damage

1studentsM. Arduini R.ErmacoraG. FagioliniE. Marsura

G. Minacciolo

CORSO DI SINTESI FINALEPolitecnico di Milano

a. y. 2010 2011M.Sc. Communication Design

Section C3

professorsP. CiuccarelliS. Mandato

D. RicciT. VenturiniS. Zingale

teaching assistants

M. AzziG. CavigliaM. Mauri

A. Pini

33_5_7_8_

11_13_15_16_20_25_26_29_30_32_35_36_38_

40_46_48_49_50_52_

IntroductionThree Gorges DamControversy SettingWho talk about Three Gorges Dam in the web?The protocol _ premiseThe protocol _ research protocol The protocol _ resultsProtol schemePresence of Three Gorges Dam in the webAlchemy ResultsWhat about dams in the web?Three Gorges keywords relevanceComparisone Keywords damsClassification and geolocation of similar damsGeolocation of common entities between dams Entities which tell about abroad damsEntities which partecipate in discussions of more damsHow are the relations between entities?Isolation of damsGeolocation of all entitiesPosterConclusionList of entities

index

5Research project is based on the IPCC report of 2007, analysis of the chapter: Ecosystems: their properties, goods and services. An ecosystem is defined as a volume of air, land and water with natural boundaries, primar-ily delineated by climatic and landscape factors, comprising a series of ecological processes, bodies and anthropogenic processes that work in a hierarchy of volumes.Within this chapter of the report we focused on an alarming change of mortality of certain species in specific areas, such as forests, woods, savannas and wetlands. The peculiarity of this condition is highlighted by the fact that 80% of the disappearance of these species is due to natural resources exploitation by man.Indeed, the land use change involves a marked modification in the climate equilibrium of ecosystems, and consequetly, a biodiversity loss within these. Often, these phenomena are the consequence of the severe drought that undermines these natural areas. To overcome this problem is growing more and more a real economic, political and social order to limit the damage caused by humans on natural habitats.Ecosystem management is an issue that frequently arise, especially when you are building structures that can severely affect the environment and therefore cause a significant impact on the nature balance that govern the life cycle in a given geographical area.

introduction

7three gorges damSome data and Some information

1.400.000displaced persons

1.200submerged villages

100meter river level rised

50.000.000tonnes of co2 saved every year

25.000workers employed in the construction

4%energy of the total chinese production

Obvious example of this controversy is identified in one of the largest operations for the exploitation of rivers to produce hydroelectric power. This project involves the construction of a dam, that is 185 meters high, along the Yangtze River in China. The Three Gorges Dam, also known as Three Gorges Project, is built in Hubei Province and it is the installation with greater capacity for hydropower production ever made (22,500 MW). According to official statements by the Chinese government, the construction work would be needed to contain the risk of flooding in the southern part of the country to make navigable the upper Yangtze River and to produce electricity (3% of the livelihood of usable energy from China).

9From the beginning the project was disputed by environmental groups for its high environ-mental impact (for example an increase in the rivers level of almost 100 meters) and the high number of internally displaced persons (about 1.4 million inhabitants and 1200 villages submerged). The power generation of Three Gorges Dam has saved the planet some 50 mil-lion tons of carbon dioxide per year and also it has reduced the production of other polluting gases and polluting dust that would be derived from the combustion of fossil materials. Be-cause of this it should be recalled that the electrical energy in China is produced in large part through the use of coal (about 75-80%). On the other hand, however, many plant and animal species have disappeared or will disappear due to destruction of the habitats where they live, because of pollution from local industries and an excessive boat traffic. Identified the dispute, has tried to focus the lens of digital research more useful to explore the issues and entities related to this dispute.

controversyset ting

10

Who talk about the

three GorGes

Dam in the web?

11

CHINAUSA

CANADA

UK

IRELAND

NETHERLANDS

GERMANY

FRANCE ITALY

a m e r i c a e u r o p e a s i a

Quantitative representation of the IP source of

the Three Gorges Dams corpus

12

the protocolreSearCh QuerY1.0

a f te r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e i s s u e s s u r ro u n d i n g t h e T h re e G o rge s Da m , w h i c h i s t h e n e t w o r k o f i n te re s t s t h a t g ro w a ro u n d t h e g l o b a l s y s t e m o f d a m s ?

