daimler the road to emission free driving
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The Road to Emission-free Driving.
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The Daimler initiative: Playing a key role in shaping
emission-free mobility.
The world is changing at a rapid pace and with it the overall
conditions under which automobiles operate. Individual mobilitand the transport o goods are basic human requirements,which must be upheld or uture generations. We must thereoremake road vehicles as sustainable and sae as possible. Thisguiding principle is our obligation, which entails conservingresources, preventing emissions, and ensuring the highestpossible level o road saet. This includes consistentlpromoting the development o intelligent mobilit concepts orurban regions. As the successors to Carl Benz and GottliebDaimler, the inventors o the car and the truck, we arepassionate in pressing ahead with urther innovations as wehave alread demonstrated with more than 80,000 patentapplications since Carl Benz irst presented his Patent MotorCar in 1886.
The experts at Daimler are not expecting one single technology
to play a dominant role in sustainable mobility, but are setting
out to provide tailor-made solutions to suit all requirements.
This applies to all four modes of road transportation: individual
mobility in passenger cars; public and private short- and
long-range transport in buses; goods transport by van and
truck; and special vehicles for public services, municipal
applications, and industry.
In our Road to Emission-ree Driving initiative, we are
concentrating on three ke areas o development:
optimizing vehicles with state-of-the-art internal combustion
engines,
further increasing efciency through made-to-measure
hybridization,
locally emission-free driving with vehicles powered by the
battery and the fuel cell.
With well-founded research ndings gained in the course of
successful large-scale projects for testing alternative vehicle
and drive concepts, we have laid the foundations for locally
emission-free driving.
High-tech internal combustion engines Hbridization made to measure Locall emission-ree driving
with the batter and the uel cell
The Road Map to Sustainable Mobilit
As the inventor of the car and the truck,
Daimler assumes responsibility for their future.
Our Road to Emission-free Driving stands for
our commitment to securing sustainable
mobility. Our aim is to markedly reduce fuel
consumption and emissions already today
and to eliminate them entirely in the long
term. To this end, we are developing a broad
spectrum of state-of-the-art drive technolo-
gies that meet the specific requirementsplaced on todays and tomorrows mobility
in all modes of road transportation.
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The Road to Emission-free Driving I 04-05
Society and mobility.
We are shaping the future. Mobility is the engine of
growth and prosperity for every modern society.
There are currentl more than 900 million vehicles on theworlds roads. Experts predict that this igure will more thandouble within less than 30 ears. Motor vehicles bothpassenger cars and commercial vehicles pla a crucial rolein this worldwide development.
The automobile is at the crossroads of various interests in which
increasingly high, diversied, and mutually inuencing requirements
are placed on its technology. Customers demand safe, comfortable,
high-performance vehicles which at the same time are to be moreand more economical and environment-friendly. These increasing
demands and the dynamically growing global need for mobility stand
in stark contrast to dwindling oil reserves, rising energy costs, and
increasingly stringent regulations that are by no means uniform on
an international scale. The task at hand is therefore to make the
automobile t for the future after all, no other transport medium
offers so much individual freedom. At the same time, motor
vehicles trucks, buses, vans, and passenger cars are one of
the worlds most powerful engines of growth and prosperity.
These days, 80 percent of all goods in the industrialized nations of
Europe are transported by truck. According to logistics experts,
the global transport volume will have doubled by the year 2030,
as compared to the gure for 2000. Each year, some 60 million
people move from rural areas to the cities, where they want to
be mobile. More than 50 million jobs throughout the world are
dependent on the automotive industry. If cars and commercial
vehicles are to continue to play a signicant role in the economy
and society, they must become more efcient and cleaner. We are
convinced that the key to sustainable mobility lies in innovation.
We are living out this principle with a multi-track, intelligent blend
of drive systems that caters to all of todays and tomorrowsmobility requirements.
Rural transport Urban transportLong-distance transport
Vehicles with internal combustion engines
Hybrid vehicles
Plug-in vehicles | Vehicles with range extender
Electric vehicles with battery
An intelligent blend o drive concepts or all mobilit scenariosThe key to environmentally compatible mobility that also caters to specic individual requirements is an intelligent blend of innovative
internal combustion engines, hybrid drives, and emission-free electric vehicles powered by the battery or the fuel cell.
Whether it be cars, buses, vans, or
heavy-duty trucks: Daimler offers
premium solutions for all mobility
requirements.
Electric vehicles with fuel cell
Diverse technical improvements have brought about a signicant reduction in noxious emission levels, despite the increase in transport volumes.
A turnaround has also been achieved in CO2
emissions. (Source: TREMOD)
Transportation volumes and emissions in German road traic
CO2
NOx
HCCO
1970 1980 20001990 20202010 2030
Introduction of three-way catalytic converter
1960
Transport volumes
PM100 %
300 %
500 %
700 %
planned drive variants (target)
implemented drive variants (current)
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No other premium carmaker is in a better overall position than
we are to fulfill the entire spectrum of expectations placed on
sustainable mobility.
The uture o the automobile is electric. This provocativestatement at times leads to alse conclusions: It is not theelectric car alone, whether powered b the uel cell or thebatter, that represents the technolog or a mobile uture.Rather, the ke to the mobilit o the uture lies in electrii-cation o the drivetrain. And this begins n ot with the driveunit itsel, but alread in the auxiliar units o the engine or example, electricall regulated power steering units,or water pumps that onl cut in when actuall required. The
batter is the ke component or all electriication mea-sures and at the same time presents the greatest technicalchallenge. Its eicienc and econom determine the successor ailure o opportunities or the uture o mobilit. How dothe carmakers intend to get to grips with CO
2? What drive
technolog is the most suitable or reducing uel consump-tion? And how can this all be reconciled with the desire orsaet, comort, and driving pleasure?Convincing answers to all these questions are given b Dr.Thomas Weber, member o the Board o Management oDaimler AG with responsibilit or Group Research andMercedes-Benz Cars Development.
Daimler has been a moving orce behind the overall develop-ment o road transportation or 125 ears rom individualmobilit in passenger cars to goods transport in commercialvehicles. Where is it all heading, Dr. Weber?Our objective is to secure sustainable mobility on a long-term
basis as anchored in our road map. We intend to be leaders in
green technologies while, on the other hand, not neglecting
typical Mercedes-Benz virtues such as safety, comfort, or superior
driving pleasure. We make high investments to this end. However,
Daimler and Mercedes-Benz do not only stand for topics of the
future such as electric automobiles powered by the fuel cell or the
battery. Our current models already today incorporate effective
technologies for even more efciency, environmental compatibility,
and safety. In the rst stage, we are setting out to achieve this with
our BlueEFFICIENCY measures for passenger cars with state-of-
the-art internal combustion engines. These include downsizing,
high-pressure supercharging, direct injection, and strategic
optimization measures on the vehicle itself, for example in matters
of aerodynamics, lightweight design, and energy management.
Great potential for further enhanced efciency is also offered by
made-to-measure hybridization in a number of stages.
How long will diesel- and gasoline-powered vehicles remainwhat the have been or man decades the mainsta omobilit in road transport?State-of-the-art internal combustion engines, both with and
without hybridization, are an indispensable option for the future.
They are needed, rst of all, simply because electric drive units
will not initially be able to be produced in required quantities and
at viable costs in the high-volume segment and because the
necessary infrastructure is still lacking. Over the next few
decades, the quality of internal combustion engines will thereforecontinue to determine how much fuel is in fact saved and what
levels of emission can thereby be prevented. One thing is certain:
Despite all progress, the electric automobile will not be able to
replace vehicles powered by internal combustion engines in the
short term, but will gradually extend the range of drive systems
for the future. Modern diesel and gasoline models w ill remain the
mainstay of the automotive world for a long time to come in
individual transport with passenger cars, especially on long
journeys, and above all in goods transport by truck. As a result
the engineers from Daimler and Mercedes-Benz have devised a
broad-based approach in which the internal combustion engine
is by no means obsolete but continues to play an important role.
Does that mean that even the electric vehicle is just one oseveral options?In public discussion, the impression has arisen that the era of the
electric automobile will be starting tomorrow. In fact, however,
while electric vehicles whether they are powered by fuel cells or
batteries or incorporate a range extender of fer enormous
potential in terms of environmental compatibility, they are yet to
reach large-scale production maturity. Along with a number of
technological challenges such as sufcient production capacity for
powerful and safe batteries, a comprehensive charging infrastruc -
ture still remains to be established, as does a hydrogen lling
station network. Locally emission-free, quiet, and highly efcient
driving is of particular interest above all in densely populated cities
where restricted access and environmental zones are now the rule
rather than the exception. The second generation of the smart
fortwo electric drive, of which a small series went into production
in mid-November 2009, is exemplary for an urban automobile.
