D4: SKOS and HIVE—Enhancing the Creation,

Design and Flow of Information

Speakers: Hollie WhiteJane Greenberg

Coordinator: Alan Keely

What is SKOS?

2 components:1. Thesauri2. Semantic Web

Greenberg’s vocabulary control continuum

Classical view of ILS languages

<___|____|_______|______I______I______I__>Simple thesauri/ deeper taxonomies low level

full/intricate

Key word CV thesauri ontologies ontologies

Lists (WordNet) (OWL)

Thesaural identifiers• SN Scope Note – Instruction, e.g. don’t invert phrases

• USE Use (another term in preference to this one)

• UF Used For• BT Broader Term• NT Narrower Term• RT Related Term

Syndetic Relationships

• Hierarchical• Equivalent • Associative

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Hierarchical• Level of generality – both preferred

terms• BT (broader term)– Robins

BT Birds• NT (narrower term)– Birds

NT Robins

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Equivalent• When two or more terms represent

the same concept• One is the preferred term

(descriptor), where all the information is collected

• The other is the non-preferred and helps the user to find the appropriate term

Equivalent• Non-preferred term USE Preferred term– Nuclear Power USE Nuclear Energy– Periodicals USE Serials

• Preferred term UF (used for) Non-preferred term– Nuclear Energy UF Nuclear Power– Serials UF Periodicals

Associative• One preferred term is related to

another preferred term• Non-hierarchical• “See also” function• In any large thesaurus, a significant

number of terms will mean similar things or cover related areas, without necessarily being synonyms or fitting into a defined hierarchy

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Associative• Related Terms (RT) can be used to

show these links within the thesaurus– Bed

RT Bedding– Paint Brushes

RT Painting– Vandalism

RT Hostility– Programming

RT Software

SKOS: Simple Knowledge Organization Systems

XMLRDF

OWLSKOS

Markup Languages“is a system for annotating a text in a way

which is syntactically distinguishable from that text.”

Using tags:

<tag>content to be rendered</tag>

Or a keyword in brackets to distinguish texts

--from Wikipedia

Descriptive MarkupDescriptive Markup“the markup is used to label parts of the

document rather than to provide specific instructions as to how they should be processed. The objective is to decouple the inherent structure of the document from any particular treatment or rendition of it. Such markup is often described as "semantic".

--from Wikipedia

XMLExtensible Markup Language--Created by the World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C).--Used to mark up documents on the

internet or electronic documents.--Users get to describe the tags that

are used and define how they are used.

NBII in XML<CONCEPT>

<DESCRIPTOR>Zygotes</DESCRIPTOR> <UF>Ookinetes</UF> <BT>Ova</BT> <NT>Oocysts</NT> <RT>Hemizygosity</RT> <RT>Reproduction</RT> <RT>Zygosity</RT> <SC>ASF Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries</SC> <SC>LSC Life Sciences</SC> <STA>Approved</STA> <TYP>Descriptor</TYP> <INP>2007-08-14</INP>  <UPD>2007-08-14</UPD>

</CONCEPT>

RDFResource Description Framework“is a family of World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C)  specifications originally designed as a metadata data model. It has come to be used as a general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources, using a variety of syntax formats”

--from Wikipedia

OWL

Web Ontology Language--knowledge representation language

for displaying ontologies working with logic

SKOS• Family of languages used to

describe thesauri, controlled vocabulary, subject headings, and taxonomies.

NBII in SKOS/RDF<rdf:Description

rdf:about="http://thesaurus.nbii.gov/nbii#Zygotes"><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#Concept"/><skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://thesaurus.nbii.gov/nbii#conceptScheme"/><skos:altLabel>Ookinetes</skos:altLabel><skos:broader rdf:resource="http://thesaurus.nbii.gov/nbii#Ova"/><skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://thesaurus.nbii.gov/nbii#Oocysts"/><skos:prefLabel>Zygotes</skos:prefLabel><skos:related rdf:resource="http://thesaurus.nbii.gov/nbii#Hemizygosity"/><skos:related rdf:resource="http://thesaurus.nbii.gov/nbii#Zygosity"/><skos:scopeNote>ASF Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries LSC Life Sciences</skos:scopeNote>

</rdf:Description>

Simple SKOS Tags

Skos: conceptSkos:prefLabelSkos:altLabelSkos:broaderSkos:narrowerSkos:related

SKOS tags• SN Scope Note = skos:scopeNote• USE Use = skos:prefLabel• UF Used For = skos:altLabel• BT Broader Term = skos:broader• NT Narrower Term = skos:narrower• RT Related Term = skos:relatedEach entry term has a skos:concept

Projects Using SKOS:• Library of Congresshttp://id.loc.gov/authorities/search/• Europeanahttp://www.europeana.eu/portal/• HIVEhttp://ils.unc.edu/mrc/hive/

Access to all handouts and slides will be posted to:

https://www.nescent.org/sites/hive/Workshop_Handouts_Slides#AALL.2C_July_12.2C_2010