13

Premise Initially it is important understand who is interested in this controversy and to get a general overview of the possible states involved in the discussion so as to have a clear starting point to develop a more complex research. The question arose from first information focuses in identifying what is the origin of the entities involved in the greater question of the Three Gorges Dam. Because of this first research it is possible to perceive the general attention to-wards the chinese dam, especially by the United States. Entering in Google.com the query Three Gorges Dam it was possible to determine the entities involved in the discussion. We have initially considered the first hundred sites, in English and the source file of this page was added to the Harvester to define the corpus useful for Geo IP. Assuming that the data that we identified were searched in English, so they identify in particular Western entities. It is difficult to go back to this sphere of stakeholders that speak in web sites or articles written in other languages . Thanks to this research several obvious questions arise. For example why organizations, that are geographically closer to the Three Gorges Dam, emerge in minor part than those located overseas. At this point it was possible to develop a research question that evolves the following protocol. Identify the issues related to the Three Gorges Dam, what is the network of interests that is created around the global dams system?

15

the Protocol The protocol starts with the identification of dams that have characteristics more similar to the Three Gorges Dam. To do that, pri-marily t it was necessary search in Wikipe-dia the fifty hydroelectric dams (the same kind of Three Gorges Dam), with the worlds largest energy production. Among these we have been selected the 25 dams most discussed (taking into account the length of the discussion page of Wikipedia). We have selected the ten most similar dams of twenty five previously identified thanks to a semantic search performed using Alchemy. The relevance value of keywords have had considerable importance, indeed this value had a significant importance for both: refine the list of keywords and to identify the level of similarity of the dams compared to the Three Gorges Dam. After finding the com-mon keywords among the list of the Three Gorges Dam and the other dams, it is given a value of similarity to each selected word. To achieve this, it has been calculated the dif-ference between the value of an issue in the list of the Three Gorges Dam and the value of the same issue in the list of the dam X.

Finally, dividing the summed value of differ-ences, obtained for the number of the com-mon keywords, it is possible to obtain a value that identifies the level of total similarity of the dam X with respect to the Chinese dam reference. Thereafter the entities are identi-fied through the use of filters in Excell and they are selected, taking into consideration only those connected to at least two dams of the last eleven (ten selected plus the Three Gorges Dam). The obtained list is divided into different catogorie Person, Organiza-tion, Media and Company, it was the start-ing point for a search and a refinement of the URL. These were necessary to geolocalize entities and see which side of the world they came from. The geolocation has been made with IssueGeographer and, for missing en-tities, through the personal research. Then Gephi allowed a general overview of all con-nections between the entities and several dams. This was a useful basis for work and define a new visualization that would iden-tify, at first glance, the countries which are the subjects of the contorversy and the inter-connections between actors previously iden-

tified. In addition to geographic location, it was decided to offer more qualitative infor-mation about this topic: for this purpose an-other tool has been used, Alexa. It allowed to estimate the reputation and the importance of each of these URLs in the web, according to how much a website is displayed and the number of connections mentioned in exter-nal websites. The key point to this research is not so much the heterogeneity of data, but the comparison between them. In many passages the refining was done by hand. The most significant data were selected by com-paring the research on the web and the data returned by the various instruments.

17

results This second part of the protocol proved to be a confirmation of what emerged in the first part, that is the involved entities, that are localized in different parts of the world, es-pecially in the United States of America, are active in discussions on various dams (enti-ties are often interested in dams that are pre-sent in other states, instead of those present in the same country). The dams most simi-lar to the Three Gorges Dam are located in Pakistan, the United States, Mozambique, but the entities most active in different dis-cussions in the web have a different loca-tion. The most important entities that are emerged are media (BBC or The New York Times or CNN) obviously due to the expan-sion of the network that they create, but it is also interesting to note the amount of po-litical organizations involved. These politi-cal organizations are almost never located in the same country of the dam that is dis-cussed but they talk about dams located in foreign countries, as we had been assumed initially.

18

protocolSCheme

19

ECOSYSTEMS

ECOSYSTEMSCONTROVERSY

DROUGHTPOLLINATION PARADOX

CCD

ALBEDO

JENA EXPERIMENT

ECONOMIC

VALUE

LAND USE

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

THREE GORGES DAM

QUERY: Three Gorges DamTRADITIONAL SEARCH

Map of the geographical location of web sites

Create a list of URL

SEMANTIC SEARCH

QUERY: dam controversy

LIST OF DAMS // THE MOST NOMINATE

20

Identify issues related to the Three Gorges Dam; Which is the network of interests that is created around the world levee system?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

QUERY: List of largest hydroelectric power stations

Select the 24 most controversial depending on the length of the talk page of each dam