On one single battery charge it attains a range of up to 135
kilometers, which is well suited to city application and is adequate
for more than three-fourths of all drivers.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 0 6-07
The future of mobility.
Our solution: an intelligent blend of drive concepts.
The age of electromobility will not be ushered in at
the press of a button.
An interview with Dr. Thomas Weber, member o the Board o Management o Daimler AG with responsibilit orGroup Research & Mercedes-Benz Cars Development.
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So the energ storage medium will become the ke technolog?Thats right. A crucial requirement for any electric drive system is
a powerful, safe, and reliable energy storage unit. The performance
of the entire electrical system depends on the battery, starting
with its charging capacity. For this reason, Daimler is concentrat-
ing above all on developing a powerful traction battery. It must
have a long service life and a high level of crash safety as well as
being suitable for recycling. All these requirements are fullled by
the new lithium-ion battery, which has already demonstrated its
suitability in hybrid applications. Its advantages lie above all inits compact dimensions in combination with a considerably
higher performance as compared with the nickel-metal hydride
batteries used to date.
And thanks to its innovative cooling system and temperature
management, it has proved highly reliable independently of
climatic conditions and has excellent cold-starting ability. We are
also investigating further future-oriented battery concepts. Our
goal is to further increase energy density and to reduce weight
even though in our view, some of these concepts are still far
from reaching series maturity.
What does this all mean or Daimlers strateg?The outcome is an intelligent blend of drive concepts. In view
of the various vehicle categories, application proles, and
individual customers wishes, we are employing a number of
different concepts with made-to-measure drivetrain solutions
to suit all customers. Long-distance transport will continue to
be dominated by state-of-the-art internal combustion engines
with or without hybrid module, supplemented by fuel cell vehicles.
In rural driving, this scenario can be additionally supported by
plug-in hybrids and fuel cell automobiles. In urban trafc
especially in the increasing number of mega-cities throughout the
world the streetscape will be dominated by locally emission-free
vehicle concepts with battery and fuel cell drive.
With these prospects in mind, is it still conceivable that alarge Mercedes-Benz sedan would consume less than ourliters per 100 kilometers?Our Mercedes-Benz S 500 Plug-in HYBRID technology-bearer,
presented at the 2007 IAA, is the worlds rst luxury-segment
model in the three-liter category. This was achieved by means of
state-of-the-art hybrid drive technology and strategic optimization
measures in matters of aerodynamics, lightweight design, and
energy management. Our F 800 Style research vehicle is giving us
a glimpse into the future of the large sedan with the star: With its
efcient plug-in hybrid drive and a CO2
bonus for battery-electric
operation, it achieves a certied fuel consumption of just 2.9 liters
of gasoline per 100 kilometers. This yields an extremely low CO2
emission level of only 68 grams per kilometer. Whichever drive
technologies are used, comfortable, superior, and safe premium
automobiles such as the Mercedes-Benz E-Class and S-Class still
number among our core competencies. And this will remain so
in future.
Our strategy sets out to markedly reduce the fuel consumption and
emissions of our vehicles already today and to eliminate them entirely
in the long term.
For more than a centur, automobiles ran almost exclusivelon uels derived rom mineral oil. And or good reason: Shortreueling times, high operating ranges, a comprehensiveinrastructure, and avorable prices made the internalcombustion engine the driving orce o mobilit. However,there are now signs o a turnaround.
Highl diverse drive technologies in coexistence.Major advances have been made in the el ectrification of the
drivetrain, and small series of vehicles powered by the batteryand the fuel cell have already undergone practical trials with
customers. The battery as an energy storage medium has
likewise reached a new level of performance with state-of-the-art
lithium-ion technology. With its Road to Emission-free Driving
initiative, Daimler offers a product blend that is unique in the
industry, with highly diverse drive concepts to meet all mobility
requirements in urban, rural, and long-distance transport.
It is also clear that a wide variety of different drive technologies
will continue to exist side by side for quite some time to come. As
the inventor of the automobile and the worlds largest commercial
vehicle producer, Daimler is therefore intensively pursuing further
developments to secure sustainable mobility: with individual
mobility by car, public transport with buses, and goods transport
with light commercial vehicles and heavy-duty trucks. Mobility
needs variety.
Customer beneits and environmental compatibilit in ocus.This interdisciplinary grouping together and synergetic networking
of numerous activities for emission-free driving in all modes of road
transportation is unique throughout the world. Daimlers approach
involves vehicle concepts with modular drive technologies thatconsistently take into account both customer benefits and
environmental compatibility.
The three key points of emphasis in development are:
optimization of vehicles with state-of-the-art internal combustion
engines,
further increases in efficiency through made-to-measure
hybridization, and
locally emission-free driving with vehicles powered by the
fuel cell and the battery.
In this process, the company benefits from a broad basis of
knowledge gained over many years of its own research activities.
Mobility needs variety.
Daimler is oriented towards the diverse requirements
for mobility. Our solution for the future of mobility
comprises a hitherto unique blend of products.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 08-09
The Road to Emission-Free Mobilit
Mercedes-Benz Cars
Mercedes-Benz
Me rc ed es -B en z Va ns D ai ml er Tr uc ks , D ai ml er Bu se s
Efcient internalcombustion engines
Hbridizationmade to measure
Emission-reeelectric drive
Alternative uels
BlueEFFICIENCy
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
BlueE FF ICIENCy Shaping Future TransportationCleanDrive Technologies
Intelligent Drive
smart
Documentation of diversity: Drive technologies in cross-sector application.
The future of mobility.
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A-BThe Road to Emission-free Driving I 10-11
High-tech internal
combustion engines.
The most important parameter for reducing fuelconsumption and emissions is the innovative,
energy-efcient internal combustion engine.
The qualit o our internal combustion engines determineshow much uel will be saved over the next 20 ears and whatquantities o emissions can thereb be prevented. Combustionengines both with and without the hybrid option will continue to
constitute the mainstay of our mobility for many years to come.
For all the major advances that attract widespread publicity, the
electric car will not be able to replace vehicles powered by the
internal combustion engine in the near future. Modern diesel- and
gasoline-powered vehicles will remain the driving force of mobility
for a long time in individual transport with passenger cars,
especially on long journeys, and above all in goods transport by truck.
Perhaps the best documentation of this performance is the fact
that the 40-tonne Mercedes- Benz Actros BlueTec combination
broke the world fuel efciency record in May 2008, with just
19.44 liters of diesel fuel per 100 kilometers. With a payload of
25 tonnes and an average speed of 80 kilometers per hour, this
series-produced truck consumed only 0.8 liters per 100 tonne-kilo-
meters on the test course in Nardo, corresponding to a CO2
emission
level of 20.5 grams per tonne of payload per kilometer (g/tkm).
Clinder cross-section clean, efcient internal combustion engines will
be the mainsta o mobilit or some time to come.
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The BLUETEC leet o Daimler Trucks: Light deliver vehicles, agile vans, multi-unctional special vehicles (Unimog, Econic), heav-dut trucks, andcomortable buses.
Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coup
BlueEFFICIENCy
The Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coup
creates a special link between emotion
and efciency. The most aerodynamic
coup variant also sets a new record in
terms of air resistance: With a Cd gure
of just 0.24, this model has been the
worlds most aerodynamically rened
series-produced automobile since 2009.
The irst o three ocal points on Daimlers road map is theoptimization o vehicles with internal combustion engine.Constant improvements and new developments are makinggasoline and diesel engines not onl more powerul, butabove all more eicient and cleaner: According to a recentACEA stud, 100 modern vehicles produce less emissions onaverage than one single automobile rom the 1970s. Thediesel consumption o heav-dut vehicles has been reducedb more than one-third.
With BLUETEC, Daimler has been offering clean diesel technol-
ogy in commercial vehicles since 2005 and in an adapted
version also for passenger cars since 2006. As well as reducing
pollutant emissions, BLUETEC also cuts fuel consumption by two to
ve percent; this means up to 2,000 liters less diesel consumption
per vehicle and year. This technology also constitutes the basis
for compliance with the next stage of Euro 6 emissions legislation;
and it is the key to our trucks and buses compliance with the
stringent EPA 10 limits of the NAFTA states and JP 09 in Japan.
In passenger cars too, Daimler is the pioneer of efciency. The most
economical model of the new-generation Mercedes-Benz C-Class
is now even more fuel-efcient: The C 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY
with manual six-speed transmission and standard ECO start / stop
function consumes an average of only 4.4 liters of diesel fuel
per 100 kilometers 0.4 liters less than in the past. This is
equivalent to 117 grams of CO2
per kilometer. The worlds most
fuel-efcient luxury sedan with internal combustion engine, the
Mercedes-Benz S 250 CDI Blue EFFICIENCY, offers the highest level
of driving comfort and safety, but consumes just 5.7 liters per 100
kilometers.
