, mTxrobeli policiisa da monmartris

teritoriaze gauqmebuli qvis samtexloebis muSebis dapirispirebaze

mogviTxrobs. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ ki, igive kliSis midamoebSi,

mTxrobeli Tavad xdeba Sexla-Semoxlis mowmec da gamSvelebelic.

Cxubis monawile erT-erTi mxare _ muSebia, meoreze _ araferia Tqmuli,

Tumca Tu gavixsenebT epizods narkvevidan _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’,

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom istoriulad arsebuli qvis samtexlos

muSebisa da mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa UuTanxmoebis Tavisebur

interpretaciasTan gvaqvs saqme. am epizodsac religiuri qveteqsti aqvs:

galo-romaul periodSi, monmartrze arsebuli qvis samtexloebi

pirveli qristianTa TavSesafrad iqca (Нерваль 1985 :85).

nervalis nawarmoebSi erTi simbolo meores ukavSirdeba da

dausrulebeli interpretaciis da varaudis saSulebas iZleva,

magaliTad mTis miTologema. mTis simbolika Zalzed mniSvnelovania

nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’. nawarmoebis sqemaSi (#6) monmartris

(B) paralelurad TavSesafaria (L’hospice de la Charité (Nerval 1985 :75)) _ (J)

ganlagebuli, radgan TavSesafari Tavisuflebis xelyofasTan, muSaobis

SezRudvasTan, mTxrobelis ocnebebis dasamarebasTan asocirdeba, amitom

sasaflao da TavSesafari IV da V Tavis simetriul sqemaSi erTmaneTs

enacvleba da msgavs datvirTvas iZens. meore nawilis IV Tavis

dasawyisSi, parizis quCebSi seirnobis dros, moxseniebulia marsi (,,un

certain Mars . . .’’ (Nerval 1985 : 63)). es mTxrobelis monmartrze gaseirnebis

dros xdeba. erTi versiiT, monmartris saxelwodeba berZnul RmerTs _

mars ukavSirdeba (Mons Martis on-lain dok). meore versiiT, parizis

CrdiloeTiT mdebare 130 metris simaRlis mTas wmnida mowame dionise

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parizelis sapativcemulod uwodes _ ,,monmartri’’, rac ,,mowamis mTas’’

niSnavs (Mons Martyrium) (Montmartre on-lain dok). dionise parizeli (III Cv.w.)

parizis pirveli episkoposi iyo. igi qristianobas dasavlaT evropaSi,

safrangeTsa da germaniaSi qadagebda. wminda dionise da misi ori

mxlebeli, rustiki da elevferiemi, galebma Seipyres da Tavebi

mohkveTes. gadmocemis mixedviT, dionisem mokveTili Tavi xelSi aiRo,

ganbana igi, eqvsi kilometri gaiara daEmxolod maSin ganuteva suli,

rodesac mTis wverze avida. mas Semdeg, daaxloebiT 272 wlidan

moyolebuli, im adgils sen-deni (Saint-Denis on-lain dok), wminda dionise

Searqves. es teritoria momlocvelebis wminda adgilad iqca, im gzis,

romelsac wminda iakobis gza ewodeba (Sant-Jacques-de-Compostel). iakob

voraginelis oqros legendaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,Aussitôt le corps de sait Denys se

leva, et sous la conduite d’un ange, et précédé par une lumière céleste, il porta sa tête entre les

bras, l’espace de deux milles, depuis l’endrois qu’on appelle le Mont des Martyres’’

(Voragine 1967 277)) (,,uecrad, wminda dionises sxeuli wamodga da

angeloziT da zeciuri SuqiT marTulma, TavmokveTilma ori aTasi mili

gaiara da wminda mowameTa mTamde mivida’’. am epizodSi mTis simbolika

nervalis nawarmoebis da oqros legendis interteqstualuri kavSiris

gasaRebi xdeba. nervalisTvis monmartris gza es misi personaluri

wminda iakobis gzaa da im gzis simboluri gamoxatulebaa, romelic

yovelma WeSmaritma qristianma unda gaiaros. mogzauroba, gaseirneba

nervalis nawarmoebebSi sakralur datvirTvas iZens. nawarmoebis

protagonisti xSirad seirnobs monmartrze, amitom migvaCnia, rom

nawarmoebis meore nawilis qristianul-simboluri gaazreba nervalis

Canafiqris amocnobisTvisaa aucilebeli da ganmsazRvreli: Tavisi

ezoTeruli ZiebebiT cnobili, naturfilosofiiT gatacebuli da

iluminizmiT STagonebuli frangi mwerali samyaros saidumloebis

qristianul gaazrebas Tavis saboloo daniSnulebad, misiad miiCnevs.

kidev erTi saintereso faqti, romelsac SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos

nervalis orelias. XII saukuneSi, wmnida benediqtes ordenma sen-denis

mTaze monasteri daarsa. igi lui VII-is braZanebiT iqna agebuli yofili

marsis taZris (V saukune) adgilas. monastris kurTxeva 1147 wels,

aRdgomis wminda dResaswauls, anu kviras moxda. es dRe didi zar-

zeimiT aRiniSna. nervali istoriuli sinamdvilisa da qristianuli

153

gadmocemebis Tavisebur interpretacias gvTavazobs, rasac teqstis am

monakveTis topografiul qronotopTan pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs:

nawarmoebis meore nawilis V da VI TavSi moqmedeba kviras xdeba.

XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi, gauqmebuli qvis samtexloebis adgilas

gaSenebuli monmartris sasaflao literaturul nekropolis saxeliTaa

cnobili. (aleqsandre diuma-Svili da misi STagonebis wyaro, cnobili

kurtizaneli qali _ alfonsina diuplesi, stendali, zola (panTeonSi

maT gadasvenebamde), dega . . teofil gotie). iqvea dasaflavebuli didi

germaneli romantikosi poeti hainrix haine. nawarmoebSi, (,,orelia’’)

sasaflaoze wasvla or epizods ukavSirdeba. orive wasvla uSedego

aRmoCndeba: erTxel mTxrobels satrfos saflavis adgilmdebareoba ar

axsovs (Nerval 1985 :56), meorejer, mas sasaflao daketili daxvdeba (Nerval

1985 :58). nawarmoebis amave nawilSi, mTxrobeli germanel poetTan

sturobis Sesaxeb gviambobs, romelic aseve uSedegoa: erTxel poetTan

misvlas monmartrze misvlas amjobinebs (Nerval 1985 :68), meorejer – Tavs

cudad igrZnobs da TavSesafarSi waiyvanen (Nerval 1985 :71).

1830 wels, nervalma da teofil gotiem, imxanad emigraciaSi myofi

hainrix haines SesaniSnavi poeziis Sesaxeb erToblivi statia daweres.

haine germanel poetebs Soris ,,yvelze ufro frang poetad’’ iTvleboda,

nervali ki frang mwerlebidan ,,yvelaze metad germaneli’’ iyo, TiTqos

haine nervalis sarkiseburi anarekli yofiliyos. 1848 wels, rodesac

haine Zalian avad gaxda, nervali kidev ufro dauaxlovda mas da mis

cols, romelsac SesaniSnavi leqsi miuZRvna kidec (Нерваль1985 :399).

nervalma am periodSi frangulad Targmna haines cnobili leqsebi:

,,lirikuli intermeco’’ da ,,CrdiloeTis zRva’’.

is, rom nervali icnobda haines da mis cols, moTxrobaSi ,,orelia’’,

dafarulad aris miniSnebuli: swored h. haine gaxlavT is germaneli

poeti, romelmac, moTxrobis mTxrobelis sityvebiT, mas Targmani

SeukveTa da Tanxis nawilic winaswar gadauxada (Nerval 1985 :68-71). hainem,

nervalis TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg, kidev erTi weli icocxla, magram

poeziis es ,,mefistofeli”, rogorc mas nervali uwodebda, sicocxlis

bolo 10 weli sawols iyo mijaWvuli da mis gardacvalebas poetis

axloblebi yovelwuTs elodnen (avadmyof megobarTan stumrobis

154

epizodi-nq). maSasadame, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli swored

hainesTan miemarTebida, sanam monmartrs, kliSis da monmartris

sasaflaos moinaxulebda.

h. haine Tavis politikuri mosazrebebiTa da xmamaRali

gancxadebebiT iyo cnobili. gasakviri araa, rom nervalisTvis

(Sesabamisad, mTxrobelisTvis) germanel poetTan Sexvedra, politikur

Sexedulebeze saubrebis biZgad qceuliyo. nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV

Tavi sainteresoa nervalis gulaxdili msjelobebiT safrangeTis

istoriis, revoluciebis (1789 da 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciebi) da

maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Tavad mTxrobeli ambobs, parizSi

mcxovreb germanel poets misTvis saTargmni leqsebi da Tanxis nawilic

miucia. mTxrobeli masTan SexvedrasBCqarobs, uaris Tqma surs, radgan

samuSaos Sesruleba ar SeuZlia (miniSneba konkretuli avtoris

uunarobaze-n.q.). sainteresoa, rom amis mizezad, pirvel rigSi,

politikur movlenebs asaxelebs. am TavSi orjer aris gameorebuli

safrangeTis revolucia da is Sedeebi, ramac, avtoris TqmiT, mis

Taobaze moaxdina gavlena (Nerval 1985 :57). safrangeTis politikur Tu

istoriul koliziebis mniSvnelobas da adamianTa xvedrze maT gavlenas,

avtori napoleonis cxedris Camosvenebis moxseniebiT amyarebs (Nerval

1985 :60). Tu mTxrobelis uZlureba qveynis bedukuRmarTobas ukavSirdeba,

mwerlis imedegacrueba, misi TviTmkvlelobis mizezi nervalis

jangatexiloba gaxda. nawarmoebis es epizodi teqstis subieqtur

xasiaTs usvams xazs.

amave TavSi, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli abat diubuas

daeZebs. am epizodSi ufro farul aluziasTan gvaqvs saqme: abati

diubua, Jan-antuan diubua (1766-1848) frangi misioneri gaxldaT, romelic

safrangeTis revoluciis dros inglisSi gadasaxlda. misi wigni _

,,Letters on the State of Christianity in India’’, 1823 wels, londonSi gamoqveynda da

uaryofiTi gamoxmaureba hpova inglisel mkiTxvelTa Soris. 1825 wels,

abat diubua ukve safrangeTSi aqveynebs Tavis naSroms saxelwodebiT _

,,Moeurs, instituitions et cérémonies des peuples de L’Inde’’, (,,indoelebis

zne_Cveulebani’’) (Dubois on-lain dok), romelic indoeTis, indoeli

xalxis zne-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb im periodis saukeTeso naSromad

155

iTvleboda. cnobilia romantikosebis, kerZod nervalis, didi interesi

Soreuli aRmosavleTis mimarT (,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’). abat

diubuas wigni imdenad popularuli iyo, rom nervalis teqstSi igi

Taviseburad amotivtivda jer abat diubuas saxelis xsenebiT, Semdeg ki

_ indoelis samosiani mamakaciT, romelic mTxrobels ecxadeba erT-erT

zmanebaSi (VI Tavi).

wminda dionises sulis mosaxseniebeli dRe 3, axali stiliT _ 16

oqtomberia. es kidev ufro metad amyarebs Cvens mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,

rom nervali ganzrax imeorebs monmartrs, qvissatexs, Cxubis epizods,

rogorc moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, aseve Jurnalistur CanaxatSi _

,,oqtombris Rameebi’’. pirvel nawarmoebSi igi azustebs topografiul

qronotops _ moqmedeba savaraudod oqtomberSi xdeba; meore SemTxvevaSi,

anu narkvevSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, romelic ufro realistur

stilSia dawerili (sakmarisia gavixsenoT am nawarmoebis pirveli Tavis

dasaxeleba _ ,,realizmi’’ (nervali 2000 :23)), nervali cdilobs

monmartrze ubralo gaseirnebas sakraluri mniSvneloba mianiWos, riTac

Jurnalisturi Canaxati literaturuli nawarmoebis fiqcionalur

samyarod gardaiqmneba da mas jadosnuri elferi Seemateba. monmartris

epizodi SesaniSnavi magaliTia, Tu rogor xdeba erTi teqsti meoris

gasaRebi avtoaluziis wyalobiT da rogor transformirdeba erTi da

igive movlena profanulidan sakraluramde.

movlenebis gameorebiT avtori romelime epizodis, faqtis

mniSvnelobis gasaZliereblad iyenebs, Tundac eklesiaSi locvis

epizodi. jer mTxrobeli notr-dam de loretis eklesiaSi Sedis, Semdeg

_ notr-dam de viqtuarSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, eklesiaSi misvlas erTi

saerTo mizani aerTianebs: locva da aRsarebis Tqma. oreves win uZRvis

saeklesio galoba. pirvel ESemTxvevaSi _ biWebis gundi Ave Maria – s

mReris (Nerval 1985 :69), meoreSi _ mTxrobels Caesmis ,,Christ, Christ’’ (Nerval

1985 :71). mTxrobeli aRsarebisTvis jer abat dubuas kiTxulobs (aluzia

diubuaze-n.q.)). rogorc vxedavT, erTi da imave epizodi, eklesiaSi

wasvla, sxvadasxva saxiT aris aRwerili. am SemTxvevaSi nervali

imeorebs igive mxatvrul xerxs, rac nawarmoebis pirvel nawilSi _

movlenaTa Txrobis gameorebis xerxs (Le mode répétitif).