TRADITIONAL SEARCH

QUERY: name dam" (name of the 24 dams selected)

CORPUS OF EACH DAM

Identifying keywords and concepts (and related URL)

QUERY: List of largest hydroelectric power stations

Select the 24 most controversial depending on the length of the talk page of each dam

TRADITIONAL SEARCH

QUERY: name dam" (name of the 24 dams selected)

CORPUS OF EACH DAM


QUERY: Three Gorges Dam"

CORPUS THREE GORGES DAM


Cleaning and assembly keywords and concepts: create the list (based on the value relevance) of the most important issues

INDEX OF SIMILARITY Finding a formula to identify the level of similarity of each of the dams compared with the Three Gorges Dam

21

Map connections between entities and dams

Reputation of each site // digital relevance

Map of the geographical location of entities

by two corpus create a single corpus considering all entities

Intersection of all entities to select only those that are interested in more than a dam

Subdivision of the entity in: Person,Organization, Company e Media

DATAANALYSIS

TAB OF CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ENTITIES AND DAMS

TRADITIONALSEARCH

Create a list of entitiesURL

22

lenghtof the

discussionpage on

wikipedia

Geolocation of dams that are emerged through the analysis

of the talk pages of Wikipedia.

3 4

5

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8 9

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lenghtof the

discussionpage on

wikipedia

1_Hoover Dam / 2_itaipu / 3_Grand coulee / 4_sayano shushenskaya / 5_Three Gorges Dam / 6_W. a . c . Bennett Dam / 7_aswan / 8_Niagara Fal ls / 9_cleuson-Dixence complex / 10_Guri dam / 11_Zhiguliovskaya (samarskaya) / 12_John Day Dam / 13_Yaciret / 14_Tarbela Dam / 15_Gezhouba Dam / 16_cahora Bassa / 17_manic-5 / 18_Nurek Dam / 19_ust i l imskaya / 20_churchil l Fal ls / 21_itumbiara / 22_chief Joseph Dam / 23_Tucuru / 24_La Grande-3 / 2 5_Bath county psp

hoover damitaipuGrand couleesayano shushenskayathree gorges damW. a . c . Bennett DamaswanNiagara Fal ls (us)cleuson-Dixence complexGuri damZhiguliovskaya (samarskaya)John Day DamYacirettarbela damGezhouba Damcahora Bassamanic-5Nurek Damust i l imskayachurchil l Fal lsitumbiarachief Joseph DamTucuruLa Grande-3Bath county psp

360482543119806

82266163524046674336402437 7 7

296428742693

26002472242022562131

1823181816311503147 713141262

characters

24

preSenCe in googles

top 100 reSultS about dam

ControverSY

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2

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9 1112

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1718

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Geolocation of dams emerged entering the query dam controversy in google

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preSenCe in googles

top 100 reSultS about dam

ControverSY

1_Three Gorges Dam / 2_mullaperiyar Dam / 3_Belo monte dam / 4_Glen canyon Dam / 5_Kala Bagh Dam / 6_Tarbela Dam / 7_Narmada Dam / 8_il isu dam / 9_mangala Dam / 10_o'shaughnessy Dam / 11_sardar sarovar dam / 12_aswan Dam / 13_canyon High Dam / 14_Hoover Dam / 15_itaipu dam / 16_munda dam / 17_myitsone Dam / 18_Vaigai dam / 19_Xayaburi dam / 20_auburn Dam / 21_Bhasha dam / 22_chixoy dam / 23_Dams in Lesotho / 24_Diamer Bash Dam / 25_echo park dam

three gorges dammullaperiyar DamBelo monte damGlen canyon DamKala Bagh Damtarbela damNarmada Damil isu dammangala Damo'shaughnessy Damsardar sarovar damaswan damcanyon High Damhoover damitaipu dammunda dammyitsone DamVaigai damXayaburi damauburn DamBhasha damchixoy damDams in LesothoDiamer Bash Damecho park dam

161355554333322222222111111

count

27

alchemy results

28

what about dams in the

web?

29

IN

OUT

Visual representation of the direct links between the dams emerged through the

ALCHEMY analysis.

