d : lwk 0 d od n r wh 2 up d d q g 6 rp d ol 1 d p h v

A Check-List of Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of Bura,Tana River District, Kenya With Malakote, Orma andSomali Names

Authors: Gachathi, F. N., Johansson, S. G., and Alakoski-Johansson,G. M.

Source: Journal of East African Natural History, 83(2) : 117-141

Published By: Nature Kenya/East African Natural History Society

URL: https://doi.org/10.2982/0012-8317(1994)83[117:ACOITA]2.0.CO;2

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titlesin the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations,museums, institutions, and presses.

Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates youracceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use.

Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use.Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher ascopyright holder.

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofitpublishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access tocritical research.

Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 15 Apr 2022Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use

Journal a/East African Natural History 83: 117-141 (1994)

A CHECK-LIST OF INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBSOF BURA, TANA RIVER DISTRICT, KENYA

WITH MALAKOTE, ORMA AND SOMALI NAMES

F.N. Gachathi

Kenya Forestry Research InstituteP.O. Box 20412, Nairobi, Kenya

S.G. Johansson!, G.M. Alakoski-Johansson

University of Helsinki, Department of Forest EcologyViikin Koetila 20, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a case study on using an ethno-botanical approach for compiling planttaxonomy data. Introductory chapters deal with the study area in the semi-arid eastern partof Kenya, describing its physical characteristics and the various vegetation types. A checklist is presented of all woody plants found in the area. The plants are arrangedalphabetically by their scientific names. Local vernacular names in the Malakote (alsoknown as the Ilwana), Orma and Somali languages are included in the check-list. Inaddition, a separate list is presented with the vernacular names arranged alphabetically.

INTRODUCTION

Background and aim of the check-listThe identification of and communication on indigenous trees is often a problem. Professionaltaxonomists deal with the scientific names of plants, foresters mostly need to know a morenarrow range of plants, whereas the local population often have considerable knowledge onboth the identification and uses of plants (see e.g. Riley & Brokensha, 1988; Stiles & Kassam1991) but usually only in their own language.

This study was conducted under the Bura Forestry Research Project implemented jointly bythe Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRl) and the University of Helsinki. The projectformed part of the Bura Fuelwood Project. The aim of the project was to provide trees for fueland other needs for the recently settled population of the Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project.In addition to research within the irrigation scheme, it soon became apparent that there was aneed to study also the natural vegetation of the area.

In Bura the difficulties to study the indigenous forest were realised in 1984, whenpermanent sample plots were established in the riverine forest to monitor the effects of theincreasing human population. While the local people could name the trees in the forest oftendown to subspecies level, the forestry officers found it difficult to connect the local names withcertainty to their scientific equivalents using the only available book, Kenya Trees and Shrubs

IPresent address: East Usambara Catchment Forest Project, Box 5869 Tanga, Tanzania


118 F.N. Gachathi, S.G. Johansson & G.M. Alakoski-Johansson

(Dale & Greenway, 1961). The project also initiated collection of indigenous tree seeds jointlywith the World Food Programme. Due to the diversity of the species in the lower Tanafloodplain, and the positive response to the programme mainly by the drought-affected Ormapastoralists, the forestry project in Bura acquired a large collection of seeds but with the localnames as the only available reference. Since the seed alone could not be used conclusively toidentify trees and since neither the Orma nor the Malakote (also known as the Ilwana) arerepresented in the vernacular names of Dale & Greenway (1961), the compilation of acomprehensive check-list of woody plants was initiated.

The aim was to compile a check-list to facilitate communication between the foresters andthe local population in forestry activities. The check-list would provide a basis for furtherstudies of the indigenous trees and shrubs and create an avenue for non-botanists to identifytrees in Bura and adjoining areas. It would also facilitate administrators and foresters to addresspeople in the area on subjects concerning trees in a language that the people understand.

The local populationTraditionally the area has been inhabited by pastoralists in the bushland and agriculturists livingalong the Tana River. The indigenous peoples in the area are the semi-nomadic Cushiticspeaking Orma, including an Orma sub-group Wardei, and the sedentary agriculturists,Malakote (or Ilwana), belonging to the bantu-speaking group. Somali groups also frequent thearea, especially during the dry season and due to recent development schemes. The increasingSomali presence in Bura made it necessarY to include also the Somali vernacular names in thisstudy.

The Malakote, who number between 7,000 (Arap Bor, 1986, pers. comm.; Mwaura, 1988,pers. comm.) and 15,000 (Hughes, 1985) are living on the floodbanks of Tana River, fromGarissa in the north to Masabubu, near Hola in the south. Their main crops are maize, rice,bananas and a variety of vegetables. Important is also fish and honey, both as food andcommodities for earning cash. The raw material for most household goods, house construction,tools, weapons and fishing and trapping equipment has been collected from the forest.

The Orma belong to the Eastern Cushitic speaking peoples of the Oromo language group(Ensminger, 1984; Spear, 1981) originating from southern Ethiopia. The Orma, numberingtoday about 30,000 people (Kelly, undated), are living in the savanna area, mainly in TanaRiver District. The Orma are divided into three sub-groups corresponding geographically withthe north-south gradient of ecological zones; between Garissa in the north and Tarasa in thesouth. This particular study is concerned with the northern-most group, the Hirimani Orma.

The Orma keep cattle, goats, sheep as well as some donkeys mainly for transport, and a fewcamels. Occasional subsistence agriculture is also practised. The animals as well as theirproducts, farming and trade in small scale are all important for the subsistence of Orma peoples(Ensminger, 1984). Most of the material culture is made of raw material from the woodyvegetation: milk and water containers, house building materials, dyes, preservatives etc.

Although Orma and Malakote peoples have a different mode of living and are of differentorigin, there has been interaction between the peoples throughout history. This is reflected inagreements on where Orma cattle can be watered along the river or in exchange of goods, suchas milk, grains, animals, or in transport assistance between the Orma and Malakote. This is alsomanifested in loan words in both languages, for example when naming trees.

The study areaThe study area is located in Bura, Tana River District, Kenya just south of the equator at 1°06'S and 39°56' E about 100 m above sea level (fig. 1). According to the agro-meteorological


Indigenous trees and shrubs of Bura 119

classification Bura belongs to Zone VII, which has the lowest production potential and issuitable only for nomadic pastoralism (Sombroek et al., 1982). Meteorological data has beencollected at the Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project since 1983. Rainfall is bimodal, low anderratic. Mean annual rainfall (1983-1992) was 372 mm/year. Mean monthly maximumtemperatures were 33.4°C and mean minimum 22.5°C. Mean potential evaporation (class Apan) was 2,336 mmlyear (Otsamo et al., 1993).

Geologically the area belongs to alluvial fan plains, which have been remodelled underfluviatile conditions and is part of the sedimentary basins of eastern Kenya (Muchena, 1987).Geomorphologically the area can be divided into a floodplain along the Tana River and theephemeral streams, consisting of young alluvial soils, and a plain consisting of old alluvialsoils. The soils are developed on sediments from undifferentiated basement system rocks(Sombroek et al., 1982). Major soils of the old alluvium are aridisols and vertisols. The youngalluvium is characterised by entisols. The plain has very gentle primarily west-east slopes, withgradients from 1-3%. The gradient of the north-south slope is less than 1% (Muchena, 1987).

VegetationThe overall natural vegetation in Bura is very sparse except near the river where tall evergreenforest is sustained. The vegetation consists of thorny bushland or wooded grassland of varyingdensity and species composition. The predominant vegetation type is Acacia-Commiphorabushland (Pratt et al., 1966). The ground cover usually consists of tufted grass or the saltresistant shrub Salsola dendroides. There are, however, distinct differences in vegetationbetween the various physiographic dryland units.

Several attempts have been presented to classify the vegetation of the area. A total of tendifferent associations with three additional sub-categories were identified during a feasibilitystudy on the irrigation potential of the Lower Tana Basin (FAO, 1967). In another study (FAO,1973, cited in Allaway, 1979), six major vegetation types were identified.

Classifications of the floodplain area, including the riverine forest have been presented instudies by Allaway (1979), Homewood (1978), Hughes (1985) and Marsh (1976). Hughes(1985) distinguished five major forest types with two additional sub-types in her study on theecology of the Tana River floodplain forest. These classifications are, however, primarilybotanical and for scientific use rather than providing suitable entities for practical managementand land use classification.

The riverine forest has considerable conservation value. Many of the trees are those typicalto riverine and ground water habitats, which primarily depend on floods and seepage from theriver (Marsh, 1978). Populus ilicifolia, commonly known as the Tana River Poplar, is anendemic riparian tree occurring in small patches along the Tana, Athi and Ewaso-Nyiro riversystems (Dale & Greenway, 1961). It is classified as endangered by FAO (1986), and theWorld Conservation Union (lUCN, 1978). Both subspecies ofAcacia tortilis occurring in Buraare included on the list of endangered tree and shrub species by FAO (1986). Similarly speciesof fauna, such as the Tana Mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus) and the Tana River RedColobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) have been rated as endangered and rare (IUCN, 1978).

METHODS

The field work was conducted during two periods. The first botanical survey was made inApril-May 1986, and the second one from November 1986 to March 1987.The vernacular treenames were further counter-checked in Bura in January-February 1988.



SUOAN \

ISOMAL'A

II\\\

Mombasa

ETHIOPIA

""""

'.,,••.'" "

200J

km1

TANZANIA

Masinga Dam

Tana River Primate Reserve

oI

-f•

./.-.-.-.-./\f.•.•·c,,

\..\..

'\'t.(

UGANOA '.II

i),.'