Gasoline models that are just as economical as diesels this is
made possible by the new generation of BlueDIRECT six- and
eight-cylinder engines, which since 2010 have been successively
introduced in numerous Mercedes-Benz model series. The powerand torque of these engines have been increased over the pre-
decessor versions, while consumption has been reduced by up
to one-fourth. In terms of fuel economy, the state-of-the-art
BlueDIRECT gasoline direct injection engines from Mercedes-Benz
have come another step closer to matching the diesel power units.
The targeted BlueEFFICIENCY measures enhance fuel economy
especially with the ECO star t / stop function, which is already
standard in many vehicles and which Mercedes-Benz will offer in
more than 50 models across its entire product range as of mid-2011.
In the commercial vehicle sector, too, Daimler is shaping the future
of mobility with its highly efcient, clean drive systems: With its
CleanDrive Technologies for non-pollutant drive systems and
alternative fuels, Daimlers Commercial Vehicle division is shaping
the future of mobility.
Already today, more than 500,000 vehicles from all the corporate
truck, bus, and van brands are on the move throughout the world
with CleanDrive Technologies. They illustrate various approaches
to the ambitious aim of the zero-emission commercial vehicle.
Along with the clean, efcient BLUETEC technology for diesel
engines, low-emission and quiet natural gas drive systems are a
further option especially in city trafc. Alternative fuels also have
the potential to cut emissions and to reduce our dependence on
fossil energy sources.
The BlueEFFICIENCy package in all passenger car series.Daimler is grouping together measures for fuel consumption
reduction in gasoline and diesel car models in so-called
BlueEFFICIENCY packages, which will be available for 128
Mercedes-Benz passenger car models by the end of 2011.
Depending on individual model series, the tailor-made packages
comprise various measures within the engine and a combination
of numerous technologies for reducing a vehicles weight. The
BlueEFFICIENCY package also includes low rolling-resistance
tires, optimized aerodynamics, and the ECO start-stop function
as a preliminary to hybridization.
Mercedes-Benz passenger cars 1990 2011: Exemplary reductions in fuel consumption (NEDC gure) in the C-, E-, and S-Class.
Development o uel consumption reduction: Mercedes-Benz C-, E-, and S-Class 1990 2011
1990 2011
l /100 km
Gasoline Diesel
C-ClassC-Class E-ClassE-Class S-ClassS-Class
5
10
190 E 1.8
C 180 Komp. BlueEF.
190 D 2.5
C 220 CDI BlueEF.
300 D
E 250 CDI BlueEF.
300 SD
S 250 CDI BlueEF.
300 E-24
E 250 CGI BlueEF.
420 SE
S 350 BlueEF.
8.0
-45 %
4.4 8.4
-42 %
4.912.8 6.6
-48 %
13.6 7.6
-44 %
11.0 5.7
-48 %
10.2 6.4
-37 %
High-tech internal combustion engines.
Constant optimization: Internal combustion engines
are the mainstay of mobility.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 12-13
BLUETEC technolog
A modular concept, BLUETEC reduces the various raw emissions
within the engine and subsequently puries the exhaust gas. All
emission components are considerably reduced step by step, for
example with the oxidation catalytic converter and the particulate
trap. A further important aim is to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.
This is the only exhaust component that is still inherently higher in
diesel engines than in gasoline engines. For this purpose, AdBlue, a
harmless aqueous carbamide solution, is injected into the exhaust
stream. Ammonia is thereby formed, which reduces up to 80 percent
of the nitrogen oxides to harmless nitrogen and water in the down-
stream SCR catalytic converter. More than 382,000 trucks and buses
from Daimler equipped with BLUETEC are now proving their worth in
the harsh conditions of everyday operation. A truck with BLUETEC, for
example, emits about 60 percent less nitrogen oxides and 80 percent
less soot particles.
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The Road to Emission-free Driving I 14-15
BlueEFFICIENCy is the trademark or highl economical, environmentall compatible Mercedes-Benz passenger cars. The leet will have grown to a
total o 128 models b the end o 2011.
Optimized diesel engines.In Mercedes-Benz passenger cars, the fourth generation of
common-rail direct injection (CDI) adapts fuel injection even more
precisely to various conditions of load and engine speed. The higher
injection pressure increases the engines output and, thanks to its
superior combustion, reduces raw emissions. The piezo injectors
also match the fuel injection to the momentary driving situation.
This means lower levels of emission, fuel consumption, and noise.
The four-cylinder CDI engine in the Mercedes E-Class develops 150
kW (204 hp) while only consuming 5.3 liters per 100 kilometers. Ascompared to the predecessor model, this means a 20 percent higher
output and 24 percent lower CO2
emissions. The V6 turbodiesel unit,
used for example in the Mercedes-Benz C 350 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY,
in combination with the 7G-TRONIC PLUS automatic transmission
and the ECO start / stop function offers superior output and torque:
195 kW (265 hp) and 620 Nm with a combined consumption
gure of 5.9 liters per 100 kilometers.
The new CDI technology is also used in Daimlers smallest vehicle:
The current smart fortwo cdi has a combined fuel consumption
gure of just 3.3 liters per100 kilometers, corresponding to CO2
emissions of only 86 grams per kilometer. This agile city car thus
defends its world-leading position as the CO2
champion among
vehicles with internal combustion engine.
New Engine Generation stands for the latest interdisciplinary engine
development from Daimler Trucks. The Fuso 6R10 engine complies
with JP 09, currently the worlds most stringent emissions standard.
This powerful engine is being used for the rst time in Japan in the
Fuso Super Great. All engines of the New Engine Generation (except
the EPA 07) include BlueTec emission technology for a signicantreduction in the emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter,
and CO2
and are the same time highly economical. The 6R10 for
the Fuso Super Great, with a displacement of 12.8 liters and power
outputs currently ranging from 257 kW (350 hp) to 338 kW (460 hp),
is ideally suited to the customer requirements of the Japanese mar-
ket. In future, the New Engine Generation will also power Mercedes-
Benz trucks. This already opens the door to maximum-efciency
combustion engines of the next generation, which in conjunction
with BlueTec emission technology, exhaust gas recirculation, and a
closed-loop diesel particulate lter will meet the Euro 6 standard.
Optimized gasoline engines.Performance and agility matched with high fuel economy this
was the objective in the ongoing development of CGI (stratied
charged gasoline injection) engines for Mercedes-Benz passenger
cars. The CGI process enhances combustion efciency. The precisely
metered quantity of gasoline required in a given driving situation is
injected into the cylinders. In May 2010, Mercedes-Benz reached a
new milestone in efciency: Thanks to further innovations such
as third-generation direct injection, a fully variable valve train,
new combustion processes, and a multi-spark ignition, the newBlueDIRECT V6 and V8 engines consume up to 24 percent less fuel
than their predecessors, despite generating greater power and torque.
Further savings will be made in future with fuel-efcient stratied
combustion processes, reduced friction within the engine, and lower
power consumption in the auxiliary units.
In the absolute top segment, the CLS 63 AMG is setting standards
with the new AMG V8 biturbo engine. Its key data: 5,461 cc
displacement, a maximum output of 386 kW (525 hp) and 700
newton-meters of torque, and fuel consumption of only 9.9 liters
per 100 kilometers (NEDC gure) with CO2
emissions of 231 g / km.
With these gures, the CLS 63 AMG not only signicantly
undercuts the values of all its direct competitors, but is also more
fuel-efcient than much less powerful vehicles.
Requiring just 19.44 liters o diesel per 100 kilometers, the 40 -tonne Mercedes-Benz Actros trailer /tractor combination holds the Guinness World
Record in the categor most uel-eicient 40-tonne truck. During a seven-da trial drive over 13,000 kilometers on the Nardo test circuit in southern
Ital in Ma 2008, the Actros demonstrated that the vision o the one-liter vehicle is alread a realit in the commercial vehicle sector.
High-tech internal combustion engines.
New Engine Generation
The New Engine Generation stands for the latest
interdisciplinary engine development from Daimler Trucks.
The Fuso 6R10 engine complies with JP 09, currently the
worlds most stringent emissions standard and is already
installed, for example, in the new Fuso Super Great.
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Snthetic uels help cut consumption and emissions.
Since conventional fuels such as gasoline or diesel will continue
to predominate for a number of years to come, their optimization
is a top priority. The objective: universal availability of high-quality
and sulfur-free fuels.
