Air Quality (The Hindustan Times: 20171109

http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx

Choke is on Delhi, air worsens

EMERGENCY MEASURES L-G orders civic agencies to hike parking, ban trucks, stop

construction activities as AQI hits record high; odd-even could be back if trend continues

The toxic air in the National Capital Region worsened on Wednesday, forcing the

administration to sound the alarm and announce tougher emergency measures in an attempt

to reverse the trend.

SUNIL GHOSH/HT PHOTO

n A child wears a protective mask in Noida on Wednesday.

As the average daily air quality index (AQI) hit a season-high 478, the lieutenant governor of

Delhi banned the entry of trucks inside city limits, halted all construction activities, and

ordered civic bodies to enforce a fourfold hike in parking fees. Schools will remain shut till

Sunday.

In a high-level meeting attended by members of the Supreme Court-appointed pollution

control panel (EPCA) and chief minister Arvind Kejriwal, L-G Anil Baijal asked the Delhi

government to prepare for oddeven road rationing if the situation worsened.

Though the scheme, which allows only odd- and even-numbered vehicles to operate on

alternate days, was to be implemented if the AQI breached the “severe+” mark of 500, the

EPCA and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) urged the L-G to treat the current

condition grave enough to roll out the measure.

“The CPCB task force has advised EPCA that given the prevailing air pollution emergency in

the city, there is a need to take actions which are listed in the severe-plus category,” the body

said in a statement.

DAILY NEWS BULLETINLEADING HEALTH, POPULATION AND FAMILY WELFARE STORIES OF THE DayThursday 20171109

A final decision will be taken on Thursday evening, according to EPCA member Sunita

Narain.

With visibility falling to an alarming 50 metres in some parts, pile-ups were reported at

multiple locations. On the Yamuna Expressway, over 20 vehicles collided and around 22

people suffered minor injuries on Wednesday morning.

For the second day in a row, operations at the Delhi airport were hampered and there were

delays of up to two hours. See page 14

Breathing is injurious to health

Delhi pollution: Breathing is injurious to health (The Indian express: 20171109)

http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-pollution-breathing-is-injurious-to-health-

4928873/

MoEF secretary C K Mishra wrote to the chief secretaries of Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh

and Haryana — all the states EPCA had written to a day earlier — asking them to follow the

steps required to control air pollution.

As Delhi’s air inched towards the unbreathable, a slew of announcements and urgent requests

followed: a timer on the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) website to monitor Delhi’s

smog, twice daily, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) reaching out to states

asking them to take preventive measures as “topmost priority”, and the Delhi government

announcing ban on construction and barring entry of trucks in the city. Other key measures

announced include increasing parking fee four times, and shutting schools till Sunday.

The day’s average air quality index was 478, indicating “severe” levels of pollution —

perilously close to the maximum of 500, after which “emergency” is declared. But with MeT

department officials predicting no change in weather soon, and government officials fearing

further increase in pollution, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal termed the situation as an

“emergency”.

“The CPCB’s task force is meeting on a daily basis and will put out health warnings if the

PM levels cross emergency levels,” said CPCB’s A Sudhakar.

Smog Canopies Delhi On Wednesday Morning

MoEF secretary C K Mishra wrote to the chief secretaries of Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh

and Haryana — all the states EPCA had written to a day earlier — asking them to follow the

steps required to control air pollution. “These steps are critical to prevent any further

deterioration… I would urge that the directions given by EPCA be implemented in letter and

spirit,” Mishra wrote.

After a meeting with the L-G Anil Baijal, Kejriwal and other officials too announced a slew

of measures, including stopping the entry of trucks to Delhi, barring essential commodities,

stopping civil construction and increasing parking fees, including at Metro stations, four

times.

Orders were also issued to begin preparations for the odd-and-even scheme. Transport

Minister Kailash Gahlot said, “We will enforce odd-even scheme if air quality turns severe

plus. I have also directed DTC to procure 500 buses to augment public transport.” The Delhi

government also announced that all schools will remain closed till Sunday and issued a health

advisory.