Zhiguliovskay

a dam

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asw

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sayano shushenskaya dam

tarbela dam

w.a

.c. b

enn

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chief j

oseph

dam

hoover dam

itaipu damitu

mbia

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am

three gorges dam

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k y o t o p r o t o c o lc a r b o n d i o x i d eg r e e n h o u s e g a se c o n o m yW at e r q u a l i t yF i s h e r i e sD i s e a s eR e s e R v o i RL a n d s L i d e se n v i R o n m e n tP o L i t i c a LL e a ke c o L o g yH u m a n R i g H t se n e R g yR i v e R b a n k se R o s i o nt o u R i s ml a b o r e r se a r t h q u a k el i m e s t o n ew a s t ea l g a ef l o o dg e o l o g yp o l l u t i o nt r a n s p o r tf u n dr a i nd r o u g h t

0 , 7 5 1 6 3 20 , 7 0 2 6 1 9 50 , 6 5 8 2 4 50 , 5 6 8 3 8 70 , 5 1 1 0 2 70 , 5 0 8 3 0 50 , 5 0 7 9 3 10 , 4 8 4 0 90 , 4 8 0 4 4 40 , 4 4 5 3 1 0 6 6 70 , 4 3 5 3 4 6 3 3 30 , 4 1 9 2 2 60 , 4 0 9 6 9 4 7 50 , 4 0 9 6 4 30 , 4 0 3 7 74 50 , 4 0 3 2 4 7 3 3 30 , 4 0 2 1 7 9 50 , 4 0 1 4 5 10 , 3 9 9 7 6 1 50 , 3 9 0 5 3 2 80 , 3 8 3 0 3 70 , 3 8 1 0 5 1 6 6 70 , 3 8 0 9 2 40 , 3 7 7 0 3 0 8 6 70 , 3 7 6 0 6 7 7 1 40 , 3 6 5 1 10 , 3 4 9 0 2 80 , 3 4 8 5 6 6 50 , 3 0 6 8 70 , 2 9 6 7 0 3 8 5 7

KeYwordSrelevance

three gorgeS

dam

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hoover dam

chief Joseph dam

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aswan dam

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grand coulee

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niagara dam

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cleuson-dixence complex

nurek dam

John day dam

robert-bourassa

bath county psp

ust ilimskaya

daniel Johnson dam

guri dam

yaciret

churchill falls

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k e y wo r d r e l e va n c e f o r t h r e e go rg e s d a m

k e y w o r d r e l e va n c e i f m a J o r

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nk e y w o r d s r e l e va n c e

k e y w o r d r e l e va n c e i f m i n o r

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nk e y w o r ds r e l e va n c e

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tarbela damcahora bassa

Zhiguliovskayaitaipu

sayano shushenskayaw.a.c. bennet

hoover chieF Joseph

itumbiaraaswan dam

1

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semanticanalYSiSresults

moStsimilar damS

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3

4

5

8

7

9

10

6

Geolocation of the Three Gorges Dam and the 10 through the semantic analysis and

comparison have emerged more similar

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Geolocation of common entities among a lot of dams.

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DIDYOU SAY DAM?

YYYYYYYYYYDD

YY

100

1.000

10.000

100.000

1.000.000

REPUTA

TION

HOOVER

W.A.C. BENNET

CHIEF JOSEPH

ITAIPU

ITUMBIARA

ASWAN

CAHORABASSA

ZHIGULIOVSKAYASAYANO

SHUSHENSKAYA

TARBELA THREEGORGES

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w.a.c. bennet aswanchieF Joseph cahora bassahoover sayanoitaipu tarbelaitumbiara Zhigulioskaya three gorges

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entities that talK

about onlY Foreing

dams

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canada usa south america europe aFrica asia oceania

Bipartite graph of entities that talk about foreign dams

compared to state of origin of the entity.


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entities involved in diSCuSSionS

on various dams

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Bipartite graph of entities participating in the discussion

for more of a dam divided by geographic blocks.


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how are the relations

between the entities?

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Union of bipartite graphs of dams.It highlights the relationships between the category and state of entities that

are involved in dams.


44

what about a web of dams?

To observe the relationship between dams and entities more fully we considered it important to observe the states and the categories of entities, and relating them to each other.

To do this we started from three different graphs Sankey:

- One is the allocation of entities that talk about the dams by state and/or geographic blocks (Canada, USA, South America, Europe, Russia, Africa, China, Asia, Oceania)

- The second graph shows the breakdown by category of entities that talk about the dams (media, government bodies, companies, universities, NGOs, people)

- The third graph relates the countries and categories of entities, so you can see the breakdown by category of countries from which the entities talk and vice versa.

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categories

dams

states categories

states


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Dams country

us

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na

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Dams category


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Asian dams

iSolation oF dams

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Russian damsAfrican damsSouth-American damsNorth-American dams

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DIDYOU SAY DAM?