1. CNG (compressed natural gas) is a promising option for
certain applications, since it has a lower carbon content than
gasoline or diesel.
2. BTL (biomass-to-liquid) fuels will acquire increasing signicance
as soon as they are produced on a large-scale industrial
basis. Daimler is promoting the development and application
of largely CO2-neutral synthetic biofuels which make optimal
use of the biomass, are free of sulfur and aromatics, and do
not directly compete with food and fodder production. They
can be excellently matched to the requirements of the internal
combustion engine.
3. GTL (gas-to-liquid) fuels are the cleanest and highest-quality
fuels for diesel engines after BTL fuels. GTL diesel is free of
sulfur and can be well matched to the requirements of the
internal combustion engine.
4. Hydrogen is the energy medium for fuel cell automobiles.
The hydrogen used in the fuel cell reacts w ith oxygen to
yield water. Until now, the worlds hydrogen requirements
have been largely fullled by the re formation of steam fromnatural gas. Since this hydrogen production process still
gives rise to CO2
emissions as a result of the carbon content
of the natural gas, appropriate economically viable processes
for hydrogen production from renewable sources must be
developed. Hydrogen generated by this means is the fuel of
the future, which in combination with the fuel cell e nsures
mobility free of pollutants and CO2. Environment-friendly
hydrogen production processes include electrolysis using
electricity generated from renewable sources (at hydroelectric,
wind, solar or geothermal power plants) and the gasication
of biomass.
5. Biofuels of the rst generation, such as bioethanol or
biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester, RME), are suitable for the
short to medium term as blend additives for conventional
fossil fuels within the range of concentrations suitable for
the respective vehicles as long as negative consequences
for food production are prevented. Hydrotreated vegetable
oils (HVO), which give rise to only few emissions and are
produced on an industrial scale, are suited as an interim
solution prior to the introduction of second-generation biofuels
and can be blended with conventional fuels without restric-
tion in high quantities.
The development o uels goes hand in hand with that o drive sstems. New alternative uels provide urther potential orreducing uel consumption and emissions.
Power plants or high-tech engines:
The development and introduction of
synthetic diesel fuels from biomass, by the
name of SunDiesel, have been at the focus
of Daimlers attention since 2005.
Driving with natural gas: NGT (natural gas technolog).In terms of both ecology and economy, natural gas drive is a viable
alternative to conventional drive concepts. In comparison with
conventional gasoline or diesel fuels, its advantages lie in a lower
carbon content and low-emission combustion. Moreover, natural
gas engines run very quietly and produce less CO2
than diesel
engines. To date, natural gas vehicles still have the disadvantages
of intricate fuel storage in bulky pressure cylinders and a limited
lling station infrastructure. Thanks to their bivalent drive units,
NGT passenger cars such as the Mercedes-Benz E 200 NGTBlueEFFICIENCY or the B 170 NGT BlueEFFICIENCY can run either
on natural gas or on premium gasoline.
The Mercedes-Benz Sprinter NGT BlueEFFICIENCY with bivalent
natural gas drive has also been available since 2008. The Mercedes-
Benz Citaro CNG is manufactured both as a solo and an articulated
bus with natural gas engine; more than 1,600 of these vehicles are
already in operation throughout the world. This was the rst
line-service urban bus with natural gas drive to comply with the EEV
(Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle) exhaust standards. The
Mercedes-Benz Econic NGT likewise undercuts the Euro V and EEV
limits and is characterized by low noise emissions; around 1,000 of
these trucks are on the roads of Europe in municipal service,collecting, and distribution operations. 1,300 natural gas vehicles on
the basis of the MT45 walk-in delivery van have been delivered since
2000 by the Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation (FCCC).
Whether it be the Mercedes-Benz Citaro, the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, the Mercedes-Benz Econic, or the Mercedes-Benz B-Class and E-Class: Natural
gas engines compl with the stringent EEV standards.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 16-17
High-tech internal combustion engines.
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Hybridization made to measure.A milestone for further enhanced efciency.
The ke to greater efcienc and environmental compatibilitlies in the electrifcation o the drivetrain.This offers greatpotential for improvement, which is being realized for example in
auxiliary units, the automatic start/stop system, and hybridization.
For this second stage of Daimlers road map, we have developed
a modular hybrid system that offers various possibilities for
extension in terms of performance and range of vehicle applications.
All hybrid drive variants can be realized on this basis: from so-called
mild hybrids, with electric recuperation and boost function, up to
purely electric driving.
A further option is the plug-in hybrid, in which the battery can be
recharged from a domestic power socket to extend the vehicles
electric operating range. The Mercedes-Benz Vision 500 Plug-in
HYBRID provides a glimpse of this full-hybrid technology. With the
next-generation S-Class, Mercedes-Benz will incorporate this
highly efcient combination of internal combustion engine and
electric motor into series manufacture.
Electric drive hbrid drive units, which combine internal combustion
engines and electric motors, represent a milestone along the road
toward enhanced drive sstem efcienc.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 18-19
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Hybridization made to measure.
Boosting efficiency. The modular hybrid system is
suited to a wide range of applications in passenger
cars and commercial vehicles.
The modular hbrid sstem
The modular hbrid sstem, which makes or great versatilit in terms o power output and range o applications, reconciles econom with driving
pleasure: Hbrid modules and batteries can be combined with various perormance data o the economical, high-torque gasoline and diesel engines.
Just like the engines, all hbrid modules are compatible with the 7G-TRONIC automatic transmission. On this basis, diverse, highl customer-orientedhbrid drive variants can be realized up to the ull hbrid, which can also operate in purel electrical mode. A urther option is the plug-in hbrid, in
which the batter can also be recharged rom a domestic power socket to increase the electric operating range.
Mercedes-Benz S 400 HyBRID: The irst hbrid vehicle to be oered b a European manuacturer.
Transmission Combustion enginesBatteries Hbrid modules
7 Ah
30 Ah
45 Ah
15 kW
45 kW
65 kW
7G-TRONIC
7G-TRONIC PLUS
The uture o the modular hbrid sstem is shown b theMercedes-Benz Vision 500 Plug-in HyBRID.This vehicles hybrid module also allows driving in purely electric
mode. The more powerful, likewise disc-shaped electric motor
differs only slightly from the hybrid module in the Mercedes-Benz
S 400 HYBRID and can also be integrated into the 7G-TRONIC
housing. This conguration leaves sufcient space for an isolator
coupling additionally located between the internal combustion
engine and the electric motor: It separates the two dri ve units in
purely electric mode so that the combustion engine can be cut offcompletely. Moreover, this conguration allows full recuperation
without drag loss in the engine. With a certied consumption of
only 3.2 liters of gasoline per 100 kilometers and a purely electric
operating range of 30 kilometers, the Mercedes-Benz Vision
S 500 Plug-in HYBRID offers g reen technology in a fascinating
luxury-category vehicle.
The near-series diesel hbrid stud car.The combination of various hybrid modules is also demonstrated in
the Vision Mercedes-Benz E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID. This study car
equipped with the new four-cylinder diesel engine sounds out the
fuel-savings potential with its low combined consumption gure of
just 4.5 liters per 100 kilometers. The highly efcient emission
control unit combines the functions of oxidation catalytic converter,
diesel particulate lter, and BLUETEC with AdBlue injection. The
near-series Mercedes-Benz E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID study vehicle
thus also has the potential to comply with BIN5 and EU6, theworlds most stringent emission standards.
Mercedes-Benz S 400 HyBRID: the irst production vehiclewith a lithium-ion batter.With the Mercedes-Benz S 400 HYBRID introduced on the market
in 2009, Daimler was the first European manufacturer to offer a
hybrid passenger car from large-series production. The modular
concept, realized in this premium automobile for the first time,
shows how hybrid drive configurations can be efficiently realized
to meet a wide variety of requirements. The key component is a
battery based on lithium-ion technology, which is superior in
terms of power output and storage capacity. The second elementis the compact hybrid module, which develops 15 kilowatts in the
Mercedes-Benz S 400 HYBRID.
The disc-shaped electric motor is conveniently located in the
torque converter housing between the engine and the 7G-TRONIC
seven-speed automatic transmission. The compact unit also
functions as a starter motor and generator. The hybrid module for
example includes the ECO start-stop function. During braking,
the electric motor functions as a generator and can recuperate
kinetic energy. The energy recovered by this means is stored in a
new high-voltage lithium-ion battery specially developed for
automotive application. The major advantages of the lithium-ion
battery over conventional batteries are its higher energy densityand more favorable electrical efficiency despite its more compact
dimensions and lower weight. The battery has an exceptionally
high cycle stability a service li fe of at least ten years is attainable
under normal conditions of use.