For all the latest Delhi News, download Indian Express App

Smog

Smog rises to emergency levels: How the haze can harm (The Indian

express: 20171109)

http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-air-pollution-smog-health-tips-schools-shut-

stubble-burning-haryana-punjab-4928852/

As smog raises pollution towards emergency levels, Indian Express explains where it came

from, why it tends to linger in Delhi, and the ways in which it can impact health.

What is the thick haze that has enveloped Delhi and surrounding areas since Monday night?

It is smog. Smog occurs in a location that is far away from the actual source of pollution, and

is a result of various factors: geography of the place, sunlight, calmness of winds, post-

harvest crop burning, firing of brick kilns, pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial

activity. The processes that lead to smog usually take place after the hazardous pollutants

have drifted away in the wind. In Delhi, there are two winds — one carrying pollutants from

stubble burning in Punjab and the other bringing in moisture from Uttar Pradesh — that are

colliding above the national capital. This, combined with the near-still wind conditions near

the ground level, have effectively trapped the pollutants, leading to the smog.

How is smog different from fog?

Fog in just condensed water vapour close to the ground. When water vapour saturates the air,

the vapour starts to condense back into a liquid, as water droplets. These droplets, suspended

in the air, appear as the thick haze that is known as fog. This results in low visibility. On the

other hand, when pollution is high, nitrogen oxides and dust particles interact with sunlight to

form ground-level ozone, leading to the building up of haze. This is smog, a result of a

photochemical reaction of sunlight with pollutants that have been released into the

atmosphere.

Also Read | Delhi pollution: Toxic smog suffocates national capital; schools shut,

construction halted

What are these pollutants?

WHO classifies particulate matter — the major components being “sulphate, nitrates,

ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water” — into two broad types,

PM10 and PM2.5, with the numbers indicating the diameter of the particles in microns. In

Delhi, the ground-level ozone and PM 2.5 play the most significant role in formation of

smog.

Chronic exposure to both PM10 and PM2.5 can lead to the “risk of developing cardiovascular

and respiratory diseases, as well as of lung cancer”, says WHO. Both can penetrate and lodge

deep inside the lungs; PM2.5 can “cross into the blood, causing damage in many organ

systems,” says WHO.

Smog Causes Series Of Accidents Near Dhankaur

How serious is this smog?

On Tuesday, Delhi’s air inched towards an “emergency scale”, with the Central Pollution

Control Board recording the average air quality at 487 (it dropped to 448 on Wednesday)

with an upper limit of 500. The Indian Medical Association, which has termed it a “medical

emergency”, says that this air can be equated to smoking 50 cigarettes a day.

See Pics | Delhi smog: City wakes up in ‘gas chamber’ for second day in a row

How harmful is it?

The direct impact of smog is on the lungs and the heart. Higher levels of nitrogen dioxide

precipitate asthma; higher levels of sulphur dioxide precipitate chronic bronchitis.

Particulate matter, Delhi’s main concern, can damage the lungs and worsen asthma due to

inflammation of the air tract. PM2.5, which can enter the lungs and also the lung lining,

carries long-term risks including lung cancer, reduced lung function, skin diseases and

reduction in life expectancy.

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Growth minus development

Widening gender gap, rising malnutrition and hunger call for policy

intervention. (The Indian express: 20171109)

http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/global-hunger-index-india-ranking-child-

mortality-national-health-mission-malnutrition-food-security-gender-disparity-4928750/

In rapid-fire, the country was recently hit by three global rankings. The first was the ease of

doing business and India improved its global rank, according to the Brettenwoods experts.

Now this is happiness. As an economist I believe the turnaround to the higher growth path

will come if we do a bit of pump priming and then private investment will be sucked in.

While some sarkari economists agree with me, this is still not the dominant view. So

improving the ease of doing business is obviously good news. Of the three rankings this was

the only one the chambers of commerce and corporate honchos went ga ga over. The

Purchasing Managers’ Index improved. This was somewhat effervescent, since even in the

past an improved PMI has always not led to better outcomes, but the sentiment was

understandable.

The second was bad news. The gender disparity gap has gone up in India and its already poor

ranking worsened. Women hold up half the sky, the UN poster says. Women are half the

country: Somewhat less in India because of the shameful sex ratio, but still a large number. If

growth is not just corporate GDP but human welfare, then this is worrisome. I mean the

world over women are liberating themselves, and in civilised India we think so too, and want

it to be more so. But it is not so. The statistics used are pretty robust and so even Indian

economists who never agree on anything will find it difficult to quibble on this gap.

