DAM FAILURE:A GROWING RISK AS STRUCTURES AGE

Marty PopeSenior Service HydrologistNWS Jackson

DAM STATISTICS

Source:-Damsafety.org Website-International Rivers WebsiteAs of 2007

•Average risk of any dam breaking in a given year: 1 in 10,000

•Average age in years of dams in US: 40

•Third of our nation’s dams age: 50 years old

•In 10 years, more than 65% of dams in the U.S. will have reached the half-century mark.

•The Cost of Rehabilitating Our Nation’s Dams: $16 billion to repair the most critical dams next 12 years.

• Number of dam break deaths in U.S. since 1887: 4,800

Local Govt Owned - 20%

Federally Owned - 4%

State Owned - 5 Privately Owned - 65%

Unknown Owned - 4

Public Utility Owned - 2

SIGNIFICANT DAM FAILURES

• In the past 20 years, there have been over 300 fatalities in the U. S. resulting from dam failures.

• South Fork Dam – Johnstown, Pennsylvania – failed in 1889, approximately 2200 killed.

• St. Francis Dam – California – failed in 1928, 450 killed.• Baldwin Hills Dam – California – failed in 1963, 5 killed.• Buffalo Creek Dam – West Virginia – failed in 1972, 125

killed.• Teton Dam – Idaho – failed in 1976, 11 killed and ½ billion

dollars in property damage.• Kelly Barnes Dam – Georgia – failed in 1977, 39 killed.• Lawn Lake Dam – Colorado – failed in 1982, 3 killed.• Kaloko Dam – Hawaii – failed this year, 7 killed.

• State-Regulated High-Hazard-Potential Dams, 1998-2007

• 4,095 state-regulated dams are in need of remediation. • 1,819 of these deficient dams are classified as high-hazard-potential dams,

and 1,126 are classified as significant-hazard-potential dams. •

THE POTENTIAL FOR CATASTROPHIC DAM FAILURES IS INCREASING NATIONWIDE

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

9057

9314

9368

8316

9833

9566

8544

9525

9806

9849

GOOD NEWS: THE NUMBER OF STATE DAM INSPECTIONS IS INCREASING

GOOD NEWS: STATES ARE INCREASING THE NUMBER OF CURRENT EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS (EAPS) ON HIGH-HAZARD POTENTIAL DAMS

• http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/cow/?syear=2012&smonth=8&sday=30&shour=5&eyear=2012&emonth=9&eday=4&ehour=12&wfo=LIX&wtype[]=FF&hail=1.00&lsrbuffer=15&ltype[]=FF&wind=58

EVENTS OF ISAAC

• At 8:10 am, MEMA reported that the Percy Quinn Dam was expected to fail via email

• 8:26 am, LIX WFO issued Flash Flood Warning for Southwestern Pike County– Warning included Osyka area and all

low lying areas of the Tangipahoa River in Mississippi.

• LIX WFO coordinated with LMRFC to proceed with dam break analysis

• RVFs were coordinated and updated to add dam crest to occurring flood rise for Osyka and Kentwood

• At 11:07 am, CEM was composed and activated for Percy Quinn Dam

• At 11:11 am, LIX WFO issued Flash Flood Warning to Pike County and Northern Tangipahoa Parish to include Kentwood.

• At 2:00 pm, the LIX WFO issued a Flash Flood Statement indicating that the Warning would expire for Pike County and Tangipahoa Parish, but would be monitored and a warning reissued if conditions deteriorated.

PERCY QUINN DAM - TIMELINE OF EVENTS – AUGUST 30TH

• As a result of the Percy Quin Dam incident during Isaac… the MS Silver Jackets Team (consisting of National Weather Service, US Army Corp of Engineers Vicksburg, United State Geological Survey, MS DEQ Dam Safety Division and MEMA ) along with several local Emergency Management officials have met together to discuss Dam Break incidents and the role of each agency.