Ah = ampere-hour kW = kilowatt
R4 gasoline engine
R4 diesel engine
V6 gasoline engine
V6 diesel engine
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 20-21
Mercedes-Benz Vision S 500 Plug-in HyBRID: The luxur categor on the wa to the three-liter automobile.
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More than 1,000 hbrid vehicles such as the Freightliner M2 106 Hbrid have alread let the production line at the commercial vehicle plant inMount Holl, North Carolina (let). Over 2,200 Orion hbrid buses are now a regular sight on the roads o the United States (right).The Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec Hbrid articulated bus and the commercial vehicles rom Fuso are alread toda heralding the technological changetowards the zero-emission vehicle.
The Mercedes-Benz Atego BlueTec Hbrid received the 2010 German
Sustainabilit Award and was voted Truck o the year 2011.
O to a good start with leet tests.Alternative drive technologies from Daimler Trucks and Daimler
Buses are now being put to everyday use with customers in
further product segments and regions. In North America, most
of the 1,500 Freightliner M2 hybrid trucks have already been
delivered to customers. Thomas Built Buses is now producing
hybrid versions of the companys legendary school buses. In
Japan, the Fuso Aero Star Eco Hybrid is now already the second
generation of hybrid buses to be launched on the market. In
London, Europes largest eet test with hybrid trucks was alreadyinitiated with ten Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid vehicles in
August 2008. The Global Hybrid Center in Kawasaki, Japan, also
opened in August 2008, now coordinates the worldwide hybrid
activities of Daimler Trucks and is currently developing new
systems. The rst of a total of 30 Mercedes-Benz diesel hybrid
buses have already been in regular everyday service since 2010.
This new vehicle concept is already shaping the technological shift
towards the zero-emission vehicle.
With its hbrid modules, Daimler is also setting new standardsin the commercial vehicle sector.
In commercial vehicles, too, Daimler is pressing ahead with drasti-
cally reducing fuel consumption, CO2
levels, and exhaust emissions.
These activities are grouped together in the Shaping Future
Transportation initiative launched in late 2007. A key role in the
quest for the drive system of tomorrow is played by hybrid technolo-
gies, which depending on the type of application are expected to
bring about savings in diesel consumption of up to one-third.
With the Mercedes-Benz Atego BlueTec Hybrid, we are offering this
particularly low-emission technology ex-factory for the rst time in
Europe. Its compact, lightweight four-cylinder diesel engine with a
displacement of 4.8 liters develops an output of 160 kW (218 hp)
and a maximum torque of 810 Nm. It also features a water-cooled
electric motor, which has a peak output of 44 kW and a maximum
torque of 420 Nm and is supplied by lithium-ion batteries with high
energy and power ratings.
The electric motor is located behind the combustion engine and
clutch, but in front of the transmission. In so-called parallel
hybrid mode, the electric motor and combustion engine can
power the truck either alone or in tandem. This architecture
allows electric starting, regenerative braking, and boosting by
the electric motor and optimizes the characteristics of the diesel
engine. This not only signicantly reduces fuel consumption and
exhaust emissions by up to 15 percent, but also makes for less
noise emission. Use of the start / stop function during stops at
trafc lights reduces fuel consumption, emissions, and noise to
zero. The rst fty Atego BlueTec Hybrid trucks were delivered to
German customers from the goods distribution sector in early
2011. The Mercedes-Benz Atego BlueTec Hybrid received the
German Sustainability Award in the category of Germanys
most sustainable products / services in 2010 and was votedTruck of the Year 2011.
World leader in hbrid drive sstems or commercial vehicles.Large numbers of buses and trucks of Daimlers Orion, Freight-
liner, and Mitsubishi Fuso brands are already in operation with
customers in the United States and Japan. With some 3,200
Orion Hybrid buses on the roads of North America, more than
1,500 Freightliner vehicles, and over 1,100 light trucks and buses
from Mitsubishi Fuso, Daimler is world market leader in hybrid
drive systems for commercial vehicles. Together with the natural
gas-powered Mercedes-Benz trucks, buses, and vans in Europe,
the eet of vehicles delivered by Daimler to its customers already
numbers more than 15,500 commercial vehicles with alternative
drive concepts in practical operation.
No other manufacturer offers more commercial vehicles
with hybrid drive.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 22-23
Hybridization made to measure.
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Battery and Fuel Cell.Locally emission-free driving. Electric vehicles powered
by the battery and the fuel cell make an important
contribution to sustainable mobility.
The uture has begun: Numerous electric and uel cell testvehicles have proven their worth in feld trials. The technicalfeasibility of electromobility has thus been demonstrated. The
manufacture of highly diverse vehicles is now under way: The
smart fortwo electric drive, Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-C ELL,
Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-CELL, Mercedes-Benz Vito E-CELL,
Fuso Canter E-CELL, and Mercedes-Benz Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid
are already in operation today. But there are still a number of
challenges that will prevent electric automobiles from being a
familiar sight on the roads in the near future. Boosting operating
range and performance, cutting systems costs, and establishing
an infrastructure are the requirements that yet remain to be
fullled for trouble-free, comfortable operation.
Charging sockets recharging with electricit or locall emission-ree
driving with standardized charging plugs.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 24-25
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The Road to Emission-free Driving I 28-29
A calculation that makes sense.Our electric vehicles have lower levels of fuel consumption and
noise pollution than conventionally powered vehicles, offer the
same amount of safety and spaciousness and provide no end of
driving pleasure. Thanks to the electric motor maximum torque is
available right from the start, allowing power ful acceleration. These
features are shared by all current and future electric vehicles from
Daimler, such as the smart fortwo electric drive, Mercedes-Benz
A-Class E-CELL, Vito E-CELL, SLS AMG E-CELL, B-Class F-CELL,
Citaro FuelCELL HYBRID, and Fuso Canter E-CELL.
A locall emission-ree, agile cit car.It has everything on board that makes a smart a smart except a
combustion engine. Rather, the smart fortwo electric drive is
powered by a 30 kW (41 hp) electric motor: economically, quietly,
and locally emission-free. With an acceleration from 0 to 60 km / h
in 6.5 seconds, this agile city car is hard to beat at trafc lights.
Its highly efcient lithium-ion battery is well protected in the
sandwich underoor unit between the axles. The two-seater can
be recharged either from a domestic power socket or at a public
charging station. A single battery charge is sufcient for a range of
135 kilometers, which is ideal for city trafc. Large-scale produc-
tion of the smart fortwo electric drive is due to commence in 2012.
Pure electric driving pleasure on just two wheels is promised by
the smart prototypes escooter and ebike. The smart escooter
offers safety systems that are unique for this category of vehicle,such as ABS, airbag, and Blind Spot Assist, and its 4 kW (5.4 hp)
electric motor provides it with a range of up to 100 kilometers.
With the ebike, the cyclist is assisted by an electric motor up to a
speed of 25 km / h. These smart two-wheelers, introduced in
late 2010, perfectly round off the range of vehicles for emission-
free urban mobility.
Electromobility today.
Zero emissions, full emotions. Electric vehicles from
Daimler are not only particularly clean and quiet, but
also offer maximum driving pleasure.
Five seats and ull lexibilit in the interior make the Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-CELL the ideal electric amil car. The absolute superlative among
electric vehicles in terms o perormance, drive technolog, and design is the SLS AMG E-CELL (right).
The frst amil car or cit driving.The A-Class E-CELL is the rst series-produced battery-powered
electric car from Mercedes-Benz. This family-friendly ve-seater,
which is entirely suitable for everyday use, offers a spacious,
versatile interior and trunk with no compromise in spacious-
ness and variability, since the two highly efcient lithium-ion
batteries are safely and conveniently located in the underoor
unit. They make for a range of over 200 kilometers (NEDC gure).
A quiet, locally emission-free electric motor provides a peak
power of no less than 70 kW (95 hp) and a generous torque of290 Nm. With an acceleration from 0 to 60 km / h in 5.5 seconds
and an electronically limited top speed of 150 km / h, the electric
A-Class is designed to meet the requirements of urban mobility.
Production of a total of 500 units of the A-Class E- CELL began in
Rastatt in late 2010.
The Gullwing electrifed.An electric car for both country roads and the racetrack was
created by Mercedes-AMG in the summer of 2010 in the form of
the SLS AMG E-CELL concept car. This vehicle is powered by
four synchronous electric motors located near the wheels, with
a combined peak output of 392 kW (533 hp) and a maximum torque
of 880 Nm. Acceleration from 0 to 100 km / h in 4.0 seconds and a
high-voltage lithium-ion battery with a capacity of 48 kWh are
further outstanding gures of this Gullwing mode l. The fascinating
super sportscar with locally emission-free electric drive will beavailable in the showrooms as of 2013.