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1.000

10.000

100.000

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TION

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1.000

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HOOVER

W.A.C. BENNET

CHIEF JOSEPH

ITAIPU

ITUMBIARA

ASWAN

CAHORABASSA

ZHIGULIOVSKAYASAYANO

SHUSHENSKAYA

TARBELA THREEGORGES

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ENTIT COLLEGATE CON UNA SINGOLA DIGA

ENTIT COLLEGATE CON PI DI UNA DIGA

51

The two visualization were reported on a poster for an easy reading and comparison.

Geolocation of all entities, these are divided by entities that talk about a single dam and entities that are common with more dams, with their relevances based on values of Alexa.


52

conclusion

53

The web is still a misunderstood land, this is certainly a relevant factor which we explore through our research. This is misunderstood for various reasons, firstly we realized that the links sometimes create entirely unexpected connections. The issue of relevance is highly connected with the importance of the networks that are formed from these links. The web space that entities take to discuss does not always correspond with their actual authority.The digital methods are a new possibility for understanding some aspects, trying to dominate the enormity of data and the complexity of the phenomena. Our method of research has fo-cused on trying to define the possible aim of investigation, we tried to find a relatively small area of sources, in order to give more weight to the quality of relationships between the dif-ferent entities that are involved rather than to get results quantitatively interesting. Getting on the top of our research one of the most obvious conclusions is that the entities, which are involved in discussions concerning the global system of dams, talk mainly from the United States. So that the U.S. became the most active geopolitical entity in the discussion on the dams (in the economic / ecological / environmental / energetic areas).The most important entities (those that are more present in the web networks) are media. Obviously they make a very large and strong network of relationships within the web, be-cause their aim is to reach as many people as possible. In particular, we pursued an interest-ing fact regarding the unexpected relationships that are created in terms of geography, some entities are geographically located in a specific place are semantically related to dams located elsewhere. In other words, it was interesting to see how big organizations and politicians give substantial attention to issues related to dams built on foreign soil, ignoring those built in their territory. We have concluded our search because we felt that the data obtained appeared sufficient to show that the highest number of actors talk from the United States, there are many foreign entities who are interested in other dams and a less significant number of actors who talk about dams in his country. In conclusion we can say that the results of this research are primarily educational, we initially tested a research method, expressed by our protocol,

extensible and applicable to different issues. So its more relevant is the path that carried the final result. As for the real objectives of the research we can be quite satisfied in observing the correspondence between some of the assumptions made during the project and its results. Many questions are highlighted by the phenomena that we observed. Questions that require a much more detailed analysis. We are in fact only on the surface of the issue, we glimpsed a structure, we tried to build a map. The partial picture of a complex dispute.

54

list of entities

55

Australian Institute of Architects - The Institute was formed in 1930. The institute consists of 9000 members across Australia and overseas

IAEA - The IAEA is the world's center of cooperation in the nuclear field. It was set up in 1957.

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) - was formed in 1968 by the Canadian government. CIDA is Canada's lead agency for development assistance.

Hydro One - delivers electricity across the Canadian province of Ontario. It is a Corporation established under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) with a single shareholder, the Government of Ontario.

Manitoba Hydro - is the electric power and natural gas utility in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Founded in 1961, today the company operates 15 interconnected generating stations. It has more than 527,000 electric power customers and more than 263,000 natural gas customers.

Pembina Institute - is a Canadian non-profit think tank that advances sustainable energy solutions through research, education, consulting and advocacy. Our History from our beginnings in 1985 as a citizen-led action group.Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) - founded in 1907, is a Canadian association representing over 3,600 architects, and faculty and graduates of Canadian Schools of Architecture.President Joseph Kabila - XXX

Fidel Castro - (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's

foundation in 1961 until 2011. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, under his administration the Republic of Cuba was converted into a one-party socialist state, with industry and business being nationalised under state ownership and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society.

Arab League - officially called the League of Arab States, is a regional organisation of Arab states in North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia (Middle East). It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members. Currently has 22 members. The main goal of the league is to "draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries.

Alstom - is a large multinational conglomerate which holds interests in the power generation and transport markets. According to the company website, in the years 2010-2011 Alstom had annual sales of over 20.9 billion, and employed more than 85,000 people in 70 countries. Alstom's headquarters are located in Levallois-Perret, near Paris. Its current CEO is Patrick Kron.