Women and the girl child also star in the next global ranking. That’s the malnutrition and

hunger index. The absolute numbers are frightening. Forty per cent of the world’s hungry and

malnourished children are in India. Now poverty and hunger cut offs are always controversial

and can make a marginal difference — poverty more so and malnutrition less as it’s based on

biological measurements. Having defined a poverty line in the seventies of the last century,

which I have wanted revised but which kept on resurfacing like a rabbit out of a hat, I am not

surprised at the debate. But there was a sensible suggestion in these columns. Uma Lele

(‘Feeding India’, IE, November 3), who has a lot of global experience in these matters, in a

mature tone admonished us for being clever on a substantial issue where marginal changes

were not the big issue but the big problem whichever way you looked at it was. This needed

remedying and when you do so the information base improves. Nothing works more than

questions from senior policymakers to improve the statistical base of a decision.

I am impressed by the argument that for hunger use anthropomorphic rather than survey-

based calorie norms because biometric measures give you the physical reality as it were

rather than expenditure converted to food and then to calories. Strangely, there is a

connection between the worsening gender disparity and the hunger numbers. Weak mothers

will give birth to weak children. The baby will not get enough nourishment in the womb.

Again, in the early years of childhood, the limits to which he or she will grow are being set. It

is not that life is a matter of precise paths. But the boundaries in which outcomes will work

out are set in early years.

A couple of decades ago, I had to make some tax-free money to fund my daughter’s second

year in college in the US and decided in the vacations to work on food security UN

consultancies. In Egypt, I discovered that in the desert provinces of Upper Egypt — actually

Lower Egypt if you are in Cairo or Alexandria, but they look at everything from the

perspective of the Nile — malnutrition in women was high. When I was presenting my

results a top official, a retired general, went at me and said they are alright, my soldiers come

from there. I had to tell him that weak and anaemic mothers will never give birth to strong

soldiers.

So let’s get this straight. Even if your concern is not like mine on human welfare, but security

in the narrowest military sense of the term, let’s get rid of the problem of hunger rather than

be smart on statistics to wish it all away. The link between the gender gap and malnutrition is

much too obvious to ignore. So let’s get back to the three rankings of last week: Ease of

doing business is good while gender gap and hunger are not so. Policy-wise let’s travel from

growth to development.

The writer, a former Union minister, is chancellor, Central University of Gujarat.

Smoking (The Asian Age: 20171109)

http://onlineepaper.asianage.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=9360102

Masks, Purifiers (The Asian Age: 20171109)

http://onlineepaper.asianage.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=9360368

Gene therapy

How gene therapy saved a little boy's life (Medical News Today: 20171109)

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320018.php

When a rare genetic condition destroyed nearly 80 percent of a 7-year-old's skin, doctors

were sure he would die. But the stars aligned and an experimental gene therapy treatment

saved his life.

Modern medicine is amazing. We can transplant hearts and even faces, as well as treat

countless diseases. However, when it comes to genetic conditions, we have yet to arrive in

the 21st century.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) — which is sometimes referred to as butterfly disease — is one

such genetic condition. It is caused by several different mutations in proteins that hold the

two layers of the skin, the epidermis and dermis, together.

Junctional EB (JEB) affects around 5 percent of individuals with EB and is caused by

mutations in proteins that sit at the junction between the skin layers.

Dr. Leena Bruckner-Tuderman — from the Department of Dermatology in the University

Medical Center at the University of Freiburg and the EB Center Freiburg, both in Germany

— explained to me that people with JEB are in constant pain, and that "[...] minor mechanical

stress or friction can cause the [skin] layers to separate and to form blisters and wounds."

"Frequent medical treatments and hospital visits are necessary," she added, "but no cure

exists for JEB."

This is the story of how an experimental gene therapy saved a little boy's life, giving hope to

the hundreds of thousands of families affected by EB worldwide.

'We were sure that he would die'

Dr. Tobias Rothoeft — who works in the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive

Care of University Children's Hospital at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany — explained

in a press briefing how he came to care for the young boy.