Daimlers generous oer o electric vehicles ranges rom cit cars and bikes to vans and the super sportscar (right). Ideall suited or locall
zero-emission cit mobilit are the smart ortwo electric drive and the prototpes smart escooter and ebike (let).
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The uture o local transportation.The latest fuel cell technology is also used in the Mercedes-Benz
Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid city bus. The hybrid system with fuel
cell, electric motor, and lithium-ion batteries is characterized by
outstanding environmental compatibility: This bus emits no
pollutants during operation and is almost silent, so it is ideal for
use in highly burdened inner-city areas and in mega-cities. On
the roof are seven cylinders containing 35 kg of hydrogen in all.
The water-cooled lithium-ion batteries have a capacity of 27 kWh,
which is sufcient to power the electric motors at a constant 120kW (163 hp). The Mercedes-Benz Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid makes for
permanently zero-emission local public transport and thus
constitutes a key element of mobility for the future.
The irst uel cell automobile in series production.Manufacture of a small series of the Mercedes-Benz B-Class
F-CELL commenced in late 2009. With its 700-bar hydrogen tank
in the sandwich oor unit, the rst fuel cell passenger car from
Mercedes-Benz to be produced under series conditions attains an
operating range of around 400 kilometers. Its electric motor
develops an output of 100 kilowatts, with a torque of 290 newton-
meters, and thus has the power rating of a two-liter gasoline engine.
The clean, quiet, and powerful fuel cell drive unit consumes 3.3 liters
per 100 kilometers (diesel equivalent) and makes for a top speedof 170 km / h. The next step toward market introduction has
already been taken: In December 2010, Mercedes-Benz delivered
the rst of a total of 200 B-Class F-CELL cars in Germany and the
United States. In California alone, 70 B-Class vehicles with fuel
cell will be handed over to customers by 2012.
Emission-ree, quiet as a whisper, and eas on natural resources: The Mercedes-Benz Citaro FuelCELL Hbrid (let). The Mercedes-Benz B-Class
F-CELL (right) makes or emission-ree driving with a range o up to 400 kilometers and accommodates up to ive people.
A van with green charging.With the rst battery-electric truck available ex-factory from an
automotive manufacturer, Mercedes-Benz is opening up a new
chapter in drive technology for lig ht commercial vehicles. Its
zero-emission drive and its maximum payload of 900 kg make
the Mercedes-Benz Vito E-CELL ideal for use in inner-city zones
and environmentally sensitive areas. The lithium-ion batteries
of the Vito E-CELL are located in the underoor unit and thus
do not restrict load space. They have a combined capacity of 36
kWh, which is sufcient for a range of around 130 kilometers.The Vito E-CELL thus meets the average customer requirements
for a range of 50 to 80 kilometers per day, plus a generous
reserve. Its electric motor has an output of 60 kW (82 hp), with
280 Nm of torque and a top speed of 80 km / h that is highly
suitable for this type of vehicle. The dynamic per formance of
the Vito E-CELL is therefore in keeping with the accustomed
high level of modern diesel engines. Following its successful
start in the major cities of Berlin and Stuttgart, this electrically
powered van has been in active ser vice in Spains Basque country
since earl y 2011.
The silent light-dut truck.The near-series Fuso Canter E-CELL study vehicle shows how
emission-free mobility can be realized in the next-highest weight
class. The purely electrically powered light- duty truck is based on
a Canter with a gross vehicle weight of 3.5 tonnes. Its 40 kWh
lithium-ion batteries housed in the chassis frame allow a range
of 120 kilometers. The 70 kW (95 hp) electric motor, positioned
between the batteries and the driven twin-tired rear axle, has a
maximum torque of 300 Nm and accelerates the electric truck
to its limited top speed of 80 km / h. The Canter E-CELL is thenext step after the successful Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid with parallel
hybrid drive, of which more than 1,100 units have been sold.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 30-31
An initial batch o 100 Mercedes-Benz Vito E-CELL vans, the irst in the world to be equipped with electric drive ex-actor, were delivered to
customers b the end o 2010; a urther 2,000 units are planned or 2011 (let). The Fuso Canter E-CELL with the latest-generation uel cell drive
celebrated its world premiere in 2010 at the IAA Commercial Vehicles (right).
Electromobility today.
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The frst public hdrogen flling station in the state o Baden-Wrttemberg a joint venture o OMV, Linde, and Daimler (above).
The Mercedes-Benz HSyS Sprinter F-CELL has been established as part o an EU project.
In the F-CELL World Drive, three Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-CELL cars are being driven around the world in 125 das.
Projects with a future.
For a mobile future. Daimler creates initiatives for the
infrastructure and mobility.
The H2 Mobilit initiative or a hdrogen inrastructure.In September 2009, the leading industrial enterprises reached an
agreement on the establishment of a close-knit hydrogen supply
infrastructure for Germany. Daimler, EnBW, Linde, OMV, Shell,
Total, Vattenfall, and the National Organization for Hydrogen and
Fuel Cell Technology (NOW) have the common aim of expediting
series manufacture of electric vehicles with fuel cell. The memo -
randum of understanding is based on an initiative by Daimler and
Linde concerning the establishment of a comprehensive hydrogen
filling station network.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 32-33
Daimler is supporting the establishment o a close-knit inra-structure or demand-based electromobilit.However, this calls for investments that can only be shouldered
through a concerted effort in conjunction with partners from the
industry. According to a recent McKinsey study, setting up an
appropriate infrastructure for around a million fuel cell vehicles
in Europe by 2020 will cost about three billion euros. As part of
the H2 Mobility initiative for Germany, we are expecting demand
for 1,000 hydrogen lling stations; this will entail an overall
investment of one billion euros. An appropriate infrastructureis also required for battery-powered vehicles. We are assuming
a demand for 400,000 charging points to be installed by 2020,
which calls for an investment of up to two billion euros. Daimler
will continue contributing to the development of the infrastructure
with a holistic approach, for example as a member of the Clean
Energy Partnership (CEP) for the promotion of hydrogen as a fuel
of the future. Only by this means can a convincing overall solution
be realized, from the vehicles themselves up to a charging and
refueling infrastructure for electricity and hydrogen.
Ambassadors o the uel cell. Electric cars with fuel cells can revolutionize our mobility once
again. The vehicle technology of the B-Class F-CELL has reached
maturity, but the refueling infrastructure remains a limiting
factor. To demonstrate the efciency and everyday practicality
of this pioneering technology while at the same time pressing
ahead with the development of a global hydrogen lling station
network, the F-CELL World Drive with the B-Class F- CELL was
launched on 29 January, 2011 one day after the ofcial 125th
birthday of the automobile: around the world in 125 days overaround 30,000 kilometers, through highly diverse climate zones,
and over a wide variety of road surfaces from asphalt to gravel.
The B-Class F- CELL has thus become the global ambassador of
a new, locally emission-free mobility of the future. To secure fuel
supplies for the cars throughout all stages of this tour, hydrogen
tank vehicles are stationed at the various starting and end
points. The objective is to ensure that drivers can refuel with
hydrogen anywhere in the world in future as with gasoline and
diesel today.
Mercedes-Benz HSyS Sprinter F-CELL.
Im Rahmen des EU-Frderprojektes HySYS
wurde 2010 ein Mercedes-Benz Sprinter mit
Brennstoffzellenantrieb aufgebaut und ge-
testet. Ziel des 2005 von 25 Projektpartnern
aufgelegten Projektes war es, Brennstoff-
zellenantriebs- und systemkomponenten
weiterzuentwickeln und die Zusammenarbeit
zwischen OEMs, Zulieferern und Instituten
im europischen Raum zu verbessern.
Mercedes-Benz HSyS Sprinter F-CELL
As part of the EU-funded HySYS project, a Mercedes-Benz
Sprinter was equipped with a fuel cell drive system and tested
in 2010. The aim of this project, initiated by 25 project partners
in 2005, was to advance the development of fuel cell drive and
system components and to enhance the cooperation between
OEMs, suppliers, and institutes throughout Europe.
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In the state o birth o the automobile, vehicles rom Daimler powered b both batteries and the uel cell are on the move as part o the e-mobilit
Baden-Wrttemberg project.
e-mobilit: The uture is electric.With its intelligent, solution-oriented approach, the e-mobility
project of Daimler together with partners from the political sphere
and energy suppliers is answering the question of how electro-
mobility can be made economically viable in practice. Electric
vehicles of the Mercedes-Benz and smart brands have already
proved successful since 2009 in e-mobility projects in Germany,
France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland. Further
markets include Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Denmark,
the Czech Republic, and North America (the United States andCanada). Daimler, for example, is providing over 100 electric
vehicles for the Berlin project; and the partner RWE is installing
500 electric charging stations throughout the city that are to be
supplied exclusively by electricity from renewable sources.
