ARC6984ARC6984ARC6984ARC6984 HISTREYHISTREYHISTREYHISTREY ANDANDANDAND THEORYTHEORYTHEORYTHEORY OFOFOFOF URBANURBANURBANURBAN DESIGNDESIGNDESIGNDESIGN

CopenhagenCopenhagenCopenhagenCopenhagen (Jan(Jan(Jan(Jan Gehl)Gehl)Gehl)Gehl) ++++ AshfordAshfordAshfordAshford RingRingRingRing RoadRoadRoadRoad ++++ SharedSharedSharedShared SpaceSpaceSpaceSpace

DanDanDanDan ChenChenChenChen (MAAD)(MAAD)(MAAD)(MAAD)

Tutor:Tutor:Tutor:Tutor: EvanEvanEvanEvan FergusonFergusonFergusonFerguson

Date:Date:Date:Date: 26/01/201026/01/201026/01/201026/01/2010

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

I.I.I.I. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)----------------(1)----------------(1)----------------(1)

II.II.II.II. Copenhagen:Copenhagen:Copenhagen:Copenhagen: publicpublicpublicpublic spacespacespacespace andandandand publicpublicpublicpublic lifelifelifelife ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(-----(-----(-----(3333))))

III.III.III.III. AshfordAshfordAshfordAshford ringringringring Road:Road:Road:Road: SharedSharedSharedShared SpaceSpaceSpaceSpace ---------------------------------------------------------(---------------------------------------------------------(---------------------------------------------------------(---------------------------------------------------------(6666))))

IV.IV.IV.IV. TheTheTheThe differencedifferencedifferencedifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween JanJanJanJan GehlGehlGehlGehl andandandand BenBenBenBen Hamilton-BaillieHamilton-BaillieHamilton-BaillieHamilton-Baillie -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(---(---(---(8888))))

V.V.V.V. TheTheTheThe importanceimportanceimportanceimportance ofofofof publicpublicpublicpublic spacespacespacespace andandandand it'sit'sit'sit's conditionconditionconditioncondition inininin ChinaChinaChinaChina ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(----(----(----(11111111))))

VI.VI.VI.VI. ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(16161616))))

VII.VII.VII.VII. ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(17171717))))

1

I.I.I.I. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

Picture from Street &Patterns.

The city of modernism is prevalent from the 30's to 70's last century, combined with

flooding use of motor vehicles which result in serious air pollution and lacking of public

space and public life. However, there is an increasing "conflict" between human and cars,

result in more concern on public spaces and re-examine of today’s urban develpment.

Therefore, some thoughtful people proposed with their works or real cases, including “The

Death and Life of Great American Cities” by Jan Jacob, which criticize the apathy and lack

of humanity on the development of modern cities in the United States, as well as giving some

possible solutions to the problem. Another vital work is the book “life between buildings”

2

written by Jan Gehl, he advocated a rational, detailed approaches to improving urban form,

which has a lasting and universal influence on the design of public space. Furthermore, in his

another book “Public Spaces, Public Life” , it mentioned how such incremental

improvements have converted city spaces better. As one of the examples, Copenhagen

changed from a car-dominated city to a pedestrian-oriented city over 40 years, and urban

cycling become very popular among citizens. Therefore Copenhagen, where Jan Gehl lives in,

got achievements step by step with the push of Gehl's theory and practice.

Another term about public space is Shaerd Space which was initially aroused to

describe the informal street which is not demarcated of motor way or pedestrain, and then

was popular used for this kind of street design, especially when Ben Hamilton-Baillie put it

into practice in 2003 in Europe. It advocats equally sharing of streets by the motor vehicles,

pedestrians and bicycles together by removing the traffic lights and road blocks. In this

situation, both people and cars would be in a state of alert each other, so it is expected that

carefulness could be ignored to improve safety. The Ashford Ring Road project in UK is one

of the largest examples on the concept of shared space lead by Ben Hamilton-Baillie. He also

revealed how people could coordinate their actions to participate in social activities.

Both of the two examples are representative of transforming city roads to public

utilisations with highly consideration of pedestrians. It could effectively restrict the use of

cars and encourage low-carbon traffic means, also offer more chances for people's

communication. Besides, it is profound approaches to introduce critical thinking on the

problematic modern life and inspire improvements for human beings and environment.

