damage mh im echanics cic omposite · pdf filedamage mh imechanics in cicomposite materials...

37
D M h i i C i Damage Mechanics in Composite Materials Materials Dr. Bijan Mohammadi School of Mechanical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology

Upload: lyminh

Post on 25-Mar-2018

212 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

D M h i i C iDamage Mechanics in Composite MaterialsMaterials

Dr. Bijan MohammadiSchool of Mechanical Engineeringg g

Iran University of Science and Technology

Page 2: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Damage Mechanisms in Laminated Compositesp

Page 3: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Various mechanisms of damage in composite l i tlaminates

(a) Matrix Cracking(c) Fiber/Matrix Debonding

(b) Delamination

(d) Fiber Fracture

Page 4: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Matrix Cracking Formationg

Page 5: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Different kinds of Damage Mechanismsff f g

• Over the course of the experimental investigation several f p gdistinct damage modes were identified including:– Matrix crack‐induced microcracking

M i k i d d d l i i– Matrix crack‐induced delamination– Angle‐ply edge delamination– Mode I edge delaminationg

Page 6: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Matrix crack accumulation

• Matrix crack accumulation:– Matrix cracks form within a given ply group in a direction 

parallel to the fibers in that ply group. M t i ki i f tl th i iti l d d d– Matrix cracking is frequently the initial damage mode and matrix cracks may accumulate to high densities with increased loading.

Page 7: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Matrix crack‐induced microcrackingg

• Matrix crack‐induced microcracking: g– Plies adjacent to a ply group which has suffered matrix cracking 

may form microcracks (small cracks which cluster around an existing matrix crack)existing matrix crack). 

– The localized microcracks may propagate throughout the ply or remain localized depending upon the laminate configuration.

Page 8: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Matrix crack‐induced delamination

• Matrix crack‐induced delamination:– Delamination may form at the intersection of an existing matrix 

crack and an adjacent ply. Th t d f th d l i ti t t t i ifi t– The tendency for the delamination to propagate to significant length depends upon the laminate configuration. 

Page 9: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Interior Damageg

• Matrix crack‐induced microcracks– appeared in bands surrounding the primary matrix cracks. – The density and length of the microcracks were observed to gradually 

increase with the applied load.increase with the applied load. – When the microcracks grew to significant length, the effect on the 

laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks.• Matrix crack induced delamination• Matrix crack‐induced delamination 

– Initiate from existing matrix cracks – Grow simultaneously with a dense band of microcracks. – This combined damage state produced immediate and complete failure 

of the laminate – limited mainly to angle‐ply laminates.

Page 10: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Matrix crack‐induced delamination and Microcracksi [60 / 60 ] l i tin a [602/–602]s laminate

• (a) X radiograph showing• (a) X‐radiograph showing• (b) schematic representation.

Page 11: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

X‐radiograph images showing matrix crack‐induced delamination appearing in three different laminates pp g ff

(material T300/976)

• (a) [602/–603/60]s, (b) [452/–452]s, (c) [602/–602/90]s.( ) [ 2/ 3/ ] , ( ) [ 2/ 2] , ( ) [ 2/ 2/ ]

Page 12: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Effect of microcrack propagation l i t tiffon laminate stiffness response

• Response of laminate which suffers combined delamination p f ffand microcracking damage (1.0 ksi = 6.89 MPa).

Page 13: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Damage Scenario of [602/–602]s laminate ( t i l (T800/3900 2)(material (T800/3900‐2)

• Initial damage consisted of matrix cracks in the 60° ply group g p y g p• followed immediately by matrix crack‐induced microcracking

in the –60° ply group. • Delamination formed only after applying additional strain. • No fiber breakage.

Page 14: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Effect of microcrack propagation l i t tiffon laminate stiffness response

• Response of laminate which suffers combined delamination p f ffand microcracking damage (1.0 ksi = 6.89 MPa).

Page 15: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Damage Scenario of [452/–452]s laminate t i l (T300/976)material (T300/976)

• Initial damage consisted of matrix cracks in the 45° ply group g p y g p• followed immediately by matrix crack‐induced microcracking

in the –45° ply group • and matrix crack‐induced delamination at the interface. • No fiber breakage.

Page 16: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Series of X‐radiograph images obtained at increasing l d l l h i k tiload levels showing crack propagation 

• [602/90/–602]s laminate (material T300/976).[ 2/ / 2] ( / )

Page 17: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

[602/90/–602]s laminate (material T300/976) Damage S iScenario

• Initial damage consisted of matrix cracks in the 60° ply group g p y g pand microcracks in the –60° ply group

• Failed specimens suffered fiber breakage in the 90° ply group l th 60° fib di ti bi d ith t i kalong the 60° fiber direction combined with matrix crack‐induced delamination at both interfaces.