Iir')

,

Figure 1. Tana River Basin showing selected development schemes (from Hughes,1987)

First botanical surveyA preliminary check-list, covering about 130 indigenous species, was compiled during the longrains in April-May 1986 (Gachathi, 1986). The purpose was to compile a baseline list ofindigenous woody species for the area. The fIrst survey made extensive use of scientifIc speciesidentifIcation of earlier botanical work in the Bura area by FAO (1967, 1973),Andrews et al.(1975), Allaway (1979), Homewood (1978), Marsh (1978) and Hughes (1985). The vernacular



names, which were used to identify trees in the sample plots in 1984, were also utilised. Thesurvey was jointly conducted by a research team from KEFRI and the Bura Forestry ResearchProject, together with a group of local people, who represented the main ethnic groupstraditionally living in the Bura area (appendix I).

The botanical samples were identified at the East African Herbarium in Nairobi. Localnames were collected during the field work. The vernacular names in the preliminary check-listwere tabulated during the taxonomic identification at the herbarium, using the information fromthe field work and that of the herbarium. The preliminary list (Gachathi, 1986) included asection with scientific plant names, with different vernacular equivalents, including Borana,Malakote, Orma, Pokomo, Somali and occasionally English, Kamba and Swahili plant names.It also included sections with Borana and Pokomo plant names and their scientific equivalents,compiled from the records of the East African Herbarium. These names covered primarily theindigenous trees, shrubs and woody climbers. A few perennial herbs were also included due totheir conspicuousness, abundance or usefulness in the economy of the local people.

Second botanical surveyA second survey was conducted from November 1986 to March 1987 in connection with afollow-up study on the traditional uses of the indigenous trees and shrubs in the Bura area.During this study both the methodology and objectives were more specific, based on theexperience from the first botanical survey. The study on the traditional uses applied a range ofmethods to finalise the check-list and to compile the baseline information on the uses of plants(table I and appendix I).

All the local plant names were verified and counter-checked by specimen. The Malakoteand Orma plant names were collected and confrrmed by members of their respective ethnicgroups. The Somali names were collected primarily with the help of one member of theresearch group, who was a Somali-speaking Orma-Wardei. These names have not been checkedby a true Somali. Although Somali is a written language the names were phoneticallytranscribed and the spellings used are purely the authors' work. The authors relied largely onthe card index at the East African Herbarium, where Somali plant names mostly from theNorth-Eastern Province of Kenya are represented. Imperfection of spellings in this case cannotbe ruled out. These names, however, should serve the purpose of the check-list.

In February 1987, four school certificate leavers were employed to conduct interviews onplant uses in the villages in the Bura area (appendix I). Another aim was to verify the check-listsimultaneously. The vernacular names were further checked by the Chief of Chewele Locationand the headmaster of Tune Primary School together with a group of elders.

Cooperation with the local administrationDuring the entire period considerable support was given by the District Officers of Buraand theChiefs of Bura, Nanighi and Chewele Locations respectively. The research team addressed sixmeetings in Bura and Chewele Locations. The aim of these were to:

(I) Capture any additional tree names that could have been omitted during the botanicalsurveys, and

(2) Discuss and create an awareness of the deteriorating environment and thedisappearance of threatened tree species in the riverine forest in particular.

The venues were arranged so that representatives of both the Malakote and the Ormapeoples could participate. In addition to the local villagers Chiefs, Assistant Chiefs, Headmen,



political leaders, leaders ofwomen's groups and elders were present at the meetings. They werescheduled as follows:

Date06/11/198610/11/198621/11/198626/11/198629/11/198617/02/1987

VenueBisik DeraMetiShika-adabuChewele

Bridge-siteTune

LocationBuraBoraCheweleCheweleCheweleChewele

There was an immediate response on the fIrst objective, and elders volunteered to correctthe existing names or contribute new ones. A summary of the methods used during the study ispresented in table 1.

Table 1. Methodologies used in the study

Scope

Method InformantsLocationScientific

IdentificationTaxonomistFieldidentification of

EA Herbarium

plants Collection of specimenResearch groupField

LocalIdentificationResearch groupField

identification of plants

InterviewsResearch groupOfficeInformation

Village meetingsVillagersVillagesCounter

InterviewsResearch groupOffice

checking InterviewsVillagersVillages

RESULTS

Vegetation classificationDuring the forestry research work in Bura the indigenous forest was tentatively divided intothree vegetation types. The present study further confIrmed this classifIcation as a practicalmanagement tool. Three broad types were distinguished: riverine forest, transitional zone(between the riverine forest and the dry bushland) and dry bushland (including the ephemeralstreams).

Riverine forestThe riverine forest is mainly evergreen and extends for approximately 1-3 km on both sides ofthe river. The high canopy species in the riverine forest include Acacia elatior ssp elatior, A.robusta (A. c/avigera), Trichilia emetica (T. roka), Populus ilicifolia, Newtonia hildebrandtiiand Diospyros mespiliformis. The middle canopy layer consists of Spirostachys venenifera,Kigelia africana (K. aethiopum), Tamarindus indica, Mimusops fruticosa, Sorindeiamadagascariensis and Ficus sycomorus. The ground cover is dominated by shrubs and woodyclimbers. These include Hippocratea africana, Combretum paniculatum, Harrisoniaabyssinica, Capparis tomentosa, Thespesia danis, Diospyros abyssinica, Lawsonia inermis andRinorea elliptica.


Indigenous trees and shrubs of Bura

Table 2. Frequency of genera represented by more than one species.

123

Species pergenus> 106-10

5432

Genus (number of species in brackets)

Acacia (16)Commiphora (9), Grewia (8)Cadaba, Euphorbia, TerminaliaCombretum, Cordia, Ficus, Indigofera, MaeruaCapparis, JatropaAlbizia, Aloe, Anisotes, Balanites, Caesalpinia, Cassia, Cyperus,Diospyros, Dobera, Gardenia, Lannea, Maytenus, Momordica,Ocimum, Phragmites, Phyllanthus, Premna, Sansevieria,Solanum, Sterculia

Table 3. Frequency of species per family.

Species perfamily>2116-20

11-15

6-10

54

3

2

Families (number of species in brackets)

Euphorbiaceae (21)Mimosaceae (20), Capparaceae (14)Burseraceae (11)Combretaceae (9), Apocynaceae (8), Caesalpiniaceae (8),Papilionaceae (8), Rubiaceae (8), Tiliaceae (8)Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, CelastraceaeAnacardiaceae. Compositae. Malvaceae, Moraceae, Salvadoraceae,Sapindaceae,Acanthaceae. Asclepiadaceae, Ebenaceae, Gramineae, Liliaceae,Palmae. Pedaliaceae. Solanaceae, Verbenaceae,Agavaceae. Balanitaceae. Bignoniaceae, Bombaceae, Cucurbitaceae,Cyperaceae, Labiatae, Meliaceae, Sapotaceae, Sterculiaceae.Vitaceae

Annonaceae. Aristolochiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae.Dichapetalaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Flagellariaceae.Guttiferae, Hernandiaceae, Loganiaceae, Loranthaceae. Lythraceae,Meniapermaceae, Moringaceae, Olacaceae, Opiliaceae,Passifloraceae. Portulaceae, Rhamnaceae. Salicaceae.

Simaroubaceae, Tamaricaceae, Typhaceae, Violaceae

Transitional zone

As one moves from the dry bushland towards the riverine forest the vegetation gradually getsdenser and taller. The strip of land lying between the two main vegetation. types is unique inthat it consists of most of the species that are found in the two main zones. Characteristicspecies are Acacia tortilis, Dobera loranthifolia, Lawsonia inermis, Grewia plagiophylla andTerminalia brevipes.

Dry bushlandThe bushland is dominated mainly by thorny shrubs with scattered tufted grasses and a fewtrees. It is in drought-dormant condition for much of the year, but leaves sprout immediatelyafter or just before the onset of the rains. Characteristic shrubs areAcacia reficiens ssp misera,



A. bussei, A. melli/era, Cadaba glandulosa, Commiphora candidula, C. campestris and Salsoladendroides. The few scattered trees include Acacia torti/is ssp raddiana, A. zanzibarica,Euphorbia robecchii, Salvadora persica, Dobera glabra and Platycelyphium voense. Most ofthe larger trees have a restricted distribution along the few ephemeral streams, where they f0rmpatches of small forests.

Specific habitats in the dry bushland are those along the main ephemeral streams: theHirimani, Walesa, Bilbil, Gelmadho and Tula. The dominant trees occurring along the streamsare Acacia torti/is ssp raddiana, A. torti/is 'ssp spirocarpa, A. senegal var leiorhachis,Berchemia discolor (Phyllogeiton discolor), Hyphaene compressa (H. coriacea), Tamarindusindica and Terminalia prunioides. Salvadora persica and Dobera glabra are evergreen speciesand hence conspicuous during the dry season.

Species identificationA total of 228 species, covering 64 families, were identified both from the riverine forest andthe bushland by their scientific names. Malakote names were found for 167, Orma names for190, and Somali names for 138 of the species. The results are presented in a check-list, which

consists of two parts. In part one, all plants are arranged alphabetically according to theirbotanical names, which are as complete as possible. They include the authority, synonyms andfamily. The botanical name is followed by its local name equivalent in the Malakote, Orma andSomali languages. The vernacular names include the synonyms and distinct forms ofpronunciation. All the local names are in capital letters throughout the check-list, and theircorresponding languages are put in brackets immediately after them, abbreviated to their firstcharacter. Part two is composed of the vernacular plant names in Malakote, Orma and Somali,arranged in alphabetical order with their botanical equivalents. Synonyms and distinct forms ofpronunciation appear as separate entries in part two of the list.

Neither Malakote nor Orma is a written language. Thus the Malakote and Orma vernacularplant names where transcribed phonetically. However, although Somali is a written language,these names were also transcribed phonetically. Vernacular synonyms and distinct forms ofpronunciation appear as separate entries in part two of the list.

Families and generaThe frequency of families and genera of the plants included in the check-list is presented intables 2 and 3. The specimens are deposited at the East African Herbarium in Nairobi, theKenya Forestry Research Institute in Muguga and the Department of Forest Ecology,University of Helsinki, Finland.