• Action Items of team: – Team is working for better

communications between agencies during a Dam Safety Incident.

– Team is working is working to relay a message about a dam safety incident in language all are familiar with including the public.

– Team agreed the National Weather Service should be listed as an upper level contact on EAP contact list.

– Note: These action items can also be used by Arkansas and Louisiana.

WHAT ARE WE DOING IN MISSISSIPPI TO PREPARE FOR THIS THREAT?

• All Emergency Action Plan (EAPs) will include language that is consistent with the National Weather Service’s Advisory, Watch, Warning, and Emergency Criterion.– DEQ will rewrite EAP guidelines….this should take a couple of months after a

review period.

• All Emergency Action Plans will be place a repository that can be accessed by the National Weather Service and Emergency Management Officials.– DEQ will hire a contractor to scan all Emergency Action Plans that will be

placed a Website. All should be scanned and on a website in 2 to 3 months.– The MS DEQ Dam Safety will provide NWS and EMA officials needed access to

Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) via a website.

• DEQ will provide Emergency Managers trainings on Dam Safety and evaluating Dams . – This will be in cooperation with the National Weather Service.– This training will not be available until all EAP guidelines are completed.

• DEQ will provide a 1-800 phone number that will first ring to all of the Dam Inspector’s office telephones and if no one answers….then ring to their cell phones

MISSISSIPPI DEQ DAM SAFETY DIVISION ACTIONS

WEATHER SERVICE FORECAST OFFICE OPERATIONS DURING AN EVENT

Confirm Report

•Is informing Source reliable?

•Get information

Issue Appropriate Product

(Watch/Warning)

•Qualitative (No specific numbers)

• Inform Public

Contact in order listed

•Dam Owner•State Dam Safety Office

•Supporting RFC•Adjacent and Backup WFO

•MIC and HPM•MIC designated as SLO

•Region Headquarters

Issue Follow-up Products

•Coordinate with RFC

•As more information is obtained better quantitative amounts can be given by RFC

Issue Flood Warnings for Lower

Reaches if Necessary

•Coordinate with RFC if forecast point

Confirm Report

•Is informing Source reliable?

•Get information

Issue Appropriate Product

(Watch/Warning)

•Qualitative (No specific numbers)

• Inform Public

Make Contacts in order listed

•Dam Owner•State Dam Safety Office

•Supporting RFC•Adjacent and Backup WFO

•MIC and HPM•MIC designated as SLO

•Region Headquarters

Issue Follow-up Products

•Coordinate with RFC

•As more information is obtained better quantitative amounts can be given by RFC

Issue Flood Warnings for Lower

Reaches if Necessary

•Coordinate with RFC if forecast point

Determine if dam incident report is from a reliable source. (dam owner, state dam safety official, emergency management personnel, or local law enforcement officials)

“If report cannot be verified, the WFO should use best judgment in selecting the appropriate course of action.”

If reliable, “Obtain as much information as possible about the actual or potential failure.” Enter on log forms.

WFO OPERATIONS DURING EVENT

Data needed: Names of Dam Lat/Lon of Dam Dam Height Water height in dam Volume of water in dam Length of dam Condition of the dam

Trees in dam Bank slide

Confirm Report

•Is informing Source reliable?

•Get information

Issue Appropriate Product

(Watch/Warning)

•Qualitative (No specific numbers)

• Inform Public

Make Contacts in order listed

•Dam Owner •State Dam Safety Office

•Supporting RFC•Adjacent and Backup WFO

•MIC and HPM•MIC designated as SLO

•Region Headquarters

Issue Follow-up Products

•Coordinate with RFC

•As more information is obtained better quantitative amounts can be given by RFC

Issue Flood Warnings for Lower

Reaches if Necessary

•Coordinate with RFC if forecast point

Flash Flood Watch (FFA)– “A dam or levee may fail and threaten lives or property, but the threat is not deemed to be imminent, or”. Issuance is from 6 to 48 hours before event. Updated: additional Flash Flood Watches (FFA).