156

IV TavSi, xilvebis Semdeg mTxrobeli Tavs dakargulad miiCnevs. mas

aRsareba surs; surs codvebi moinanios, radgan, manamde, sarwmunobis

dogmatur sakiTxs Tavisebur filosofiur interpretacias aZlevda

(Nerval 1985 :63). rogorc Tavad aRiarebs, am daskvnamde igi safrangeTis

revoluciis Sedegebma miiyvana. nawarmoebis IV TavSi, nervals

biografiuli cnobebi Semohyavs: igi udedod gaizarda da mTeli

sicocxlis manZilze mamas Tavis erTgulebas umtkicebda. niSandoblivia,

rom avadmyof mamasTan vizitis epizodi IV TavSia aRwerili. mTxrobelis

bavSvobis wlebi germanias ukavSirdeba _ legendebisa da zRaprebis

qveyanas. mwerlisTvis germaniiis Soreuli saxe yovelive jadosnurisa

da magiuris simbolo iyo (Nerval 1985 :63). udedmamod darCenil bavSvs

biZamisma antikuri xanis xelovneba da literatura, kelturi miTologia

gaacno da Seayvara. ymawvili nervalis cnobierebaSi erTmaneTTan iyo

SeduRabebuli qristianuli, aRmosavluri (zoroastrizmi), antikuri

xanis, galTa religiebi da mrwamsi. axla ki, safrangeTis 1789 wlis

burJuaziuli da ivlisis revoluciebis Semdeg, gzaabneuli da

WeSmarit gzas acdenili (,, . . éloigné longtemps de la vraie route’’ (Nerval 1985 :65))

igi megobrebTanac veRar poulobda saerTos, Tumca WeSmarit gzas mas

siyvaruli, oreliasadmi grnoba unaTebda (Nerval 1985 :68). parizis erT-

erT gareubanSi, megobrebTan erTad garTobis dros, duqanSi, mTxrobeli

momReral qals daakvirdeba da am ukanasknelis mis gardacvlil

satrfosTan – oreliasTan, msgavseba gaaocebs. mTxrobeli sakuTar Tavs

kiTxvas usvams: ,,iqneb swored masSia misi (oreliaSi-n.q.) suli

gansxeulebuli?’’ (,,Qui sait, si son esprit n’est pas dans cette femme ?’’ (Nerval 1985 :

66)). swored es siyvaruli da imis rwmena, rom sayvareli arseba

sabolood ar aris misTvis dakarguli protagonistis cnobierebaSi

gardatexas axdens, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas azrovneba uWirs: ,,Cemi

sulieri mdgomareobis gamo, saqmes guls ver vudebdi’’ (,,La situation de mon

esprit me rendait impossible l’exécution de travaux convenus’’ (Nerval 1985 :67)).

mTxrobeli uecari sikvdilis SiSiTaa Sepyrobili, magram WeSmariti

gzis Ziebas mainc ganagrZobs. teqstis am nawilSi, erTi miTologema

(satrfos Zieba) meoreTi _ WeSmaritebis Zieba _ icvleba. nervalis

SemoqmedebaSi mogzaurobasa da gaseirnebas ara marto ucnobi qveynebis

157

da adgilebis naxvis wyurvili, egzotikasTan ziarebis survili udevs

safuZvlad, aramed WeSmariti gzis Ziebisa da povnis, rac rwmenis

metaforuli gamoxatulebaa.

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis IV TavSi topografiuli

qronotopi aris miTiTebuli _ kvira (Nerval 1985 :67). kvira yvela

religiaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis dRea. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

imas, rom nervali, Tavs aridebs topografiul qronotops da mis

nawarmoebSi ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba fsiqologiuri da matafizikuri

qronotopebi (ix. zemoT-nq.), kviris moxsenieba ufro alegoriul,

simbolur datviTvas iZens. kvira – qristianul reliagiaSi aris locvis

dRe. ebraul taradiciiT, kvira dRe ukavSirdeba paseks, rac ebraulidan

niSnavs ,,man gaiara’’, ebraelebis egviptedan gamosvlis aRsaniSnavad.

qristianul tradiciaSi kvira qristes wamebidan mesame dRes, mis

mkvdreTiT aRdgomas aRniSnavs (Encyclopédie des symboles 1996 :34).

cifrebidan nervali mxolod samsa da Svids imeorebs. es faqti

SemTxveviTi Tanxvedra rodia. sami da Svidi sakraluri cifrebia,

nervali ki dasZens, rom cifrebisa da ferebis saSualebiT samyaros

saidumloebaTa wvdomas cdilobs. IV TavSi, bibliuri reminiscenciebi

amiT ar Semoifargleba. biZamisis aCrdilis sityvebiT, mTxrobelis

ojaxis wevrTa ricxvi Svidia. Svidi noes ojaxis wevrTa ricxvia,

romlebic sayovelTao warRvnas gadaurCnen (Nerval 1985 :52). nervalis

teqstSi, ricxvi sami saaTis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyneba: sami saaTis

ganmavlobaSi mTxrobeli seirnobs parizis quCebSi, nawarmoebis

dasawyisSi mTxrobeli sami quCis gasayarze dgas, sami qali mTxrobelis

beds wyvets. amave dros, orealias saxe-xatis interpretacia

RvTismSobels, mwerlis gardacvlil dedas da satrfos ukavSirdeba.

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis IV Tavi mTlianad bibliur

reminiscenciebs efuZneba, Tumca nervali Tavisi mxatvruli

stilis erTguli rCeba: erTsa da imave movlenas igi ramdenjernme

imeores da mis danaxvas sxvadasxva kuTxiT cdilobs. TiTqos es

movlenebi erTis sarkiseburi anareklia. aluziebi, romlebic

wmindanebsa da wminda adgilebTan asociaciurad gvakavSirebs, erTis ki

ara _ ramdenime SesaZlebel axsnas moiTxovs: magaliTad, abat dubuas

saxeli, monmartris saxelwodebis ori SesaZlo axsna, wminda ekaterine...

158

parizSi mTxrobelis gaseirnebac ciklur xasiaTs atarebs. erT

TavSi or gaseirnebazea saubari: erTi _ monmartri, sasaflao, kliSi,

notr dam de loreti, da meore _ pale ruaiali, Tanxmobis moedani,

notr dam de viqtuari. orive gaseirnebis saboloo mizani erTia –

germaneli poetis monaxuleba, romelTan mTxrobeli Targmnaze uaris

saTmelad midis. nawarmoebis am monakveTSi mTxrobelis pirovnuli

tragedia ikveTeba: satrfosTan ganSoreba mTxrobelis SemoqmedebiTi

krizisis, misi ,,varskvlavis Casvenebis’’ simboluri gamoxatulebaa.

naSromis wina TavSi, Cven qronotopis problemis Sesaxeb visaubreT:

nervalis nawarmoebSi arasrulad warmodgenil topografiul

qronotopze da metafizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri qronotopebis

mniSvnelobaze. axla gvsurs gamovyoT, Tu rogor rekonstruirdeba

topografiuli qronotopi avtoaluziebis saxiT. qronotopis

rekontruireba nawarmoebis mwerlis biografiasTan dakavSirebiT

vcadeT. moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, Tavad saWiroebs ganusazRvreli

adgilebis aqtualizacias, amitom aqtualizaciac da rekonsruirebac

erTdroulad unda ganvaxorcieloT.

V Tavi realisturad iwyeba: ori Tvis xangrZlivi avadmyofobis

Semdeg, mTxrobeli gamojanmrTelda da isev daiwyo Tavisi

momlocveloba parizis midamoebSi (Nerval 1985 :71). Tavdapirvelad igi

reims ewveva. reimsSi mogzauroba misi SemoqmedebisTvis sakmaod

nayofieri gamodga, radgan, rogorc Tavad gvimxels, swored iq Seqmna

Tavisi saukeTeso nawarmoebi. furclebis nalejebze, fanqriT igi

STabeWdilebebsa da xilvebs aRbeWdavs: saubaria Jerar de nervalis

cnobil novelaze _ ,,silvi’’, romelic mis saukeTeso qmnilebad

iTvleba da romlis analizss ramdenime samecniero kvleva miuZRvna

umberto ekom (Эко 2006:72). am epizodis saSualebiT, moTxrobis _

,,orelia’’, V Tavis qronotopi ikveTeba. Tu movlenebis TanmimdevrobiT

dalagebas SevecdebiT vnaxavT, rom mTxrobeli moinaxulebs reimsis

taZars, mecxramete saukunis monmartrs da xedavs XV saukunis

istoriul movlenebs. nervali kidev erTxel iyenebs Tavis mravalnacad

xerxs: erTi movlena ramdenime sxva movlenis gaxsenebis sawindari xdeba,

ganurCevlad imisa, pirveladi realuri movlena, zmaneba Tu sizmaria.

yovelive zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebis topografiuli qronotopis

159

amosacnobad, miniSnebad, gasaRebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. IV TavSi

aluziebi, maT Soris avtoaluziebic, teqstis irealur nawilSi

realuri movlenebis gasaRebi xdeba. nervalis cnobili nawarmoebi _

,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ramdenime wlis manZilze ibeWdeboda

literaturul Jurnal ,,iluminasion’’-Si (L’Illumination). teqsti am Jurnali

9, 23 da 30 oqtombris nomrebSi gamoqveynda. masSi 1852 wlis oqtombris

Tvis gaseirneba da Tavgadasavlebia aRwerili. nawarmoebi ramdenime

Tavisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, siuJetTan

ideur-Tematurad yvelaze axloa Semdegi Tavebi: ,,relizmi’’, ,,Cemi

megobari’’, ,,Rame monmartrze’’, ,,kapernaumi’’, ,,jujebis gundi’’, ,,me

viRviZeb’’, ,,azrebi’’, ,,mogzaurobis mizani’’. am nawarmoebis yvela es

motivi da Tema avsebs moTxrobis siuJets, teqstis rekonstruirebis

saSualebas gvaZlevs da ufro gasagebs xdis nervalis ukanasknel da

urTules qmnilebas. Tu orive nawarmoebSi erTsa da imave movlenebzea

saubari da narkvevis (,,oqtombris Rameebi’’) moqmedeba, rogorc

saTauridan Cans oqtomberSi xdeba, maSasadame ,,orelias’’ II nawilis IV

TavSi aRwerili movlenebic Semodgomaze, kerZod ki _ oqtomberSi unda

xdebodes. Cveni varaudi, TiTqos, nawarmoebis IV TavSi, moqmedeba

oqtomberSi xdeba, amjerad dasturdeba avtoaluziebiT, romlebic

arsebobs moTxrobas (,,orelia’’) da narkvevs _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’,

Soris.

samuSaos dasrulebidan ramdenime dReSi (saukeTeso moTxrobis

Seqmnis Semdeg-n.q.), mTxrobels isev xilva ewveva. nawarmobSi pirvelad

Cndeba istoriuli xasiTis xilva. mTxrobels Tavidan hgonia, rom

monmartrzea da muSebsa da glexebs esaubreba. Semdeg, igi Zvel bazars

stumrobs (Les Halles). sent-estaSis (wminda estates) samreklos zars

,,realuri’’ samyarodan, anu XIX saukunis parizidan igi Zvel droSi

gadahyavs. mTxrobeli armaniakebisa da burginionebis brZolis mowme

xdeba, sakuTar Tavs ki vercxlisabjrian Jan de burbonTan aigivebs.

armaniakebisa da burginionebis dapirispireba safrangeTis istoriis

umniSvnelovanesi furcelia. armaniakebi Zveli safrangeTis, misi

agraluri ganviTarebis momxreni iyvnen, burginionebi ki _ franguli

burJuaziis, inglisis samefosa da romis papis, urban VI mxardaWeriT

sargeblobdnen. Qqveynis SigniT dapirispireba aswlian omSi gadaizarda,

160

romelsac 1407 wlis 23 noembers, parizis erT-erT quCaSi, viei du

tamplze (La rue du Vieille Temlpe) lui orleanelis mkvleloba uZRoda win.

lui orleaneli Tavisi biwierebis gamo daisaja: misi sasiyvaruli

Tavgadasavlebi imdenad cnobili iyo, rom eJen delakruam igi tiloze

asaxa (,,Louis D’Orlean dévoile la maîtresse’’). tamplis quCa dResac arsebobs la

mares (La Marais) ubanSi, parizis III da IV ubnebis gasayarze mdebarebs.

igi emijneba Zveli bazrobis (Le Halles) baRs (История Франции1972:137).

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’,’ meore nawilis V TavSi mTxrobeli

avadmyofobas axsenebs, ambobs rom avad gaxda da gamosajansaReblad

daaxloebiT ori Tve dasWirda. imave TavSi naxsenebia istoriuli

faqtic _ burginionebisa da armaniakebis brZola, romelic

asociaciurad jer aswlian oms, Semdeg ki am omis sababTan, lui

burbonis mkvlelobasTan gvakavSirebs. lui burboni

axladmomSobiarebuli sayvarlis saxlTan 23 noembers mohkles. aqedan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom nervali miniSnebas

gvaZlevs rodis ewvia mas es xilva (nagulisxmevia armaniakebisa da

burginionebis Cxubi). nervalis faruli miniSnebis Sesaxeb varauds isic

amyarebs, rom nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV TavSi moqmedeba, Cveni

mosazrebiT da avtoaluziebze dayrdnobiT, oqtomberSi xdeboda. e.i.

nervali, burusiTmoculi da qaragmebiT aRsavse nawarmoebis miuxedavad,

Tavis mkiTxvels movlenebs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT mouTxrobs. amis

garda, abjriani lui de burboni, wminda giorgis saxesTan (Saint Georges)

asocirdeba, romelic nawarmoebSi mTxrobelis megobrisa da megzuris _

JorJis, saxels ukavSirdeba. saeklesio kalendriT wminda giorgis

mosaxseniebeli dRe _ 3 noemberia. esec amyarebs Cvens mosazrebas

nawarmoebSi asaxuli movlenebis noemberSi ganviTarebasTan

dakavSirebiT.

mkiTxvelis yuradRebas mTxrobelis daniSnulebis kidev erTi punqti

iwvevs _ viei de tamplis quCa (La rue du Vieille Temlpe) da sent-estaSi, wminda

estates saxelobis eklesia. am eklesiis mSenebloba 1532 wels daiwyo da

1624 dasrulda. es Zegli Tavisi arqiteqturiT araerTgvarovania: masSi

rogorc gviandeli goTikuri, adreuli renesansis da klasicisturi

stilia Serwymuli. wminda estate imperatori traianes dros asisTavi

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iyo. igi da misi coli Teofiste da maTi ori vaJi wamebluri sikvdiliT

aResrulnen. is faqti, rom estate samxedro iyo, asociaciurad

ukavSirdeba armaniakebisa da burginionebis brZolas da Jan de

burginionis, simamaciT cnobili frangi warCinebuli gvaris _

burginionebis warmomadgenlis vercxlis abjars. asisTavi da samxedro

kidev erT asociaciur kavSirs iwvevs: nervalis mama samxedro eqimi iyo.

armaniakebisa da burginionebis Cxubi nawarmoebis meore nawilsac

ukavSirdeba, sadac mTxrobeli mamas orjer moinaxulebs.

zemoxsenebuli epizodebi asociaciebis jaWvze dafuZnebul moqmedebebis

erTian, mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs qmnian.

nervali xSirad aRwers sazogadoebis Seyris Tu parizis Zalian

cnobil da xalxmraval adgilebs:L botanikuri da zoologiuri baRi.

zogjer es adgilebi misi personaJisTvis miuRweveli xdeba, rogorc

tuilris baRi V TavSi, an sasaflao _ nawarmoebis II nawilis IV TavSi

da I nawilis II TavSi. Semdeg, mTxrobeli gaseirnebas agrZelebs. igi

jer senis sanapiros miuyveba, luqsemburgis baRs stumrobs, megobarTan

sauzmobs da wminda estates eklesiis midamoebs ubrubdeba. mTxrobeli

ganuwyvetliv dedaze fiqrobs. eklesiidan gamosuli vercxlis beWeds

yidulobs, yvavilebis TaiguliT xeldamSvenebuli mamasTan midis.

mamamisi ar xvdeba, botanikur baRisa da iSviTi cxovelebis galereis

monaxulebis Semdeg eCveneba, rom iwyeba warRvna. es epizodi exmianeba

frazas apokalifsisidan: ,,vai, vai didi qalaqi’’ (ap. 18.19). mzis gamoCena

warRvnas aCerebs da mTxrobels isev imeds usaxavs. es gancdac ioane

RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebas ukavSirdeba: ,,da vixile gaxsnili ca . .’’

