daikin february 18 th, 2011 daikin us how to evaluate refrigerants? >global warming impact...

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February 18February 18thth, 2011 , 2011

Daikin USDaikin US

How to Evaluate Refrigerants?

>Global Warming Impact

>Energy efficiency & Peak Load

>Flammability & Toxicity

>Affordability - “Quick Gain”

November 13November 13thth, 2010 Daikin Industries, , 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.Ltd.

2

LCCP comparison (3.5 kW Room A/C) based on cooling and heating

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Global Warming Impact -

(3) Emissions during refrigerant production(2) Direct emissions(1) Indirect emissionsTotal Emissions =

（ Precondition for Calculation ） - Recovery rate = 30%, Leakage rate= 5%/yr, Source of Emissions during refrigerant production is JRAIA 2004 Kobe Symposium GWP=IPCC 4th (the EU F gas regulation, the GWP of the IPCC1 apply where R410A is 1975) *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume.*2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe increased from 3/8=> 5/8*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used.*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1

3.5kW Room A/C in Europe – EuP Average Condition (EU Average = 0.43Kg/kWh)

(Kg = Charge volume)

R410A (1.2kg)

R744 (0.84Kg) (*4)

R290 (0.37kg) (*3)

R32 (0.84kg) (*1)

HFO1234yf (1.32 kg) (*2)

R22 (1.14kg)

((KgKg ･･ CO2)CO2)

(1) 14000 (2) 1 (3) 0.5

(1) 15000 (2) 1 (3) 0

(1) 12000 (3) 390(2) 1800

(1) 12000 (2) 2100 (3) 23

(1) 13000 (2) 4 (3) 23

(1) 12000 (3) 12(2) 480

Disregarding IEC, the charge volume is 0.58Kg, and Indirect impact could be reduced by 16%

0 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000


3How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Global Warming Impact -

18102027

675

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

R22 R410A R32

100 97

70

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

R22 R410A R32

18101966

472

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

R22 R410A R32

GWP Charge ratio % Modified GWP

• The direct global warming effect of R32 is only 26% of R22, and 24% of R410• Could be much lower by using micro channel heat exchanger

GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report.GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report.(Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC1 apply where R410A is 1975) (Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC1 apply where R410A is 1975)

75% 75% reductionreduction


4

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Energy-efficiencies -

R410A (1.2kg)

CO2 (0.84Kg) *4

Propane (0.37kg) *3

R32 (0.84kg) *1

HFO1234yf (1.32 kg) *2

•SEER Comparison (cooling mode) HPs （ Reversible ） - 3.5kW-Room AC in Europe

Consideration: A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling condition. HFO and CO2 will cause peak power problems in large cities.

Power ratio Efficiency ratio

Consideration: In terms of SEER, CO2 is the worst, and the rest of candidates are equivalent to R410A.

R22 (1.14kg)

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.3

If disregard IEC, the charge volume is 0.58kg, and SEER could be same as R22

((Precondition for Calculation)Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat ExchangerNote: HX= Heat Exchanger*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, used narrower heat exchanger to reduce charge volume.*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, used narrower heat exchanger to reduce charge volume.*2 To improve efficiency, changed sizes: Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe => 5/8*2 To improve efficiency, changed sizes: Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe => 5/8*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, and used narrower piping.*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, and used narrower piping.*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX x 1.1 *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX x 1.1

•Peak power comparison (R410A ratio) under cooling conditionOutside 35°C, room 27°CDB/19° CWB


5

Consideration on the use of 2L refrigerants classified by ASHRAE 34 and ISO 817

Class 1Class 1 (No flame (No flame propagation) propagation)

Class 2L Class 2L (Lower flammable with low burning (Lower flammable with low burning velocity) velocity)

Class 2Class 2 (Lower flammable with high burning (Lower flammable with high burning velocity) velocity)

Class 3Class 3 (Higher flammability) (Higher flammability)

CO2(R744 )

R410A

R22

HFO 1234yf

R32

Ammonia (Toxic)

R152a Propane (R290)

1. Flammability of Class 2L is similar to ammonia. Consideration is ongoing to clarify the safety requirements to use 2L refrigerants

2. Commercial refrigeration and MAC (wrong use) which employed R290 caused fire accidents in the field

3. ASHRAE 34 recently reclassified R32 & HFO 1234yf down to new Class 2L (Lower flammability, low burning velocity)

Beer cooler incident in Australia 10/19/95, CA: charging while engine was still hot 8/18/96, MS: low pressure hose from evaporator blew off 9/27/96, AR: torch used on truck AC unit after venting refrigerantSource: US-EPA in Bogota 2008

<Fire accident examples>

Fire accidentFire accident ｓｓ in case of HC use for cooking & heaters : ave.68/yr, death: ave.1.3/yr (01-06) ,:Source METI Japanin case of HC use for cooking & heaters : ave.68/yr, death: ave.1.3/yr (01-06) ,:Source METI Japan

Propane explosion in a New Zealand supermarket.