Flash Flood Warning (FFW)– “A dam or levee failure is imminent or occurring”. Updated: Flash Flood Statements

Civil Emergency Messages (CEM)- “For cases when a potential dam failure is a sufficient threat to warrant the evacuation of downstream areas… to convey the urgency of the situation and ensure widest dissemination of information.

Louisiana – Parishes have the authority to issue CEMs. Can Authorize NWS.

Mississippi – Only Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) can authorize CEMs. Can authorize NWS.

WFO OPERATIONS DURING EVENT

Confirm Report

•Is informing Source reliable?

•Get information

Issue Appropriate Product

(Watch/Warning)

•Qualitative (No specific numbers)

• Inform Public

Make Contacts in order listed

•Dam Owner•State dam Safety office

•Supporting RFC•Adjacent and backup WFO

•MIC and HPM•MIC designated as SLO

•Region Headquarters

Issue Follow-up Products

•Coordinate with RFC

•As more information is obtained better quantitative amounts can be given by RFC

Issue Flood Warnings for Lower

Reaches if Necessary

•Coordinate with RFC if forecast point

Make Contacts…• Dam Owner• State Dam Safety Officials• Supporting RFC• Adjacent and Backup WFO• Meteorologist In Charge (MIC) &

Hydro Program Manager• MIC at the WFO designated as the

state liaison office• Personnel at regional

headquarters

WFO OPERATIONS DURING EVENT

Confirm Report

•Reliable Source?•Get information

Issue Appropriate Product

(Watch/Warning)

•Qualitative (No specific numbers)

• Inform Public

Make Contacts in order listed

•Dam Owner•Supporting RFC•Adjacent WFO•MIC and HPM•MIC designated as SLO

•Region Headquarters

Issue Follow-up Products

•Coordinate •RFC provides quantitative analysis as more information is obtained

Issue Flood Warnings for Lower

Reaches if Necessary

•Coordinate with RFC if forecast point

Issue Flash Flood Statements with Quantitative Forecast Information

(Regional Supplement) -“To ensure that information and data provided by NWS is consistent”. WFOs should utilize the dam failure scenario information in Emergency Action Plans (EAP), if available.

Simplified Dam Break Model “Dam Failure Rules of Thumb” NWS “Dam Catalog”

“The WFO should coordinate follow-up watches/warnings/statements with the RFC, dam/levee owner, and/or local emergency management officials and Dam Safety Officials, if possible.”

WFO OPERATIONS DURING EVENT

Confirm Report

•Reliable Source?•Get information

Issue Appropriate Product

(Watch/Warning)

•Qualitative•(No specific numbers)

• Inform Public

Make Contacts in order listed

•Dam Owner•State Dam Safety Office

•Supporting RFC•Adjacent and Backup WFO

•MIC and HPM•MIC designated as SLO

•Region Headquarters

Issue Follow-up Products

•Coordinate with RFC

•As more information is obtained better quantitative amounts can be given by RFC

Issue Flood Warnings for

Lower Reaches if Necessary

•Coordinate with RFC if forecast point

WFO OPERATIONS DURING EVENT

If the river reach below the dam is very long, the NWS will need to issue warnings for areas of the lower river or creek basin.

Give Support by Providing

Quantitative analysis

Weather office’s are not expected to execute dam break models to obtain quantitative information on dam failures. This responsibility falls to the River forecast Center.

–WFOs, in collaboration with their servicing RFC, are expected to use the dam failure scenario information from dam EAPs, if available, as the primary source of quantitative information on a flood wave resulting from a dam failure.– If no EAP exists or is available for the dam, dam break models should be used to obtain quantitative information on a flood wave resulting from a dam failure–WFOs should take the lead in collecting information needed by the RFCs to conduct dam break modeling.

RIVER FORECAST CENTER AREA OF MAIN RESPONSIBILITY

QUESTIONS?