(ap.19. 11).

nawarmoebis am nawilSi, igulisxmeba meore nawilis V Tavi,

qronotopi dazustebulia. mkiTxvelma icis, rom gaseirnebis Semdeg

mTxrobels oTxi saaTze Tavis megobar GJorJTan aqvs Sexvedra

daniSnuli. igi pon dezarze gadadis (Le pont des Arts). pon dezari,

,,xelovnebis xidi’’, romlis ageba 1804 wels, pirveli imperiis dros

daiwyo, asociaciurad mas napoleonTan akavSirebs. sworad am dros

eCveneba mTxrobels, rom napoleonis suli mis sxeulSi gancxadda:

,,meCvena, rom am saRamos napoleonis suli Camesaxa da diadi saqmeebisken

momiwodebda’’ (,,Il me semble que ce soir, j’ai en moi l’âme de Napoléon qui m’inspire et

162

qui me commande de grandes choses’’ (Nerval 1985:74)). am epizodis Semdeg

gasagebia, ratom yidulobs kokis quCaze (mamlis quCa) mTxrobeli quds

da am movlenas ratom usvams xazs.

Tavis mogonebebSi aleqsandre diuma nervalis monaxulebas aRwers.

rodesac cnobili mwerali saavadmyofoSi mivida, nervalma gasaocari

ambavi mouyva: TiTqos napoleonis suli mis sxeuls daufleboda.

a. diumas mosazreba nervalis Seuracxadobaze metyvvelebs, rac

moqmedebis yovelgvar logikas gamoricxavs. nawarmoebSi ki, marTalia

uxilavi ZafebiT, mainc SeiZleba asociaciaTaA jaWvis rekonstruireba.

aseve logikuria mTxrobelis kafe fuaSi vizitic, romelic imperiis

dros Tavisi politikuri debatebiT iyo cnobili (Nerval 1985:75). am kafem

jer kidev safrangeTis revoluciis dros gaiTqva saxeli: xalxis

didZal masas swored iqidan mouwodes bastiliisken, 1789 wlis 13

ivliss. XIX saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi, kafe konservatorTa

navsayudeli iyo, xolo ormocian wlebSi – ultra-ruaialistebis.

nervali safrangeTis istoriis da parizis gareubnebis ubadlo mcodne

iyo. teqstSi kafe fuas gamoCena metyvelebs nervalis survilze erT

frazaSi moaqcios, erT sagans daukavSiros safrangeTis bolo periodis

mSfoTvare istoria.

erTmaneTze daleqili asociaciebis wyalobiT, moTxrobis

(,,orelia’’) teqsti maqsimalur hermetulobas iZens. kafe fuaSi Sesvla

napoleonTan dakavSirebul epizods mosdevs, romelic safrangeTis

istoriul koliziebs axsenebs mTxrobels, magram napoleonis sulis

gardasaxva da kafe fuasTan dakavSirebuli asociaciebi mxolod

mTxrobelis gonebaSi arsebobs. imisTvis, rom mkiTxveli gaxdes

mTxrobelis grZnobebis Tanaziari, kafedan gamosuli, igi iseTi

raodenobis adamianebs Soris aRmoCndeba, rom maTi simravlisgan suli

exuTeba: ,,imdeni xalxi iyo, rom suli kinaRam damexuTa ‘’ (,, . . .la foule était

si compacte que je faillis être étouffé’ (Nerval 1985:75)). kafe fua da xalxis

simravle mkiTxvels safrangeTis axlo warsulTanaa dakavSirebuli

(revoluciebi, napoleonis omebi), rac nervalis Canafiqrs ufro gasagebs

xdis: erTi adamianis mogonebebi sxvisTvis (adresatisTvis) damajerebeli

gaxados. SesaZloa, swored amitom, nawarmoebis an monakveTSi (IV da V

Tavi), yvelaze dawvrilebiT aris CamoTvlili sad gaiara protagonistma

163

da sad ra gaakeTa: mamlis quCa, pale-ruaiali, fouas kafe, sent-onore

da TavSesafari. yvelaferi senis sanapiros mimdebare teritoriaa.

mTxrobeli sauzmobs, midis megobar JorJTan, yidulobs sigaras (75),

quds (74) da suraTs (Nerval 1985:73), romelzec ieroglifebia gamoxatuli

imis niSnad, rom adamianTa bedi winaswar aris gansazRvruli da

gawerili.

V TavSi, istoriuli xasiaTis xilvis garda (armaniakebis da

burginionebis brZola), kidev erTi xilvac ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas:

mTxrobels qalRmerTiYgamoecxadeba: ,,momeCvena, rom qalRmerTi

gamomecxada’’ (,,Il me semblais que la déesse m’apparaissait…’’ (Nerval 1985 :74)).

qalRmerTis saxe aerTianebs dedamiss, mis sayvarel yvela arsebas,

mariam RvTismSobels: ,,me igive var, rac mariami, dedaSeni da yvela is

arseba, romelic odesme gyvarebia’’ (,,Je suis la même que Marie, la même que ta

mère, la même que toutes les formes que tu as toujours aimées’’ (Nerval 1985 :74)).

qalRmerTi protagonists anugeSebs da male Tavisi WeSmariti saxiT

gamocxadebas hpirdeba: ,,niRabs movixsni . . Cems WeSmarit saxes male

ixilav’’ (,,J’ai quitté l’un des masques . . et bientôt tu verras telle que je suis . .’’ (Nerval

1985 :74)). nawarmoebis am monakveTSic realuri da irealuri epizodebi

erTmaneTs enacvleba ise, rom maTi garCeva rTulia, magram erTiani

logikuri xazis gavleba mainc SesaZlebelia. JorJis saxlSi

qalRmerTis gamocxadebas gaseirneba da xelovnebis xidze gadasvla

mohyveba, napoleonis sulis Casaxva, kafe fua da TavSesafari. yovel

irealur moments (gamocxadeba, halucinacia) paraleluri realuri

movlena axlavs, romelic konkretuli droiTa da sivrciT aris

determinebuli (gaseirneba, kafeSi Sesvla). uecrad Txroba wydeba da

miniSnebis gareSe, mTxrobeli eqimebis garemocvaSi aRmoCndeba, kedlebiT

garSemortymul iseT adgilas, sadac mzis Suqi Zlivs aRwevs (Nerval

1985 :77). nervals imis miniSneba surs, rom saavadmyofo sulisSemxuTveli

realobaa, romelic adamianis gonebas ver daakavebs. mTxrobelis yvela

moqmedeba (IV da V Tavebi) davajgufeT, gamovyaviT realuri da

irealuri da erTi movlenis rekonstruirebis mizniT, sqemis saxiT

warmovadgineT:

164

sqema # 7

IR R

qalRmerTis gamocxadeba 1 JorJis saxli

napoleonis sulis mTxrobelis

sxeulSi Casaxva

2 gaseirneba (xelovnebis xidi)

safrangeTis revoluciis

retrospeqtiva

3 kafe fua

4 klinikaSi transportireba

sqemaSi #7, movlenebi ganviTarebis da Tanamimdevrobis mixedviT ar

ganvalageT: SevecadeT moqmedebebi funqciisa Tu mniSvnelobis

TvalsazrisiT gamogveyo da realuri (R) da irealuri (IR) gagvemijna,

rac nawarmoebis bolos sul ufro rTuldeba.

amave TavSi, erTi Zalzed saintereso ram xdeba: mTxrobels eCveneba,

rom sneulTa gankurneba ZaluZs: ,,vifiqre, rom RmerTis msgavsad,

adamianTa gankurnebis unari Semwevda’’ (,,L’idée que j’étais devenu semblable à un

dieu et que j’avais le pouvoir de guérir me fit imposer les mains à quelques malades . . .’’

(Nerval 1985 :75)). gankurnebis Zala mTxrobels RmerTs utolebs.

,,gankurneba’’ asociaciurad Tavad nervalis gamojansaRebas ukavSirdeba.

mTxrobelis gankurnebis imedi ki sul mcirea: ,,eqimebi kidev movidnen. me

ki maTi xelobis (xelovnebis-n.q.) uZlurebaze gavagrZele saubari’’ (,,Des

médecins vinvrent alors, et je continuai mes discours sur l’impuissance de leur art’’ (Nerval

1985 :76)). mTxrobeli Tvlis, rom adamianebi martooden eqimis codnis

wyalobiT ar inkurnebian. mTxrobelis Rrma rwmeniT, eqimebi scodaven,

rodesac RvTaebriv daxmarebis da saswaulebrivi gankurnebis ar swamT:

,,visac swams rom, gankurneba mxolod codniTaa SesaZlebeli _ uvicia’’

(,,… . . .l’ignorance des hommes qui croyaient pouvoir guérir avec le science seule . . ‘’ (Nerval

1985 :75)). sainteresoa, rom sxvaTa gankurnebis surviliT Sepyrobili

mTxrobeli Tavis oTaxSi Sedis (saavadmyofoSi) da iq eTeriani boTli

xvdeba. eTeri mexuTe elementad aris miCneuli, romelsac, gadmocemis

Tanaxmad, samyaros gadarCena SeuZlia (Cinq éléments on-lai dok).

moTxrobis (,,orelia’’) bolo, VI Tavi yvelaze didia. miuxedavad

imisa, rom Zalzed rTulia teqstSi imis garkveva Tu ra aris realoba

anu, ras aqvs realuri safuZveli da ra aris saxecvli,

165

transformirebuli Tavad mwerlis mier da misi fantaziis nayofs

warmoadgens, am TavSi mainc ikveTeba realurisa da irealuri

samyaros diferenciaciis SesaZlebloba. Tema, romelic mravali

variantis saxiT nawarmoebis bolos dominirebs _ uzarmazari darbazis

motivia, romelSic mTxrobels nacnobi saxeebi an adamianis msgasi

arsebebi xvdebian. VI Tavi, faqtobrivad, V Tavis siuJetis gagrZelebaa.

wris formis mqone baRi sivrcis dagegmarebis gviandel goTikur,

renesansul da klasicistur stilebs aerTianebs, rogorc wminda

estates eklesia, romelSic mTxrobeli manamde midis. baRSi adamianebi

wreze arian ganlagebulni. es suraTi saavadmyofos da sapyrobiles

asociacias tovebs, sadac adamianebi Tavis survilisa da nebis gareSe

imyofebian (Nerval 1985 :76). wreze gauCerebliv gadaadgilebiTa da

TavianTi moZraobiT isini ciur sxeulebze axdenen gavlenas da maT

moZraobas awesrigeben: ,,warmovidgine, rom am baRSi Tavmoyrili

adamianebi ciur sxeulebis moZraobaze axdendnen gavlenas. is, romelic

wreze Seuwyvetliv moZraobda, mzis moZraobas awesrigebda’’ (,,Je

m’imaginai que les personnes réunies dans ce jardin avaient toute quelques influence sur les

astres, et que celui qui tournait sans cesse dans le même cercle y réglait la marche du soleil’’

(Nerval 1985 : 77)). wreSi periodulad erTi moxucebulic Semodis, yovel

mosvlaze TiToO naskvs akeTebs da wres tovebs. ase gadis dro. Tavad

mTxrobelsac magiuri gavlena aqvs mTvaris moZraobaze: ,,mTvaris

moZraobaze gavlena SemeZlo’’ (,,Je m’attribuai à moi-même une influence sur la

marche de la lune’’ (Nerval 1985 :78)). saerTo ZalisxmeviT, dRis xangrZlivoba

ori saaTiT gaizarda (,,Le temps de chaque journée semblait augmenté de deux

heures’’’’ (Nerval 1985 :79)). mTxrobelisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom samyaroSi

okulturi mecnerebiT, kabalaTi da sxvadasxva religiebis erTiani

ZalisxmeviT, harmoniis uzrunvelyofa misi saqme da daniSnulebacaa:

,,Cemi daniSnuleba sayovelTao harmoniis damkvidreba megona’’ (,,Mon rôle

me semblais être de retablir l’harmonie universelle’’ (Nerval 1985 :78)). nawarmoebis es

nawili imedgacruebuli mTxrobelis triumfis wamia: man Tavisi codniT

daamarcxa dro: dRe ori saaTiT gazarda. mTxrobels dedamiwaze

dakarguli harmoniis damkvidreblis funqcia daekisra. man saavadmyofo-

166

satusaRos oTaxis kedlis garRveva moaxerxa da droisa da sivrcis

ganmgebeli Seiqna.

mas Semdeg, rac mTxrobelisTvis misi mizani gancxadda,

mkiTxvelisTvis advili xdeba realuri da iluzoruli samyaroebis

erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, es

erTdaderTi Tavia, sadac irealurSi realuri movlenebis simboluri

gamoxatuleba, datvirTva mwerlis mier pirdapiraa miTiTebuli.

Tanamedrove struqturalisturi fsiqologiis fuZemdebelma, Jak

lakanma Camoayaliba adamianis fsiqoanalizis meTodologia, romlis

mixedviT, realuri, warmosaxviTi da simboluri adamianis arsebobis

umniSvnelovanesi koordinatebia, romlebic adamians warsulisa da

awmyos sinTezis saSualebas aZleven. misi azriT, adamianis arsi

realobasTan gawyvetis dros warmoiqmneba da realobasTan

distancirebis procesSi yalibdeba. adamianis mier samyaros Secnobis,

individis Camoyalibebis procesSi igi qaotur Sinagan samyaros emijneba

da mas, am ukanasknelis sarkiseburi anarekliT cvlis. adamianis

Camoyalibeba sarkisebur anareklTan misi asociaciis saSualebiT xdeba.

adamianis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis am stadias, J. lakani warmosaxviTs

uwodebs da realuris kompensacias, mis ukmarisobas, arasrulfasovnebas

ukavSirebs.