DISCUSSION

The study confirmed the richness and accuracy of local knowledge in species identification. Italso indicated, that by combining local vernacular plant identification with taxonomic expertise,botanical surveys can be conducted more cost-efficiently and comprehensively (e.g. Johanssonet al., 1987; Gachathi, 1986). Local people, such as the Malakote and Orma, who depend on theforest resources for their living, can sometimes make distinctions more precisely thanprofessional foresters or taxonomists (Johansson & Alakoski-Johansson, 1988). Thesedistinctions are, apart from naming of species or subspecies, referred to specific morphologicalor phenological differences by the people themselves. The study provided a comprehensive listof woody plants but also revealed a wealth of local knowledge on plants and the environment.



The knowledge on the uses of plants in Bura lead to another study, which covered plant usesand the role of woody plants in the two local ethnic societies (Alakoski-Johansson,unpublished). The study approach may also contribute to the identification of species whichmay be threatened and require protection measures or identification of in situ conservationareas (Gachathi, 1986).

The collected vernacular names represent local peoples naming of plants. Specialists, suchas herbalists and magicians, are known to have synonyms for commonly known names.ln thisstudy the focus was on everyday knowledge, due to the practical scope and orientation of thework. Thus the limited range of synonyms and distinct forms of pronunciation included in thelist reflect this focus. The importance of the study was appreciated by the local people. Theinterest in local names was felt as an expression of regard of the local culture and triggered offproposals and discussions on the general need to preserve cultures under pressure. Many ofthese socio-cultural issues were covered more in depth in the study on tree uses (AlakoskiJohansson, unpublished).

The scientific-vernacular check-list provides a common platform for communicationbetween the outsiders or experts and the local community. It has also become increasingly clearthat sustained management of forest resources without the involvement and consent of thepeople concerned is extremely difficult. A communication platform, such as this check-list, canbe a valuable tool to a greater insight of the local role and use offorests.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our gratitude to Dr J.A. Odera, Director ofKEFRI, andProfessor Olavi Luukkanen,supervisor of the Bura Forestry Research Project at the University of Helsinki, for invaluablesupport to this work. We cannot forget the kindness and assistance of Messrs M.K. arap Bor,B.M. Kubo, F. Ngunjiri, J. Mulatya, and J. Gitonga. Prof. O. Luukkanen, and Dr H. Beentje ofthe East African Herbarium, Nairobi, read through and commented the original report. Ag.Prof. J. Kuusipalo and Vesa Kaarakka at the University of Helsinki read the manuscript andmade a number of valuable comments.

Many people have contributed in compiling this check-list, and it is difficult to acknowledgeeverybody. For those whose names do not appear here we express our general appreciation.

REFERENCES

Andrews, P., C.P. Groves & J.F.M. Home (1975). Ecology of the lower Tana River floodplain(Kenya). .! EANHS&Nat. Mus.lSl: 1-31.

Allaway, J.D. (1979). Elephants and their interactions with people in the Tana River region ofKenya. PhD thesis, Cornell University.

Dale, I.R. & PJ. Greenway (1961). Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Buchanan's Kenya Estates Ltd,Nairobi.

Ensminger, J.E. (1984). Political economy among the pastoral Galole Orma: The effects ofmarket integration. PhD thesis, Northwestern University.

FAO (1967). Kenya: Survey of the irrigation potential of the lower Tana River Basin. FAO,Rome.

FAO (1973). Rangeland surveys, Kenya: Range development in Tana River District.UNDP/FAO, AGP:SF/KEN 66/511, Working Paper 12. FAO, Rome.



FAO (1986). Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances. FAO ForestryPapers 77. FAO, Rome.

Gachathi, F.N. (1986). A preliminary check-list of plants of the Lower Tana floodplain forest.Bura Forestry Research Project Working Paper No. 14, Kenya Forestry Research Instituteand the University of Helsinki.

Homewood, K.M. (1978). Ecology and the behaviour of the Tana Mangabey. PhD thesis,University of London.

Hughes, F. (1985). The Tana River floodplain forest, Kenya, ecology and impact ofdevelopment. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.

mCN (1978). Red Data Book, Vol. 1, Mammalia.mCN, Gland.Johansson, S.G., G.M. Alakoski-Johansson, O.M. Luukkanen, J. Mulatya & N. Gachathi

(1987). Ethno-botanical approach to seed procurement; experience from Bura, Kenya. In:S.K. Kamra and R.D. Ayling (eds), Proceedings of the international symposium onforestseed problems in Africa, Report 7, Dept of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences.

Johansson, S.G. & G.M. Alakoski-Johansson (1988). Ethno-botanical research and ruraldevelopment: experiences from the Bura Forestry research project.Silva Carelica 12: 263269 [in Finnish].

Kelly, H. (undated). Commercialisation, sedentarization, economic diversification and changingproperty relations among Orma pastoralists of Kenya: some possible target issues for futurepastoral research. In: P.T.W. Baxter and R. Hogg (eds), Property, poverty and people:changing rights in property and problems of pastoral development. Dept of SocialAnthropology and International Development Centre, University of Manchester.

Marsh, C.W. (1976). A management plan for the Tana River Game Reserve. New YorkZoological Society and University of Bristol.

Marsh, C.W. (1978). Tree phenology in a gallery forest on the Tana River, Kenya.E. Afr.Agric. For. J. 43: 305-316.

Muchena, F.N. (1987). Soils and irrigation of three areas in the lower Tana Region, Kenya.PhD thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen.

Otsamo, A., J. Laxen, S. Johansson, V. Kaarakka, J. Kuusipalo, O. Luukkanen & J.O. Maua(1993). Forestry Research in Bura, Kenya 1984-1993. Univ. Helsinki Tropic. Forest Rep. 8.

Pratt, D.J., P.J. Greenway & M.D. Gwynne (1966). A Classification of East African rangeland,with an appendix on terminology. J. Appl. Ecol. 3: 369-382.

Spear, T. (1981). Kenya's past. An introduction to historical method in Africa. LongmanStudies in African History, London.

Riley, B.W. & D. Brokensha (1988). The Mbere of Kenya (two volumes; Vol.I Changing RuralEconomy; Vol.IL Botanical Identities and Uses). University Press of America, Lanham,Maryland.

Sombroek, W.G., H.M.H. Braun & B.J.A. van der Pouw (1982). Exploratory soil map and

agro-ecological zone map of Kenya, 1980. Kenya Soil Survey, Exploratory Soil SurveyReport no. E 1, Min. of Agriculture, Nairobi.

Stiles, D. & A. Kassam (1991). An ethnobotanical study of the Gabra plant use in MarsabitDistrict, Kenya. J. EANHS & Nat. Mus. 81 (198).

Turrill, W.B. & E. Milne-Readhead (1952, continued). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Govt

Bookshop, London.



APPENDIX 1: Participants in the research group

Participants in the frrst botanical survey (April-May 1986):

127

ParticipantsProject staffNorman Gachathi, MrStig Johansson, MrJackson Mulatya, MrFelix Ngunjiri, Mr

Local informants

Mohamed Kallaf, Mr

Hajibo Abdi Dido, MrsAbdureheman H. Halkano, MrBocha B. Dima, MrAlui K. Gheriba, MrAwadhi Igu Nyagu, Mr

Institution or ethnic 2rouP

Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)University of Helsinki, Dept of Forest EcologyKenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project (BISP)

Orma- WardeiOrmaOrmaOrmaMalakoteMalakote

Participants in the second botanical survey (November 1986-March 1987):

ParticipantsProject staffGunilla Alakoski-Johansson, MrsNorman Gachathi, Mr

Local informants

Mohamed Kallaf, Mr

Hajibo Abdi Dido, MrsAbdureheman H. Halkano, MrBocha B. Dima, MrAlui K. Gheriba, Mr

Awadhi Igu Nyagu, Mr

Interviewers:

In1r.rviewerSaidi Baluku Diribo, MrHussein Wario Dongol, MrHamisi Hassan Madawa, MrMuktar Godhana Moti, Mr

Institution or ethnic 2rouP

University of Helsinki, Dept of Forest EcologyKenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)

Orma-WardeiOrmaOrmaOrmaMalakoteMalakote

Ethnic ~roupMalakoteOrmaMalakoteOrma



APPENDIX 2: Alphabetical listing of scientific names

Abrus precatorius L. (Papilionaceae): NANAIDHO (M); UMU-SHlMPlREA (0)Abutilon affpannosum (Forssk.) Schlecht. (Malvaceae): HABAMBAL (0); BALAMBAL (S)Acacia bussei SjOstedt (Mimosacea): GOLOCH (0); GOLLOL (S)Acacia elatior Brenan ssp elatior (Mimosaceae): MUUGA (M); BURA (0); BURRA (S)Acacia hamulosa Benth. (Mimosaceae): OSATARI (0); ETHAD (S)Acacia horrida (L.) Willd ssp benadirensis (Chiov.) Hillcoab & Brenan (Mimosaceae):

CHACHANEH (0); SERMAN, pod HAGAGO (S)Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. ssp mellifera (Mimosaceae): SAMPASA (M); HABALAKES

(0); BIL-EL (S)Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. ssp subalata (Vatke) Brenan (Mimosaceae): CHALABDO (0);

TUGER(S)Acacia nubica Benth. (Mimosaceae): WANGE (0); GUMURR (S)Acacia paolii Chiov. (Mimosaceae): CHY ACHY ANE (M); CHACHANEH (0); JAJANEH (S)1cacia reficiens Wawra ssp misera (Vatke) Brenan (Mimosaceae): RHIGHA (M); RIGH (0);

RIGH (S)Acacia robusta Burch. ssp usambarensis (Taub.) Brenan (= Acacia clavigera Mey ssp

usambarensis (Taub.) Brenan) (Mimosaceae): MUUGA-FUWE (M); MUNY AGA T,MUNY ANGA T (0)

Acacia rovumae Olivo (Mimosaceae): MOGOGO (M); GAAJIR (0)Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. var leiorhachis Brenan (= Acacia circummarginata Chiov.)