Baden-Wrttemberg is set to become a model region orelectromobilit.The e-mobility Baden-Wrttemberg initiative was jointly launched
by EnBW Energie Baden-Wrttemberg AG and Dai mler in June
2010. Its objective is to transform the state of birth of the auto -
mobile into a model region for locally emission-free electromo-
bility within the next two years. The initiatives starting point is the
state capital, Stuttgart; a further regional focus will be Karlsruhe.
EnBW is contributing its expertise in energ y logistics to this
strategic partnership for the development of intelligent, customer-friendly battery charging models and in network management and
control, and is providing a diversied blend of energy sources.
As a supplement to the ongoing e-mobility projects, the new
initiative is specically focused on diversity.
Electromobilit is easible in all areas o mobilitAbout 200 vehicles of the smart and Mercedes-Benz brands
equipped with either battery-electric or fuel cell drive are on
the move for the e- mobility Baden-Wrttemberg initiative: the
Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-CELL and B-Class F-CELL models, the
Mercedes-Benz Vito E-CELL and Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid, and
the smart fortwo electric drive.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 34-35
The e-mobilit project is setting out to establish worldwide open standards and to expedite the development o vehicle technolog and an
intelligent inrastructure.
Daimlers Road to Emission-free Driving also extends to new
customer offers, service concepts, and financing solutions. We are
thereby contributing to an all- encompassing package concept
centered on the mobility of the future.
As the inventor of the car and the truck, Daimler is demonstrating
that electromobility is feasible in all major areas of mobility both
in individual travel and in goods and public transport. EnBW will
have established more than 700 electric charging points and either
two or three hydrogen filling stations throughout Baden-Wrttemberg
by the end of 2011. The companys public charging stations are
supplied exclusively with hydroelectric power.
Projects with a future.
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The Road to Emission-free Driving I 36-37
car2go an intelligent mobilit concept with the slogan Just get in and drive o has been chosen or the koGlobe (EgoGlobe) award. The intelligent
mobilit concept car2gether is the basis o ride-sharing 2.0.
Modern mobilit concepts or the cit.In the car2go mobility concept launched in Ulm in late 2008,
Daimler is meeting customer demands for exible urban mobility.
In the area of Ulm and Neu-Ulm, and since late 2009 in Austin,
Texas, USA, the initiative provides smart fortwo vehicles that
can be hired at any time of day or night following initial registration
and can simply be left on a designated parking space or on a
public street after use. Usage is charged on a minute-to-minute
basis; this fee covers tax, insurance, mileage, and even fuel.
In view of the high level of customer acceptance, in March 2011
the vehicle eet was not only boosted by 50 percent, but also
completely updated: The smart fortwo car2go edition is the
worlds rst factory-congured car-sharing vehicle, tted with
start-stop function, newly developed telematics, and a solar roof
to relieve the load on electrical consumers.
In Ulm, Neu-Ulm, and Austin alone, car2go has already registered
impressive gures after a good two years: car2go is availed of by
more than 35,000 customers, who have rented cars more than
600,000 times overall. The extension of this car-sharing project is
therefore in full swing: The Hanseatic City of Hamburg was added
in April 2011, and car2go was likewise presented in Vancouver,
Canada, in early 2011. And by the end of the year, this innovative
mobility program will also have been introduced in Amsterdam.
Requests by further cities have also been received for this creative,
versatile, and economical mobility initiative for the inner-city traf c
of tomorrow.
Daimler has developed a further innovative urban mobility concept
that allows users to remain exibly and independently mobilewithout a car of their own. With car2gether, Daimler has been
offering a modern form of ride -sharing since September 2010.
car2gether is a web-based carpool community that can pro-
cess and communicate offers from drivers and requests from
prospective passengers. Matched ride-share offers can be rapidly
communicated via smartphone while on the move or from a home
computer practically on a real-time basis. By this means, rides
in the project cities of Ulm and Aachen can be organized on the
spur of the moment; the system is excellently suited for everyday
use and can reduce the burden on the environment.
Buses to the ore.A further mobility concept for the future, especially for rapidly
growing major cities, is the bus rapid transit system (BRT). Line-
service buses traveling at short intervals are allotted separate
lanes of traffic with their own traffic light phases. Buses are given
priority, so that they can travel at up to 100 km / h. This ensures
rapid, comfortable travel even in rush-hour traffic. Daimler is
particularly committed to BRT solutions, since only reliable, safe
public transport can entice customers to make the change from
individual transport. This is important especially in large cities in
order to relieve the strain on the transportation system and thus
ensure mobility in the long term for all social strata. Moreover,
CO2
emissions are further reduced with state-of-the-art engine
technology and freely flowing bus operations without traffic jams.
A further advantage for metropolitan transport operators: BRT is
cheaper in purchase and maintenance than rail systems. BRT is
thus a sustainable concept for the future which Daimler has already
successfully implemented together with cities such as Istanbul,
Nantes, Mexico City, and Bogot.
In Istanbul alone,bus rapid transit is used b about 600,000 commuters dail.
Traffic volumes in major cities will continue to rise and there will
be increasing demand for ef ficient transport systems.
car2go has developed from a pilot project to the reference mark
for intelligent inner-city mobility.
Projects with a future.
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The Road to Emission-free Driving I 38-39
Mercedes-Benz Concept BlueZERO: Pioneer o a newgeneration o electric vehicles.Another concrete example of environmentally responsible electro-
mobility for everyday use is the near-series Mercedes-Benz
Concept BlueZERO. On the basis of a vehicle architecture, the
intelligent modular concept makes for three models with different
drive congurations that can fulll all customer requirements for
sustainable mobility:
The BlueZERO E-CELL with purely battery-electric drive has arange of up to 200 kilometers.
The BlueZERO F-CELL with fuel cell makes long-distance travel
possible thanks to its electric range of around 400 kilometers.
The BlueZERO E-CELL PLUS with electric drive and additional
internal combustion engine as a generator (range extender)
has an overall operating range of up to 600 kilometers and can
cover up to 100 kilometers in purely electric mode.
A space-saving location out o harms wa.The three BlueZERO variants were realized on the basis of the
unique sandwich oor architecture which Daimler introduced
more than ten years ago, also with a view to integrating alternative
drive units for the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, and was subsequently
further developed for the Mercedes-Benz B-Class. The vehicle has
ve fully functional seats and is entirely suitable for everyday use,
with a payload of 450 kilograms and a luggage space of more than
500 liters. The principal drive components are installed in the
vehicles underoor unit for a low center of mass and optimalprotection, in addition to saving space. This ensures a high level of
safety, particularly in the case of an accident.
Emission-ree driving with a generous range and various drive solutions: The Concept BlueZERO F-CELL with uel cell technolog and a range o over
400 kilometers (let) provides absolutel clean individual mobilit. The electric drive unit with range extender in the Concept BlueZERO E-CELL PLUS
makes or a range o up to 600 kilometers, 100 kilometers o which are emission-ree (right).
Flexible vehicle architecture or customized mobilit.With the F 800 Style research car, Mercedes-Benz is showing
how various sustainable drive solutions can be implemented in
a single large vehicle. One of the most signicant innovations in
the F 800 Style is its newly developed exible vehicle architec-
ture for large sedans the only such system in the world. This
highly exible platform allows the integration of various alterna-
tive drive technologies in a classic sedan architecture.
The Mercedes-Benz F 800 Style with plug-in hybrid drive makesfor locally emission-free electric driving in city trafc. Its drive
unit consists of a V6 gasoline engine developing approximately
220 kW (300 hp) with next-generation direct injection and a
hybrid module with an output of around 80 kW (109 hp), so that
its overall power output is in the order of 300 kW (409 hp).
Thanks to its efcient drive system and the CO2
bonus for
battery-electric operation, this vehicle has a certied fuel
consumption of just 2.9 liters of gasoline per 100 kilometers,
corresponding to only 68 grams of CO2
per kilometer. By reason
of its excellent fuel efciency, the F 800 Style with plug-in hybrid
nevertheless has the driving performance of a sportscar (0 to
100 km / h in 4.8 seconds, maximum speed 250 km / h). Its top
speed in electric mode is 120 km / h. The F 800 Style thus also
meets the requirements of long- distance travel.