SevecdebiT VI Tavi sqemis saxiT warmovadginoT da, amjerad,

gavmijnoT realuri, warmosaxviTi da simboluri:

sqema # 8

realuri warmosaxviTi simboluri

klinika uzarmazari kolonebiani

darbazi

eklesia

oTaxi klinikaSi

aRmosavlur yaidaze

mowyobili oTaxi

samyaro

oTaxis gisosebiani

fanjara

vitraJebiani fanjara eklesiis vitraJebi

derefani, romlis bolos

sinaTlea

koSki, romlis bolosac

sinaTlea

RvTaebrivi Suqi

momvleli qali da bavSvi bavSvoba RvTismSobeli iesosTan

erTad

167

saavadmyofos ezo baRi samoTxe

momvleli qalebi

mironmcxebeli qalebi

mariam magdalineli,

mariami, iona (luka

23:23:55)

mkvdreTiT aRdgoma

dabana ganbana maradiuli sicocxle

rogorc vxedavT, nebismieri movlena, romelic realur samyaros

ganekuTvneba, warmosaxviTSi transformirdeba da simbolur datvirTvas

iZens. am mxriv, nervalis meore nawilis VI Tavi nawarmoebis danarCeni

nawilisgan Tvisobrvad gansxvavdeba. moTxrobis bolo realuris,

warmosaxviTisa da simboluris triqotomias efuZneba da, ara marto,

realurisa da irealuris simetrias emyareba (ix. zemoT-n.q.).

nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,oreliaSi’’, simertia konstruqciis

donezec vlindeba:

sqema # 9

cieba cieba

gaseirneba gaseirneba

sofeli sofeli

sqema #9 nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis simetriul konstruqcias

asaxavs. moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis III TavSi, ciebas

gaseirnebis survili mohyveba, mas ki _ soflis peizaJis aRwera da

mogonebebi, romelic protagonistis bavSvobas ukavSirdeba. (Nerval

1985:11). pirveli nawilis IX TavSi movlenebi meordeba: mTxrobeli jer

Seciebas grZnobs, Semdeg gaseirnebiT klavs dros da Tavis bavSvobas

igonebs. ar SeiZleba imis dabejiTebiT mtkiceba, rom nebismieri movlena

Tu sagani, romelic realuri cxovrebis atributia, irealur

samyarosTan pirdapir asocirdeba. igive pirvel nawilSi, III da IX Tavebs

Soris sizmrebis, zmanebebisa da halucinaciebis vrceli wyebaa

moTxrobili. maT aRweras nervali TiTqmis mTel IV, V, VI da VII Tavebs

andomebs, magram mesame da mecxre Tavi nawarmoebis erTi monakveTis

Caketil, Sekrul konsruqcias qmnis. nawarmoebSi realur da irealur

samyaroTa asaxvis Tanmimdebrobac araa daculi: sizmars realuri

168

cxovrebis amsaxveli movlenebi pirdapir ar mosdevs; magaliTad

darbazi, romelic TiTqmis yvela sizmarsa da halucinaciaSia, klinikis

oTaxTan pirdapir ar asocirdeba. sizmars SeiZleba halucinacia an

mogoneba Caenacvlos. miuxedavad amisa, nawarmoebis yvela movlena

erTmaneTzea damokidebuli da erTan suraTs qmnis. maTi kavSiri,

SeiZleba, momdevno TavSi gamovlindes, amitom, nawarmoebis analizisas,

Cven ganzrax ar mivyeviT siuJetis Tanmimdevrobas. IV, V da VI Tavebis

analizis Semdeg, marTebulad migvaCnia, meore nawilis I, II da II Tavebs

mivubrundeT.

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, I nawili satrfos dakargviT gamowveuli

sazareli gancdiT mTavrdeba. meore nawili, romelsac wamZRvarebuli

aqvs epigrafi _ ,,Eurydice! EEurydice!’’ _ avtoris Canafiqrze mianiSnebs.

satrfos dakargvis Tema MOmoTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, miTis orfevsis

Sesaxeb Taviseburi interpretaciaa: rogorc orfevsma orjer dakarga

evridike, mTxrobelsac igive emarTeba, an Tavad ganicdis amas da

danakargiT gamowveuli avbediTobis SegrZneba eufleba. satrfos

samudamo dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobil mTxrobels isRa darCenia, rom

RmerTs patieba SesTxovos: mTxrobeli xom sxva RmerTebs emsaxureboda

da amitomac daisaja: ,,imitom damwyevles, rom RvTis kanoni

Sevuracxyavi’’ (,,J’étais maudit peut-être pour avoir voulu percer un mystère redoutable en

offansant la loi divine’’’’ (Nerval 1985:48)). mTxrobeli sxva RmerTebs msaxurebda,

magaliTad _ lukreciusis RmerTs.Eam epizodSi, nervali mkiTxvels

miuTiTebs titus lukrecius karusze (Titus Lucrecius Carus, 99-55 Cv.w.- mde),

epikureizmis mimdevarze, romael poetsa da filosofosze. konkretulad

ki _ mis nawarmoebze _ ,,saganTa bunebisTvis’’ (,,De rerum natura’’) (Lucrèce-on-

lain dok.). Tavis filosofiur traqtatSi, lukreciusi adamianis

bednierebis gzebis poeturi formiT gamoxatvas Seecada. nervali iyenebs

lukreciusis mosazrebebs, romelic adamianis Tavisuflebas, RmerTis,

sikvdilis SiSis daZlevas qadagebs. lukreciusis azriT, ataraqsiiT, anu

sulieri simSvidiT, adamiani gare samyarosTan harmonulad Tanaarseboba

xdeba SesaZlebeli. ataraqsia samyaros Secnobis sawindaria demokrites,

epikures da lukreciusis mixedviT. skeptikosebis TvalsazrisiT,

ataraqsia miirweva Sefasebis binaruli kriteriumebis (kargi-cudi) da

169

nebismieri Teoriebisa da filosofiuri mosazrebebis mimarT zomieri

damokidebulebiT, rac daurwmuneblobis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobiT

gamoixateba. swored aseT binarul dapirispirebaze, realur da irealur

samyaroebis Tanaarsebobaze mogviTxrobs moTxrobis naratori da

mkiTxvelis darwmunebas cdilobs. nervali, moTxrobis meore nawilis I

TavSi, mosalodneli sikvdilis gardauvlobaze saubrobs, iqve

lukreciuss moixseniebs, romelic argumentirebulad uaryofda

sikvdilis SiSs, Tavad sikvdils da cxovrebas sikvdilis Semdeg.

lukreciusis TvasazrisiT materia, mudmivia da adamianis sikvdilis

Semdeg misi sxeuli sxva formas iZens. man ganavrco naturfilosofiuri

moZRvreba (atomizmi), romlis mixedviTac materialuria atonebisgan

Semdgari yvela is sagani, romlis SegrZneba aris SesaZlebeli.

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, lukreciusis mosazrebas kosmologiur,

religiur miTebis samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb, mis esqatologiur

warmodgenebs, ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadeba mohyveba, romelsac

nervali nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV da V Tavs uZRvnis (filosofiuri

. . 1987:403).

halucinaciebSi yvelaferi transformirdeba: mTxrobels iseTi

STabeWdileba eufleba, TiTqos yvelaferi cocxal molekulebad

daSliliyos: ,,yvelaferi, rac cocxali molekulebisgan Sedgeboda_

moZraobda’’ (,,Tout circulait, composés d’âmes vivantes à l’état moléculaire’’’’ (Nerval

1985:17)). nawarmoebis am nawilSi nervalis lukreciusis

naturfilosofiiT da atomuri materializmiT gataceba yvelaze naTlad

Cans.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, moTxrobis mTxrobeli eqimebis

mkurnalobiT imdenad iyo ukmayofilo, rom mkurnalobas Tavad mohkida

xeli. igi cudi mkurnalobis Sedegs, axlo aRsasruls, miwieri

cxovrebis bolos eloda. mosalodneli aRsasrulis SiSi im epizodSi

aisaxa, rodesac saavadmyofoSi myofi xalxi ciuri sxeulebis moZraobas

awesrigeben, riTac droze ganmgebloben. nawarmoebis meore nawilis I

TavSi, nervals Semohyavs kidev erTi personaJi _ mTxrobelis avadmyofi

megobri. mTxrobeli masTan TavSesafarSi midis, romelic italieli

beris senaks ufro hgavs, vidre saavadmyofos oTaxs. megobari imdenad

aris Secvlili, rom mTxrobeli Zlivs cnobs sasiamovno wuTebis Zvel

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kompanions: ,,sakuTari TavisTvis ver mipatiebia, rom Cems Zvirfas

avadmyof megobars iSviaTad vakiTxavdi’’ (,,J’avait mis quelque négligence à visiter

un des mes amis les plus chers, qu’on m’avait dit malade’’ (Nerval 1985:54)).

protagonistze did zemoqmedebas axdens megobris avadmyofuri ieri:

Savi wveri spilosZvlisfer saxesTan mkveTr konrtasts qmnis. mis

Tvalebs cieb-cxelebis kvali amCnevia. kapiuSoniani mosasxamiTa da misi

sacxovrisis italiel gandegilis senakTan SedarebiT, nervali kidev

erTxel usvams xazs teqstis bibliuri interpretaciis SesaZleblobas.

am epizodis interpretacia J. lakanis naSromis _ ,,sarkis stadia’’,

mixedviTac aris SesZlebeli. lakanis adamiani Tavis warmosaxvaSi qmnis

oreuls, romelTan gaigiveba misi individualizmis, pirovnulobis

Camoyalibebis ekvivalenturia. kidev erTxel gavixsenebT, fotosuraTze

neralis minawers: ,,me var meore!’’. megobris avadmyofoba mTxrobelis

momavalis proecirebaa: igi sarkeSi sakuTari Tavis anarekls, Tavis

momavals gvixatavs. am epizodis meore SesaZlo interpretacia

naratologiis meTodologias efuZneba. saubaria naratiuli, TxrobiTi

komunikaciis doneebis cvalze, romelsac mise en abyme, anu ,,teqsti

teqstSi’’ ewodeba. am dros xdeba, personaJis da mTxrobelis

instanciebis, anu asaxuli da moTxrobili samyaroebis doneebis cvala,

amitom mTxrobeli sarkeSi Tavis anarekls xedavs. mesame SesZlo

interpretacia, bibliuri xasiaTs atarebs. gandegilis saxiT SeiZleba

amovicnoT italieli gandegili wminda egide (650-710). swored misi

saxelobis eklesias asaxelebs mTxrobeli manamde. wminda egide

davrdomilebs da avadmyofebs mfarvelobda. igi cxovrobda provansSi

da septimaniaSi, safrangeTis samxreT sanapiroze, romlis Zveli

saxelwodeba iulius keisris meSvide legions ukavSirdeba (Saint Gilles on-

lain dok). septimia Sedioda akvitaniis sahercogoSi, romelic hercogis

asul alionors lui VII qorwinebis Semdeg, jer safrangeTs

SemouerTda, Semdeg ki – alionoris inglisis mefesTan,A henri

plantagenetTan misi qorwinebis Semdeg – ingliss. sabolood igi

safrangeTis SemadgenlobaSi 1454 wels, aswliani omis Semdeg, SeuerTda.

am omze nervali IV TavSi miuTiTebs (armaniakebisa da burginionebis

brZola). wminda egides saxels ukavSirdeba benediqtianelTa monasteri,

sen-Jil-diu-gari, romelic wminda iakobis cnobil gzaze mdebareobs.

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sainteresoa, rom wminda egides mosaxseniebeli dRea 1 seqtemberia.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom nervali topografiul qronotops azustebs

da nawarmoebis II nawilis I TavSi moqmedeba seqtemberSi xdeba. wminda

egide im wmindanebs Sorisaa, romlebsac iakob voraginelma miuZRvna

Tvisi wigni (Voragine 1967:169).

amave TavSi moixsenieba morwmune qali, romelmac avadmyofis

sasTumalTan yvalilebiani larnaki dadga. am morwmune qalis saxe biZis

moaxles margaretsac ukavSirdeba, romelic mTxrobels sawolis gaSlas

sTavazobs. amave dros, morwmune qalis saxe SeiZleba davukavSiroT

wminda Jils. wminda Jili (egide) ToTxmet damxmare wmindanTa ricxvSi

Sedis. laTinuri eklesia am wmindanebs 1346-1349 Savi Wiris epidemiis

Semdeg erTad moixseniebs da ganadidebs. maTi saerTo dResaswauli 8

agvistoa. am wmindanebis ricxvs aseve is wmindanebi ganekuTvnebian,

romlebsac nervali moTxrobis _ ,,orelias’’, meore nawilSi moixseniebs

an mkiTxvels asociaciurad romelimes saxesTan akavSirebinebs: egide (1

seqtemberi), wminda estate (20 seqtremberi), dionise parizeli (9

oqtromberi), wminda ekaterine aleqsandrieli (24 noemberi), wminda pavle

da wminda iakobi (10 ianvari), is dReebi, romlebic kaTolikuri eklesia

zemoxsenebul wmindanebs moixseniebs, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, zogierTi epizodis topografiuli qronotopis

dasadgenad. saknariasia mkiTxvelma TiToeuli wmindanis sadidebeli

dRe nervalis teqsts daukavSiros, rom gasagebi xdeba ara marto

teqstSi arsebuli topografiuli qronotopi, aramed realur saxes

iRebs TviT irealuri epizodebic.

nervalis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, bibliuri reminiscenciebi Tu

apokriful teqstebTan kavSiri nawarmoebis qristianul xasiaTs usvams

xazs da asabuTebs Cvens varauds avtoris momlocvelTa gzis

konstruirebis mcdelobis Taobaze.

nervalis teqstSi yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi fraza: ,,codnis xe ar

aris cxovrebis xe’’. (,,L’arbre de science n’est l’arbre de la vie!’’(Nerval 1985 :50)). igi

ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebas exmianeba: ,,visac yuri aqvs isminos,

ras eubneba suli eklesiebs: mZlevels vagemebineb sicocxlis xisagan,

romelic aris RmerTis samoTxeSi’’ (ap.@2.7). es winadadeba teqstis arc

wina da arc Semdeg nawils azrobrivad ar ukavSirdeba. ramdenime

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furclis Semdeg, mTxrobelis mamasTan misvlis epizods vkiTxulobT,

romelic zemoxsenebul gamoTqmuls azrs sZens da mwerlis Canafiqrs

aaSkaravebs (Nerval 1985:67). nikodemosis apokrifuli teqstis mixedviT,

adami avad rom gaxda, misi Svili _ SeTi, samoTxis karisken gaemarTa,

iqidan avadmyofi mamisTvis samkurnalod mironi rom moetana, magram

arqangelozma miqaelma mironis nacvlad codnis xis toti gadasca. SeTi

rom dabrunda, mama mkvdari daxvda. erTi gadmocemiT, man mamis TavTan

CaarWo toti; meore versiis mixedviT – gvirgvini gaakeTa da Tavze

daado (Nicodème). nikodemosis apokrifuli evangeles mixedviT, totisgan

is xe gaizarda, romelic jvarcmisTvis jvris gasakeTeblad gamoiyenes.

xe ierusalimis taZris asaSeneblad mefe solomonma moWra. sididis gamo

igi ar gamoadga, amitom msxverplad Sesawiri cxovelebis auzisTvis

moixmares. xis RvTaebriv daniSnulebas sabas dedofali mixvda, rodesac

igi mefe solomons ewvia. codnis xe _> toti _> gvirgvini _> jvari –

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, im epizodebTan gvakavSirebs, sadac mTxrobeli

mamis mosanaxuleblad midis. nawarmoebis IV TavSi, mTxrobeli Tavis

cxovrebas, bavSvobasa da ymawvilkacobas igonebs, romelic saocari

sizustiT axsendeba: ,,Cems mexsierebaSi didi xnis movlenebi saocari

sicxadiT amotivtivda’’ (,,Le mémoire me présentait les faits les plus anciens avec une

netteté singulière’’ (Nerval 1985: 62)). am aRiarebis Semdeg, mTxrobeli mamasTan

midis. mamamisis msaxuri avad aris, amitom erTaderTi risi gakeTebac

Svils mamisTvis SeuZlia – sxvenidan SeSis Camotanaa, romelic moxucs

ase sWirdeba: ,,mxolod sxvenidan SeSa Camovutane, meti ra SemeZlo?’’

