dairy air quality research symposium · pdf filedairy air quality research symposium uc davis,...
TRANSCRIPT
Dairy Air Quality Research Symposium
UC Davis, October 11, 2006
Support provided by:California Air Resources Board
SJV Air Pollution Control DistrictDairy CARES
Air and Waste Mgt Assoc.UC Davis Animal Science DepartmentUC Davis Air Quality Research Center
Dairy Volatile Organic Gas and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Frank Mitloehner, PhDAir Quality CE SpecialistAnimal Science, UC Davis
Dairy Air Quality Research SymposiumDavis, October 11, 2006
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
• VOC = approx 700 individual reactive gases (also referred to as ROG)
• VOCs are compounds like ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters etc.
• VOCs plus NOx forms ozone (smog)• New district regulations are based
on SB700
What do we know about VOCs?
Greenhouse Gases(GHG)
What do we know about GHGs?
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Main GHG
• Carbon Dioxide, CO2 1• Methane, CH4 21• Nitrous Oxide, N2O 310
• AB32 regulates GHG
Team
Professional Staff• Leticia Valadez• Yongjing Zhao• Yuee Pan• Irina Malkina
Post Doctoral Fellows• Harrison Sun• Aysel Ozpinar• Yangoa Ma• Vaselios Bampidis
Graduate Students• Nichole Marcillac• Kevin Eslinger• Eddie Veenendaal• Andrea Schnitz• Wendi Jackson• Lisa Nuckles• Michelle Calvo• Kim Stackhouse• Scott Hamilton
Expertise: Atmospheric Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical Eng., Bio. & Ag Eng., and Animal Science
Emission estimate studies
Effects of Dairy Rations on VOC Emissions from Cows and their Waste under Controlled Conditions
Environmental Protection Agency IX
UC Davis: Dr. F. Mitloehner, Dr. B. Flocchini, Dr. E. DePeters, Dr. P. Robinson, Dr. J. Fadel
UC Berkeley: Dr. A. Goldstein, Dr. S. Lyn Shaw
Materials and Methods
• Close-up dry cows • Far-off dry cows • Low producing lactating cows • Medium producing lactating cows• High producing lactating cows
Unknown Masses with Similar Time Profiles InletOutlet
01
23
4m
45 (p
pb)
04
812
m63
(ppb
)
0.0
0.4
0.8
m69
(ppb
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
m83
(ppb
)
340 342 344 346 348 350
0.0
0.2
0.4
m87
(ppb
)
340 342 344 346 348 350
0.0
0.2
0.4
m10
1 (p
pb)
Day of 2004
VFA, phenol, amine and alcohol emissions from dairy cows and fresh waste
CARB and SJVAPCD
UC Davis: Dr. F. MitloehnerUSDA-ARS: Dr. S. Trabue Iowa State: Dr. J. Koziel
Emissions from dry cows and waste
-0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00
Time
Ace
tic A
cid
(lb/c
ow/y
r)
Empt
y
Cow
s on
lyCows and waste Waste only
Emissions from dry cows and waste
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00
Time
Phen
ol (l
b/co
w/y
r)
Empt
y
Cow
s on
lyCows and waste Waste only
Emissions from dry cows and waste
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00
Time
Etha
nol (
lb/c
ow/y
r)
Empty
Cow
s on
ly
Cows and waste
0
10
20
30
40
3/15/06 6:00 3/15/06 18:00 3/16/06 6:00 3/16/06 18:00 3/17/06 6:00
Date and Time
Etha
nol (
lb/c
ow/y
r)
Cow
s O
nly
Cows and waste Waste only
Emissions from lactating cows and waste
Comparison for the waste treatment with/without flushing
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00
Time
Etha
nol (
ppm
)
W/ Flushing W/O Flushing
Flushing Flushing Flushing
Lagoon Waste
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
6:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 2:00 6:00 10:00
Time
Etha
nol (
ppm
)
Outlet Inlet
Empty Lagoon Waste In
Greenhouse Gas StudiesCalifornia Energy Commission - PIER
UC Davis: Dr. F. Mitloehner
Applied Geosolutions: Dr. Bill Salas
UNH: Dr. Changsheng Li
CSU Fresno: Dr. Charles Krauter
Concentration from dry cows group and waste, bubble exp.