Page 18: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Effect of microcrack propagation l i t tiffon laminate stiffness response

• Points (a), (b), and (c) correspond to X‐radiograph images in two previous slide (1 0 ksi = 6 89 MPa)two previous slide (1.0 ksi = 6.89 MPa).

Page 19: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

X‐radiograph images at increasing load levels, microcrackti t [60 / 60 /0] l i t ( t i l T300/976)propagation at [603/–603/0]s laminate (material T300/976),

• (a) applied stress= 196.4 MPa,(b) applied stress = 228.1 MPa, ( ) pp ,( ) pp ,(c) applied stress = 254.2 MPa

Page 20: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Damage Scenario of [603/–603/0]s laminate ( t i l T300/976)(material T300/976)

• Initial damage consisted of matrix cracks in the 60° ply group g p y g pand microcracks in the –60° ply group. 

• Microcracks slowly propagated with increased strain. • Failed specimens suffered fiber breakage in the 0° and 60° ply 

groups along the –60° fiber direction.

Page 21: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Near the Edge Damageg g

• Angle‐ply edge delaminationg p y g– From the intersection of a matrix crack and the laminate free edge.– Angle‐ply edge delamination was usually very small– Producing a negligible effect on the laminate stiffness – Delamination growth seemed to be highly unstable– leading directly to laminate failureleading directly to laminate failure.

• Mode I edge delamination – Typically stable, gradual growth. – Usually appeared at the laminate midplane– was not observed to lead directly to laminate failure.

Page 22: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Magnified view of angle‐ply edge delamination i i [30/90/ 30] l i tappearing in a [30/90/–30]s laminate

Page 23: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Progression of angle‐ply edge delamination appearing i [30/90/ 30] l i t ( t i l T300/976)in a [30/90/–30]s laminate (material T300/976)

• (a) applied stress = 372.7 Mpa, (b) applied stress = 376.9 MPa, ( ) pp p , ( ) pp ,(c) laminate failed with maximum applied stress = 376.9 MPa

Page 24: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Effect of angle‐ply edge delamination on laminate tiffstiffness response

• Points (a), (b), and (c) correspond to X‐radiograph images ( ), ( ), ( ) p g p gshown in previous slide

Page 25: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Progression of Mode I edge delamination [45 / 45 /90] l i t ( t i l T800/3900 2)[453/–453/90]s laminate (material T800/3900‐2)

• (a) applied stress = 142.6 MPa, (b) applied stress =155.7 MPa, ( ) pp , ( ) pp ,(c) applied stress 156.4 MPa

Page 26: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Effect of Mode I edge delamination on laminate tiffstiffness response

• Points (a), (b), and (c) correspond to X‐radiograph images ( ), ( ), ( ) p g p gshown in Previous slide

Page 27: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Progression of Mode I edge delamination appearing in [30/ 30/90 ] l i t ( t i l T300/976)a [30/–30/901/2]s laminate (material T300/976)

• (a) applied stress = 344.5 MPa, (b) applied stress = 347.3 MPa, ( ) pp , ( ) pp ,(c) applied stress = 353.5 MPa

Page 28: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Mode I edge delamination (material T300/976) g ( / )

• (a)  [90/30/–30]s, (b)  [45/–45/90]s, (c)  [45/–45/0/90]s.( ) [ / / ] , ( ) [ / / ] , ( ) [ / / / ]

Page 29: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Stiffness response plots for laminates that failed in d d l i tiedge delamination

Page 30: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Stiffness response plots for laminates that failed in d d l i ti M d I d d l i tiedge delamination + Mode I edge delamination

Page 31: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Variation of laminate strength with i i l lincreasing layup angle

Page 32: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Variation of laminate strength with i i l lincreasing layup angle

Page 33: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Variation of laminate strength with i i l lincreasing layup angle

Page 34: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Variation of laminate strength with increasing thi k lthickness scale

Page 35: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Variation in laminate strength due to increasing thi k lthickness scale. 

• Specimen failures caused by angle‐ply edge delaminationp f y g p y g

Page 36: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Variation of laminate strength with increasing thi k lthickness scale

Page 37: Damage Mh iM echanics CiC omposite  · PDF fileDamage Mh iMechanics in CiComposite Materials ... laminate stiffness was moderate, and similar to that of matrix cracks

Variation of laminate strength with stacking sequencef g g q