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TRANSCRIPT
Measuring energy poverty in Poland- a relative and an absolute definition
Dominik OwczarekInstitute for Sustainable Development, Institute of Public Affairs
Agata Miazga Institute for Structural Research
Seminary „Energy vulnerablity of the urban areas”Gdańsk, 18th June 2015
Project financed by European Climate Foundation
Energy poverty
Energy poverty is a phenomenon of experiencing difficulties in meeting basic energy needs in a household for a reasonable price- Adequate level of heating - Provision with other energy sources serving meeting
adequately basic social and biological needs of the members of a household’s
Energy poverty – types of definitions
ENERGY POVERTY
ECONOMIC POVERTYDefinition type:
ABSOLUTE EXTREME POVERTY
APPROACH MARKET BASKET
RELATIVE RELATIVE POVERTY
APPROACH 60% of median/ 50% of average
Energy poverty – UK definition
ABSOLUTE APPROACH modelenergy expenditures > 10% of income
RELATIVE APPROACH – Low Income High Costs LIHC• Criterion (LI): 60% of median of equivalent income
(AHC)+• Criterion (HC): equivalent energy expenditures > median
Energy poverty – absolute approach
10% income level
44 % energy poor households
in 2013
13% income level
34 % energy poor households
in 2013
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty – absolute definition13% of incomes
The most endangered households:One person households: 58,5% Farmers’ households: 46,6%Pensioners’ households: 44,5%Self-employed households: 44,2% Rural area households: 50,6%
Households living in detached house: 57,1%Households using local central heating: 47,2%Households using electric-powered or gas-powered stoves: 45,1%
2013:34% of population
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty – 10% definition
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Energy poverty according to absolute definition (decile groups of incomes)
próg 10% dochodów próg 13% dochodów
deciles of incomes
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty – Low Income High Costs
OriginalCriterion (LI): - 60% median of equivalent income (AHC)- 50% median of equivalent income (AHC)- statutory poverty line
Alternative definitionCriterion (HC): energy expenditures per square meter
Energy poverty – Low Income High Costs
2013Household
Budget Survey
Original definiton Alternative definition
in % Absolute value In % Absolute value
60% of median 17,1% 6 437 151 17,9% 6 735 41550% of average 16,4% 6 150 608 17,1% 6 403 456
Statutory poverty line 10,0% 3 760 720 10,8% 4 058 696
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty – Low Income High Costs
Multigenerational households: 22,4% (32,7% in group of EP)Households with 5 members and more: 21,9% (36,5% in group of EP)Households with 5 children and more: 26,6% (19,7% in group of EP), two children: 11,8% (26,7% in group of EP)Pensioners’ households: 29,1% (11% in group of EP), Disability pensioners’ households 15,5% (21,8% in group of EP)Households receiving social assistance.: 23,8% (4,9% in group of EP)
Average 17,1%(2013, BBGD)
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty – Low Income High Costs
Rural households: 32% (73,3% UEn)Households living in dwellings built between 1946 and 1960: 31,9% (23,5% in group of EP), Households living in dwellings built between 1961 and 1980: 14,1% (28,2% in group of EP) Households living in dwellins of 91-120 m2: 30,5% (32% in group of EP)Households living in the detached house: 34,5% (86,6% in group of EP)Households living in the buildings with local central heating: 28,3% (82,3% in group of EP)
Households receiving housing benefit: 6,9% (1,3% in group of EP)
Average: 17,1%(2013, BBGD)
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty – Low Income High Costs
Correlations, 2013, Household Budget Survey
Energy poverty LIHC 60% of
median
Alternative version LIHC 60% of
median
Biological type of household0,11 0,11
Number of children under 14 years old 0,14 0,10Socio-economic groups
0,18 0,20
Type of the building0,41 0,24
Class of the settlement area 0,33 0,20Heating method 0,32 0,18Dwelling area 0,22 0,15
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty– Low Income High Costs
Correlations, 2013, Household Budget Survey
Energy poverty LIHC 60% median
Alternative version LIHC 60% median
Leaking roof 0,05 0,09Dwelling comfortable warm during winter - 0,02 - 0,07Dwelling comfortable cool during summer 0,04 - 0,03Receiving housing benefit - 0,05 0,06Variables
Disposable income - 0,20 - 0,21Income per person in household - 0,28 - 0,31Energy spending (all) - 0,02 - 0,04
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty – Low Income High Costs
1 decyl 2 decyl 3 decyl 4 decyl 5 decyl 6 decyl 7 decyl 8 decyl 9 decyl 10 decyl
średnia0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5044.1
35.7
27.721.1
15.7
12.28
4.82.1 0.2
17.1
46.8
39.7
30.7
23.2
15.111
7.44
1.5 0.1
17.917.7
1312 10.9 9.8
8.9 8.6
7.9 7.25.1 10
Energy poverty in decile division
LIHC 60% mediany Alter LIHC 60% mediany % wydatków energetycznych w dochodzie
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
Energy poverty and income poverty
CorrelationsIncome poverty lines
extreme statutory relative
Energy
poverty
Absolute”13% of income” 0,13 0,13 0,16
Relative LIHC 0,14 0,18 0,20
Source: own elaboration on the basis of Household Budget Survey 2013 and KAPE data.
„13% definition” vs LIHC• Energy-poor according to LIHC definition are also energy poor according to
the „13% definiton” (90%)
• The most vulnerable groups according to both definitions:– Citizens of rural areas– Citizens of individual family houses
• Change of the most vulnerable groups:
„13% income” (34% of poor people)
• One-person household
LIHC(17% of poor people)
• Multi-generational households
