d5237.373465-1

Designation: D5237 − 05

Standard Guide forEvaluating Fabric Softeners1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5237; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope

1.1 This guide evaluates the performance characteristics offabric softener products. It provides guidance for treatingfabric in the wash, rinse, or dryer cycle in a home laundry andfor evaluating the efficacy of the treatment chemicals. Thisguide can be used for simple screening of fabric softenerproducts, or to evaluate the products through multiple accu-mulative cycles.

1.2 The relative ranking of products assessed by theseprocedures may be affected by such factors as fabric loadcomposition and the kind and level of soils, as well as by thewashing and drying procedures used.

1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are providedfor information only.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:E313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness

Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates2

2.2 Other Standard:AATCC Test Method 110-1994 Whiteness of Textiles3

3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions:

3.1.1 fabric softener—a laundry auxiliary product or laun-dry detergent ingredient that gives fabrics a soft feel, smoothsurface, or reduces static electricity, or a combination thereof.

3.1.2 home laundering—the cleaning and restoring of textilematerials to a serviceable condition using the washing anddrying equipment commonly found in the home.

4. Summary of Guide

4.1 Fabrics are stripped for the removal of mill textileconditioners or previously applied fabric softeners followingwhich they are treated with fabric softener products in the washor rinse, dried and evaluated for softness, whiteness retention,rewet or water absorbency, and static control using test panelsor instrumental methods.

5. Significance and Use

5.1 The methods in this guide can be used for simplescreening of fabric softener products or to evaluate theperformance, through multiple accumulative cycles, relative toa designated reference product.

5.2 A single assessment of each of the product characteris-tics tested by these methods will not predict overall perfor-mance of the softener product. A single test run under specifiedfixed conditions cannot be expected to reflect the comparativeperformance under many other possible conditions of use.

6. Fabric Pretreatment

6.1 Scope:6.1.1 This section provides a procedure for preparing new or

previously used textile specimens for further treatment andevaluation.

6.1.2 All new fabrics received directly from the mill orpurchased from vendors must be stripped of mill conditionersand processing auxiliaries. Test towels may be reused for up tofive evaluations and sheets used for load bulk may be reusedindefinitely, if stripping is done between each evaluation.

6.2 Apparatus and Materials:6.2.1 Household Automatic Washing Machine, top load.6.2.2 Household Automatic Laundry Dryer, gas or electric.6.2.3 Hand Towels, approximately 16 by 24 in., white cotton

loop terry cloth. Care should be taken to use towels of similarconstruction, and weight fiber mix.

1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps andOther Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.25 onConsumer Standards.

Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1992. Discontinued January 2002 and reinstated as D5237-05. DOI:10.1520/D5237-05.

2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.

3 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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6.2.4 Flat Bed Sheets, full size (approximately 104 by 81in.), 65 % polyester/35 % cotton or 50/50 blend.

6.2.5 AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemistsand Colorists) 1993 Standard Reference Detergent WOB,(without brighteners), or a commercially built anionicdetergent, as desired.

6.3 Stripping Procedure:6.3.1 Load washer with up to 8 lb of dry fabrics. Do not

overload.6.3.2 Add 50 to 80 g of built anionic detergent.6.3.3 Set machine for normal cycle, high or large water fill

level, and hot wash/warm rinse temperature setting. Allowwasher to fill with water and continue on through the completewash and rinse cycle.

6.3.4 Repeat 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 four more times.6.3.5 Wash this load of fabric through the complete cycle

three times with no detergent. If there appears to be residualdetergent (as evidenced by sudsing during the previous cycle)repeat the water only cycles one or two more times to ensureremoval of all anionic detergent.

6.3.6 Dry fabrics in the automatic dryer at the normal or hotsetting until the load is dry.

6.3.7 Store the fabrics. If closed storage is not available,store in plastic bags.

7. Fabric Treatment with Fabric Softener

7.1 Scope:7.1.1 This section provides the procedure for application of

the test products to the textile substrates.

7.2 Apparatus and Materials—Same as 6.2.

7.3 Conditions of Treatment:7.3.1 Washing Machine Water Level—Use the water fill

setting that will give a 16 to 19-gal water level. Record actualwater fill to the nearest gallon.