(,,Je ne pus lui rendre que le service de lui tender une bûche dont il avait besoin’’ (Nerval

1985 :67)). Tu gavixsenebT, rom amave TavSi mTxrobeli daoblebas

ixsenebs, hyveba im istoriul koliziebze, romlebmac qveynis bedsa Tu

mis cxovrebaze iqonies gavlena, Tavis aRzrdaze, romelmac

mTxrobelis WeSmariti rwmena Searyia, wakiTxul literaturaze,

keltebis da golebis miTologiaze, adamis gardacvalebasTan

dakavSirebuli sakmaod popularuli ambavic unda gavixsenoT. nervalis

nawarmoebis es patara monakveTi kacobriobis mTels istoriaze

mogviTxrobs; mTxrobelis sityvebSi msoflios istoria cxaddeba,

adamidan moyolebuli XIX saukunemde. niSandoblivia, rom nikodemosis

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apokrifuli teqsti bevri literaturuli nawarmoebis wyarod iqca:

rober de boronis XII saukunis nawarmoebis _ ,,romani graalis

Sesaxeb’’, oqros legendis da qristes vnebebis. es ukanskneli, a.

diureris STagonebis wyaroc gaxda, ramac mxatvars am Temaze ramdenime

graviura Seaqmnevina. nervalma siuJeti pirovnuli miTis

konsruirebisTvis gamoiyena.

oqros legenda, (,,Legenda Aurea’’) geniueli arqiepiskoposis,

dominikaneli beris da sasuliero mwerlobobis warmomadgenlis _ iakob

voragelis (Jakobus de Voragine, Jacopo da Vorazzo 1230-1298) mier daaxlovebiT

1260 wels daiwera. Sua saukunebis evropaSi es wigni Zalian popularuli

iyo. bibliis Semdeg, igi mkiTxvelis usayvarles wignad iTvleboda.

swored oqros legendidan momdinareobs mariam magdalinelis

Secdomilebis, wminda giorgis gveleSapTan brZolis da mogvebis _

balTazaris, melqiorisa da gasparis aRmosavlel mefeebad moxseniebis

tradicia. oqros legendis 180 ambavSi 200-mde wmindanis cxovrebaa

aRwerili. wigns popularoba imanac moutana, rom qristianobis istoria

gasagebi, martivi eniT iyo dawerili, legendebi wmindanebis Sesaxeb

zRapariviT ikiTxeboda da, rac maTavaria, es wigni Sua saukuneebis

adamianis cnobierebisTvis iyo axlobeli. Sua saukuneebSi adamianebi

Tvlidnen, rom realuri da jadosnuri erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli ar iyo,

rom jadosnuri yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Seimecneboda (Ле Гофф 1985: 5).

oqros legendam reformaciaze didi gavlena moaxdina. misi gavlena

SesamCnevia erazm roterdamelis sisulelis qebas da volteris

Semoqmedebis gviandel periodze. wminda giorgi, qristefore da

ymawvili qristes ambavi, ekaterine aleqsandrieli _ wmindanebi,

romelTa Sesaxeb pizis arqiepiskoposis naSromi mogviTxrobs, nervalis

moTxrobaSi _ ,,oreliaSi’’, arian moxseniebulni. nervalis da iakob

voraginelis teqstebis hipo/interteqstualuri kavSiri mwerlis SesaZlo

survilze mianiSnebs: Tavisi nawarmoebi Sua saukuneebis zRapariviT

moeTxro da axlobeli gaexada mkiTxvelisTvis ise, rom misi ambis

damajerebloba aranaklebi yofiliyo. religiur Temebze filosofiuri

msjelobisas, mTxrobeli uecrad Cerdeba: mas sakuTari pativmoyvareoba

aocebs: gana yvelaferi rac Caidina, marto siyvaruliT gaakeTa? Tavis

simarTleSi daurwmunebeli, igi ganvlil cxovrebas aanalizebs,

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cxovrebas, romelSiac gzaacdenili bevr Secdomas sCadioda da Tavis

araswor gadawyvetilebebs Tavsdatexili ubedurebebiT iwvnevda (Nerval

1985 : 61). axla ki, rodesac misi satrfo gardaicvala (,,meorejer

dakarga’’ (Nerval 1985 :49)), gakadnierda da sikvdilis Semdegac ar asvenebs

mis suls. mTxrobels satrfos patiebis imedia mainc aqvs ( Nerval 1985 :61).

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, dasasruls, daRlili da miusafari, xilvebisgan

gaTanguli protagonisti, Tavisi warmosaxvis realurobis dasabuTebas

eZiebs da ipovis kidec kedelze miwerili sityvebis saxiT: ,,Sen dRes

CemTan iyavi’’ (Nerval 1985 :95). Tu manamde mTxrobels satrfo mxolod

ecxadeba (sizmarSi, zmanebis saxiT), Semdeg masTan saubrobs da Tavis

namdvili saxis, arsis Cvenebas hpirdeba, Semdeg, mTxrobels Tavisi

realuri arsebobis Sesaxeb utyuar dasturs sTavazobs. ambavi,

romelic mxolod erTi adamianis warmosaxvis aRweriT daiwyo,

nawarmoebis bolos, mkiTxvelisTvis damajereblad iqca. ,,realuri

biografiis’’ fiqcionaluri samyaro, romelic personaJis Txrobis

Tanadrouli monologiT aris gadmocemuli (discours rapporé (Jouve 1997 : 32)),

sarwmuno gaxda (effet de réel).

patieba teqstis am nawilSi ormag datvirTvas iZens: satrfos

patieba da RmerTis patieba exmianeba nawarmobSi ufro mogvianebiT

naxseneb mamis patiebas. Sesabamisad, nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

miTologiuri da qristianuli motivebi erTmaneTs erwymis: miTi

orfevsze, miTi sisifes Sesaxeb, uZRebi Svilis dabrunebisa da codvebis

monaniebis, katabasis da anabasisis motivebi; metic, nawarmoebSi,

romelic orfevsze miTis miTologemiT iwyeba, qristianuli motiviT

sruldeba.

Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, romelic bibliur

reminiscenciebze, apokriful teqstebTan aluziebzea agebuli, ikveTeba

kavSiri utopistur da katastrofebis TeoriebTan. frangi mecnieri da

biologi, katastrofebis Teoriis fuZemdebeli _ JorJ kuvie (1769-1832),

werda: ,,dedamiwa xSirad gamxara katasrofebis mowme. xmeleTze

macxovrebeli uTvalavi cocxali arseba gadaSenda. zRvis donis

awevesTan erTad, misi binadarnic xmeleTze gadasaxldnen. bevri ailigma

miwisagan pirisa, mxolod mcire nawiliRa gadarCa’’ (Cuvier on-lain dok.).

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m. kuviem dedamiwis evoluciis Teoria ganaviTara, romlis mixedviTac

biologiuri evolucia ufro globaluri _ geologiuri evoluciis

nawilia. misi katastrofizmis winaaRmdeg e.w. uniformistebi

gamodiodnen, romelTa Sexedulebebi geologiuri evolucis

pirveladobis Sesaxeb, emTxveoda kuvies Teorias, magram uniformistebi

evoluciaze zeciuri meqanikis, galaqtikuri astronimiis, bunebis

maradiulobisa da ukideganobis gavlenaze saubrobdnen. isini bunebis

kanonebis erTianobas amtkicebdnen, drosa da sivrceSi am kanonebis

ucvlelobis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen. XVII saukunis bolosa da XIX

saukunis dasawyisSi kreacionizmis Teorias, anu RmerTis mier samyaros

Seqmnis Sesaxeb Teorias, evoluciis Teoriebi Caenacvla (lemarki).

evolucis idea, katastofebis Teoria, Tu kreacionizmi erTmaneTs

exameba nervalis ,,oreliaSi’’. I nawilis VII _VIII TavSi igi samyaros

evoluciis suraTs gvixatavs. es suraTi, erTi mxriv, katastrofebis

Teorias exmianeba, meore mxriv _ kreacionistulia da uniformistulic.

nervalis teqstSi ucnauri arsebebi Cndebian, sxva ufro lamaz da

mSvenier arsebebad gardaisaxebian da yvela erTxmad RmerTebs

ganadidebs: ,,yovel jerze, erTi arseba kvdeboda da saxecvlili,

galamazebuli meored evlineboda samyaros da RmerTebs ganadidebda’’

(,,Chaque fois qu’un de ces êtres mourait il renaissait ausitôt sous une forme plus belle et

chantait la gloire des dieux’’ (Nerval 1985:33)). Tavis nawarmoebSi nervali

kacobriobis istorias, rasebis warmoSobas, maT gadaSenebas da Semdeg

maT xelaxal dabadebas mogviTxrobs. mwerali yovelives ,,kacobriobis

swraf evolucias’’ uwodebs (,,L’évolution rapide des humains’’ (Nerval 1985:34)) da

mas teqstis mcire nawils uTmobs. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac ramdenjerme

momxdars, anu kacobriobis evoluciis etapebis cvlis Sesaxeb

mTxrobeli mxolod erTxel hyveba (Le mode itératif). es epizodi

reziumirebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

moTxrobis (,,orelia’’), amave nawilSi nervali rasebis warmoqmnis

suraTsac xatavs (,,Il s’établit alors une distinction de races qui, partant de l’ordre des

oiseaux, les poissons et les riptiles …’’ (Nerval 1985 :34)). erTi rasa meores cvlida,

da erTi saxeobis cocxali arseba – meores (,,Chaque fois qu’un de ces êtres

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mourait, il renaissait aussitôt sous un autre forme plus belle et chantait la gloire des

dieux’’(Nerval1985 :34)).

arsebobs mravali Teoria rasebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, romelic

aerTianebs warmodgenas rasebis gaCenis, maTi simbolikis, rasis feris,

varskvlavis, maTi monapovaris da codvebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad,

avestas astrologiuri skolis xelmZRvaneli, p. globa Tavis wignSi

wers, rom dedamiwis mkvidri rasa, iyo cisferi. igi saxlobda

antarqtidaze, ikvlevda ricxvTa sistemas da bunebis yvela movlenas

mecnierulad aanlizebda. am rasis warmomadgenlebi RmerTisa da satanis

msaxurebisTvis daisajnen kidec. am rasas ganekuTvnebian babilonelebi,

Sumerebi, semituri warmomavlobis ebraelebi da arabebi. rigiT meore _

yviTeli rasaa. isini wynari okeanis sanapiroze saxlobdnen. am rasis

simbolo gedisa da liras Tanavarskvlavedebia. yviTeli rasa droisa da

sivrcis harmoniul urTierTkavSirs ikvlevda, SemTxeviTobas uaryofda,

im miwieri kanonebiT xelmZRvanelobda, romlebic zeciuri kanonebis

asaxvas warmoadgenda. yviTeli rasa, romlis STamomavlebi

monRoloiduri rasis warmomadgenlebi arian, Tavisi qedmaRlobis

msxverpli gaxda. Savi rasa (simbolo – orionis Tanavarsklavedi)

saxlobda lemuriaSi, indoeTis okeaneSi. man magiiT gaiTqva saxeli.

rasa, romlis STamomavlebi afrikuli xalxebi arian, Savi magiiT

gatacebam da kaciWamiobam darupa. wiTeli rasa, Tanavarskvlaved

kasiopeasTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi atlantidaze cxovrobda da

sxvadasxva nivTierebebis tranformaciis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. am

rasas alqimiiT ukvdavebis miRweva surda. man codna sakuTari Tavis

sazianod gamoiyena da avadmyofobebma igi gadaaSena. TeTri rasa (didi

daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi) yvelaze bolos warmoiqmna da arqtikaSi

saxlobda. igi zeciuri kanonebis SeswavliTa da samedicino codniaT

iyo ganTqmuli. evropelTa winaprebi siamayem daRupa. am Teoriis

mixedviT, samomavlod iarsebebs mxolod erTi rasa – Jolosferi,

romelic yvela wanapari rasis codnasa da gamocdilebas gaaerTianebs.

swored mexuTe rasis Seqmas auwyebs moTxrobis _ ,,orelias’’, mTxrobels

erT-erTi RmerTi: ,,erT-erTs, miwisgan mexuTe rasis Seqmna gadaewyvita,

romelsac afritebs uwodebda’’ (,,Cependant l’un des Eloïm eut la pensé de créer une

177

ciquième race, composée des éléments de la terre, et qu’on appela les Afrites’’’’ (Nerval 1985 :

34)).

romantikosi mwerlisTvis, adamianis sulieri samyaro ufro

mniSvnelovania, vidre materialuri. alegoriis, mistikuri simbolizmis,

vizioneruli fantastikis meoxebiT RvTaebrivi niWiT dajildovebuli

WeSmariti Semoqmedi saganTa arss wvdeba. mas qviSis erT marcvalSi

mTeli samyaro SeuZlia dainaxos, usasruloba – xelis gulze daatios

da maradiuloba erT wamSi ganicados. (,,To see a World in grain of Sand, And a

Heaven in Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of hand and Eternity in an hour . . .

(W. Blake)).

Jerar de nervali sizmrisa da mis gavlenaze adamianis cxovrebaSi

nawarmoebi dasawyisSive saubrobs. sizmari meore cxovrebaa (,,Le rêve est

une seconde vie’’(Nerval 1984:3)). nervalis azriT uxilavi samyros

saidumloebis fardis axda sizmrebiT da maTi aRweriT Tu aris

SesaZlebeli. nervals magaliTad emanuil svedenborgi (1688-1772)

mohyavs, Svedi mecnieri da bunebismetyveli, romelmac bevri gamogoneba

iwinaswarmetyvela (TviTmfrinavi, wyalqveSa navi). ormocdaTeqvsmeti

wlis svedenborgs, qriste gamoecxada da aman misi cxovreba mTliand

Secvala. svedenborgi irwmuneboda, rom saiqioSi gardacvlilTa

sulebis imqveyniuri cxovrebis Tvalyurisdevna SeeZlo. ,,me ar vcruob,

yovelTvis marTals vambob’’ _ werda svedenborgi. r. dekartes,

j. lokisa da i. niutonis gavleniT, e. svedenborgi jer materiis atomur

agebulebaze muSaobda, xilvebis Semged ki _ spiritualistur da

naturfilosofiur Teorias anviTarebda. Svedi mecnieris kalams

bibliis komentarebis ocdaaT tomze meti ekuTvnis. e. svedengorgi Tavis

xilvebs ,,Memorabilia’’-s uwodebda. nervalis orelias bolos darTuli

aqvs teqsti igive saxelwodebiT (Nerval 1984:95). e. svedenborgma

romantizmis warmomadgenlebze didi gavlena iqonia, gansakuTrebiT – u.

bleiksa da r. emersonze. u. bleiki, Tavis samoTxis da jojoxeTis

qorwinebaSi wers: ,,maradisoba siyvarulia, romelmac dros gauZlo’’.

