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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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[dikutip 22 Nov 2015]: Didapat dari:
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2. Knilans K, Ventevogel M, Zhu W, Anderson J, Oldach L, Hobbs M, et al.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Supresses Dendritic Cell Induced, Antigen-
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3. Unemo M, William M. Antibiotic Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in
the 21st Century: Past, Evolution, and Future. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 23
Nov 2015]: 27(3):587. Didapat dari:
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4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease
Surveilance : Gonorrhea : Reported Cases and Rates of Reported Cases by
State/Area and Region in Alphabetical Order, Unites States and Outlying
Areas, 2010-2014. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 17 Nov 2015]: Didapat dari:
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/tables/14.htm
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5. Semarang Public Health. Health Profile in 2010 [internet]. Semarang:
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www.dinkes-kotasemarang.go.id.
6. Semarang Public Health. Health Profile in 2011 [internet]. Semarang:
Semarang Public Health;2011. [dikutip 06 Des 2015]: Didapat dari:
www.dinkes-kotasemarang.go.id
7. Allen G, Mitterni L, Seah C, Rabbapragada A, Martin E, Lee C, et al.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Treatment Failure and Suspectibility to Cefixime in
Toronto, Canada. JAMA. [internet]. 2013. [dikutip 9 Jan 2016]:
309(2):163. Didapat dari:
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1556149
8. CDC. Updated CDC’s Sexually Transmitted Disease treatment guidelines.
Oral cephalosporin no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal
infection. [internet]. 2012. [dikutip 08 Des 2015]: 61(31):590. Didapat
dari: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-
2013-508.pdf#page=55
9. Ohnisi M, Saika T, Hoshina S. Ceftriaxone Resistant Neisseria
gonorrhoeae, Japan. [internet]. 2011. [dikutip 01 Jan 2016]: 17(1):148.
Didapat dari: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204624/
10. Ohnishi M, Golparian D. Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae Initiating a Future Era
of Untreatable Gonorrhea?: Detailed Characterization of the First Strain
with High-Level Resistance to Ceftriaxone. [internet]. 2011. [dikutip 01
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Jan 2016]: Didapat dari:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122416/
11. Rindi R, Rita E. Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Test Against
Neisseria gonorrhoeae In Vaginal Swab on Commercial Sex Workers at
Jondul, Rejosari, Tenayan Raya, Pekanbaru.[internet]. 2013. [dikutip 06
Jan 2016]: Didapat dari: repository.unri.ac.id.
12. Runtuboi R, Waworuntu L. Sensitivity Test Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Against Multiple Antibiotics on Commercial Sex Workers at Lokalisasi
Tanjung Elmo Jayapura. Papua Biologic Journal. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip
3 Nov 2015]: Didapat dari: ejournal.unicen.ac.id
13. Rahma D. The Difference in Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae towards
Kanamycin and Ceftriaxone in In vitro.[internet]. 2015. [dikutip 22 Jan
2016]: Didapat dari: eprints.undip.ac.id.
14. CDC. Antibiotic Resistant Threat in United States, 2013. [internet].2013.
[dikutip 03 Feb 2016]: Didapat dari:
http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-
508.pdf
15. Jawetz, Melnick, Adelberg. Medical Microbiology. Edisi ke-25. Jakarta:
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16. Pharmacology and Therapeutic Departement Medical Faculty of
Indonesian University. Pharmacology and Therapi. Edisi ke-5. Jakarta:
Balai Penerbit FK UI; 2007. 50-6.
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17. Rx List the Internet Drug Index. Clinical Pharmacology : Mechanism of
Action of Levofloxacin. [internet]. 2014 [dikutip 01 Jan 2016]: Didapat
dari: http://www.rxlist.com/levaquin-drug/clinical-pharmacology.htm
18. Nightingale, Murakawa, Ambrose. Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics In
Theory And Clinical Practice. Edisi ke-12. New York: Marcel Dekker,
Inc; 2002. 20-4.
19. Brunton L, Lazo J, Parker K. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. Edisi ke-2. London: McGraw Hill Professional;
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20. Rashid N, Nadeem M. Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of
Levofloxacin Tablets by Using Different Superdisintegrants. American
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1(4):193. Didapat dari: www.usa-journals.com
21. Croom K, Goa K. Levofloxacin. A Review Of Its Use In the Treatment of
Bacterial Infection in United States. [internet]. 2013. [dikutip 14 Jan
2016]: 63(24):313. Didapat dari:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14664657
22. Anderson V, Perry C. Levofloxacin. A Review of Its Use as a High Dose,
Short Course Treatment For Bacterial Infection. [internet]. 2008. [dikutip
05 Des 2015]: 68 (4):535. Didapat dari:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18318569
23. Martodihardjo S. Urethritis Gonorrhoea and non Gonorrhea Diagnostic
and Therapy. Edisi ke-14. Jakarta: EGC; 2008. 1-17
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24. Murtiastutik D. Sexual Transmitted Disease. Edisi Pertama. Surabaya:
Airlangga University Press Surabaya, 2008. 109-14.