In the F-CELL version of the Mercedes-Benz F 800 Style, an
electric drive unit with fuel cell makes for locally zero-emission
driving over a range of almost 600 kilometers. The electric motor,with an output of around 100 kW (136 hp), develops a generous
torque of approximately 290 Nm. The fuel cell of the F 800 Style
is positioned in the front section, while its compact electric motor
is located near the rear axle. The lithium-ion battery and the four
hydrogen tanks are installed behind the rear seats, where they are
afforded maximum protection in the case of an accident. The fuel
cell drive components are derived from the E- Drive modular system
developed by Mercedes-Benz for a variety of electric vehicles.
The Mercedes-Benz F 800 Stle research vehicle is designed both as a plug-in hbrid and as a variant with electric drive on the basis o uel cell
technolog.
Tomorrows electromobility.
Ideal solutions to meet all the requirements of
mobility of the future.
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1. Start o prudentl. Bear in mind before setting off thatduring the cold phase, i.e. over the rst four kilometers,
the engine consumes fuel at a much higher rate at
times corresponding to between 30 and 40 liters per
100 kilometers.
2. Anticipate. An anticipatory driving style makes foreffective fuel savings.
3. Beneft rom the overrun cuto. When approachingtrafc lights or an obstacle, the overrun cutoff helps save
fuel. The fuel supply is interrupted when the accelerator
pedal is released.
4. Shit up earl. The higher the gear, the lower the enginespeed and fuel consumption. So shift up briskly through
the gears.
5. Simpl switch o. Savings potential is also provided bydeactivating the engine at trafc lights, railroad crossings,
and in trafc jams. Switching off already saves fuel when
the vehicle is stationary for more than ten seconds.
6. Wind traps. Every kilogram of unnecessarily stowedluggage is ballast that increases a vehicles weight and
thus also its fuel consumption. Open windows, soft-tops,
and sunroofs, along with roof racks, give rise to turbulence
and especially at higher speeds increase fuel consumption
by up to ve percent.
7. Good maintenance pas o. Only a well-adjustedengine yields optimal fuel consumption. Regular mainte-
nance checks should thus be a matter of course. And
dont forget to check the tire pressure.
Gasoline, diesel, hybrid, electric? The choice of the optimal
drive system largely depends on personal mobility require-
ments. Product blends matched to individual needs constitute
the heart of Daimlers Road to Emission-free Driving
initiative. However, aside from all technical new develop-
ments and advances in drive systems, fuel s, and assistance
systems, the driver still plays a signicant role that should
not be underestimated. Several minimal changes in individual
driver behavior together have the potential to markedly
inuence a vehicles fuel consumption and thus also its
pollutant emission levels. These factors account for no less
than 20 percent of overall fuel consumption. Reducing
consumption is thus a key factor in the quest for emission-
free driving for the future.
Seven hints or economical driving
The driver plays the key role.
Modern drive and assistance systems make for tan-
gible savings and help protect the environment but
it is the human driver who plays the decisive role.
The obligation of tradition.
Innovations for sustainable mobility a journey
through the decades. Since the invention of the auto-
mobile in 1886, we have reinvented it many times over.
Whether it be in comort, saet, design, or drive technolo-g we have set new standards in ever de cade. The mostoutstanding innovations in drive systems technology include the
rst diesel car of 1936, the Mercedes-Benz 300 SL introduced in
1954 as the rst series-production automobile with gasoline direct
injection, and the rst series-produced car with turbodiesel engine
(1977). Common-rail direct injection (CDI , 1997) and BLUETEC, the
technology for the worlds cleanest diesel vehicles, are further
milestones of drive systems technology.
Daimler has repeatedly made pioneering achievements in alterna-tive drive systems as well. The rst passenger cars and commercial
vehicles with battery-electric or hybrid drive came into existence in
1906, but they could not hold their own against the increasingly
powerful internal combustion engine and the benets of its
extensive operating range.
Development of electric drive was taken up once more in the late
1960s. NECAR 1, the rst automobile with fuel cell drive, was
launched in 1994. Since that time, the development of this
technology has made enormous progress: Locally emission-free
fuel cell and electric vehicles have proved their worth in eet trials
and are already on the roads today in small production series.
Daimlers electrifying pioneering achievements also include the
Mercedes-Benz S 400 HYBRID (2009) the rst hybrid model withlithium-ion battery and the Mercedes-Benz Vito E-CELL (2010),
the rst series-produced fully electric van.
Invention o the automobile
1886
Carl Benz applies for a patent for his three-
wheeled vehicle with gas engine operation
the worlds rst automobile.
1894
The Benz motor velocipede: the rst automobile
manufactured in large-scale series production.
1895
The rst omnibus with gasoline engine marks the
beginning of motorized public transport.
1896
Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft in Cannstatt
delivers the rst motorized truck to London.
1900
The Mercedes 35 PS, the prototype of all
modern passenger cars.
The Road to Emission-free Driving I 40-41
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Our objective: Considerably reducing emissions
already today, and eliminating them altogether
in the long term in both private and public
road transport by means of state-of-the-art
drive technology. To this end, we are develop -
ing a broad spectrum of highly modern drive
concepts that meet the specic requirements
placed on todays and tomorrows mobility in
all modes of road transportation.
Daimler, an overview. Company founders Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz wrotehistory with the invention of the automobile in 1886. 125 years later, in the
anniversary year of 2011, Daimler AG is one of the most successful automotive
manufacturers in the world. With its divisions Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler
Trucks, Mercedes-Benz Vans, Daimler Buses, and Daimler Financial Services,
this carmaker is one of the leading producers of premium cars and is the largest
manufacturer of commercial vehicles with a global reach. Daimler Financial
Services offers an extensive nancing portfolio with nancing, leasing, insurances,
and eet management.
Mercedes-Benz Cars
Daimler Trucks
Mercedes-Benz Vans
Daimler Buses
Daimler Financial Services
Our brands. Daimler passenger cars.
Fuel consumption* and CO2 emissions**.
The above table shows the fuel consumption and CO 2 emission
levels of all model series available in Germany at the time of printing.
It is based on the VDA Fuel Consumption and CO 2 Emission
Guidelines valid for the 1st Quarter of 2011. For each vehicle class,
the lowest and highest values are indicated for the models available
in the market. Further details on specic types of vehicle are
available on the Internet. Fuel consumption levels in real driving
operation can deviate from the test values in accordance with
individual driving style.
* Thegures shown wereobtained in accordancewi th theprescribed measuringprocess( Directive80 /1268/EEC in thecurrently applicable version). Theguresdo notreferto a specic vehicle
and do notconstitutepartoftheproductoffer. Theyareprovided solelyforthepurposeofcomparingdifferentmodels.
** Figuresaccording to Directive92 /21/EC, version 95/48/ EC (curb weightwith fuel tank90% full,dri ver,68 kg,and luggage,7kg)f orstandard- specication vehicles. Optional extrasand
accessorieswil l generallyincrease thisgure and reducethe payload capacity accordingly.
Vehicles
Fuel consumption CO2 emissions
urban extra-urban combined combined
[l /100km]or [m /100km]acc. to Directive80/ 1268/EWG [g/km]
m in im um m ax im um m in im um m ax im um m in im um m ax im um m in im um m ax im um
Mercedes-Benz Cars
smart 6.8 4.6 5.4 87 124
A-Class 5.3 10.3 3.8 6.6 4.4 8.1 116 192
B-Class 6.4 10.7 4.1 6.8 4.9 8.2 135 197
C-Class 6.2 20.4 4.0 9.6 4.8 13.6 127 316
CLC-Class 7.5 14.5 4.5 7.8 5.6 10.2 141 239
E-Class 6.6 18.8 4.2 9.3 5.1 12.8 133 299
CLS-Class 7.8 22.6 5.4 9.9 6.0 14.5 159 345
S-Class 9.3 21.8 5.3 10.0 6.8 14.3 177 340
CL-Class 13.5 21.8 7.2 9.9 9.5 14.3 224 334
SLK-Class 11.0 17.7 5.7 8.8 7.7 12.0 182 288
SL-Class 13.5 21.7 6.8 9.7 9.3 14.1 217 333
SLS 19.9 19.9 9.3 9.3 13.2 13.2 308 308
M-Class 10.6 24.1 6.7 12.2 8.4 16.5 224 392
R-Class 9.6 18.8 6.4 10.2 7.6 13.4 199 311
GLK-Class 7.2 14.6 5.1 8.5 5.8 10.8 153 251
GL-Class 11.1 19.0 7.5 10.8 8.9 13.8 235 322
G-Class 19.3 21.4 12.0 12.7 11.3 15.9 299 378
Mabach 24.6 11.8 16.4 350 390
Mercedes-Benz Vans
Viano 8.8 16.5 6.4 9.5 7.2 12.1 190 284
Vito 8.4 16.5 6.1 9.5 6.9 12.1 182 284
Sprinter 20.0 11.5 14.6 231 348
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Communications
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