SesaZloa, nervali, u. bleikis msgavsad, satrfos ZiebaSi maradisobis

povnas cdilobda da Tavisi ,,literaturuli kaTarsisiT’’ ki _

ukvdavebis mopovebas. nervalis Semoqmedebaze bleikis gavlenis Sesaxeb

vrceli kvleva aqvs dawerili anri lemetrs. bleikis naxatebi, jon

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miltonis dakarguli samoTxis (1808) misi ilustraciebi,Enervalis

orelias dasasuraTebladac gamodgeboda.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, interteqstualuri kavSirebi

(transteqstualoba) amoicnoba:

1) patrateqstis doneze (patrateqstualoba oqros legendasTan,

svedenborgis SromebTan mimarTebaSi”;

2) hiperteqstualobis saxiT, romlis mixedviTac oqros legenda

aris moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, hipoteqsti, nervalis nawarmoebi ki

apokalifsisTan mimarTebaSi _ hiperteqstia (bolo nawili);

3) interteqstualuri kavSirebis saxiT, romelic nervalis

moTxrobas kanonikur Tu apokriful teqstebTan aaxlovebs;

4) cnobili nawarmoebis moxseniebiT metateqstualobis

gamovlinebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. nervali civilizaciis

JamTaaRmwerlia, kacobriobis istoriis mematianea da gviyveba

samyaros warmoqmnis istorias da periods qristeSobidan

arabebis Semosevebis CaTvliT. teqstSi igrZnoba lukreciusis

atomizmis, furies socialuri utopiis da kuvies evoluciis

Sesaxeb koncefciis gavlena.

III. VII. qalis saxe-xati nervalis SemoqmedebaSi

Tavis naSromSi _ ,,personaJis semiologiuri modeli’’, filip amoni,

tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobis meTodTan erTad, mxatvrul

teqstSi personaJis meTodologiur analizs gvTavazobs. is ganixilavs

personaJs rogorc lingvistur niSans da analizis sam parametrs

ganarCevs: garegnul iers, (saxeli, garegnoba, portreti), moqmedebis

areals (funqcia da roli) da ierarqiul mniSvnelobas (statusi da

mniSvneloba) (Jouve 1997:57). rasakvirvelia, nervalis prozauli

nawarmoebebis miTopoeturoba TviT personaJis saxelis, Cacmulobis da

garegnobis simbolur gaazrebaSi hpovebs asaxvas.

novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, 13 novela Tu

zRaparia gaerTianebuli. nervali ar SeuSinda ricxvi ,,13’’-is

179

avismomaswavebel idumalebas. novelebisgan oTxi erTmaneTTan aris

dakavSirebuli. maTi saTaurebi qalTa saxelebia: anJeliki, silvi,

oqtavi da emili.

nervalis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, mravladaa

personaJi-qali (anJeliki, isida, koriia, silvi, emili, Jeni). rogorc

zemoT ukve avRniSneT, novelebi ideur-Tematurad dakavSirebulia

daumTavrebel nawarmoebTan _ ,,orelia’’, da poetur ciklTan _

,,qimerebi’’, sadac nervalis rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi samyaro

naratiuli da saleqso formiT gamoixateba.

nervalis SemoqmedebaSi aRmosavluri kulturisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sinkretuli msoflmxedveloba oTxi stiqiis Sesaxeb

moZRvrebaSi aisaxa – miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlis (Нерваль 1985 :18).

Jerar de nervalis yvelaze cnobil krebulSi cxaddeba cecxlis,

rogorc ganmwmendi stiqiis, yovlismomcveli siyvarulis simbolos

roli.

novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, mTxrobeli Tavis uimedo siyvarulma da

gawbilebam parizis datroveba aiZula. es nawarmoebi zustad iseve

iwyeba, rogorc novela _ ,,oqtavi’’ , an moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’. SaaliSi

Casuli mTxrobeli aRmoaCens, rom drois ulmobelma svlam misi

sanukvari mxarec Secvala: is saxli, romelSic cota xnis win sicocxle

Cqefda, velur vazs daufaravs. es epizodi aseve exmianeba moTxrobaSi _

,,orelia’’, asaxul ,,momRimare saxls’’ (Nerval 1985 :15) da saxlis darabebs

ayolili usurvazian fanjris epizods sonetSi _ ,,EEl Desdichado’’. axla

saxli nangrevebs damsgavsebia, adre ki _ mTxrobels mis maxloblad

bevrjer uTamaSia da dauviwyari Tavgadasavlebic gadaxdomia (Nerval

1994 :317). mSobliuri mxaris monaxulebiT aRelvebul mTxrobels

gasaocari Rame axsendeba, rodesac ucnobi, aristokratiuli

warmomavlobis qaliSvili, adrieni gaicno da Seuyvarda. protagonistis

bavSvobis megobari, silvi eWvianobs, cdilobs naratori moxiblos, mas

parizeli msaxiobis daviwyebaSi daexmaros, magram mTxrobels am

ukanasknelisa da efemeruli adrienis (aristokrati) msgavseba ufro

adardebs, vidre silvis (bavSvobis megobari) miwieri da gulrwfeli

grZnoba.

180

nervalis novela romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel siuJetzea

agebuli. Tavad Txroba asociaciuria, rac Slis zRvars realobasa da

irealurs, awmyos, momavalsa da warsuls Soris.

parizSi mTxrobeli luazis yvavilebis dResaswaulis Sesaxeb

gazeTidan igebs. nervali amave dResaswaulze novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’,

saubrobs. igi umal iviwyebs msaxiobs (oreli) da valuas mxareSi

miemgzavreba, rom warsuls daubrundes (Nerval 1994:175).

novelis (,,silvi’’) sami personaJi qalidan, samive sxvadasxva

socialuri fenis warmomadgenelia: silvi SesaniSnavi memaqmanea, adrieni

_ Zveli aristokratiuli gvaris warmomadgeneli, oreli ki _ msaxiobi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom novelas ,,silvi’’ ewodeba, erTi SexedviT,

mTxrobeli silvis sxva personaJi-qalisgan ar gamoarCevs, mas araviTar

upiratesobas ar aniWebs, piriqiT: silvis mTxrobeli uimedod uyvars,

mTxrobelis goneba _ adriens, xolo guli orelis ekuTvnis.

valuas mxareSi gavrcelebuli saxeli _ ,,silvi’’ saxelidan _

,,silveni’’, aris warmoqmnili da Jerar de nervalis mSobliur mxares

ukavSirdeba – valuas. il-de-fransis es patara kuTxe monastrebiTa da

Zveli cixe-simagreebiTaa mdidari. es sityva etimologiurad tyesTan, anu

yovelive pirvelyofilTan, idumalTanaa dakavSirebuli. krebulSi _

,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, silveni naratoris ZuZumtes (,,silvi’’)

megobarsa da megzurs hqvia (,,anJeliki’’). ,,silvi’’ (Silvi) yvavilis

saxelicaa (anémon-sylvie). miTologiaSi silveni tyeebis da mindvrebis

RmerTs, pans Seesatyviseba. fsiqoanalizSi, tye yovelive daviwyebuls

ukavSirdeba da warsulSi dabrunebas simbolurad gamoxatavs. nervalis

erT-erTi mkvelvaris _ Pp.J. kateqsis azriT, silvi edemis baRSi

dabrunebas, ocnebis asrulebas ganasaxierebs (Jourdan 2007:7). novelis

mTxrobelic bavSvobis wlebs ixsenebs da mSobliur mxareSi brundeba.

novelaSi aRwerili mogzauroba geografiul sivrcesa da droSi ki ara,

aramed warsulSi mogzaurobaa. J-i. tadies azriT, romantikosTa

esTetikaSi mogonebebi afeqtur xasiaTs atarebs. maTi funqcionireba

warsulSi momxdaris xelaxal gancdas ukavSirdeba da ara gaxsnebas

(Tadié 1999:168).A Tu personaJi-qali _ silvi, sxvaze metad, mTxrobelis

TvalSi upiratesobiT ar sargeblobs, misi saxelis simboloka

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sawinaaRmdegoze metyvelebs: igi nawarmoebis parateqstia da mTxrobelis

mier adre gancdilis xelaxla SegrZnebis survilze migvaniSnebs.

mTxrobeli adrieniT SexvedrisTanave ixibleba. isini mTvaris

Suqze, Zveli warmarTuli ritualis Catarebis dros Sexvdnen erTmaneTs.

am personaJis saxeli simboluri datvirTvis matarebeli ar aris.

nawarmoebSi adriens erTgvari mediatoris roli akisria: igi realur da

irealur samyaroTa da personaJebis (silvi da oreli) damakavSirebeli

rgolia. mTxrobels orelis (msaxiobi) da adrienis (aristikrati/

monazoni) msgavseba mosvenebas ar aZlevs, rac ori qaliSvilis fizikur

msgavsebas efuZneba. mTxrobels eWvi RrRnis, rom axalgazrdobaSi

mxolod erTxel nanaxi qaliSvili, SesaZloa msaxiobi gamxdariyo.

protagonists Tavadac ukvirs, rogor moxda, rom monazoni msaxiobad

iqca (Nerval l994:180). adrieni Wabukuri siyvarulis simboloa. msaxiobi

qalis mimarT trfoba qalis msaxioburi niWierebis aRiarebiT

Semoifargleba. adrieni da mTxrobeli erTmaneTs Teatralur scenasaviT

mowyobil mindorze xvdebian, anri IV-is cixe-simagris nangrevebTan.

orelisadmi siyvarulic TeatrTan aris dakavSirebuli: Teatri am ori

personaJi qalis msgavsebis damadasturebelia. orelis erT-erT SesaZlo

prototipad _ Jeni kolons miiCneven, romelmac mwerali meorexarisxovan

musikoss anacvala. novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, oreli niWieri msaxiobia. Jeni

koloni frangul scenaze ar brwyinavda, magram, novelis gmiris

msgavsad, masac sxva mamakaci xiblavda.

silvi adrienzec da orelizec eWvianobs. igi arc Wabukuri

ocnebis da arc miuwvdomeli trfobis sagania. qaliSvili, romelic

maqmans ostaturad qsovs, miTologiur moirasTan asocirdeba. umziTvod,

siyvarulis gareSe, silvi mTxrobelis ZuZumtes misTxovdeba, romelmac

bavSvobaSi megobari (mTxrobeli) sikvdilisgan ixsna, Tumca silvis

,,bednierebis sawindari’’ mTxrobelisa da Tavisi meore naxevris

fizikuri msgavseba xdeba. silvis bedniereba miwieria, warmavali.

naratoris danarCeni ori satrfo _ miuwvdomeli ocneba, qimeraa. silvic

miuwvdomeli xdeba: igi sxvas mihyveba colad. mTxrobeli xvdeba, rom

igi samudamod dakarga, ver daafasa da ver gaiazra TuUra ganZs flobda.

gansxvavebuli bedis da warmomavlobis sam personaJ-qals erTi mamakaci

(mTxrobeli) akavSirebs. silvi, memaqmane, soflis mkvidrze Txovdeba;

182

oreli, mTxrobelis platonur grZnobas, realur qorwinebas amjobinebs

(rogorc Jeni koloni, an madam diuma-n.q.); adrienic mistikuri

qorwinebiT RmerTs ukavSirebs Tavis beds: igi monasterSi monazvnad

aRikveceba (Nerval 1994:208).

mTxrobeli am sami qalis msgavsebis amokiTxvas umniSvnelo

detalebiT cdilobs: silvica da orelic mindorze mihyavs, sadac

pirvelad adrieni ixila (Nerval 1994:192). rodesac silvi mReris,

mTxrobeli mas adriens amsgavsebs. narators orelis garegnobis

adrienTan msgavseba ukvirs: orive maRali, tanadi, SavTvalebaa; orive

mTxrobels Tavisi keTilSobilebiT xiblavs: naratori Tavad aRiarebs,

rom monazoni komediantis saxiT uyvars (Nerval 1994:177).

silvisTan ganSoreba mTxrobels Zvirad daujda: anderZiT

datovebuli Tanxa gaflanga da orelis gauziarebel grZnobas daaxarja.

Tavad nervalma, biZis datovebuli qoneba Jeni kolonis gansadideblad

daarsebul Teatralur Jurnalis gamocemas Sealia. silvisTan

ganSoreba novelis protagonistis marcxia. realuri, masze Seyvarebuli

memaqmanec fiqciad da mxolod mogonebadRa iqca, magram misi saxe

mTxrobels xSirad esaxeba: ,,vardebiTa da veluri vaziT morTul

fanjaraSi’’. nacionalur samosSi Cacmuli qalis saxe, usurvaziT

morTul mSobliur keriasTan _ es epizodi meordeba moTxrobaSi _

,,orelia’’. saxeli oreli, zemoxsenebul moTxrobaSi transformirdeba

oreliad, iseve rogorc _ silveni (silvis meuRle da novelis

mTxrobelis ZuZumte), romelic figurirebs novelSi _ ,,anJeliki’’.

orelis Jeni kolons ukavSireben, adriens _ sofi douss (Jean1989 20).

sainteresoa, rom novelis Seqmnis periodSi, orive qali gardacvlili

iyo. sanam baronesa de foSeri gaxdeboda, sofi dousic msaxiobobda.

orelisa da adrienisgan gansxvavebiT, silvis realuri prototipi ar

hyavs. igi nervalis mier Seqmnili poeturi, valuas mxaris gamrje da

keTilsindisieri, keTilgonieri qaliSvilebis krebiTi saxea. igi Zalzed

mogvagonebs, nervalisa da fransua viionis usayvarlesi poetis _

teofil de viiosAmrTvels (Нерваль1985:156).E

qalis poeturi ideali ,,cvalebadi aldebarania’’. misi orferovani

ciagi xiblavs da xan silvis, xan ki _ adriens Seesatyviseba. cisferi

183

idealisken swrafvis, poeturi ocnebis simboloa, vardisferi _

sicocxliT tkbobis. silvisa da adrienis msgavsebas, romlebsac

yvavilebis dResaswauli akavSirebs, mTxrobeli ferTa palitris

msgavsebiT usvams xazs. nervali adriens mwvane balaxze amosul

vardisfer yvavils adarebs. silvi xSirad icvams vardisfer an mwvane

samoss. am or personaJSi erTi siyvarulis ori mxare erTiandeba:

miwieri (silvi) da RvTaebrivi (adrieni), warsuli (adrieni) da awmyo

(silvi). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli uxilavi ZafebiT dakavSirebuli

sami personaJi qali qmnis nervalis triadas, anu qimeras. qimera,

cecxlismfrqveveli teramorfuli miTologiuri arsebaa. mas sami Tavi

aqvs: lomis, Txisa da gvelis. lomi gazafxulis simboloa, Txa _

zafxulis da gveli _ zamTris (Encyclopédie . ..1996:87). poeturi krebulis

saTauris, misi simboluri mniSvnelobisa da personaJi-qalebis furqcias

Soris paralelebis gavlebiT SeiZleba avtoris Canafiqri amovicnoT:

sami qali mTxrobelis cxovrebis sam etapTan asocirdeba: silvi

bavSvobas ukavSirdeba. henri IV-is droindel cixe-simagris baRSi,

adrienTan Sexvedrisas, MmTxrobeli pirveli amboriT Wabukur siyvaruls

eziara (sainteresoa, rom Hhenri IV-s xalxma meqalTane Searqva-n.q.).