UNESCO - The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter.UNESCO has 196 Member States (it recently added Palestine in November 2011) and eight Associate Members.

Christian Lindner - (born January 7, 1979) is a German politician and former general secretary of the liberal party Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP).

56

Deutsche Bank AG - is a global banking and financial services company with its headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany. It employs more than 100,000 people in over 70 countries, and has a large presence in Europe, the Americas, Asia Pacific and the emerging markets. Deutsche Bank is the largest foreign exchange dealer in the world with a market share of 21 percent.Deutsche Bank has offices in major financial centers including New York, London, Frankfurt, Paris, Moscow, Amsterdam, Dublin, Toronto, So Paulo, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Sydney, Dubai, Riyadh and Mumbai.

Open University of Israel - is a distance-education university in Israel. As of 2006, the Open University taught around 39,000 students.The Open University of Israel has more students than any other academic institution in Israel. The administration is based in the city of Ra'anana. Students from all over the world attend the university.

Enel S.p.A. - (Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica) is an Italian energy provider, the third-largest in Europe by market capitalization. Formerly a state-owned monopoly, it is now partially privatised with Italian government control: the largest shareholders are the Italian Ministry of Economy & Finance (13.9%) and the state-run bank Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (17.4%).

Eni S.p.A. - is an Italian multinational oil and gas company, present in 70 countries, and currently Italy's largest industrial company with a market capitalization of 87.7 billion euros, as of July 24, 2008. The Italian government owns a 30% golden share in the company, 20% held through the state Treasury and 10% held through the Cassa depositi e prestiti.

Silvio Berlusconi - (born 29 September 1936), is an Italian politician and businessman who served three terms as Prime Minister of Italy, from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006, and 2008 to 2011. Berlusconi is also the controlling shareholder of Mediaset and owner of A.C. Milan.As of 2011, Forbes magazine has ranked him as the 118th richest man in the world with a net

worth of US$6.2 billion.

UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. It was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its headquarters in the Gigiri neighborhood of Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP also has six regional offices and various country offices.

Zambezi Electrical Taupo - is a locally owned and operated electrical company specialising in air conditioning and heat pumps. Our aim is to provide customers with complete control over the climate in their home and work environment.

NUST university - National University of Sciences and Technology is a public university that was founded by the government of Pakistan in 1981 to train members of the Pakistani Armed Forces after merging established military institutes and colleges. It was chartered in 1993. NUST is a multi-school university with its headquarters initially located in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. In 2008, the headquarters were shifted to the newly constructed campus in Islamabad. Other campuses are situated in Karachi, Rawalpindi and Risalpur.

Asian Development Bank (ADB) - is a regional development bank established on 22 August 1966 to facilitate economic development of countries in Asia. From 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 67 members - of which 48 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside. At present, both the United States and Japan hold 552,210 shares, the largest proportion of shares at 12.756% each.[3] China holds 228,000 shares (6.429 %), India holds 224,010 shares (6.317 %), the 2nd and 3rd largest proportion of shares respectively.

Portugal-Mozambique Chamber of Commerce

Portuguese Government - The Government is one of the four sovereignty organs of the

57

Portuguese Republic. It is also the organ that conducts politics in general in the country and is also the superior body in public administration.

Pedro Passos Coelho - (born in Coimbra, on July 24, 1964) is Prime Minister of Portugal. Passos Coelho started very early in politics, becoming the national leader of the youth branch of the Social Democratic Party. A business manager by trade, he was elected President of the Social Democratic Party and has led the XIX Governo Constitucional (19th Constitutional Government of Portugal) as head of government since 21 June 2011.

South African government - The Republic of South Africa is a constitutional democracy with a three-tier system of government and an independent judiciary, operating in a nearly unique system that combines aspects of parliamentary and presidential systems.

University of Cape Town (UCT) - is a public research university located in Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. UCT was founded in 1829 as the South African College, and is the oldest university in South Africa and the second oldest extant university in Africa.

WCED (The Western Cape Education Department) - is the department of the Government of the Western Cape responsible for primary and secondary education within the Western Cape province of South Africa. The political leader of the department is the Provincial Minister of Education; as of 2009 this is Donald Grant.

National University of Singapore - is Singapore's oldest university. It is the largest university in the country in terms of student enrollment and curriculum offered.The university's main campus is located in southwest Singapore at Kent Ridge.

ABB group - is a Swiss-Swedish multinational corporation headquartered in Zrich, Switzerland, and best known for its robotics.