7.3.2 Water Hardness—Tap water or conditioned watercontaining 150 6 20 ppm calcium carbonate hardness.

7.3.3 Water Temperature—Record temperature actuallyused. If only one treatment temperature is tested, use a warmwash/cold rinse setting. The suggested test temperatures are asfollows:

Hot water 130°F (54.4°C)Warm water 90°F (32.2°C)Cold water 80°F (26.7°C)

7.3.4 Dryer Setting—Use the regular or normal dryer set-ting.

7.3.5 Fabric Load Weight—Dry load should weigh 2.3 to2.7 kg. A load consisting of three sheets and four hand towelswill generally be in this range.

7.3.6 Wash Detergent Dosage—Use 50 g of AATCC 1993Standard Reference Detergent WOB (without brighteners). If acommercial detergent is used, follow manufacturer’s recom-mendation. If the wash detergent is also the softening productbeing evaluated, determine dosage in accordance with 7.3.7.

7.3.7 Softener Product Dosage—The amount of the softenerdispersion to be used in each test is determined by the level ofactive softener ingredient desired per unit weight of dry fabric.If commercial products are being tested, follow manufacturer’sdosage recommendations.

7.4 Procedure:7.4.1 Weigh three sheets and four towels previously pre-

pared as in 6.3. Load weight should be 2.3 to 2.7 kg.7.4.2 Set wash controls for regular or normal cycle with a

wash period of 12 6 2 min and a water fill level of 16 to 19 gal.7.4.3 Start wash cycle. As the washer fills, add wash

detergent dose to washing machine.7.4.4 Put fabric bundle in washer and allow washer to run

until it reaches the deep rinse cycle. (If untreated controlfabrics are being prepared, allow washer to go to final spin andskip to 7.4.8).

7.4.5 Stop washer and remove towels and sheets.7.4.6 Start deep rinse cycle until tub is approximately one

third filled with cold water. If a rinse cycle product is beingevaluated, add the required amount of fabric softener andagitate to ensure uniform dispersion. Record water temperatureand time. Specify water temperature.

7.4.7 Add damp fabric bundle. Start machine and allow it tocomplete the rinse and spin cycles.

7.4.8 Place fabric bundle in dryer. Add dryer cycle softener,if appropriate. Use the regular or normal dryer setting.

7.4.9 Dry towels for 45 min or until dry. Store the towelsovernight so they equilibrate (see 8.2.1).

7.4.10 Treated towels can now be evaluated for softness(Section 8) or absorbency (Section 9), or both.

8. Fabric Softness Evaluation by Test Panel Scoring

8.1 Scope—This section covers a subjective testing proce-dure for ranking the relative softness of treated fabrics. Treatedtowels are ranked by panelists on a five point scale (leastsoft = 1, most soft = 5). The comparisons include an untreatedtowel and a towel treated with a control product for benchmarkrankings.

8.2 Procedure:8.2.1 Condition the fabrics in a constant temperature-

humidity room (if available) for 24 h prior to evaluation.Suggested controlled environments are between 65 to 75°F(18.3 to 23.9°C) and 40 to 50 % relative humidity.

8.2.2 It has been observed that different scores result whenone-day old towels are compared to four-day old towels. Thismay be due to a loss fluff over time, resulting in a levelingeffect. Fabrics being tested should all be treated with softenerthe day prior to the evaluation.

8.2.3 To effectively evaluate a set of towels, at least fourpanel members are needed. Eight are preferred. The panelistsshould wash their hands before handling the test fabrics.During the evaluation the panelists may need to rewash theirhands to remove any softener or oily build up that mightinterfere with the test.

8.2.4 Each panelist is given a group of test fabrics forscoring.

8.2.4.1 Each group of test fabrics shall consist of up to fivepieces. The test group should contain one untreated control,one softness reference fabric, and no more than three testfabrics. The softness reference fabric has been treated withdihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride at 0.1 %single use level, based on dry fabric weight.

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8.2.4.2 Panelist should use the same handling technique forscoring each towel in the test set.

8.2.4.3 The panelist first picks out the harshest towel andscores it one. Then the softest towel is selected and scored five.The other towels are scored intermediate between the high andlow selections and given scores such as two, three, or four. Thetowels are then rearranged and the evaluation repeated. (Toeliminate bias, towels are blind coded and panel members arenot told their rating results before repeat evaluations.)

8.2.4.4 Additional comments by the panel member on thefeel of the fabric should be recorded, for example, oily, waxy,greasy, etc.

8.2.4.5 After each test the scores are totaled and averaged togive a single rating number for each treatment product.

8.3 Paired Comparison Method:8.3.1 Towels should be conditioned as in 8.2.1.8.3.2 Fabrics (towels) being tested should all be treated with

softener the day before testing.8.3.3 For effective evaluation, at least 10 and preferably

15-20 panelists are required.8.3.4 Arrange the towels in pairs so that towels treated with

a product are paired at least once and preferably twice withtowels treated with all the other treatments. Untreated towelsmay be included as an additional treatment.