He is a co-lead author of the study, which describes the treatment and which is published

today in the journal Nature.

"We got this kid transferred in summer 2015 from another tertiary care hospital [...],"

explained Dr. Rothoeft. "He was admitted there because he had developed an infection in

which he rapidly lost nearly two thirds of his body surface area. When he was admitted to our

burns center, he was in a septic state [...] so we had a lot of trouble in the first days keeping

this kid alive."

After trying several different treatments — including a skin graft from the boy's father — the

medical team were left with few options.

"After nearly 2 months, we were absolutely sure that we could [do] nothing for this kid and

that he would die."

Dr. Tobias Rothoeft

But the boy's parents asked if anything else could be done.

"We studied the literature again and approached Dr. De Luca and his team and he promised

us he could give us enough skin to heal this kid," Dr. Rothoeft explained.

This was to be the pivotal moment.

Growing skin

Dr. Michele De Luca — a professor of biochemistry and director of the Centre for

Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari" at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in

Italy — has spent a lifetime developing therapies for skin and eye conditions.

While Dr. Rothoeft and his colleagues were doing their best to keep the boy alive, Dr. De

Luca and his team were busy preparing the cells in their laboratories in Modena.

Are stem cells and regenerative medicine living up to their promises?

Are stem cells and regenerative medicine living up to their promises?

What do experts think about the progress of stem cell therapy?

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Growing keratinocytes, or cells from the epithelium, is relatively straightforward. This is

based on a technique that was developed in the 1970s and still in use today for the treatment

of severe burn injuries.

The big difference in this case was that the team had to correct the genetic mutation that

causes JEB. Dr. De Luca has been working on a technique to achieve this feat for nearly 20

years. To fix the genetic defect, the researchers used a virus to insert a normal copy of the

faulty gene into the cells.

In fact, they treated two people with JEB with genetically modified keratinocytes — and the

results were published in 2006 and 2016.

This case was to be their biggest challenge yet; never before had they attempted to repair

such a large area of skin.

Three operations later...

By the time the boy went into his first operation, he had lost nearly 80 percent of his skin.

The surgical team applied genetically modified skin grafts to his arms and legs.

Afterward, he was kept in an artificial coma for 12 days in order to keep the grafts immobile

and allow the cells to attach.

The procedure was a success and the patient showed the first signs of improvement.

For co-lead study author Dr. Tobias Hirsch — from the Department of Plastic Surgery in the

Burn Centre of BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil at Ruhr Bochum University — the

seemingly infinite supply of cells that Dr. De Luca was able to grow was a clear advantage.

"So you can have double the whole body surface or even more. So that's a fantastic option for

me as a surgeon to treat this child, because we can get as [many] cells as we need to cover all

open areas on the child."

Dr. Tobias Hirsch

A second and third operation followed to cover his back, buttocks, and parts of his shoulders,

hands, and chest in genetically modified grafts.

Finally, the team could stop his pain medication. After spending nearly 8 months in the

intensive care unit, the little boy was allowed to go home.

Playing soccer

Fast-forward 21 months, and "the kid is doing quite well," according to Dr. Rothoeft. "The

skin is of good quality, [...] it's perfectly smooth and it's quite stable. If he gets any bruises

like small kids [...] have, they just heal as normal skin heals."

"He still has some blisters in non-transplanted areas," Dr. Rothoeft added. "He never had any

blisters where we transplanted him."

Children with EB often can't take part in activities that put them at risk of harming their skin.

But not our young patient; he's happily playing soccer with his siblings and friends.

Dr. Rothoeft explained that because the little boy can take part in activities that other children

with EB would never do, he does get some blisters. But he did say that "the problem with the

blisters is restricted on 2 or 3 percent of his body surface area now in areas which we did not

transplant."

Overall, however, the patient's quality of life has improved tremendously, Drs. Hirsch and

Rothoeft agreed.

"The change is from being on morphine the whole day to no drugs at all at the moment."

Dr. Tobias Rothoeft

A breakthrough for gene therapy

For the field of gene therapy, this is clearly a success story. What the team was also able to

show with this work is that it only takes a small number of stem cells to regrow skin.

Dr. De Luca speculates that based on their data, these stem cells exist in the skin for our

entire lifetime, which is a topic that scientists have been arguing about for years.