(Mimosaceae): BURA-DIMA (0); ETHAD-GHERI (S)Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. var senegal (Mimosaceae): SOBONAH (0); ETHAD (S)Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne ssp raddiana (Savi) Brenan (Mimosaceae): DADACHA,

DADWOTA (M); DADACH, DADECH, young plants GUDIS (0); ABAKH (S)Acacia torti/is (Forssk.) Hayne ssp spirocarpa (A.Rich.) Brenan (Mimosaceae): DADACHA,

DADWOT A (M); DABAS, DABASO (0); ABAKH (S)Acacia zanzibarica (S. Moore) Taub. var zanzibarica (Mimosaceae): MUW ACHYU (M);

WAACHU (0); FULAI (S)Acalypha sp (Euphorbiaceae): KIVUJA-MUDI (M)Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae): DAKAJI-HOLA (0)Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae): MUBUYU (M); YAK (0); YAK (S)Adenia globosa Engl. ssp globosa (Passifloraceae): OBBE (0); OBA (S)Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. (Apocynaceae): TULATA (M); MUK-FADJI (0);

GOCHAN-GOL (S)Alafia caudata Stapf (Apocynaceae): WAKAMA (M)Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. (Mimosaceae): HABACHO, HABACHU (0); HABASHO (S)Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm. (Mimosaceae): MOTEMWELO (M)Allophylus rubifolius (A. Rich.) Engl. (Sapindaceae): MWEZE-BANY A (M)Aloe ruspoliana Baker (Liliaceae): RAASAIYE (M); RAASA YE (0); DA-ARBULLOKH (S)Aloe sp (Liliaceae): HARGESA (M); HARGES (0); DA-AR (S)Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. (Vitaceae): MAKEKE (M)Anisotes tanensis C. Baden (Acanthaceae): TIRA (0)Anisotes ukambensis Lindau (Acanthaceae): TUTATU (0)Antidesma venosum Tul. (Euphorbiaceae): MUSIGISIGI (M)Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (Aristolochiaceae): MOKABUKIYE (M); MUK-BUKIE (0)



Arva lanata Juss. (Amaranthaceae): MOKAMUKEWA (M); MUK-SABO (0); FOODH-ADDAH(S)

Asparagus africanus Lam. (Liliaceae): ERGAMSA (M); ERGAMS (0); ARJEH (S)Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild (Compositae): BAMBA (0); LUVADHIN-DURE (S)Azima tetracantha Lam. (Salvadoraceae): WAIGHO (M)Balanites pedicel/aris Mildbr. & Schlecht. (Balanitaceae): MUBADANA (M); BADDAN (0);

KULLAN(S)Balanites rotundifolia (Van Tiegh.) Blatter (= Balanites gillettii Cuf., Balanites orbicularis

Sprague) (Balanitaceae): MUBADANA (M); BADDAN (0); KULLAN (S)Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl. (= Phyl/ogeiton discolor (Klotzsch) Herzog)

(Rhamnaceae): MUJAJABHO, fruit JAJABHO (M); JAJAB (0); DEEN (S)Blepharispermum fruticosum Klatt & Schinz ssp lanceolatum Chiov. (Compositae ): KATE (0)Borassus aethiopum Mart. (Palmae): MURIFATE (M); MARAFA (0); MARDAFA (S)Boscia coriacea Pax (Capparaceae): KALAQACHA (M); KALKACH (0);

KHALANGHAL (S)Boswellia neglecta S. Moore (= Boswellia hildebrandtii Engl.) (Burseraceae): DAKAR (0);

MIRAFUR(S)Cadabafarinosa Forssk. (Capparaceae): KALAQACHA (M); KALKACH-HARE (0);

DUMEI (S)Cadabafarinosa Forssk. ssp farinosa (Capparaceae): KALAQACHA (M); KA TE-

GURATI (0)Cadaba gillettii R.A. Grab. (Capparaceae): ALLAKAL (0)Cadaba glandulosa Forssk. (Capparaceae): TUK (0); TUKH (S)Cadaba ruspolii Gilg (Capparaceae): ILKABA TH (0); ILKABA TA (S)Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. (Caesalpiniaceae): MUSADYEQA (M); SADEK (0)Caesalpinia trothae Harms ssp erlangeri (Harms) Brenan (Caesalpiniaceae): HAMARES (0);

GORA (S)Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. (Asc1epiadaceae): MOTY A-RUGHA, MOTY A-BHUBHA,

MRHUGA (M); MUK-RHUGA (0)Calyptrotheca taitensis (Pax & Vatke) Brenan (Portulacaceae): DUJUME (0); DHOLOL (S)Capparisfascicularis DC. varfascicularis (Capparaceae): GORA (0); GORA (S)Capparis sepiaria L. (Capparaceae): RHEMANGUZI (M); GORA (0); GORA (S)Capparis tomentosa Lam. (Capparaceae): GORA ZA JOVU, GORA-NYILO,

NAMW ALIKO (M)Caral/uma russelliana (Brogn.) Cufod. (Asc1epiadaceae): BUBUTOLE (M); MAT-BUTO (0);

TURIN-BARBAR (S)Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vabl (Apocynaceae): KAKA-MCHANGANI, MOKALAKALA (M)Carphalea glaucescens (Hiem) Verde. ssp glaucescens (= Dirichletia glaucescens Hiem)

(Rubiaceae): DIRRI (0); BURBUR (S)Cassia afrofistula Brenan (Caesalpiniaceae): MUBARAKA (M)Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae): JOLOKO-ZA-BHIZOKA (M)Cassine aquifolium Fiori (Celastraceae ): KALKACH (0)Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bombacaceae): MUSUFI (M); MUK-SUFI (0)Cephalocroton cordofanus Hochst. (= Cephalocroton nudus Pax & K. Hoffm.)

(Euphorbiaceae): KOSAIYE (M); KOSAIYE-REA (0); KOSAIYE-IRIAD (S)Cissus aphyl/a Chiov. (Vitaceae): GHAMA-KINUGI (M); HALAKU-AJO (0); CHABHI (S)Clerodendrum acerbianum (Vis.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Verbenaceae): KARHABELA (M);

KARAPELA (0)



Coccu/us hirsutus (L.) Diels (Menispermaceae): NY AMILI (M)Combretum acu/eatum Vent. (Combretaceae): DARSA (0)Combretum constrictum (Benth.) Laws. (Combretaceae): GHEREBHE (M); GHEREBE (0)Combretum hereroense Schinz (Combretaceae): KONKON (0); KOHKON (S)Combretum panicu/atum Vent. (Combretaceae): KADOE (M)Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. (Burseraceae): KOMPER, KOMPERA (0); HAMMES

SAGARA(S)

Commiphora boiviniana Engl. ssp h%sericea Engl. (Burseraceae): DACKDO (0);DIBIRKH(S)

Commiphora campestris Engl. (Burseraceae): KURO (0); KURO (S)Commiphora candidu/a Sprague (Burseraceae): WARHARHEBHO (M); WARAREB (0);

DAMAJA(S)Commiphora confusa Vollesen sp nov ined (Burseraceae): KILCHACHO (0); HAJOLA (S)Commiphora pao/ii Chiov. (Burseraceae): HAGHARSU (M); HAGARSU (0); HAGAR (S)Commiphora rostrata Engl. (Burseraceae): CHONEH (M); CHANAH-UDESI, UDESI (0)Commiphora uni/obata Gillett & Vollesen (Burseraceae): TOKOCHO (0)Commiphora sp nov 'P' (Burseraceae): HAMMES-ARBA (0); HOTHEI (S)Commiphora sp nov 'Q' (Burseraceae): CHONY A-BAAFUGHA (M); CHANAH-

ABAFUNGA (0); SOBAGLAH (S)Cordia crenata Del. (Boraginaceae): MADER-WARABESA, MADER-WORABESA (0)Cordia goetzei Guerke (Boraginaceae): MUCHUCHA TA (M); MUCHUCHA TA (0);

MARER-GIRGIR (S)Cordia ova/is DC. (Boraginaceae): ARABA (0); MARER-GIRGIR (S)Cordia sinensis Lam. (= Cordia gharaf(Forssk.) Archers) (Boraginaceae): Dry bushland:

MADERA, MUT AL YA-NAJA (M); MADER, MADERA (0); MARER (S); Riverineforest: MUTAALE, MUTLYA-CHANA (M); KOTE (0); MARER-KHOH (S)

Cyathu/a coriacea Schinz (Amaranthaceae): DAGAAJI (M); DAKAJI (0); DAKAJI (S)Cynometra sp aff C. webberi Bak.f. (Caesalpiniaceae): MUP AKA TA (M)Cyperus articu/atus L. (Cyperaceae): KURIMO, KURRA (M); KURR (0)Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): MAKANGA YA (M); DALADHU (0); DALADHU (S)Da/echampia scandens L. var cordofana Muel!. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae): MUL WABO (M);

LALESA ARBA (0); ANANIA (S)Datura mete/ L. (Solanaceae): MOTY A-BHUBHA (M)Deinbo//ia borbonica Scheff. (Sapindaceae): MOTY A-IZIBA (M)De/onix e/ata (L.) Gamble (Caesalpiniaceae): SUKELE (M); SUKELE (0); LEBH! (S)Diospyros abyssinica (Hiem) F. White (Ebenaceae): MOTY A-MOWGI (M)Diospyros mespi/iformis A. DC. (Ebenaceae): MOKOWLO (M); KOLATI-GURATI (0);

KOLATI (S)Dobera g/abra (Forssk.) Poir (Salvadoraceae): MOKOPA (M); GASHIR (0); GARAS (S)Dobera /oranthifo/ia (Warb.) Harms (Salvadoraceae): MOKOPA (M); DENDE (0);