Source: EFCTC newsletter

ASHRAE 34: Class 1 = Non flammable, Class 2L Mildly flammable Class 2= Flammable, Class 3 = Highly Flammable

How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Safety: Flammability -


6While risk of R290 (propane) can be addressed with several measures (eg forced

fan operation to lower concentration below LFL), repair and disposal risks remain considerably high.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Transport Installation Use Repair Disposal

Estimated Incidents/year in Japan with R290 room air conditioners, after Measures

Optimistic

Pessimistic

Source : Risk assessment work on HC refrigerant carried out by JRAIA Non Fluorocarbon Refrigerant WG in 1999-2000.

Reason :

-Human errors during repair & disposal, which is beyond the control of manufacturers

- During repair & disposal there is no power supply for the unit, so measures such as forced fan operation do not work.


7

How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Cost up Factors -

Important (ex.230g) Special jointSealing etc.NecessaryNecessary

Necessary Unnecessary Unnecessary Unnecessary Unnecessary

NecessarySpecial jointUnnecessaryUnnecessaryUnnecessary

NecessarySpecial jointUnnecessary.UnnecessaryUnnecessary

Cost for safety Charge reduction Joint Electronic parts Leak detector Ventilation

Modified facilityQualificationQualified personQualified person

Two-stage comp.High-pressure etc.

Cheap

CO2(R744)

Larger comp. Larger pipe etc.

Near as R410A Same as R410A

Modification required Same as R22

Cost for performance Compressor, EX, etc.

Modified facilityModificationModificationModificationModification

Expensive

HFO1234yf

Cheap Cheap Refrigerant price

Modified facilityModificationModificationModificationModification

Special facilityQualificationQualified personQualified personQualification

Cost for handling Manufacture Supply chain Installation Service Disposal

R32 Propane (R290)

The Example of Room A/C Component which increases cost

Consideration: CO2 requires significant cost for performance improvement.

Consideration: Propane requires additional cost when taking safety measures in application and handling.

Required in Japan


8

Difference in Situations

HCFC to non-ODS

HVAC Market Expectation

HFC Emissions in 2050 (BAU) *1

Containment Measures

Developing nations Not started Rapid 76% Not in place

Developed nations Completed Saturated 24% Partially in place (EU, Japan)

*1: The figures are by Öko Recherche

• Early Implementation in Developing Nations is Most Important• Change over to lower environmental impact refrigerants ASAP.• Establish containment measures for further mitigating the impact.

• Early Implementation in Developing Nations is Most Important• Change over to lower environmental impact refrigerants ASAP.• Establish containment measures for further mitigating the impact.

““Quick Gain”Quick Gain” To significantly reduce future global warming impact

““Quick Gain”Quick Gain” To significantly reduce future global warming impact

Use Technology Available “NOW” “NOW” Use Technology Available “NOW” “NOW”

How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Early Implementation -


9Refrigerant application map for ACs and HPs

(Daikin’s assessment for the time being)

?

?

CO2R32

CO2 、 NH3R32

HFO

Room split

Commercial split

Water heater

Refrigeration

Mobile

Chiller

HFO Daikin does not produce

Today’s Focus

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Conclusion


11

Conclusion

2. A2L Class refrigerants for all capacity ranges can be used with only minor modifications

To address climate change issues, quick actions are required. We are confident that R32 technology is one of the solutions that can quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants, in both developed and developing countries.

1. Evaluate not only GWP but also the total GHG emissions (LCCP)

4. Earn “Quick Gain” for lowering future global warming impact.

3. Peak load should be considered when choosing candidates.

In case of R32, higher efficiency and less refrigerant charge will lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Additional leakage prevention measures will contribute to emission reduction further, as is the case of all refrigerants.

Not only seasonal energy efficiency but also efficiency in extreme temperature conditions (peak load) should be taken into consideration. It is important for the power supply infrastructure.

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Thank you for your kind attentionThank you for your kind attention

daikin february 18 th, 2011 daikin us how to evaluate refrigerants? >global warming impact...

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