"From a biological point of view, [...] we think this epidermis will stay forever. [...] The big

message is that once you've regenerated the epidermis with stem cells, [the cells] behave as

they are supposed to."

Dr. Michele De Luca

However, the significance of this finding goes beyond the basic science of how our skin

works; it also gives researchers such as Dr. De Luca the necessary information to grow just

the right mix of cells in the laboratory for a stem cell therapy.

So, what does this breakthrough mean for others with EB? "Here," urges Dr. De Luca, "we

should be very, very cautious."

Clinical trials ongoing

The mutations that cause other forms of EB may be more difficult to fix. "We might have

problems that we did not encounter in JEB," Dr. De Luca explained. "But this is only going

to be discovered after the phase I/II clinical trials, which we are doing right now."

The results of a clinical trial involving four people living with dystrophic EB highlight this

issue. The mutation in question here affects type VII collagen, which is a protein essential to

the structural integrity of the skin.

Although the team saw an initial improvement in wound healing, the effect started to taper

off after 1 year. The study authors speculate that this may due to limited numbers of stem

cells available from these people, as their skin is very damaged due to the disease.

In an editorial published in the journal Molecular Therapy, Prof. Bruckner-Tuderman

comments that the study "underscores the challenges of designing effective molecular

therapies for genetic diseases."

But the results published in Nature today leave Prof. Bruckner-Tuderman, who was not

involved in the study, hopeful.

"The development of experimental therapies like [this] one [...] gives hope that evidence-

based curative treatments will at some point become possible and clinical reality for many

patients with JEB and other forms of EB."

Prof. Leena Bruckner-Tuderman

This treatment is a significant breakthrough not only for JEB, but for skin science, gene

therapy, and regenerative medicine alike. But most importantly, it saved a life.

Cellular stress

Cellular stress 'resets lifespan profoundly'(Medical News Today: 20171109)

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320009.php

Surprising results from a recent study show that stressing a cell can reverse signs of cellular

aging. The findings might open doors to more successful ways to slow the aging process.

Although the desire to stave off aging has a whiff of vanity about it, it's not all about reducing

wrinkles and covering gray hair; getting older comes with a range of diseases that grow

steadily more prevalent as our population ages.

Those interested in senescence are keen to understand the molecular pathways involved in

aging in the hope that associated disease processes will also be unlocked.

Molecular bioscientists from Northwestern University in Evanston, IL, recently gained a new

and surprising insight into cellular aging. Their findings are published this week in the

journal Cell Reports.

This new study focused on the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This species is

often used as a model for human aging and disease; its cellular properties and biochemical

environment are similar to our own.

Aging worms give fresh clues

Despite the fact that life in the wild rarely allows an organism to survive into old age, all

animals age when given the chance. Events and processes that happen as an animal ages are

shared across species.

For instance, as C. elegans ages, the way that it handles proteins in the cell, or proteostasis, is

compromised. For a cell to function properly, proteins must be built, folded, and degraded at

the correct rates. The machinery responsible for this becomes progressively less accurate as

time goes on, resulting in misshapen and faulty proteins building up in the cytoplasm.

Similarly, in humans, misfolded proteins accumulate as part of some neurodegenerative

conditions, such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease.

The researchers behind the new study, which was headed up by senior study author Prof.

Richard I. Morimoto, put the cells' mitochondria — or the so-called powerhouses of the cell

— under mild duress.

What they found came as a surprise: under these conditions, mitochondria sent out signals to

the protein machinery, preventing it from failing. This, in turn, reduced the buildup of badly

packed proteins.

'It's like magic'

These surprising findings fly in the face of the previously held notion that stressing

mitochondria has negative effects, as Prof. Morimoto explains. He says, "This has not been

seen before."

"People have always known that prolonged mitochondrial stress can be deleterious," he

explains. "But we discovered that when you stress mitochondria just a little, the

mitochondrial stress signal is actually interpreted by the cell and animal as a survival

strategy. It makes the animals completely stress-resistant and doubles their lifespan. It's like

magic."

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A healthy gut means healthy aging

Extremely healthy seniors appear to have the same bacterial composition in their guts as

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These unexpected findings offer a new and intriguing lens with which to view the aging

process in humans; they may provide a key to how the process might be slowed.