GARAS (S)Drypetes nata/ens is (Harv.) Hutch. var /eiogyna Brenan (Euphorbiaceae): MWADAMA (M)Ecbo/ium striatum Balf. f. (Acanthaceae): KIDHALAKA (M); KAULA (S)Echinoch/oa hap/oc/ada (Stapf) Stapf (Gramineae): MANY AMA WO (M); MELA (0)Ehretia sp (Boraginaceae): GOROMS-GARERO (0)Erythrina me/anacantha Harms (= Erythrina rotundato-obovata Bak. f.) (Papilionaceae):

NY ALA-ZA-SIBA (M); WOLES (0); BURA (S)Erythrococca kirkii (Muel!. Arg.) Prain (Euphorbiaceae): DA WA USHINGO (M)



Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. (Erythroxylaceae): MOTY A-MWOQA (M)Euclea natalensis A. DC. ssp obovata F. White (= Eucleafructuosa Hiem) (Ebenaceae):

MULUQISA (M); LUKISA (0)Euphorbia cryptospinosa Bally (Euphorbiaceae): DALITH-HOKO (0); DALUTHA (S)Euphorbia gossypina Pax var gossypina (Euphorbiaceae): DANA (M); DAALITH, DALITH

(0); ANOL (S)Euphorbia grandicornis Goebel (Euphorbiaceae): KALA WILLE (0); KALAULA (S)Euphorbia robecchii Pax (Euphorbiaceae): HATHAMA (M); HADHAMA (0);

DARKHEN(S)Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae): DANA (M); WADIDA (0); DANA (S)Ficus bussei Mildbr. & Burret (Moraceae): MUMBALAMBALE (M)Ficus capreaefolia Del. (Moraceae): LOJO (M); ARABA (0)Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae): MOKOYO (M); ODHA (0); BARDAH (S)Ficus sp (Moraceae): MUVUMA (M)Flagellaria guineensis Schumach. (Flagellariaceae): ITITOWKI (M); TOTOKE (0)Garcinia livingstonei T. Anders (Guttiferae): MCHICHOZI (M); DARISS (0); CHAN-

FAROD (S)Gardeniafiorii Chiov. (Rubiaceae): KARO (0); KARRO (S)Gardenia volkensii K. Sch. (Rubiaceae): DAMBEL (0)Givotia gosai A.R. Smith (Euphorbiaceae): KOSAIYE (M); KOSAIYE (0); KOSAI (S)Grewia bic%r Juss. (Tiliaceae): HARORU, HARORU-MIYAA (0); DEBHI (S)Grewia densa K. Schum. (Tiliaceae): FAHF AH (M); HARORU, HARORU-MIY AA (0);

BEBHI (S)Grewia lilacina K. Schum. (Tiliaceae): ORONKIO-GALA (0); DEKA-BONATI (S)Grewiaplagiophylla K. Schum. (Tiliaceae): FAHFAH (M); HARORU-HADDA (0);

DEBHI (S)Grewia stuhlmannii K. Schum. (Tiliaceae): FAHFAH-GEMA (M); HARORU, HARORU-

MIY AA (0); DEBHI (S)Grewia tembensis Fres. (Tiliaceae): DEKA-DUBRA (0); MURIE-BONATI (S)Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori (Tiliaceae): DEKA (M); DEKA (0); DEKHA (S)Grewia vil/osa Willd. (Tiliaceae): OGHONDI (M); OGOMDI (0); KAMASHA (S)Gyrocarpus hababensis Chiov. var angustifolius Verde. (Hemandiaceae): KA WISA (0)Harrisonia abyssinica Olivo (Simaroubaceae): GORA (M); GORA (0); EDDIH-CHABEL (S)Hibiscus vitifolius L. (Malvaceae): HACHINI (0)Hildebrandtia sepalosa Rendle (Convolvulaceae): WOGHO (M); nRMACH (0)Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes. (Celastraceae): MOW (M); GALE (0)Hunteria zey/anica Thw. var africana (K. Sch.) Pichon (Apocynaceae): MUDEENO (M);

DANO(O)Hyphaene compressa H. Wendl. (= Hyphaene coriaceae Gaertn.) (Palmae): MOKOMA, young

plants MEZI (M); KONE, young plants METI (0); BARR, young plants DABELL (S)Indigofera schimperi Jaub. & Spach var baukeana (Vatke) Gillett (Papilionaceae): CHARARA

CHANA (M); SHARARA (0); DIRRKHA (S)Indigofera schimperi Jaub. & Spach var schimperi (Papilionaceae): CHARARA-CHANA (M);

SHARARA (0); DIRRKHA (S)Indigofera spinosa Forssk. (Papilionaceae): LITIS (0); KHODAH- THOL (S)Indigofera tinctoria L. (Papilionaceae): CHARARA-NAJA (M); MORASI (0)Jatropha dichtar Macbr. (Euphorbiaceae): GURUR (0); DIGDAR (S)



Jatrophafissispina Pax (Euphorbiaceae): DA WA-BUNA (M); BURANKES, BURANKIS (0);HALBUN(S)

Jatropha spicata Pax (Euphorbiaceae): DA WA-BUNA (M); MUK-SALA (0); HALBUN (S)Josephinia africana Vatke (Pedaliaceae): KUMUDHU-ARBA (0); GAANDI-MOROTHI (S)Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (= Kigelia aethiopum (Fenzl) Dandy) (Bignoniaceae):

MOBWOKA (M); BOGH (0); BUKUROLA (S)Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiem (Rubiaceae): MUBUNA JOVU (M); MUK

GURACH(O)Lannea alata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae): SUFI-BARA (M); KUMUUDHE (0);

KUMUDHE(S)Lannea triphylla (A. Rich.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae): HANDARAKU, HANDARAKU-GOLDJA

(0); WA-ANRI (S)Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae): MOSORY A (M); DURRUR (0); ELAN (S)Lecaniodiscusfraxinifolius Bak. (Sapindaceae): MOTOWBI (M); MATOMPA (0);

CHANAH(S)Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. (= Aphania senegalensis (Poir.) Radlk.) (Sapindaceae):

MUQANTO(M)Maerua denhardtiorum Gilg (Capparaceae): QUQUBE (M); KUKUBE (0); OHIA (S)Maerua macrantha Gilg (Capparaceae): ALAKAL (M); ALLAKAL (0)Maerua subcordata (Gilg) De Wolf (Capparaceae): DAWA NYOKA, DAWA MAAZE (M);

KUKUBE- TARI (0); OHIA SAGARA (S)Maerua triphylla A. Rich var calophylla (Gilg) De Wolf (Capparaceae): KALAQACHA (M);

KALKACH-HARE (0); DUMEI (S)Manilkara mochisia (Bak.) Dubard (Sapotaceae): MUWARADE (M); WARADHE (0);

WARADHE(S)Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) Engl. (Bignoniaceae): MCHAANDA (M)May tenus heterophylla (Eckl & Zeyh.) N. Robson (Celastraceae): MOKALAKALA (M);

KOBOCH (0); MANDARUK (S)May tenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell (Celastraceae): BAAGASA (M); KOBOCH (0);

MANDARUK (S)Melia volkens;; Guerke (Meliaceae): BAMBA (0)Meyna tetraphylla (Hiem) Robyns ssp comorensis (Robyns) Verde. (Rubiaceae): MUBURURI

(M); BURURI (0)Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosaceae): ARANYOGO (M); DALANA (0)Mimusops obtusifolia Lam (= Mfruticosa A. DC.) (Sapotaceae): MUNUGAU (M); KOLATI

(0); KOLA TI (S)Momordica spinosa (Gilg) Chiov. (Cucurbitaceae): MIDDAN-KAJIBW A (0);

MA THAHBOK (S)Momordica trifoliolata Hook. f. (Cucurbitaceae): BHURE (M); GALE (0); BARABAR (S)Moringa borziana Mattei (Moringaceae): SAF ARA (M); SAF ARRA (0); MAW AH (S)Newtonia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Torre (Mimosaceae): MUWWARALE (M); MIROLE (0)Ocimum basi/icum L. (Labiatae): HANTIRO, HANTIRRO, HANTIRO-LONI, HANTIRRO-

LONI (0); RIHAN (S)Ocimum hadiense Forssk. (Labiatae): HANTIRO-GOLDJA (0)Oncella ambigua (Engl.) Van Tiegh (Loranthaceae): KINYUNI (M); DERTE (0); KADHU (S)Oncoba spinosa Forssk. (Flacourtiaceae): MUCHAAGU (M); SHIKO (0)Opi/ia campestris Engl. (Opiliaceae): AFUGUBA (M); AFGUB (0); AFGUB (S)Parkinsonia anacantha Brenan (Caesalpiniaceae): MUK-BEE (0)



Parquetina nigrescens (Afz.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae): ALWOTA (M)Pavetta sphaerobotrys K. Schum. ssp tanaica (Bremek.) Bridson (Rubiaceae): MWANA-

MOKA(M)Phoenix rec/inata Jacq. (Palmae): GEDO (M); KONCHOR (0); ALOL (S)Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. (Gramineae): MAGUGU (M); GOMES (0)Phragmites mauritianus Kunth (Gramineae): GADHIYO (M); GADIO (0)Phyllanthus guineensis Pax (Euphorbiaceae): MOTY A-BO (M)Phyllanthus somalensis Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae): KORMOTO (M); KOMORTO (0);

KAMORA(S)Platycelyphium voense (Engl.) Wild (Papilionaceae): MUKSATA WO (0); SABANSAIDA (S)Pluchea dioscoridis DC. (Compositae): MUNYONYO, MINYONYO (M)Polysphaeria multiflora Hiem (Rubiaceae): MUBUNA (M)Populus ilicifolia (Engl.) Rouleau (Salicaceae): MULALATI (M); LALAFTO (0); SIRKH (S)Premna resinosa Schauer (Verbenaceae): KATE-DIMTU (0); DJADJALLAH (S)Premna velutina Guerke (V erbenaceae): MOTY ATUDU (M); MANOCHA (0)Pterodiscus ruspolii Engl. (Pedaliaceae): LILU (0)Pupalia lappacea (L.) A. Juss. (Amaranthaceae): KILUMATA (M); HAKANKARETI (0);