25. Bedeschi L, Pedroso C, Neto V, Souza V, Teixeira M. Antimicrobial
Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Patients Attending a
Public Referral Centre for Sexually Transmitted Disease in Belo,
Horizonte. States of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira
de Medicina Tropical. [internet]. 2013. [dikutip 23 Des 2015]: 46(3):304.
Didapat dari: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsbmt/v46n3/0037-8682-rsbmt-46-
03-304.pdf
26. Harvey R, Cornelison C, Fisher D. Microbiology. Edisi ke-3. London:
Wolters Kluwer Health; 2012. 309-12.
27. Wong B. Gonorrhea [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 16 Des 2016]: Didapat dari:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview#aw2aab6b2b4aa
28. Medical Faculty of Indonesian University. Medical Microbiology. Edisi
ke-2. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara Jakarta; 1994. 143-53.
29. Morse S, Ballard C, Holmes K, Moreland A. Atlas of Sexually
Transmitted Disease and AIDS. Edisi ke-3. Spain: Mosby; 2003. 114-7.
30. Vipascita E. The Difference in Sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
towards Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone in In vitro.[internet]. 2015. [dikutip
21 Des 2015]: Didapat dari: eprints.undip.ac.id.
31. Christy A. STD Awareness : Ceftriaxone-Resistant Gonorrhea. [internet].
2015. [dikutip 7 Des 2015]: Didapat dari:
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http://advocatesaz.org/2015/12/07/std-awareness-ceftriaxone-resistant-
gonorrhea/
32. Breithaupth H. Tackling resistence : Bacteria, humans, animals, and
environtment: An Interview With Stuart Levy, Professor at Tufts
University School of Medicine and President of the Alliance for the
Prudent Use of Antibiotics. [internet]. 2014. [dikutip 15 Mei 2016]:
15(2):127. Didapat dari:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989856/
33. Wikler M. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Suspectibility
Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Edisi ke-16. New
York: Cornell Inc; 2011. 178.
34. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pedoman Nasional
Penanganan Infeksi Menular Seksual. [internet]. 2011. [dikutip 24 Juni
2016]: Didapat dari: spiritia.or.id/dokumen/pedoman-ims2011.pdf
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Lampiran 1. Ethical clearence
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Lampiran 2. Informed Consent
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Lampiran 3. Data hasil penelitian
SAMPE
L KE-
LEVOFLOKSASI
N (mm)
KESIMPULA
N
SEFTRIAKSO
N (mm)
KESIMPULA
N
1 35 R 26 R
2 33 R 24 R
3 37 S 25 R
4 39 S 30 R
5 32 R 36 S
6 40 S 26 R
7 34 R 26 R
8 39 S 23 R
9 39 S 25 R
10 40 S 37 S
11 35 R 39 S
12 42 S 24 R
13 41 S 26 R
14 40 S 26 R
15 37 S 25 R
16 39 S 25 R
17 38 S 39 S
18 40 S 25 R
19 42 S 23 R
20 38 S 25 R
21 37 S 26 R
22 40 S 38 S
23 34 R 25 R
24 37 S 37 S
25 38 S 27 R
26 32 R 20 R
Keterangan : S=Sensitif, R=Resisten
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Lampiran 4. Analisis SPSS
Crosstabs
Seftriakson * Levofloksasin Crosstabulation
4 2 6
4.4 1.6 6.0
21.1% 28.6% 23.1%
15 5 20
14.6 5.4 20.0
78.9% 71.4% 76.9%
19 7 26
19.0 7.0 26.0
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Count
Expected Count
% within Lev of loksasin
Count
Expected Count
% within Lev of loksasin
Count
Expected Count
% within Lev of loksasin
Sensitif
Resisten
Sef triakson
Total
Sensitif Resisten
Levof loksasin
Total
Symmetric Measures
-.047 .124 -.404 .686
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KappaMeasure of Agreement
N of Valid Cases
Value
Asy mp.
Std. Errora
Approx. Tb
Approx. Sig.
Not assuming the null hypothesis.a.
Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.b.
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Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi
1. Media transport kuman (Thayer Martin cair)
2. Pengecatan Gram
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3. Koloni pada media thayer martin
4. Hasil Tes Fermentasi
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5. Hasil tes oksidasi
6. Pembiakkan Koloni Pada Media Mueller Hinton
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7. Hasil zona hambat dari kedua antibiotik pada media Mueller Hinton
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Lampiran 6. Biodata Mahasiswa
Identitas Peneliti
Nama : Dewi Ulfa Mei Saroh
NIM : 22010112110117
Tempat/tanggal lahir : Lamongan, 23 Mei 1994
Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan
Alamat : Jalan Raya Tanjung no 132 Lamongan, Jawa Timur
Nomor Telepon : 082225921715
e-mail : [email protected]
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal
1. SD : SD Negeri Tanjung Lamongan Lulus tahun : 2006
2. SMP : SMP Negeri 1 Lamongan Lulus tahun : 2009
3. SMA : SMA Negeri 2 Lamongan Lulus tahun : 2012
4. FK UNDIP : Masuk tahun : 2012