rodesac naratori Wabukuri aRtkinebiT adriens kocnis, TiTqos

cxovrebis Semdeg etapze gadadis, amitom adrieni naratoris

ymawvilkacobasTan asocirdeba. msaxiobi oreli ki _ mTxrobelis

zrdasrulobis periods ukavSirdeba. Tu oreli mTxrobelis parizul

cxovebas simbolurad ganasaxierebs, silvi _ mSobliuri mxaris

sinonimia: masTan Sexvedra droSi mogzaurobaa, Secdomebis gamosworebis

mcdelobaa, anu SeuZleblis SeZlebaa, uZRebi Svilis dabrunebaa, rac

edemis baRSi dabrunebis tolfasia.

silvi xelsaqmiT (Zafis rTviT) aris gatacebuli: Zafi adamianis

sicocxlesTan asocirdeba. berZnul miTologiaSi sami moira adamianis

bedisweras ansaxierebs. es SesaniSnavad warmoCinda moTxrobaSi _

,,orelia’’. oqros ZafebiT mqargvelia emili (,,emili’’), da neapoletaneli

qalic novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’. novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, sami personaJi qali sam

graciasTanac asocirdeba, romlebic simbolurad gamoxataven silamazes,

siyvarulsa da siamovnebas. samive siyvarulis qalRmerTs emsaxureba,

neoplatonizmSi ki _ siyvarulis sami aspeqtis mniSvnelobas iZens

184

(Мифологический 1990 : 366). Sua saukuneebSi, sami gracia, romelTa

atributebia vardi, vaSli da saTamaSo kamaTeli, mniSvnelobas icvlis,

isini mowyalebas, mSvenierebas da siyvaruls ganasaxiereben. aseTive

datvirTva aqvT nervalis novelis personaJ-qalebs. maTi meoxebiT,

mwerali novelaSi gansakuTrebul droisa da sivrcismier samyarosac

qmnis. es imdenad aris mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac mwerali am novelaSic

topografiuli qronotopis dazustebas aridebs Tavs.

sami qalis erT mxatvrul saxeSi gaerTianebis SesaniSnavi magaliTia

nawarmoebis _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis VI Tavis sizmari. Jerar de

nervali, amjeradac Zvel berZnul miTs iyenebs _ miTs sami moiras

Sesaxeb. es RvTaebebi _ atrofosi, kloTosi da laqesisi (parkebi) _

zevsisa da femides qaliSvilebi, adamianis bedis Zafs rTaven.

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli sizmarSi nanaxs hyveba: winaprebis

saxlSi, momuSave sam qals lamfis mkrTali Suqi anaTebs. sami qalis

asociaciurad moirebTan dakavSireba Semdeg abzacSi xdeba: mTxrobeli

sakuTar bavSvobas igonebs da sizmarSi naqsov tanisamosian bavSvs

xedavs: ,,Cemi Tavi Zvelebul samosSi gamowyobili davinaxe, romelic

obobas qselis darad iyo darTuli’’ (,,Je me vis vêtu d’un petit habit brin de

forme ancienne, entièrement tissu à l’aguille de fils ténus comme ceux des toiles d’araigée’’

(Nerval 1985:27)). sainteresoa, rom nervalis deda iyo komersantis

qaliSvili: mamamisi TeTreuliT vaWrobda, amitom teqstSi moxseniebuli

Zafis rTvis epizodi, romelic dedis saxis gaxsenebas mohyveba an

RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis monaxulebas uZRvis win, kidev erTi

asociaciuri jaWvis wyaro xdeba.

moTxrobaSi _,,orelia’’, samive qali erTmaneTs hgavs. maT saerTo

nakvTebi, moZraobebi da xma aqvT, TiTqos mxatvrebs srulqmnili

silamazis Sesaqmnelad sxvadasxva modeli gamoeyenebinoT: (,,Elles eussent

vécu de la même vie, et chacune était ainsi un composé de toutes . . ‘’ ’’ (Nerval 1985:27)).

sami qalis msgavseba portretebze gamosaxuli qalebis gaigivebis

saSualebasac iZleva. saubaria biZis saxlSi nanax portretebze. es kidev

erTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac sxvadasxva saxe erT mxatvrul saxe-xatad

iqceva da erTi epizodi (portreti) meores (moirebi) uxilavi ZafebiT

ukavSirdeba.

185

novelaSi sivrce, moqmedebis adgilic personaJ qalebTan

asocirdeba. mTxrobelisTvis, silvi mxiaruli da udardeli bavSvia.

vardebiTa da usurvaziT daburul fanjarasTan igi realuri, miwieri

qalis simboluri gamoxatulebacaa. adrieniviT, silvic is zRurblia,

romelic warsulsa da momavals, realursa da warmosaxviTs akavSirebs.

silvi _ valuas sagrafosTan, nervalis da novelis mTxrobelis biZis

saxlTan, keriasTan asocirdeba, oreli _ parizTan, sadac cxovreba

scenaze gaTamaSebul warmodgenas hgavs. adrieni Teatris Zveli

dekoraciebis msgavs, Zveli sasaxlis nangrevebTan da monasterTan

asocirdeba: swored iq xdeba adrienis da mTxrobelis siyvarulis

gamJRavneba. Zveli sasaxle ki luaziSia, amitom adrieni TiTqos

makavSireblis rols asrulebs or qals Soris: erTs protagonisti

uyvars (silvi), da meores mTxrobeli etrfis (oreli).

rogorc vxedavT, nervalis novelis personaJebi drosTan da

sivrcesTan arian dakavSirebulni, mTxrobelis cxovrebis etapebTan da

siyvarulis miwieri da RvTiuri sawyisis ipostasebi arian.

novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, drois analizs u. ekom vrceli samecniero

kvleva dauTmo. nawarmoebSi dros rom udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, amas

saaTis uqonlobac amtkicebs. am SemTxvevaSic, dRisa da Ramis

monacvleoba ama Tu im qalis gamoCenas Seesabameba. dRe rom miileva,

mTxrobeli silvis iviwyebs. jadosnuri Rame adriens ukavSirdeba, xolo

saRamo _ orelis, Tumca Tavad naratori am saRamoebs dakarguls

uwodebs. ganTiadi kvlav silvis sauflod iqceva.

Sesabamisad, qali-personaJebi nervalis novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, erTi

romelime funqciiTY ar arian determinirebulni. zogjer, maT realuri

prototipi hyavT (oreli, adrieni), isini realur samyaros ganasaxiereben

(oreli-msaxiobi da silvi), an warmosaxviTs (oreli-qali da adrieni).

isini yovlismomcveli grZnobis or mxares warmoadgenen (adrieni da

silvi), xorciel sawyisTan asocirdebian (oreli da silvi) da

sulierTan (adrieni, silvi). samive Jerer de nervalis triadas, qimeris

poetur xats qmnis.

erTmaneTTan msgavsebiTa Tu gansxvavebiT, urTierTmonacvleobiT,

personaJi qalebi movlenaTa ara Tanamimdevrul, qronologiur, aramed

asociaciur jaWvs qmnian. swored aRqmis asociaciurobaSi gamoixateba

186

nervalis esTetikis siaxlove romantizmis esTetikasTan, rac esoden

xiblavda siurealizmis warmomadgenlebs.

novelis bolos nervali aRiarebs: ,,swored aseTi qimerebia Tavs

rom dagvtrialeben da gvnusxaven Cveni cxovrebis gariJraJze. me ki maT

Caxatvas Sevecade’’. amis Sesaxeb marsel prusti Tavis kritikul

naSromSi, ,,sen-bevis winaaRmdeg’’ wers: ,,nervalis Canaxati zeTis

saRebavebiT daxatul tilod iqca. nervalma Tavisi ocneba gaaferada’’

(Proust 2006:101).

nervalis SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli miTosuri azrovneba,

yvelaze naTlad, qalTa saxeebis SeqmnaSi vlindeba. novelebis krebulSi

_ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, gaerTianebuli nawarmoebebi qalTa saxelebs

atareben, magram maTi dakavSireba erTmaneTTan ar xerxdeba, Tumca erT

novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’ _ yvela qali-personaJi erTmaneTTan aris

dakavSirebuli. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, dakarguli satrfos povna

gardacvlili dedis portretis povniT mTavrdeba. nervalis nawarmoebSi

dakargul satrfos saxe-xatSi moiazreba deda (qalis RvTaebrivi arsi)

da miwieri satrfoc. igi realurad arsebuli pirovnebebis (antuanet

lorani, sofi dousi, Jeni koloni) miTologemaa. bedma ise isurva da

Jerar de nervalis cxovrebaSi qalis poeturi saxe-xati realuri

adamianebis saxelebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. asociaciaTa wyeba amiT ar

amoiwureba. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli or portretze

amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas: rainis sanapiros cnobili feriis da

germanul nacionalur tanisamosSi gamowyobili qalis portretze (Nerval

1984 : 16). oriveze qalia gamosaxuli: RvaTebrivi (feria) da miwieri

(germaneli qali). dedis da germaneli qalis asociaciuri kavSiri

moTxrobis -_ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis IV TavSic Cans. mwerali

saubrobs frang qalze, romelic qmars, germaneli qalisTvis Cveuli

erTgulebiT, qalaqidan qalaqSi dahyveboda da samxedro eqimis mZime

xvedrs iziarebda: ,,dedam mamaCemis gayola isurva, rogorc Zveli

germaneli qalebi iqceodnen xolme’’ (,,Ma mère avait voulu suivre mon père aux

armées, comme les femmes des anciens Germains’’ (Nerval 1985:63)). nervali iqve

axsenebs germanias _ uZvelesi legendebis da Tqmulebebis qveyanas.

cxadia, rom moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirvel nawilSi, rainis sanapiros

187

feriisa da germanul samosSi gamowyobili qalbatonis portreti

mwerlis dedaze miuTiTebs. Tavis warmosaxvaSi, mwerali dedas

priudonis da fragonaris mier Sesrulebul graviurebze gamosaxul

qalebs adarebda (Nerval1984:82). narkvevSi _ ,,gaseirnebebi da mogonebebi’’,

nervali dedis dakargul portretze saubrobs (,,portretic daikarga an

moipares’’ (Nerval 1984:83). Sesabamisad, dedis portretis dakargvis faqti

moTxrobaSi dedis, germaneli qalisa da feriis msgavsebSi hpovebs

asaxvas. es msgavseba ocnebis asrulebaa: saSualebaa warmoidginos deda,

romelic arc ki axsovs. Jerar de nervali nawarmoebis (,,orelia’’) II

TavSi adamianis gaorebaze saubrobs, IV TavSi ki, iseTi qalis

mxatvrul saxes gvixatavs, romelSic RvTaebri da miwier sawyisia

gaerTianebuli. portretze gamosaxuli qali cocxali aRaraa, magram

swored naxatis saSualebiT igi isev cocxalTa Soris imyofeba.

mTxrobelis gadia mas eubneba: ,,biZaSenma Tadarigi daiWira da dedaSenis

portreti SeukveTa . . .axla igi Cvens gverdiTaa’’A (,,Ton oncle avait eu soin de

faire son portrait d’avance . . .maintenant elle est avec nous’’ (Nerval1985:16)). nervali

dedamisis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb mianiSnebs da im SesaZleblobaze, rom

gardacvlilTa sulebi sxvadasxva sagansa da sxeulSi agrZeleben

arsebobas.

IV TavSi miTiTebulia flamandieli mxatvari. mas mTxrobeli

saukuneze metxans gardacvlil biZasTan aigivebs (,,Un oncle maternel, peintre

flamand, mort depuis plus d’un sciècle’’(Nerval1985:16)). teqstSi nervali

portretze saubrobs, romelzedac germanul nacionalur tanisamosSi

gamowyobili qalia daxatuli, romelic kesaneebs dahyurebs: ,,misi

Tvalebi kesaneebis Taiguls dahyurebda’’ (,, . . les yeux attirés vers une touffe de

myosotis’’(Nerval1985:16)). SesaZloa, mwerals mxedvelobaSi hqonda cnobili

flamandieli mxatvris, peter paul rubensis ,,RvTismSobeli kesaneebiT’’,

romelic man, aseve flamandiel mxatvarTan, Jan breigel ufrosTan

erTad daxata (tilo belgiis nacionalur galereaSia daculi - n.q.).

gadmocemis mixedviT, yvavilebi breigels Seusrulebia, magram kesanes

nacvlad, tiloze daxatulia aseve cisferyvavilebiani miwis suro,

romelic keTili mogonebebis simboloa. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, IV Tavis

es epizodi (sizmarSi nanaxi biZis saxlSi germanul nacinalur

188

tanisamosSi gamowyobili qalis portreti) mwerlis dedaze mogonebebis

metaforas warmoadgens. kesane lamazi cisferi yvavilia. igi erTguli

siyvarulis simboloa. legendis Tanaxmad, raindi mdinaris sanapiroze

mis satrfosTan erTad seirnobda. mSvenieri yvavilis mowyvetisas,

wylisken gadaiwia, rkinis abjarma gadawona, raindi mdinareSi Cavarda

da daixrCo. sikvdilis win, man gulis swors yvavili gadaugdo da

miaZaxa ,,ar damiviwyo’’. frangul enaSi kesanes xalxuri saxelwodeba

SemorCa _ ,,une oreille de souris’’ (Tagvis yuri). yvavilis germanul

saxelwodebaSi Semonaxulia legendaSi asaxuli lamazi ambavi:

Vergissmeinnicht _ ar damiviwyo. ,,orelias’’ gamouqveynebel fragmentebSi

mwerali lurji mTis mwvervalze gaSlili yvavilis mSvenierebas

aRwers: ,,mocisfro mTis wverze gaCnda patara yvavili _ ar damiviwyo!’’

(,,Sur la cime d’un mont bleuâtre une petite fleur est née. – Ne m’oubliez

pas !’’(Nerval1985:93)). am yvavils varskvlavi dahyurebs. varskvlavi mwerlis

zeciur satrfosTan asocirdeba _ RvTismSobelTan, rac nervalis

dedisadmi didi siyvarulis metaforuli gamoxatulebaa.