DEBEKT AH (S)Rauvoljia mombasiana Stapf (Apocynaceae): LUPIKI (M)Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae): MOBONU (M); KOBOO (0); GlTKALA T (S)Rinorea elliptica (Oliv.) O. Ktze. (Violaceae): MONOFWA-KUKU, MUDHURAJHO (M)Saba comorensis (DC.) Pichon (Apocynaceae): LOGUO (M)Salada madagascariensis (Lam.) DC. (Celastraceae): MWITWA-MOW (M); GALE (0)Salsola dendroides Pall. var africana Brenan (Chenopodiaceae): DURTE (M); DURTE (0);

DURTE (S)Salvadora persica L. var persica (Salvadoraceae): Dry bushland: MUSUAKI (M); ADE (0);

ADHEI (S); Transitional zone: MUSUAKI (M); DALKA TH (0); ADHEI (S)SansevieriapowelliiN.E. Br. (Agavaceae): KONTOMA (M); KOTOM (0); ALGAH (S)Sansevieria sp. (Agavaceae): OKOOGWE (M); DURARTE (0); DURAR (S)Sc/erocarya gillettii Kokwaro (Anacardiaceae): HUDAHUDO-LONI (0)Securinega virosa (Willd.) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae): MOKORORO (M); KORORO (0)Sericocomopsis pallida (S.Moore) Schinz (Amaranthaceae): HALKADHE (M); ABALONI

(0); KASHIN-ADDAH (S)Sesamothamnus busseanus Engl. (Pedaliaceae): LILU (0); SALEL-MAAH (S)Sesbania quadrata Gillett (Papilionaceae): MOCHOBWE (M); LEBIER (S)Sida ovata Forssk. (Malvaceae): MUVUJA-HUKUMU (M)Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae): MUHIDI (M); HIDI (0); KARIR (S)Solanum sp (Solanaceae): MUHIDI (M); HIDI (0); KARIR (S)Sorindcia madagascariensis DC. (Anacardiaceae): MWEBEBE (M)Spirostachys venenifera (Pax) Pax (= Excoecaria venenifera Pax) (Euphorbiaceae): MWACHA

(M); WOLKON (0); HAIY AH-BADOD (S)Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae): MUFUNO (M); MAFUNO (0)Sterculia rhynchocarpa K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae): QARARHI (M); KHARARRI (0);

KHARANDRI (S)Strophanthus mirabilis Gilg (Apocynaceae): ALWOTA-MOTE (M); BELLAM (0)Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg (Loganiaceae): MUSUKARI (M); KITOL (0); KITOLE (S)Tapurafischeri Engl. (Dichapetalaceae): MUSIGlSIGlY A-JOVU (M)Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae): MORHOQA (M); RHOKA (0); RAHKAI (S)


134 F.N. Gaehathi, S.G. Johansson & G.M. Alakoski-Johansson

Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (Tamarieaeeae): DURTY A WACHOLOH, DURTY A JOVU(M); DURTE-GALANA (O);DURTEH (S)

Tennantia sennii (Chiov.) Verde. & Bridson (= Xeromphis keniensis Tennant) (Rubiaeeae):HANCHA-DIMES (0); ORGAB (S)

Terminalia brevipes Pampan. (Combretaeeae): MOKOKOLA (M); ALANGO (0);ALLAN(S)

Terminalia brownii Fres. (Combretaeeae): HARIRIGO (0); HARAR (S)Terminalia orbicularis Engl. & Diels (Combretaeeae): BISIQA (M); BISIK (0); BISAKH (S)Terminalia parvula Pampan (Combretaeeae): QORHOBO (M); KOROBO (0);

KORDOBO(S)Terminaliaprunioides Laws. (Combretaeeae): MWANGATA (M); BIRES (0); HARERI (S)Thespesia danis Olivo (Malvaeeae): MUDAANISA (M); DAANIS, DANIS (0); KAPHAN (S)Thylachium thomasii Gilg (Capparaeeae): QUQUBE (M); DIKA (0); ORIA (S)Tragia hildebrandtii Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaeeae): LALESA (M); LALESA (0)Trichilia emetica Vahl (= Trichilia roka (Forssk.) Chiov.) (Meliaeeae): MUFAATE (M);

SHOKE, SOKE (0)Typha domingensis Pers. (Typhaeeae): HABHUR-GANA (M); HABURR (0); DARA (S)Uvaria leptocladon Olivo (Annonaeeae): MOSHOLOLE (M); SHOLOLE (0); SHOLOLE (S)Vernonia hildebrandtii Vatke (Compositae): ORBISA (M)Wrightia demartiniana Chiov. (= Piaggiaea demartiana (Chiov.) Chiov.) (Apoeynaeeae): HAE

(0); HAY AH-HA YAH (S)Ximenia americana L. (Olaeaeeae): HUDA-HUDO (M); HUDA-HUDO BADDAH (0)



APPENDIX 3: Alphabetical listing of local names

135

ABAKH (8): Acacia tortilis ssp raddiana,Acacia tortilis ssp spirocarpa

ABALONI (0): Sericocomopsis pallidaADE (0): Salvadora persica var persica (dry

bushland)ADHEI (8): Salvadora persica var persicaAFUGUBA (M): Opilia campestrisAFGUB (0, 8): Opilia campestrisALAKAL (M): Maerua macranthaALANGO (0): Terminalia brevipesALGAH (8): Sansevieria powelliiALLAKAL (0): Cadaba gillett;;, Maerua

macrantha

ALLAN (8): Terminalia brevipesALOL (8): Phoenix reclinataAL WOT A (M): Parquetina nigrescensALWOTA-MOTE (M): Strophanthus

mirabilis

ANANIA (8): Dalechampia scandens varcordofana

ANOL (8): Euphorbia gossypina vargossypina

ARABA (0): Cordia ovalis, Ficuscapreaefolia

ARANYOGO (M): Mimosa pigraARJEH (8): Asparagus africanus

BAAGA8A (M): May tenus senegalensisBADDAN (0): Balanites pedicellaris, B.

rotundifoliaBALAMBAL (8): Abutilon affpannosumBAMBA (0): Aspilia mossambicensis, Melia

volkens;;

BARABAR (8): Momordica trifoliolataBARDAH (8): Ficus sycomorusBARR (8): Hyphaene compressaBEBHI (8): Grewia densaBELLAM (0): Strophanthus mirabilisBHURE (M): Momordica trifoliolataBIL-EL (8): Acacia mellifera ssp melliferaBIRE8 (0): Terminalia prunioidesBI8AKH (8): Terminalia orbicularisBI8IK (0): Terminalia orbicularisBI8IQA (M): Terminalia orbicularisBOGH (0): Kigelia africanaBUBUTOLE (M): Caralluma russelliana

BUKUROLA (8): Kigelia africanaBURA (0): Acacia elatior ssp elatiorBURA (8): Erythrina melanacanthaBURA-DIMA (0): Acacia senegal var

leiorhachis

BURANKE8 (0): JatrophaflssispinaBURANKI8 (0): JatrophaflssispinaBURBUR (8): Carphalea glaucescens ssp

glaucescensBURRA (8): Acacia elatior ssp elatiorBURURI (0): Meyna tetraphylla ssp

comorensis

CHABHI (8): Cissus aphyllaCHACHANEH (0): Acacia paolii, Acacia

horrid a ssp benadirensisCHALABDO (0): Acacia nilotica ssp

subalata

CHAN-FAROD (8): Garcinia livingstoneiCHANAH (8): Lecaniodiscus fraxinifoliusCHANAH-ABAFUNGA (0): Commiphora

spnov'Q'CHANAH-UDE8I (0): Commiphora rostrataCHARARA-CHANA (M): Indigofera

schimperi var baukeana, 1. schimperi varschimperi

CHARARA-NAJA (M): Indigofera tinctoriaCHONEH (M): Commiphora rostrataCHONY A-BAAFUGHA (M): Commiphora

sp nov 'Q'CHY ACHY ANE (M): Acacia paolii

DAALITH (0): Euphorbia gossypina vargossypina

DAANI8 (0): Thespesia danisDA-AR (8): Aloe spDA-ARBULLOKH (8): Aloe ruspolianaDABA8 (0): Acacia tortilis ssp spirocarpaDABA80 (0): Acacia tortilis ssp spirocarpaDAB ELL (8): Hyphaene compressa (young

plant)DACKDO (0): Commiphora boiviniana ssp

holosericea

DADACH (0): Acacia tortilis ssp raddianaDADACHA (M): Acacia tortilis ssp

raddiana, A. tortilis ssp spirocarpa



DADECH (0): Acacia tortilis ssp raddianaDADWOTA (M): Acacia torti/is ssp

raddiana, A. tortilis ssp spirocarpaDAGAAJI (M): Cyathula coriaceaDAKAJI (0, S): Cyathula coriaceaDAKAJI-HOLA (0): Achyranthes asperaDAKAR (0): Boswellia neglectaDALADHU (0, S): Cyperus rotundusDALANA (0): Mimosa pigraDALITH (0): Euphorbia gossypina var

gossypinaDALITH-HOKO (0): Euphorbia

cryptospinosaDALKA TH (0): Salvadora persica var

persica (transitional zone)DALUTHA (S): Euphorbia cryptospinosaDAMAJA (S): Commiphora candidulaDAMBEL (0): Gardenia volkensiiDANA (M): Euphorbia gossypina var

gossypinaDANA (M, S): Euphorbia tirucalliDANIS (0): Thespesia danisDANO (0): Hunteria zeylanica var africanaDARA (S): Typha domingensisDARISS (0): Garcinia livingstoneiDARKHEN (S): Euphorbia robecchiiDARSA (0): Combretum aculeatumDA WA MAAZE (M): Maerua subcordataDA WA NYOKA (M): Maerua subcordata

DA WA USHINGO (M): Erythrococca kirkiiDA WA -BUNA (M): Jatropha jissispina, J.