3

II.II.II.II. Copenhagen:Copenhagen:Copenhagen:Copenhagen: publicpublicpublicpublic spacespacespacespace andandandand publicpublicpublicpublic lifelifelifelife

On December 2009, the United States Climate Conference held in Copenhagen.

Although there was tiny progress and consensus reached on this conference, the city itself

attracted people’s attention in terms of good climate as host. Actually, Copenhagen paid

long-time and lots of efforts for its better cityscape as well as living conditions.

Streets' activities of Copenhagen in summer. Pictures from Public Spaces, Public Life.

The improvement could date back to 1962 when the old Main Street project completed

with a new identity. At that time, with the dramatically growth in private cars, most of the

streets and open squares were used for vehicles and parking. Therefore, the transformation of

1.1 km-long Main Street into a pedestrian street was a turning point for the following actions.

However, just as most of new things, it initially caused a lot of misunderstanding and

criticism: people questioned that it will lead to their commercial business losses without

vehicular traffic. But in fact, the converting of this street brought great convenience and

comfort to people when they are in public, so it attracted more customers to participate in

business activities on the controry. (Gehl, Public Spaces, Public Life)

Since then, more reconstruction projects like pedestrian streets carried out in

Copenhagen and implemented gradually. According to surveys in Gehl’s book “Public

Spaces, Public Life”, the city's pedestrian area increased from 15,800 square metres to

100,000 square metres by 2000. There was almost six times larger than before. In such

circumstances, there were more people willing to participate in outdoor activities in public

spaces, and they even created a brand new culture for Copenhagen-the cafe culture. Owing to

the expansion of public space, the number of outdoor café began to grow dramatically.

Nowadays, there are over 7,500 cafe seats in the city. Also, with the increasing of foot paths

4

but decease on vehicle roads and parking lots, it caused favour for the public transportation

and bicycling. Therefore, Copenhagen became the world-famous bicycle city.

On the basis of statistics, over the past 25 years, bicycle traffic increased sharply by

65% in 2003. And on the end of 1990s, slightly more than one-third of people used bicycles

as the main means of transport, as well as one-third of people used private cars, and another

one third of the people used public transportations like subway or bus as the main means of

transport. So it took a considerable account for bicycle use comparing with other cities in the

world. It is quite interesting about the great number of cyclists on cargo bikes such the

eclectic bikes and the various ones that carry baggage, furniture, groceries or children and

other people.

Copenhagen Cargo Bikes. Picture from Google picture

There are some reasons to the success of Copenhagen. The tendency to bikes is not only

because of its safety and convenience, but also the incentives policy such as free bike system

in city. In order to encourage people to use bicycles, there are about 2,000 sponsored bikes

free to offer to the public. In addition, the reasonable set of parking space for bicycles is also

a key issue to carry out this project. All this efforts result in the use of bicycles in streets of

Copenhagen has already been a prevalent thing among different age groups of citizens.

Hangzhou City in south China would be a following of Copenhagen, because this city is

also actively promoting the free bicycle system as part of municipal construction. As has

owned a good environment city like West Lake Scenic Area and Xixi wetlands, it also started

the implementation of "Qianjiang New City Project" in recent years. The project includes a

5

series of public buildings such as Civic Centre, International Conference Centre, Hangzhou

Theatre and other large public buildings in the core area. The citizens in Hangzhou can apply

for the "Civic Card” for free use of bicycles or public buildings, and even for paying the taxi

and bus fees, which makes citizens’ life more convenient and makes this city more

humanistic and liveable.

One free-bike station in Hangzhou.

In addition, the bicycle movements have been widely supported all over the world.

From the Cycle Chic web site, there are some promotions of cycling activities covering the

city of Dublin, Sydney, Mexico, Belgium, London, Sheffield etc. "cycle chic" is about riding

in everyday clothes instead of specialized gear like spandex or cycling shoes, but it spreads

as kind of fashion. (Cycle Chic) But opponents who love driving cars also stated that the

widely use of bikes was a retrogress in development.

"Bike fashion". Picture from Cycle Chic.