Cevni azriT, cisferi yvavilis miTologema akavSirebs nervalis

teqsts novalisis cnobil nawarmoebTan _ ,,cisferi yvavili, anu hainrix

fon oftendingeni’’. es ukanaskneli, novalisis gardacvalebis Semdeg,

1802 wels gamoqveynda. cisferi yvavili adamianis ocnebis simbolod,

romantizmis epoqis sulis gamoxatulebad iqca. nervalma Tanamokalmis

xvedri gaiziara: misi oreliac, nervalis ,,cisferi yvavili’’, megobrebma

mwerlis sikvdilis Semdeg gamosces.

orelias amave TavSi nervals naxsenebi aqvs undine. undine germanul

miTologiaSi igive mniSvnelobis mqonea, rac ,,русалка’’ _ slavurSi. orive

wylis qalRmerTs ganasaxierebs. undine, anu niqse, wyalSi, mdinareebsa

Tu zRvebSi binadrobs. mas alisgan gansxvavebiT Tevzis bolo ara aqvs.

tiloebze igi CanCqerTan, oqros an spilosZvlis savarcxliT ivarcxnis

Tavis grZel Tmas. undines xorciel vnebas ukavSireben, Tumca,

gadmocemis mixedviT, igi Tavad aris adamianis Ralatis msxverpli.

undines Tma jadosnuri Zalis mqonea da saidumlos inaxavs, romelsac

igi arivis andobs. niqses, anu undines cremlebs aseve aqvs jadosnurei

Zala: Tu adamianma, gazafxulis buniobis dros, undines cremlebiT

189

ganbana moaxerxa, igi aucileblad gaaxalgaxzrdavdeba da ukvdavebasac

moipovebs.

odiTganve, cecxlica da wyalic qalur sawyisTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. nervalis nawarmoebebSi qalis saxe-xati sicocxlis

sawyisis gamomxatvelia da wylis miTologemas ukavSirdeba (,,oqtavi’’).

nervalis nawarmoebis personaJi qalis, orelias, cecxlaTan dakavSireba

misi saxeliT xdeba (orelia _> oqro _> cecxli), Tumca nervalis

personaJi erTi konkretuli qalis xats ar warmoadgens. dakarguli

satrfo mwerlis gardacvlil dedas, satrfos ukavSirdeba, amave dros,

igi dakarguli bednierebis, dakarguli samoTxis alegoriuli

gamoxatulebaa.

nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) aRweril bolo Rames, mTxrobeli kidev erT

sizmars xedavs. mas is qali ecxadeba, romelic masze bavSvobaSi

zrunavda, Tumca es qali sizmarSi bevrad ufro daberebulia.

mTxrobeli sinanuliT aRiarebs, rom gamzrdelis sikvilis win, misi

monaxuleba ar moisurva (Nerval 1985:61). sizmarSi mTxrobels eCveneba, rom

qali mas sayvedurobs da uCivis, rom Tavisi mSoblebi ise ar dautiria,

rogorc ,,im qals dastiris’’ (,,que tu as pleuré cette femme . . . ‘’). rogor unda

iTxovos mTxrobelma patieba? protagonistis win uamravi

gardacvlilis aCrdili gaielvebs. yoveli maTgani simboluri

datvirTvis mqone xatebad iqceva, romelTa mniSvneloba da azri

mTxrobelma ver amoicno, amitom mTavrdeba nawarmobis meore nawilis II

Tavi imedgacruebiT: mTxrobelma verc wminda wignebidan, verc poetebis

qmnilebebidan, verc zRaprebidan Seimecna ra. WeSmariteba isev gausxlta

mas xelidan da ,,axla ukve Zlier gvianaa!’’ (,,Maintenent, il est trop tard !’’

(Nerval 1985 :62)).

190

III. VIII. patareqtsis funqcia da mniSvneloba

nervalis nawarmoebebis patareqtebic qalis saxe-xats ukavSirdeba.

Jerar Jenetma nawarmoebis saTauris (parateqsti) saxeobaTa sqema

SeimuSava da saTauris Tematuri da formaluri funqciebi gamohyo:

Tematuri funqciebidan ZiriTad siuJetTan SesatyvisobaSi myofi saTauri

(littéral), metonimiuri, anu erT romelime personaJze an teqstis erT

nawilze morgebuli (métonimique), metaforuli, anu simboluri

(métaphorique) ironiuli (antiphrastique). amave dros, iseTi saTaurebic

daajgufa, romlebic nawarmoebis formis gamomxatvelia (rhématique) da

nawarmoebis formas zustad asaxavs (générique), an formaze saerTod ar

mouTiTebs ( paragénérique) (Jouve 1997 15).

saTauri nawarmoebis savizito baraTia. mkiTxvelis daintereseba,

misi yuradRebis mipyroba _ swored saTauris saSulebiT xdeba.

saTauris ,,momnusxavi’’ funqcia mkiTxvelisa da mwerlis urTierTobaSi

udides rols TamaSobs, romlis meoxebiTac xdeba mkiTxvelis

molodinis horizontis gamarTleba an gacrueba.

Jerar de nervalis zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebebis _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebis’’, ,,orelias‘’ da ,,qimerebis’’ saTauri metaforul xasiaTs

atarebs. mis SemoqmedebaSi saTauri im ideis simboluri gamoxatulebaa,

risi gadmocemac mwerals surda.

nervali ezoTeruli ZiebebiT iyo gatacebuli. metafizikaSi misi

ganswavluloba mwerlis nawarmoebis saTaurSive hpovebs asaxvas. bevr

mkvlevars miaCnia, rom saTauri nervalis aRmosavleTSi mogzaurobebs

ukavSirdeba. mwerali samyaros saidumloebebis amoxsnas sinkretuli

naturfilosofiis meoxebiT cdilobda, amitom nervalis SemoqmedebaSi,

rogorc aRmosavluri, aseve dasavlur kulturaTa gavlena igrZnoba.

frangi mwerali alqimiiTac interesdeboda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT

aleqsandre diumasTan erTad dawerili drama _ ,,alqimikosi’’ (1839 wlis

10 aprili), romelic warmatebiT idgmeboda TeatrSi _ renesansi. asaxavs

ra XVI saukunis italieli fasios cxovrebas, romlis pirvelwyaros

ingliseli dramaturgis _ henri hart milmanis piesa _ ,,fasio’’ _ iyo.

alqimikosis sulieri maswavleblis, nikola flamelis biografia daedo

safuZvlad diumasa da nervalis kidev erT erTobliv piesas _ ,,wminda

191

iakobis koSki’’, romelic diumam megobris gardacvalebis erTi wlis

Semdeg dadga. swored alqimikosTa swavlebas ukavSirdeba moZRvreba

oTxi elementis Sesaxeb: miwis, wylis, haeris, cecxlisa da mexuTe

elementis _ eTeris. niSandoblivia, rom moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’,

mTxrobeli, nawarmoebis bolo TavSi, swored eTeris saSualebiT

axerxebs avadmyofebis gankurnebas (Nerval 1985 :98).

novela _ ,,silvi’’, SeiZleba miwaTmoqmedebas davukavSiroT, radgan

es sityva laTinuridan TargmanSi ,,tyes’’ niSnavs. Sesabamisad, novelis

saTauri metaforul xasiaTs atarebs.

novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’, MmTxrobeli italiaSi, Tvalwarmtaci

CanCqeris monaxulebis dros, zRvaSi mobanave oqtavis xvdeba. gemze

mTxrobeli inglisel qaliSvils siyvaruls uxsnis. oqtavi berZnuli

sityisgan _ ,,oktô’’- dan momdinareobs, rac merveds miSnavs. alqimiaSi ki,

meore elements _ wyals, platonis mravalkuTxedebis geometriis

mixedviT, oqtaedrs, anu rvakuTxa formis wesier mravalkuTxeds

Seesabameba. aqedan gamomdinare, nervalis novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’,

saxelwodebac metaforulia, radgan avtoris Canafiqrs simbolurad

xsnis. zemoxsenebuli ori novelis parateqsti SeiZleba davukavSiroT

moZRvrebas oTxi elementis Sesaxeb: silvi _> miwa, oqtavi _> wyali,

Tumca danarCeni novelebis saTaurebi nervalis ezoTeruli Ziebebis

dasturad ar gamodgeba.

rac Seexeba novelas _ ,,anJeliki ’’, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,

igi ironiuli datvirTvis matarebelia (le titre thématique/ métaphorique),

radgan mwerlis Canafiqri cenzuris motyuebasa da jarimis Tavidan

acilebaSia. novelis _ ,,emili’’, saTauri meorexarisxovani personaJis

saxelis matarebelia (le titre thématique/métonimique): emili leitenant

deroSic meuRles hqvia. sainteresod migvaCnia, rom es laTinuri

warmomavlobis saxeli sityvas _ ,,aemulus’’_ ukavSirdeba, rac mebrZols,

Tanaswor mowinaaRmdeges niSnavs. Tu imas gavixsenebT, rom nervalis am

novelaSi deroSi samxedroa da misi bedniereba orTabrZolis Sedegad

imsxvreva, maSin nawarmoebis patareqsti simboluri datvirTvis

matarebeli iqneba.

192

nervalis alqimiisadmi interesi, misi ezoTeruli Ziebebi mwerlis

saTaurebis xasiaTze aisaxeba (,,silvi’’, ,,oqtavi’’). Cveni varaudiT, vrceli

moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ parateqsti aseve dakavSirebulia sityvasTan

_ ,,oqro’’ (Or →Aurea→Aurélia). rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, moTxrobis

saTaurs parateqstualoba unda akavSirebdes iakob voraginelis

nawarmoebTan _ ,,oqros legenda’’. vfiqrobT, nervalis parateqstSi

oqros saukunis miTologemac amoikiTxeba. cnobili mkvlevaris _ mirCe

eliades azriT, oqros saukune es is droa, rodesac adamiani bunebasTan

harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda. msgavsi miTologema yvela eris

miTologiaSi arsebobs. m. eliades gamoTvliT, ,,gancxromis’’ es periodi

neoliTs ukavSirdeba da miwadmoqmedebis ganviTarebas emTxveva. am

miTologemas keTilSobili veluris da dakarguli samoTxis arqetipebi

TiTqmis yovelTvis axlavs. nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,

dakarguli samoTxis, miwadmoqmedis (I nawilis IV Tavi) da keTilSobili

arabulsamosiani ufliswulis saxe-xatebi ikveTeba (II nawilis IX Tavi).

amave dros, nawarmoebis parateqtis simbolur mniSvnelobaze kidev isic

metyvelebs, rom oqros saukunis cneba ukavSirdeba virgiliusis

,,eneides’’. Tavis sonetSi _ ,,El Desdichado’’, nervali posiliposis mTas

moixseniebs, romlis ZirSi dakrZalulia virgiliusi. posiliposis mTas

novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’, mTxrobelic moinaxulebs.

cecxlis simbolos udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba nervalis poetur

krebulSic _ ,,qimerebi’’. am nawarmoebis parateqsti aseve simboluri

xasiaTis matarebelia, exmianeba nervalis novelebs _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’, da moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’. avtoris Canafiqri

saTaurebSive Cans. qimerebic cecxlismfrqveveli izomorfuli arsebebia,

xolo, moTxrobis saTauri -_ ,,orelia’’, oqros, ganTiads simbolurad

gamoxatavs da aseve ukavSirdeba cecxls. cecxli zeciurTan aris

dakavSirebuli da, amavdroulad _ kacobriobis istoriis dasawyisTan.

cecxli mzis simboluri gamoxatulebacaa. mze, realurisa da irealuris

ganmasxvavebeli niSania nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ (ix.zemoT).

amave dros, cecxli qalur sawyisTan asocirdeba: odidganve, cecxlis

mopovebiT da misi SenaxviT, swored qalebi iyvnen dakavebulni. nervalma

Tavis krebuls ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ uwoda da amiT metaforulad

193

gamoxata Tavisi saTqmeli: satrfos, zeciuris Tu miwieris, Ziebis

survili.

naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi

winamdebare naSromis ZiriTad mizans realurisa da irealuris

urTierTkavSiris dadgena warmoadgenda, nervalis mniSvnelovan

prozaul nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa: novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis

qaliSvilebi’’ da moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom:

1. Jerar de nervalis ESemoqmedebaSi, romantizmis esTetikis gavlena

sinkretuli Janris nawarmoebebis Seqmnis saxiT vlindeba, rac

novelaTa krebulSi (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) gaerTianebuli

nawarmoebebis da moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, Janrul identifikacias

arTulebs. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebs rogorc mcire zomis

epikuri Janris (moTxroba, novela), jadosnuri zRapris, aseve

mcire zomis romanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi

axasiaTebT. J. de nervalis prozauli qmnilebebis Tavisebureba

metanaracias efuZneba. nervali qmnis metamoTxrobebs

(metanawarmoebi), romlebic TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis

(naratiuli doneebi) Canacvlebazea agebuli (metalefsisi,

CarCoiani novelebi, teqsti teqstSi).

2. nervalis nawarmoebs (,,orelia’’) axasiaTebs fantastikis JanrisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli elementebi: rogorc fantasmagoriaSi, masSic

asaxulia irealuri, avadmyofuri warmosaxvis Sedagad Seqmnili

samyaro; nawarmoebi feeriasac waagavs (qalis saxe-xatebi). nervalis

moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, fantastikur mogzaurobasTan msgavsebac

aRiniSneba: mogzauroba gamogonil (warmosaxviTi) samyaroSi,

mogzauroba droSi (,,orelia’’, ,,silvi’’ ,,oqtavi’’), samyaros

warsulis da momavlis xilva (,,orelia’’).

3. nervalis ukanaskneli nawarmoebi _ ,,orelia’’, qristianul

kanonikur da apokriful teqstebs efuZneba, rac abaTilebs

mosazrebas imis Taobaze, TiTqos nervalis mTeli Semoqmedeba

mwerlis ezoTeruli Ziebebis, misi naturfilosofiiT gatacebis

amsaxvelia.

194

4. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebSi realuris da irealuris

urTierTkavSiri naratiuli drois kategoriis, TxrobiTi

komunikaciis doneebis cvlis, naratiuli instanciebis

TaviseburebaSi, transteqstualur urTierTkavSirebSi iCens Tavs.

realuris da irealuris urTierTCanacvlebidan gamomdinare,

drois da sivrcis, mimobneuli movlenebis erT ambad gaerTianebis,

rekonstruirebis sakiTxi umniSvnelovanesi da urTulesi procesia.

Jerar de nervalis zemoxsenebul nawarmoebebSi amocnobili

aluziebis, avtoaluziebisa da reminiscenciebis saSualebiT

teqstSi arsebuli e.w. ganusazRvreli adgilebis rekonsruireba

(topografiuli qronotopi) dadgena gaxda SesaZlebeli.

5. Jerar de nervalis proza e. w. ornamentul prozas ganekuTvneba.

mis moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’, axasiaTebs ornamentuli prozis

ZiriTadi niSnebi: xdomilobis simcire, movlenaTa gameoreba,

miTopoeturoba.

6. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebSi realuri da irealuri samyaro

Tanaarsebobs. amaSi Jerar de nervalis romantizmis esTetikisadmi

erTguleba vlindeba (gansakuTrebiT, germanuli romantizmis),

Tumca realuri da irealuri erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli ar

aris: isini erTmaneTs enacvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, nervalis

mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi, (,,orelia’’), konstruirdeba ara

heterogenuli, aramed homogenuri, warmosaxviTi samyaro.

realurisa da irealuri samyaroTa urTierTCanacvleba,

homogenuri warmosaxviTi samyaros Seqmna, warmoaCens Jerar de

nervalis novatorobas da misi Semoqmedebis modernistul

mimdinareobasTan siaxloveze metyvelebs.

195

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