spicataDEBEKTAH (S): Pupalia lappaceaDEB HI (S): Grewia bicolor, G. plagiophylla,

G. stuhlmannii

DEEN (S): Berchemia discolorDEKA (M, 0): Grewia tenaxDEKA-BONA TI (S): Grewia lilacinaDEKA-DUBRA (0): Grewia tembensisDEKHA (S): Grewia tenaxDENDE (0): Dobera loranthifoliaDERTE (0): Oncella ambiguaDHOLOL (S): Calyptrotheca taitensisDIBIRKH (S): Commiphora boiviniana ssp

holosericea

DIGDAR (S): Jatropha dichtarDIKA (0): Thylachium thomasii

DIRRI (0): Carphalea glaucescens sspglaucescens

DIRRKHA (S): Indigofera schimperi varbaukeana, L schimperi var schimperi

DJADJALLAH (S): Premna resinosaDUBANJIRI (0): (not identified)DUBHANJIRI (M): (not identified)DUJUME (0): Calyptrotheca taitensisDUMEI (S): Cadaba farinosa, Maerua

triphylla var calophyllaDURAR (S): Sansevieria sp.DURARTE (0): Sansevieria sp.DURRUR (0): Lawsonia inermis L.DURTE (M, 0, S): Salsola dendroides var

africanaDURTE-GALANA (0): Tamarix niloticaDURTEH (S): Tamarix niloticaDURTYA JOVU (M): Tamarix niloticaDURTY A WACHOLOH (M): Tamarix

nilotica

EDDIH-CHABEL (S): Harrisonia abpssinicaELAN (S): Lawsonia inermisERGAMS (0): Asparagus africanusERGAMSA (M): Asparagus africanusETHAD (S): Acacia hamulosa, A. senegal var

senegalETHAD-GHERI (S): Acacia senegal var

leiorhachis

FAHF AH (M): Grewia densa, G.plagiophylla

FAHF AH-GEMA (M): Grewia stuhlmanniiFOODH-ADDAH (S): Arva lanataFULAI (S): Acacia zanzibarica var

zanzibarica

GAAJIR (0): Acacia rovumaeGAANDI-MOROTHI (S): Josephinia

africanaGADHIYO (M): Phragmites mauritianusGADIO (0): Phragmites mauritianusGALE (0): Hippocratea africana,

Momordica trifoliolata, Salaciamadagascariensis

GARAS (S): Dobera glabra, D. loranthifoliaGASHIR (0): Dobera glabraGEDO (M): Phoenix reclinata



GHAMA-KINUGI (M): Cissus aphyllaGHEREBE (0): Combretum constrictumGHEREBHE (M): Combretum constrictumGITKALA T (S): Ricinus communisGOCHAN-GOL (S): Adenium obesumGOLLOL (S): Acacia busseiGOLOCH (0): Acacia busseiGOMES (0): Phragmites australisGORA (S): Caesalpinia trothae ssp erlangeriGORA (0, S): Capparis jascicularis var

jascicularis, C. sepiariaGORA (M, 0): Harrisonia abyssinicaGORA-NYILO (M): Capparis tomentosaGORA ZA JOVU (M): Capparis tomentosaGOROMS-GARERO (0): Ehretia spGUDIS (0): Acacia torti/is ssp raddiana

(young plant)GUMURR (S): Acacia nubicaGURUR (0): Jatropha dichtar

HABACHO (0): Albizia anthelminticaHABACHU (0): Albizia anthelminticaHABALAKES (0): Acacia mellifera ssp

melliferaHABAMBAL (0): Abuti/on affpannosumHABASHO (S): Albizia anthelminticaHABHUR-GANA (M): Typha domingensisHABURR (0): Typha domingensisHACHINI (0): Hibiscus vitifoliusHADHAMA (0): Euphorbia robecchiiHAE (0): Wrightia demartinianaHAGARSU (0): Commiphora paoliiHAGAGO (S): Acacia horrida ssp

benadirensis (pod)HAGAR (S): Commiphora paoliiHAGHARSU (M): Commiphora paoliiHAIY AH-BADOD (S): Spirostachys

veneniferaHAJOLA (S): Commiphora confusa VollesenHAKANKARETI (0): Pupalia lappaceaHALAKU-AJO (0): Cissus aphyllaHALBUN (S): Jatrophafissispina, J. spicataHALKADHE (M): Sericocomopsis pallidaHAMARES (0): Caesalpinia trothae ssp

erlangeriHAMMES-ARBA (0): Commiphora sp

nov'P'

137

HAMMES-SAGARA (S): Commiphoraafricana

HANCHA-DIMES (0): Tennantia senniiHANDARAKU (0): Lannea triphyllaHANDARAKU-GOLDJA (0): Lannea

triphyllaHANTIRO (0): Ocimum basi/icumHANTIRRO (0): Ocimum basi/icumHANTIRO-GOLDJA (0): Ocimum hadienseHANTIRO-LONI (0): Ocimum basi/icumHANTIRRO-LONI (0): Ocimum basi/icumHARAR (S): Terminalia browniiHARERI (S): Terminalia prunioidesHARGES (0): Aloe spHARGESA (M): Aloe spHARlRlGO (0): Terminalia browniiHARORU (0): Grewia bicolor, G. densa, G.

stuhlmannii

HARORU-MIY AA (0): Grewia bicolor, G.densa, G. stuhlmannii

HARORU-HADDA (0): Grewiaplagiophylla

HA THAMA (M): Euphorbia robecchiiHAY AH-HA YAH (S): Wrightia

demartiniana

HIDI (0): Solanum incanum, Solanum spHOTHEI (S): Commiphora sp nov 'P'HUDA-HUDO (M): Ximenia americanaHUDA-HUDO BADDAH (0): Ximenia

americana

HUDAHUDO-LONI (0): Sclerocaryagillettii

ILKABA TA (S): Cadaba ruspoliiILKABA TH (0): Cadaba ruspoliiITITOWKI (M): Flagellaria guineensis

JAJAB (0): Berchemia discolorJAJABHO (M): Berchemia discolor (fruit)JAJANEH (S): Acacia paoliiJIRMACH (0): Hildebrandtia sepalosaJOLOKO-ZA-BHIZOKA (M): Cassia

occidentalis

KADHU (S): Oncella ambiguaKADOE (M): Combretum paniculatumKAKA-MCHANGANI (M): Carissa edulis



KALAQACHA (M): Boscia coriacea,Cadaba farinosa, Cadaba farinosa ssp

farinosa, Maerua triphy//a var calophy//aKALAULA (S): Euphorbia grandicornisKALA WILLE (0): Euphorbia grandicornisKALKACH (0): Boscia coriacea, Cassine

aquifoliumKALKACH-HARE (0): Cadabafarinosa,

Maerua triphy//a var calophy//aKAMASHA (S): Grewia vi//osaKAMORA (8): Phy//anthus somalensisKAPHAN (8): Thespesia danisKARAPELA (0): Clerodendrum acerbianumKARHABELA (M): Clerodendrum

acerbianum

KARIR (8): Solanum incanum, Solanum sp.KARO (0): GardeniafioriiKARRO (8): GardeniafioriiKA8HIN-ADDAH (8): Sericocomopsis

pa//idaKATE (0): Blepharispermumfruticosum ssp

lanceolatum

KA TE-DIMTU (0): Premna resinosaKATE-GURATI (0): Cadabafarinosa ssp

farinosaKAULA (8): Ecbolium striatumKA WI8A (0): Gyrocarpus hababensis var

angustifoliusKHALANGHAL (8): Boscia coriacea

KHARANDRI (8): Sterculia rhynchocarpaKHARARRI (0): Sterculia rhynchocarpaKHODAH- THOL (8): Indigofera spinosaKIDHALAKA (M): Ecbolium striatumKILCHACHO (0): Commiphora confusa

Vollesen

KILUMA TA (M): Pupalia lappaceaKINYUNI (M): Once//a ambiguaKITOL (0): Strychnos decussataKITOLE (8): Strychnos decussataKIVUJA-MUDI (M): Acalypha sp

KOBOCH (0): May tenus heterophy//a, Msenegalensis

KOBOO (0): Ricinus communisKOHKON (8): Combretum hereroenseKOLA TI (8): Diospyros mespi/iformisKOLA TI (0, 8): Mimusops obtusifoliaKOLA TI-GURA TI (0): Diospyros

mespiliformis

KOMORTO (0): Phy//anthus somalensisKOMPER (0): Commiphora africanaKOMPERA (0): Commiphora africanaKONCHOR (0): Phoenix reclinataKONE (0): Hyphaene compressaKONKON (0): Combretum hereroenseKONTOMA (M): Sansevieria powe//iiKORDOBO (8): Terminalia parvulaKORMOTO (M): PhyJ/anthus somalensisKOROBO (0): Terminalia parvulaKORORO (0): Flueggia virosaK08AI (8): Givotia gosaiK08AlYE (M): Cephalocroton cordofanusK08AIYE (M, 0): Givotia gosaiKOSAIYE-IRIAD (8): Cephalocroton

cordofanusKOSAIYE-REA (0): Cephalocroton

cordofanusKOTE (0): Cordia sinensis (riverine forest)KOTOM (0): Sansevieria poweJ/iiKUKUBE (0): Maerua denhardtiorumKUKUBE- TARI (0): Maerua subcordataKULLAN (8): Balanites pediceJ/aris,

Balanites rotundifoliaKUMUDHE (8): Lannea alataKUMUDHU-ARBA (0): Josephinia africanaKUMUUDHE (0): Lannea alataKURIMO (M): Cyperus articulatusKURO (0, 8): Commiphora campestrisKURR (0): Cyperus articulatusKURRA (M): Cyperus articulatus

LALAFTO (0): Populus i/icifo/iaLALE8A (M, 0): Tragia hi/debrandtiiLALE8A ARBA (0): Dalechampia scandens

var cordofanaLEBHI (8): Delonix elataLEBIER (8): Sesbania quadrataLILU (0): Pterodiscus ruspo/ii,