8.3.5 A panelist feels each pair of towels and records theirpreference as to which towel of the pair is softer. The panelistmust choose one of the towels in each pair, even if both appearequally soft.

8.3.6 When all the panelists have evaluated all the pairs, theresults are tabulated and treated as described in SensoryEvaluation Techniques.4

8.3.6.1 For each pair of towels, total number of times eachtowel was judged softer.

8.3.6.2 Create a table with the number of columns and thenumber of rows both equal to the number of treatments. Labelone column and one row with each treatment.

8.3.6.3 In the row for treatment “A” and the column fortreatment “B” enter the number of times the towel treated withA were judged softer than the towel treated with B. In the rowfor treatment B, and the column for treatment A, enter thenumber of times treatment B was judged softer than treatmentA. Do this for all the pairings.

9. Evaluation of Fabrics for Rewet (Water Absorbency)

9.1 Scope—This section covers the evaluation of treatedfabrics for water absorbency. Test strips of treated fabrics arepositioned in a dyed water solution. The height of migration ofthe water in a specified time is measured.

9.2 Apparatus:9.2.1 Swatches, two 2 by 5 in., cut from towels treated in

accordance with 7.4.9.2.2 Aqueous Solution, 0.010 % of Rhodamine BX or any

water-soluble dye which is not substantive to cellulose.9.2.3 Ring Stands, two.

9.2.4 Bar, one from stand.9.2.5 Clamp Holders and Binder Clamps, two.9.2.6 Laboratory Jacks, two large.9.2.7 Beakers, two 600 mL.9.2.8 Timers, two.

9.3 Procedure:9.3.1 Attach the bar horizontally to the ring stands with two

clamp holders.9.3.2 Cut the 2 by 5-in. swatches from the towels, treated in

accordance with Section 7.9.3.3 Mark a line 1 cm from the narrow edge of each

swatch.9.3.4 Attach the 2 by 5-in. swatches onto the bar with the

binder clamps.9.3.5 Fill the beakers three-fourths full with the dye solu-

tion.9.3.6 Raise the beakers with the jacks until the solution level

is at the 1-cm mark on the swatches. Start the timer.9.3.7 After 6 min, remove the swatches from the bar and

measure the distance of migration. Because the migration lineis often uneven, three readings are taken across each swatchand the readings are averaged. Record this value as mm/6 min.

9.3.8 Two swatches, containing no softener, are used for areference control against which the treated swatches arecompared.

9.4 Interpretation of Results—The greater the migration ofthe dye solution up the fabric, the better the rewet (absorbency)properties.

10. Evaluation of Fabrics for Whiteness Retention

10.1 Apparatus:10.1.1 Same as fabric treatment.10.1.2 Towel Swatches, 8 by 8 in. Cut 8 by 8-in. swatches

from one of the stripped hand towels. Four to ten swatches willbe needed for this whiteness retention test.

10.1.3 Light Source, to approximate northern daylight.

10.2 Conditioning—Same as fabric treatment procedure.

10.3 Procedure:10.3.1 Using indelible ink, mark the terry hand towels I, II,

III, and IV.10.3.2 At one of the borders of each swatch, mark the 8 by

8-in. towel swatches I, II, III, and IV.10.3.3 Staple swatch I to towel I, swatch II to towel II, etc.10.3.4 Follow fabric treatment procedure in accordance

with 4.3.1 to 4.3.9, excluding 4.3.3.10.3.5 Remove swatch I from towel I and retain in a clean,

polyethylene bag, or other suitable container, for the scoringevaluation.

10.3.6 Staple a fresh 8 by 8-in. swatch marked Ia to towel I.10.3.7 Repeat 4.3.2 to 4.3.9 of the fabric treatment method

using the same towel and sheet bundle.10.3.8 Remove swatch II from towel II and retain in a clean,

polyethylene bag, or other suitable container, for the scoringevaluation. (Steps 10.3.5 through 10.3.7 should be repeatedremoving swatch III and replacing it with a swatch marked IIIaand, likewise, for swatch IB. At this point swatches are on hand

4 Meilgaard, Civille, and Carr, Sensory Evaluation Techniques, CRC Press LLC,2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton FL, 33431, pp. 103–106.

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which have been washed and softened one, two, three, and fourtimes and the scoring should be done at this point.)