ABB is one of the largest engineering companies as well as one of the largest conglomerates in the world. ABB has operations in around 100 countries, with approximately 130,000 employees, and reported global revenue of $31.6 billion for 2010.

WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) - is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300[4] conservation and environmental projects.

Bashar al-Assad - (born 11 September 1965) is the President of Syria and Regional Secretary of the Ba'ath Party. His father Hafez al-Assad ruled Syria for 29 years until his death in 2000. Al-Assad was elected in 2000, re-elected in 2007, unopposed each time.

Bank of England - is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694, it is the second oldest central bank in the world d also has secondary offices in Leeds.

British Parliament - is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom, British Crown dependencies and British overseas territories, located in London. Parliament alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. At its head is the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II.

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - Founded in 1991, uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia. Its mission was to support the formerly communist countries in the process of establishing their private sectors.Headquartered in London, the EBRD is now owned by 61 countries and two international

58

institutions. Despite its public sector shareholders, it invests mainly in private enterprises, usually together with commercial partners.

Institute of Ismaili Studies (IIS) - is a research institute in London, United Kingdom.It aims to promote the study of Muslim cultures and societies, both historical and contemporary, in order to foster a greater understanding of their relationships with other societies and faiths.

University of Liverpool - is a teaching and research university in the city of Liverpool, England. Founded in 1881 (as a University college), it is also one of the six original "red brick" civic universities. The university has produced nine Nobel Prize winners and offers more than 230 first degree courses across 103 subjects. It has an annual turnover of 340 million, including 123 million for research.

Prince Charles - (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is the heir apparent and eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history.

Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) - is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally.It was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

The Guardian - formerly known as The Manchester Guardian (founded 1821), is a British national daily newspaper in the Berliner format. Currently edited by Alan Rusbridger.

AAAS (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) - is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The

Academys elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.

ABC (American Broadcasting Company) - is an American commercial broadcasting television network. Created in 1943 from the former NBC Blue radio network, ABC is owned by The Walt Disney Company and is part of Disney-ABC Television Group. Its first broadcast on television was in 1948. As one of the Big Three television networks, its programming has contributed to American popular culture.

American Magazine - was a periodical publication founded in June 1906, a continuation of failed publications purchased a few years earlier from publishing mogul Miriam Leslie.

Barack Obama - (born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office.

Boston Society of Architects (BSA) - is a nonprofit membership organization committed to architecture, design and the built environment.

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) - is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. It is an executive agency and reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence, responsible for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior United States policymakers through means of covert psychological, cyber, and social warfare using non-military commissioned civilian Intelligence Agents to carry out these intelligence-gathering operations; many of whom are trained to avoid tactical situations.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) - is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2, 1970. The current

59

administrator is Lisa P. Jackson. The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the administrator is normally given cabinet rank. The agency has approximately 17,000 full-time employees.

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) - is an agency of the United States Department of Justice that serves as both a federal criminal investigative body and an internal intelligence agency (counterintelligence). The FBI's headquarters, the J. Edgar Hoover Building, is located in Washington, D.C. Fifty-six field offices are located in major cities throughout the United States, and there are over 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and towns across the country. More than 50 international offices called "legal attachs" are in U.S. embassies and consulates general worldwide.

General Electric Company - is an American multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut, United States. The company operates through four segments: Energy, Technology Infrastructure, Capital Finance and Consumer & Industrial.

George Washington University - is a private, coeducational comprehensive university located in Washington, D.C. in the United States. The university was chartered by an Act of Congress on February 9, 1821, as The Columbian College in the District of Columbia.

Harvard University - is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world

IBD (Inter-American Development Bank) - is the largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean.Established in 1959, the IDB supports Latin American and Caribbean economic development, social development and regional integration by lending to governments and government agencies, including State corporations.The IDB has four official languages: English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.

International Energy Consultants Organisation (IECO) - acts as a forum for companies and individuals who are providing consultancy as their main business in the many fields of geoscience survey and HSE within the Energy industry. The Organisation is aimed at those companies that engage consultants primarily for field-related activities.

International Rivers - is a non-profit, non-governmental, environmental and human rights organization based in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1985 by a host of social and environmental activists, International

Rivers works with a global network of policy and financial analysts, scientists, journalists, development specialists, local citizens and volunteers to address destructive dams and their legacies in over 60 countries.In addition to the United States, International Rivers has staff in Cameroon, Thailand, Brazil and India.

The Washington Network Group (WNG) - is a membership organization of professionals in business, finance, technology, foreign and government affairs.