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III.III.III.III.AshfordAshfordAshfordAshford ringringringring roadroadroadroad :shared:shared:shared:shared spacespacespacespace

Shared Space was an urban design term related to public spaces through removing

street barriers to calm the cars and ensure the safety of walkers. It is a abundant of regular

rules and traffic orders, so it is achieved in small scales nowadays. Ashford ring road is the

major example of Shared Space concept carried out in UK. On November 2008, Kent City

Council gave impetus to the transformation of old ring road.

This road was built in the 1970s, but there is limited pedestrian road to town centre

owing to the busy vehicle transportation. So the council decided to change it into a new ring

road to fulfil demands for pedestrians. The project started from January 2007 to November

2008, and then the old ring road was broken up and converted into streets with new

appearance. In addition, it changed the original one way system into a two way system, and

limiting the speed to low level of 20mph. Apart from that, engineers, urban designers and

artists have joined in this transformation. The original totally concreted pavement was

replaced by high-quality materials, and the traffic lights, road blocks and other road facilities

have been removed. Because it was claimed the breaking of boundaries could help to create a

freely cross space by drivers and pedestrians. The landscape and green plants are well

designed than before, the artists also involved in doing small sculptures and constructions in

the street.

Moreover, shared space concept are adopted in other cities in UK like Edinburgh,

Oxford, Macclesfield, Torquay, Blackpool, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Hereford and

Colchester(Kent City Council). So it was welcoming and could be improved that shared

space received widespread attention and recognition in other places. For UK, it is still not a

very long time for shared space practice, so some more data and cases should be established

for a more convincing reconstruction from my perspective.

Nevertheless, this model should be of both advantages and disadvantages, it could

work positively in particular period under certain circumstance. This design has aroused a

variety of criticism. For example, some people questioned whether such a mode of traffic

could insure the safety for people? And it is inconvenience for the blind people due to no

traffic lights and no special ways to across the road; People who walks on the street will be

more vigilant and concerned, which brings emotion of unpleasant, and it is bad to

7

psychological health; The tall and heavy freight cars travelling on the road pose a threat to

kids' lives; Drunk driving may be beyond control without the sidewalk barriers. In addition,

this model is only acted in a small scale of roads at moment, then it is unaccustomed and

puzzled for drivers to change driving habit from the regular roads to the shared space area

since there is no signs. It is more likely to increase the probability of accidents. Dutch survey

found that pedestrians are even more inattentive in the shared space area than before when

they across the road. Although this result has not tested in UK, it indicates the problematic

aspect about this issue.

Shared space design avoids installing and maintaining highway components. The new Ashford ring road.

Picture by Ben Hamilton Baillie.

From the picture above, shared space design avoids installing and maintaining a

wide range of expensive highway components, but it seems that traffic is in chaos in the first

picture with signs and notices. But there is nothing wrong with them actually. No one can

deny that they never rely on the notices to guide their drive, especially in unfamiliar city or

roads. The speed limit could vary from one street to another, how could driver switch without

signs? Moreover, the removal of highway components itself is a waste of existing resources.

The convertion could cost more.

However, the statistics by Kent County Council shows that there was no serious

traffic accident happened on Ashford ring road for one and a half year since it completed

transfromation. Admittedly, the travel speed is lower than before and this could be the most

considerable improvement. Another benefit might be that it is simpler and cheaper to keep

the road maintenance owing to no electronic facilities like traffic lights or the barriers.

Besides, it beautifies the streetscape and the spacial quality.

8

IV.TheTheTheThe differencedifferencedifferencedifference betweenbetweenbetweenbetween JanJanJanJan GehlGehlGehlGehl andandandand BenBenBenBen Hamilton-BaillieHamilton-BaillieHamilton-BaillieHamilton-Baillie

The city development of Copenhagen cannot fulfill without the urban planner and

architect Jan Gail. He played important role in pushing the public space projects forward.

From the first project on the Main Street, to various kinds of cases in Denmark and abroad

over forty years, he took his theory into practice and then summarised them into theory again.

Till now, his works also influence on urban renovation. The reason is that his rational

approach is based on providing opportunities for people's networking which is a basic need

for human. So he actively promotes such public activities and makes it come true.