10.4 Interpretation of Results (Visual Method):10.4.1 Fold the borders of each swatch and fasten with

paper clips so that the identification number of the swatch isnot visible to the scorer.

10.4.2 Fold the border of a stripped 8 by 8-in. swatch whichhas not been treated with softener but has been washed withdetergent and fasten with paper clips so that it looks identicalto the marker swatches.

10.4.3 Place the five swatches on a black background underfluorescent light. The swatches should be placed randomly onthe black background and not in the order in which they werewashed and softened.

10.4.4 Four to eight panelists should be selected for the test.Each panelist, individually, should be asked to rank theswatches according to whiteness. The panelist should be askedto score the swatches one through five with the whitest beinggiven a score of five, the next to the whitest a score of four, etc.Record the scores given by each panelist.

10.4.5 Evaluate data to determine if there is a break ornumber of washings and softening at which discolorationbegins to occur and if whiteness decreases with subsequentwashing and softening.

10.4.6 Retain the test swatches in a clean, polyethylene bagfor future reference, if comparisons are to be made with othersofteners.

10.5 Interpretation of Results (Instrumental):10.5.1 Apparatus:10.5.1.1 Reflectometer or Colorimeter, with UV filters.10.5.2 Procedure:10.5.2.1 Treated swatches are read for reflectance using a

reflectometer or colorimeter. (Standardize equipment as de-scribed by the manufacturer.) Three readings should be takenusing a different location for each reading. Record readingsfrom the Hunter L, a, b Opponent-Colors scale or the CIETristimulus X, Y, Z scale. (See Note 1.) Record initialwhiteness.

NOTE 1—The relationship between Hunter L, a, b values and the CIE X,Y, Z values is as follows:

L = 10œY Y = 0.01L2

a = 17.5fsX/0.98041d2YgœY

X =0.98041 F 0.01L21S aL

175 D Gb = 7.0fY2sZ/1.18103dg

œYZ =

1.18103 F 0.01L21S bL70 D G

10.5.3 Rating:10.5.3.1 Calculate whiteness by either of the following

equations, where appropriate to the instrument used:(1) W = L + 3a − 3b (Stensby) (only if appropriate UV

source is included)(2) W = L − 3b (Hunter) (to be used when no UV source is

included) or the Whiteness Index in accordance with TestMethod E313 and AATCC Test Method 110.

WI 5 4@~ZCIE 2 /1.18103!# 2 3Y (1)

10.5.3.2 The higher the numerical value, the whiter thefabric.

10.5.3.3 A four unit difference in whiteness between twosamples is needed for two samples to be distinguished visually.

11. Measurement of Static Control

11.1 Apparatus:11.1.1 Same as fabric treatment.11.1.2 Fabric Bundle, high static, weighing approximately

2.5 kg (5.5 lb) consisting of the garments or equivalent in yardgoods shown in Table 1.

11.1.3 AATCC standard detergent No. 123; or other, asdesired.

11.1.4 Hygrometer.11.1.5 Thermometer.11.1.6 Softener Dispersion—The amount of the softener

dispersion to be used in each test is determined by the amountof active softener desired to be deposited on the dry weight ofthe fabric.

(1) Example—How many grams of a 7.5 % active softenershould be added to the final rinse so that 0.1 % of activesoftener, based upon the dry weight of fabric, is available for a2500-g cloth load?

(2) Calculation—2500 × 0.001/0.075 = 33.4 g of 7.5 %active softener dispersion.

NOTE 2—Commercial fabric softeners can also be used. Followmanufacturer’s recommendations.

11.1.7 Instruments:11.1.7.1 Simco Electrostatic Locator.5

11.1.7.2 Faraday cage; see description at end of method.11.1.7.3 Voltmeter, 3000 V; see description at end of

method.11.1.7.4 Wooden Rod or Clothes Rack; (for instrumental

method using Simco Electrostatic Locator).11.1.7.5 Plastic Gloves; (for instrumental method using a

Faraday Cage).

11.2 Conditioning:11.2.1 Washing Machine Water Level—Medium for 5 to

6-lb (2.3 to 2.7-kg) fabric bundle. Medium water level isapproximately 16 to 19 gal.

11.2.2 Water Hardness—Tap water or 150 ppm as CaCO3.Record hardness.

11.2.3 Water Temperatures.

5 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Simco Inc., 2257 North Penn Rd., Hatfield, PA 19440. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee 1, which you may attend.