Sesamothamnus busseanus

LITIS (0): Indigofera spinosaLOGUO (M): Saba comorensisLOJO (M): Ficus capreaefo/iaLUKISA (0): Euclea natalensis ssp obovataLUPIKI (M): Rauvo/fia mombasianaLUV ADHIN-DURE (8): Aspi/ia

mossambicensis



MADER (0): Cordia sinensis (dry bushland)MADERA (M, 0): Cordia sinensis (dry

bushland)MADER- WARABESA (0): Cordia crenataMAFUNO (0): Sterculia appendiculataMAGUGU (M): Phragmites australisMAKANGA YA (M): Cyperus rotundusMAKEKE (M): Ampelocissus africanaMANDARUK (S): May tenus heterophylla,

M senegalensisMANOCHA (0): Premna velutinaMANY AMA WO (M): Echinochloa

haplocladaMARAFA (0): Borassus aethiopumMARDAF A (S): Borassus aethiopumMARER (S): Cordia sinensis (dry bushland)MARER-GIRGIR (S): Cordia goetzei, C.

ovalis

MARER-KHOH (S): Cordia sinensis(riverine)

MAT-BUTO (0): Caralluma russellianaMA THAHBOK (S): Momordica spinosaMA TOMP A (0): Lecaniodiscus fraxinifoliusMAW AH (S): Moringa borzianaMCHAANDA (M): Markhamia zanzibaricaMCHICHOZI (M): Garcinia livingstoneiMELA (0): Echinochloa haplocladaMET! (0): Hyphaene compressa (young

plants)MEZI (M): Hyphaene compressa (young

plants)MIDDAN-KAJIBW A (0): Momordica

spinosaMINYONYO (M): Pluchea dioscoridisMIRAFUR (S): Boswellia neglectaMIROLE (0): Newtonia hildebrandtiiMOBONU (M): Ricinus communisMOBWOKA (M): Kigelia africanaMOCHOBWE (M): Sesbania quadrataMOGOGO (M): Acacia rovumaeMOKABUKIYE (M): Aristolochia

bracteolata

MOKALAKALA (M): Carissa edulis,May tenus heterophylla

MOKAMUKEW A (M): Arva lanataMOKOKOLA (M): Terminalia brevipesMOKOMA (M): Hyphaene compressa

139

MOKOPA (M): Dobera glabra, D.loranthifolia

MOKORORO (M): Securinega virosaMOKOWLO (M): Diospyros mespiliformisMOKOYO (M): Ficus sycomorusMONOFW A-KUKU (M): Rinorea ellipticaMORASI (0): Indigofera tinctoriaMORHOQA (M): Tamarindus indicaMOSHOLOLE (M): Uvaria leptocladonMOSORY A (M): Lawsonia inermisMOTEMWELO (M): Albizia gummiferaMOTOWBI (M): Lecaniodiscus fraxinifoliusMOTY A-BHUBHA (M): Calotropis procera,

Datura metel

MOTY A-BO (M): Phyllanthus guineensisMOTY A-IZIBA (M): Deinbollia borbonicaMOTY A-MOWGI (M): Diospyros

abyssinicaMOTY A-MWOQA (M): Erythroxylum

emarginatumMOTY A-RUGHA (M): Calotropis proceraMOTY ATUDU (M): Premna velutinaMOW (M): Hippocratea africanaMRHUGA (M): Calotropis proceraMUBADANA (M): Balanites pedicellaris,

Balanites rotundifoliaMUBUNA (M): Polysphaeria multifloraMUBURURI (M): Meyna tetraphylla ssp

comorensis

MUCHAAGU (M): Oncoba spinosaMUCHUCHA TA (M, 0): Cordia goezeiMUDAANISA (M): Thespesia danisMUDEENO (M): Hunteria zeylanica var

africana

MUDHURAJHO (M): Rinorea ellipticaMUF AA TE (M): Trichilia emeticaMUFUNO (M): Sterculia appendiculataMUHIDI (M): Solanum incanum, Solanum spMUJAJABHO (M): Berchemia discolorMUK-BEE (0): Parkinsonia anacanthaMUK-BUKIE (0): Aristolochia bracteolataMUK-F ADJI (0): Adenium obesumMUK-GURACH (0): Lamprothamnus

zanguebaricusMUK-RHUGA (0): Calotropis proceraMUK-SABO (0): Arva lanataMUK-SALA (0): Jatropha spicataMUK-SUFI (0): Ceiba pentandra



MUKSA TA WO (0): Platycelyphium voenseMULALA TI (M): Populus ilicifoliaMULUQISA (M): Euclea natalensis ssp

obovata

MUL WABO (M): Dalechampia scandens varcordofana

MUMBALAMBALE (M): Ficus busseiMUNUGAU (M): Mimusops obtusifoliaMUNY AGA T (0): Acacia robusta ssp

usambarensis

MUNY ANGA T (0): Acacia robusta sspusambarensis

MUNYONYO (M): Pluchea dioscoridisMUP AKA TA (M): Cynometra aff C. webberiMUQANTO (M): Lepisanthes senegalensisMURIE-BONA TI (S): Grewia tembensis

MURIF ATE (M): Borassus aethiopumMUSADYEQA (M): Caesalpinia bonducMUSIGISIGI (M): Antidesma venosumMUSIGlSIGlY A-JOVU (M): TapurafisheriMUSUAKI (M): Salvadora persica var

persicaMUSUFI (M): Ceiba pentandraMUSUKARI (M): Strychnos decussataMUTAALE (M): Cordia sinensis (riverine

forest)MUTAL YA-NAJA (M): Cordia sinensis (dry

bushland)MUTL YA-CHANA (M): Cordia sinensis (in

riverine forest)MUUGA (M): Acacia elatior ssp elatiorMUUGA-FUWE (M): Acacia robusta ssp

usambarensis

MUVUJA-HUKUMU (M): Sida ovataMUVUMA (M): Ficus spMUW ACHYU (M): Acacia zanzibarica var

zanzibarica

MUW ARADE (M): Manilkara mochisiaMUWW ARALE (M): Newtonia hildebrandtiiMW ACHA (M): Spirostachys veneniferaMW ADAMA (M): Drypetes natalensis var

leiogynaMW ANA-MOKA (M): Pavetta

sphaerobotrys ssp tanaicaMW ANGA TA (M): Terminalia prunioidesMWEBEBE (M): Sorindeia

madagascariensisMWEZE-BANY A (M): Allophylus rubifolius

MWITW A-MOW (M): Salaciamadagascariensis

NAMW ALIKO (M): Capparis tomentosaNANAIDHO (M): Abrus precatoriusNY ALA-ZA-SIBA (M): Erythrina

melanacantha

NY AMILI (M): Cocculus hirsutus

OBA (S): Adenia globosa ssp globosaOBBE (0): Adenia globosa ssp globosaODHA (0): Ficus sycomorusOGHONDI (M): Grewia vil/osaOGOMDI (0): Grewia vil/osaOHIA (S): Maerua denhardtiorumOHIA (S): Thylachium thomasiiOHIA SAGARA (S): Maerua subcordataOKOOGWE (M): Sansevieria spORBISA (M): Vernonia hildebrandtiiORGAB (S): Tennantia senniiORONKIO-GALA (0): Grewia lilacinaOSATARI (0): Acacia hamulosa

QARARHI (M): Sterculia rhynchocarpaQORHOBO (M): Terminalia parvulaQUQUBE (M): Maerua denhardtiorum,

Thylachium thomasii

RAASAIYE (M): Aloe ruspolianaRAASA YE (0): Aloe ruspolianaRAHKAI (S): Tamarindus indica

RHEMANGUZI (M): Capparis sepiariaRHIGHA (M): Acacia reficiens ssp miseraRHOKA (0): Tamarindus indicaRIGH (0, S): Acacia reficiens ssp miseraRIHAN (S): Ocimum basi/icum

SABANSAIDA (S): Platycelyphium voenseSADEK (0): Caesalpinia bonducSAF ARA (M): Moringa borzianaSAFARRA (0): Moringa borzianaSALEL-MAAH (S): Sesamothamnus

busseanus

SAMPASA (M): Acacia mellifera sspmellifera

SERMAN (S): Acacia horrid a sspbenadirensis



SHARARA (0): Indigofera schimperi varbaukeana, L schimperi var schimperi

SHIKO (0): Oncoba spinosaSHOLOLE (0, S): Uvaria leptocladonSHOKE (0): Trichilia emeticaSIRKH (S): Populus ilicifo/iaSOBAGLAH (S): Commiphora sp nov 'Q'SOBONAH (0): Acacia senegal var senegalSOKE (0): Trichilia emeticaSUFI-BARA (M): Lannea alataSUKELE (M, 0): Delonix elata

TIRA (0): Anisotes tanensisTOKOCHO (0): Commiphora unilobataTOTOKE (0): Flagel/aria guineensisTUGER (S): Acacia nilotica ssp subalataTUK (0): Cadaba glandulosaTUKH (S): Cadaba glandulosaTULA TA (M): Adenium obesumTURIN-BARBAR (S): Caral/uma russellianaTUTATU (0): Anisotes ukambensis

141

UDESI (0): Commiphora rostrataUMU-SHIMPIREA (0): Abrus precatorius

WA-ANRI (S): Lannea triphyl/aWAACHU (0): Acacia zanzibarica var

zanzibarica

WADIDA (0): Euphorbia tirucalliWAIGHO (M): Azima tetracanthaWAKAMA (M): Alafia caudataWANGE (0): Acacia nubicaWARADHE (0, S): Manilkara mochisiaWARAREB (0): Commiphora candidulaWARHARHEBHO (M): Commiphora

candidula

WOGHO (M): Hildebrandtia sepalosaWOLES (0): Erythrina melanacanthaWOLKON (0): Spirostachys venenifera

YAK (0, S): Adansonia digitata


d : lwk 0 d od n r wh 2 up d d q g 6 rp d ol 1 d p h v

Documents