300
400
500
600
8/20/06 0:00 8/24/06 0:00 8/28/06 0:00 9/1/06 0:00 9/5/06 0:00 9/9/06 0:00
Date and Time
CO
2 (pp
m)
Outlet Inlet
Empty Cows & Waste Waste only
Concentration from dry cows group and waste, bubble exp.
0
5
10
15
8/20/06 0:00 8/24/06 0:00 8/28/06 0:00 9/1/06 0:00 9/5/06 0:00 9/9/06 0:00
Date and Time
CH
4 (pp
m)
Outlet Inlet
Empty Cows & Waste Waste only
Concentration from dry cows group and waste, bubble exp.
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
8/20/06 0:00 8/24/06 0:00 8/28/06 0:00 9/1/06 0:00 9/5/06 0:00 9/9/06 0:00
Date and Time
N2O
(ppm
)
Outlet Inlet
Empty Cows & Waste Waste only
Emission Mitigation StudiesSWRCB &
Merced County, Dept of Env. Health
UC Davis: Dr. F. Mitloehner, Dr. R. Zhang, Dr. T. Harter, Dr. P. Robinson, Dr. J. Fadel, Dr. E. DePeters, Dr. S. Berry
USDA ARS: Dr. J. McGarvey
Emissions from dry cows and waste
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
8/21/2006 8/25/2006 8/29/2006 9/2/2006 9/6/2006
Date
EtO
H (l
b/co
w/y
r)
SBS Control Harrowing Scraping
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Day
MeO
H E
mis
sion
Fac
tor (
lb/c
ow/y
r)
SBS Control Harrowing Scraping
Emissions from dry cows and waste
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (hr)
Etha
nol e
mis
sion
rate
(g/h
r/m2 )
0
12.5
25
37.5
kg/100m2
kg/100m2
kg/100m2
kg/100m2
SEM=25.8n=4P<0.01
Effects of acidification (SBS) on EtOH
0
100
200
300
400
2 4 8 24
Time (h)
Am
mon
ia (p
pm)
14% 16% 18% 20%
Effects of protein in feed on ammonia from fresh waste
Conclusions• Dairies can be a significant alcohol and GHG
source• Main VOCs from dairies are ethanol and methanol• Main EtOH and MeOH sources on dairies are fresh
waste and fermented feed• Flush waste systems are an important mitigation
practice (water solubility of alcohols) • Acidification of drylot corral surfaces reduces
alcohol producing bacteria thus controlling alcohol emissions
• Present study results were confirmed by WSU and Schmidt
Conclusions
• Main dairy GHG source are cows (i.e. enteric fermentation and respiration)
• CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation might be reduced through improvements of feed efficiency (feed additives) and adjustments of feeding strategies
• N2O dairy emissions are comparatively unimportant
• CO2 emissions from cow respiration cannot be mitigated w/o reducing herd size
• Source/Sink
Future studies
• USDA-CSREES funded mitigation studies on feed (silage) and housing mgt
• CARB funded study on PBM• NMPF funded monitoring study• NIOSH funded Ag center study on
exposure and health effects of dairy air pollutants
• Dairy Process Based Model study
Areas for VOC mitigation in SJV Rule 4570
• VOC mitigation for the following areas:
– Feed (5 of 13 options)– Milk parlor (1 of 3 options)– Freestall barn (2 of 10 options)– Corral (6 of 19 options)– Solid waste (2 of 9 options)– Liquid waste (1 of 11 options)– Land application (2 of 7 options)– Alternative
Research to Practice – R2P
Frank Mitloehner, PhDAir Quality CE SpecialistAnimal Science Department University of California, Davis(530) [email protected]