TABLE 1 High-Static Fabric Bundle

Fabric ArticlesApproximate

Weight, gBundle,

%

Nylon Tricot, 100 % slips, 3 whole and 2 half 250 10Polyester, 100 % 3 knit shirts, short sleeved 250 10Acrylic, 100 % 2 knit shirts (virgin orlon) 300 12Rayon, 100 % 1 shirt, long sleeved 100 4Acetate, 100 % 1 slip 100 4Polyester/Cotton,65/35 blend

1 or 2 sheets, full size, cut intoquarters

700 28

Cotton Terry 6 towels 775 31

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Hot Wash 50°C (;120°F)Warm Wash/Warm Rinse 36°C (;100°F)Cold Rinse 15°C (;60°F)

11.2.3.1 Temperatures actually used should be recorded.11.2.4 Dryer Cycle—Normal fabrics setting.

11.3 Procedure:11.3.1 Follow 4.3.1 to 4.3.9 in the Fabric Treatment Method

using the high-static bundle in place of the towel and sheetbundle.

11.3.2 Place fabric bundle in the dryer, which has beencleaned with a damp towel.

11.3.3 Dry bundle for 45 min.11.3.4 Record the temperature and relative humidity within

the vicinity of the dryer. Variation in relative humidity willinfluence the degree of observed static control. (Upper limit is40 % relative humidity.)

11.4 Interpretation of Results (instrumental method using aSimco Electrostatic Locator):

11.4.1 Set Simco Electrostatic Locator (static meter) neardryer.

11.4.2 Ground and zero static meter in accordance withinstructions.

11.4.3 After drying time has elapsed, stop the machine,remove a section of one of the following fabrics, close doorand resume tumbling. (Warning—Avoid discharge remaininggarments.)

11.4.4 Choose at least two garments or sections of 100 %polyester fabric, two garments or sections of 100 % acrylicfabric, and two garments or sections of 100 % nylon.

11.4.5 Hang the garment or section of fabric flat, over thewooden rod or clothes rack.

11.4.6 Turn on static meter and approach fabric from about1 ft away. Stop at exactly the desired distance from thematerial.

11.4.7 Read the meter and record value.11.4.8 Ground the static meter and repeat the procedure,

measuring the static for four different areas on the fabric.11.4.9 Open the dryer and remove the next garment or

section of fabric. Close door and resume tumbling.11.4.10 Calculation:

static reduction, % 5 ~a 2 b!/a 3 100 (2)

where:a = average voltage of an untreated bundle; that is, no fabric

softener, andb = average voltage of a treated bundle.

NOTE 3—The record of the relative humidity should be reported withthe percent static reduction.

11.5 Interpretation of Results (instrumental method using aFaraday Cage):

11.5.1 Check Faraday Cage to ensure that the inner cagedoes not touch the outer cage.

11.5.2 Turn on voltmeter.11.5.3 After drying time has elapsed, put on plastic gloves

and remove dried laundry from the dryer and place in FaradayCage.

NOTE 4—Avoid contact of the fabric with the body and the outer cage.

11.5.4 Press discharge button once to discharge the excessvoltage on the load. This will standardize each load since thevoltage in the dryer is unknown.

11.5.5 Take initial reading at the high end of the voltagescale, 3000 V. If reading does not register on meter, reducevoltage scale to 600 V and, if necessary, lower to 75-V scale.

11.5.6 Remove articles one at a time, making sure articlesdo not cling together.

11.5.7 Take reading. Use the correct scale. If the value isover 3000 V record as 3000 V. The needle indicator may gopast the initial reading and then settle back. Record the voltagewhen settled. Take reading before needle starts drifting to 0.1.Note and record, if articles cling.

11.5.8 Discharge by pressing the discharge button.11.5.9 Return the scale to 3000-V scale.11.5.10 Repeat 11.5.5-11.5.9 until all of the fabric has been

removed.11.5.11 Record the temperature and relative humidity in the

vicinity of the dryer.11.5.12 Calculation—Add all the readings for a total charge

of the load.

11.6 Interpretation of Results—(subjective anti-static evalu-ation).

11.6.1 After drying time has elapsed, stop the machine andpull sections of fabric from the dryer. As fabric is beingremoved, the amounts of cling, crackle, and static are ob-served.

11.6.2 Evaluations should be made by at least two trainedobservers.

11.6.3 The following rating scale is used:5 = no cling, crackle, or static4 = very slight cling3 = light cling, crackle, and static2 = moderate cling, crackle, and static1 = heavy cling, crackle and static

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