(MIT) Massachusetts Institute of Technology - is an American private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date.

Montana State University (MSU) - is a public university located in Bozeman, Montana. MSU was founded in 1893.

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space

60

program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA).

Newton Gingrich - (June 17, 1943) is an American politician, author, political consultant, and history teacher who served as the 58th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. He represented Georgia's 6th congressional district as a Republican from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. He is a candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2012 U.S. presidential election.

NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) - is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. In addition to its civilian employees, NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps. The current Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere at the Department of Commerce, and the agency's Administrator, is Dr. Jane Lubchenco

The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) - is a public research university with campuses and facilities throughout the state of Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1855, the university has a threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service.

Shell (Royal Dutch Shell) - is a global oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It is the fifth-largest company in the world (and the second-largest energy company). It is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It also has major renewable energy activities, including in biofuels, hydrogen, solar and wind power. Shell has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil

equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide.

U.S. Federal Reserve System - is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913 with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to a series of financial panics, particularly a severe panic in 1907.The task of the Federal Reserve System is to maintain employment, keep prices stable, and keep interest rates at a moderate level by regulating monetary policy. Components of the Federal Reserve System also supervise banks, provide financial services, and conduct research on the United States economy and the economies in the surrounding region.

United States Marine Corps (USMC) - is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for providing power projection from the sea.

United States Department of State - is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries. The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department is headquartered located at 2201 C Street, NW, neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U.S. diplomacy efforts.

United Nations (ONU) - is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The ONU was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. There are currently 193 member states. The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages:

61

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

University of California (UC) - is a public university system in the U.S. state of California.

College of Environmental Design (Berkeley CED) - is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. It is composed of three departments: Architecture,City and Regional Planning, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning.The CED is consistently ranked as one of the most prestigious design schools in the U.S. and the world.

Colorado State University - is a public research university located in Fort Collins, Colorado. The university is the state's land grant university, and the flagship university of the Colorado State University System.

The University of Delaware (UD) - is the largest university in Delaware. The school from which the university grew was founded in 1743, making it one of the oldest in the nation. However, UD was not chartered as an institution of higher learning until 1833.

McKinsey & Company, Inc. - is a global management consulting firm that focuses on solving issues of concern to senior management. McKinsey serves as an adviser to many businesses, governments, and institutions. It is recognized as one of the most prestigious firms in the consulting industry.

Barney Frank (born March 31, 1940) is the U.S. Representative for Massachusetts's 4th congressional district (1981present). A member of the Democratic Party, he is the former chairman of the House Financial Services Committee (20072011) and is considered the most prominent gay politician in the United States.

Mitt Romney - (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and politician. He

was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and is a candidate for the 2012 Republican Party presidential nomination.

Raymond Leo Burke - (born June 30, 1948) is an American Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church. He is the current Cardinal Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, having previously served as Archbishop of St. Louis (20032008) and Bishop of La Crosse (19942003).

Center for Strategic and International Studies - is a bipartisan Washington, D.C., foreign policy think tank. The center was founded in 1962 by Admiral Arleigh Burke and Ambassador David Manker Abshire, originally as part of Georgetown University. The formal affiliation between Georgetown and CSIS ended on July 1, 1987.

Hillary Clinton - (born October 26, 1947) is the 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator for New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In the 2008 election, Clinton was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination.

Alcoa Inc. - is the world's third largest producer of aluminum, behind Rio Tinto Alcan and Rusal.From its operational headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Alcoa conducts operations in 31 countries.

University of Pennsylvania - is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.

George Walker Bush - (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of

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Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000.

Charles Schumer - (born November 23, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party.

Washington Post - is Washington, D.C.'s largest newspaper and its oldest still-existing paper, founded in 1877. Located in the capital of the United States, The Post has a particular emphasis on national politics. D.C., Maryland, and Virginia editions are printed for daily circulation.

Hugo Chvez - (born July 28, 1954) is the 61st and current President of Venezuela, having held that position since 1999. He was formerly the leader of the Fifth Republic Movement political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when he became the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV).

Robert Mugabe (born 21 February 1924) is the President of Zimbabwe. As one of the leaders of the liberation movement against white-minority rule, he was elected into power in 1980. He served as Prime Minister from 1980 to 1987, and as the first executive head of state since 1987.

damage

Documents

gorges project

natural areas

research protocol

premisethe protocol

dams entities

natural habitats

natural boundaries

natural resources exploitation