"Our goal is not trying to find ways to make people live longer but rather to increase health at

the cellular and molecular levels so that a person's span of good health matches their

lifespan."

Prof. Richard I. Morimoto

Building on previous research

The new study's findings are based on earlier work carried out by Prof. Morimoto and

Johnathan Labbadia, a former postdoctoral fellow in Prof. Morimoto's laboratory who now

works at University College London in the United Kingdom.

In a previous study, they found that in C. elegans, deficits in proteostasis begin at

reproductive maturity. The decline is sparked by inhibitory signals from the germline cells

that prevent tissues from producing protective responses to stress. In C. elegans, this occurs

8–12 hours after the onset of adulthood, but the animal will normally live for another 3 week.

Knowing when C. elegans would begin the decline, in the current study, they used 2-day-old

animals. They hoped to be able to identify the genes and pathways involved that produce the

molecular failure.

Prof. Morimoto and his team screened approximately 22,000 genes on the hunt for those

responsible for the decline. They honed in on a set of genes called the mitochondrial electron

transport chain (ETC), which seemed to be important. "Mild downregulation of ETC activity"

resulted in healthier animals, as did small doses of xenobiotics and exposure to pathogens.

As Prof. Morimoto explains, "I never would have guessed this — a low stress signal resets

the organismal lifespan profoundly. What we are learning is that some of these stress signals

are interpreted by the organism as a way to reset itself and to live longer. When mitochondria

function optimally, the cells and tissue are robust."

Designing a way to implement these findings in a form that will be useful for humans is a

long way off. However, the study sheds new and unexpected light on the still mysterious

process of aging. Simply adding new avenues to follow is a result in itself.

Sleep disturbance

Sleep disturbance in diabetic women can prove to be deadly (New Kerala:

20171109)

https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-286586.html

Women suffering from diabetes, need to give a look!

Sleep disturbance in female diabetes patients can give way to elevated blood sugar levels,

neuropathic pain and fatigue, a recent study has suggested.

In a study, conducted on 90 women with type 2 diabetes, these life threatening conditions

were found even after controlling factors such as age, diabetes duration, depressive

symptoms, and distress.

Senior author at Chicago College of Nursing Dr. Cynthia Fritschi said, "Sleep disturbance in

patients with diabetes is common and may negatively affect blood glucose".

The findings suggest that a comprehensive sleep evaluation for diabetes patients should also

include tests on symptoms such as neuropathic pain and fatigue.

"A thorough sleep assessment, especially in female adults, must include a symptom

assessment. To do otherwise limits our ability to treat sleep disturbance effectively in this

population", Dr. Cynthia added.

This study first appeared in the Journal of Advanced Nursing.

HIV patients

HIV patients at high risk of heart, kidney disease (New Kerala: 20171109)

https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-286491.html

: HIV patients are at greater risk for a heart attack or stroke and are also at risk for chronic

kidney disease and vice versa, according to a study.

More than 1400 people in the study being treated for HIV had been diagnosed with chronic

kidney disease, and more than 900 had experienced a cardiovascular disease event.

Almost 11% of these patients had experienced both chronic kidney disease and

cardiovascular disease, with many of these events occurring just one year apart.

Professor Boyd, an infectious diseases expert with the Adelaide Medical School, University

of Adelaide, led an international team to investigate additional diseases associated with HIV

infection and its treatment.

Drawing on data from the international D:A:D (Data collection on Adverse events of Anti-

HIV Drugs) study, Professor Boyd and colleagues assessed the risks of cardiovascular

disease and chronic kidney disease in people with HIV infection. They found elevated risks

of each disease occurring simultaneously.

"Our research found that people with HIV at high risk of cardiovascular disease had a

corresponding 5.63-fold increase in risk of chronic kidney disease -- a finding not consistent

with the general community," Professor Boyd says.

"This study adds to the international body of research that shows we need to pay close

attention to the broader, general healthcare of people living with HIV.

"It's wonderful that anti-HIV medication has been able to save the lives of so many with HIV;

what we need to do now is to help people with HIV realise the full potential of their much-

extended life expectancy.

"Despite much effort over the past decade to focus attention on reducing cardiovascular risk

in HIV-positive people, there has been a lack of attention to the management of this disease

in people living with HIV. Unfortunately, this has implications for other diseases, and the

interaction between diseases creates substantial risks for future life-threatening events," he

says.

Professor Boyd says the research shows that the risks for cardiovascular and chronic kidney

disease in people with HIV should be assessed together.

"We strongly urge both people with HIV and their doctors to be aware of these risks, and to

treat them as a combined healthcare issue, not separately," he says.

"Primary prevention and effective management of these diseases, prioritising interventions

that have been repeatedly shown in the general community, will convey the same if not

greater benefits for the population of HIV-positive people."

"This approach should be incorporated in to the development of guidelines and defining

future research priorities for HIV-positive people," he says.

The research is published in the journal PLOS Medicine.

High-protein diet

How high-protein diet can prevent, treat obesity (New Kerala: 20171109)

https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-286259.html

High protein diet contains an amino acid called phenylalanine that, according to a latest

research, is a new hunger suppressant.

The study shows how phenylalanine reduces food intake by affecting the gut and the brain,

and suggests that it may be used to prevent or treat obesity.

Although high protein diets have been shown to be satisfying and to promote weight loss,

they can be hard to maintain and may lead to other health problems in the long-term.

Phenylalanine is an amino acid produced in the gut when protein is digested and has

previously been shown to affect the release of gut hormones that reduce appetite in rodents.

However, it was unclear exactly how the amino acid was causing this release and whether

other systems were involved in phenylalanine's appetite supressing effects.

To investigate the effects of phenylalanine on appetite and gut hormone release, Professor

Kevin Murphy and colleagues at Imperial College London, examined the effect of the amino

acid on food intake and brain activity in areas known to be involved in appetite regulation.

Mice were given phenylalanine, either orally or rectally, to assess the effects on different

parts of the gut.

Food intake was monitored at regular intervals over 24 hours and the amount of activity in

brain areas associated with appetite regulation was also assessed. Both oral and rectal

phenylalanine reduced food intake of the mice and increased activation in a brain area known

to be involved in regulating appetite.

After rectal administration, even an amount of phenylalanine 10 times lower than would be

eaten daily on a high protein diet, resulted in reduced food intake and activated the appetite

regulating centres in the brain.

These data suggest that phenylalanine may reduce appetite through different pathways in the

upper and lower gut. Although unknown whether phenylalanine has the same effects on

human appetite, this research indicates that the amino acid may have an important role in

regulating food intake that could be used to treat obesity.

Mariana Norton, the PhD student who conducted the study, comments, "Understanding how

food is detected in the gut may help to identify ways of treating or preventing obesity. The

next step is to establish whether phenylalanine can drive similar appetite reducing effects in

humans."

Norton further states, "Diets high in protein are known to encourage weight loss but adhering

to them can be difficult. Identifying the mechanisms that sense the protein may allow us to

use drugs or functional foods to hijack appetite regulation, and treat obesity."

The findings were presented at the Society for Endocrinology annual conference in

Harrogate.

Environmental Health (Dainik Gagaran: 20171109)

http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/09-nov-2017-edition-National-page_9-8853-13449-

262.html

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जहर घुल रहा होता है, ¡ ȣȲ ȯ ɉ Ʌमौजूद Ǘͧ Ǚͪ - ͧ ğ ȧ तथा   Ǘê Ȣɉके मरने से मदृा

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अकं के साथ गंभीर è पर मापा गया। अभी तो   Ǒ[ ɉ ȧ Ǖǽ] ¡ ȣहुई है तब ये हालात ¡ ɇ, अगर

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रहा था, ȯͩ ȡ ȣजलाने,   ȹके आगमन और ȣȡ ȣपर \ Ǔ Ȳǒğ पटाखेबाजी ने हालात को

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ȯͩ Ǒ ɉǑ कमजोर हो रहे ȡ[ ȧ Ǔ भी परवाह ¡ ȣȲहै। हर साल \ ÈǗऔर नवंबर

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Food and Nutrition (Dainik Gagaran: 20171109)

http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/09-nov-2017-edition-National-page_14-8898-16399-

262.html

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