He was also one of the founders holing the 2010 Velo-city Global 2010 conference

activities, and there were about 2,000 people participate in the bike parade that day. It is

obvious that most people supportive of the activities and bicycle uses. Actually, riding a bike

is not only direct interaction with the natural environment, but also easy to say hello or

exchange a smile to people around. It is what the people in the car cannot do. Therefore,

such a low-carbon and healthy traffic mode should be promoted world-wide.

Ben Hamilton-Baillie is also an urban designer and architect. He applied the concept of

shared space in European co-operation project in 2003 and then to wider cases. He was also a

movement consultant in the research and development of fresh approaches to street design,

road safety and traffic engineering. There is also some positive effects of shared space

method. As early in 2003, serious traffic accidents decreased from 8% to 0% after Shared

Space concept introduced in Drachten. So the replacing of street clutter with social protocol

seems successful.

According to Ben Hamilton Baillie 2008 "Improving Traffic Behaviour through Urban

Design" report, he said this model has brought changes in the environment to influence

people's behaviour. People's behaviour is totally different in the theatre, the pub, football

stadium, or in Council Chamber. So the customary identification system is useless. And in

this mode, it helps motorists and pedestrians occurring eye contact easily. Allan B Jacobs is

one of support through research.

“From (my) research and observation, ….intersections and streets that allow every type

of movement and interaction between pedestrians and drivers work best, serving as attractive,

welcoming, and exciting places that help build the local community. When cars are more

9

fully aware of, and integrated into, the pedestrian realm, both pedestrians and drivers are

safer. ”

Allan B Jacobs

So, the Shared Space concept may bases on human behaviour and psychological study.

And Jan Gehl is one of the proponents to shared space, either. But in my view, although both

of them are committed to supply people with a better public space, and their theory and

practice are popularised over the world, they still have some differences.

Shard surface street could be realized in small traffic volume environment such as

small turning and cross in the street of the quiet residential area, because that could help to

slow down the driving speed while increase social interaction. But Shared Space idea may

not work in the case of large-scale traffic. In addition, visually impaired people will

encounter some problems, so more improvements should be made to solve this problem.

In fact, it is a challenge to the experimental authority. In the book The Death and Life

of Great American Cities, Jan Jacob claimed that the uses of sidewalks are for safety. So it is

bit biased from Shared Space because sidewalks are in mixed use with motorways for safety

in shared space area. Besides, It is also quite opponent in the book Street & Patterns in

which the author mentioned using street segregation system to solve the traffic problem, but

it is advocated no segregation in Shared Space approach. And also, in Jan Gehl's book life

between buildings, he mentioned that when it is the motor vehicle lane, the parents will not

let little kids play freely except in the lane of pedestrian. However, in the area of shared space

when people and vehicles are in a state of coexistence, the parents would grasp closer of the

child's hand and the children cannot even have the chance playing in the street.

a. Trafficed street 1. Melbourne

b. Trafficed street 2. Melbourne

c. Pedestrian street, Melbourne

d. Pedestrian street, Sydney

Diagram from life between buildings.

10

Indeed, these two theories are at same point of transformation of public space, but in my

opinion, if Jan Gehl’s public spaces focus on humanity and people friendly, then Ben

Hamilton-Baillie and the shared space stress on the security and human rights.

11

V.V.V.V. TheTheTheThe importanceimportanceimportanceimportance ofofofof publicpublicpublicpublic spacespacespacespace andandandand it'sit'sit'sit's conditionconditionconditioncondition inininin ChinaChinaChinaChina

“A good city is like a good party – people stay much longer than really necessarybecause they are enjoying themselves.”

So says Jan Gehl, not only in Copenhagen did he practise a lot but also he gave some

advice to Time Square in New York City in recent years. One of the traffic street is

transformed to a car-free pedestrian for public life and activities. And that was initially a so

crowded place with thousands of people, cars and pressure, but he did much improvement to

that area. The United States was suffering from a great number of problems in their urban

development, and the same problem also appears in China.

There is a controversial issue of Beijing's development. On one hand, in order to

accelerate the urbanization process, urban population increased dramatically with urban

sprawl, result in an increasing number of high rise building construction. Admittedly, the

construction of modern buildings are beneficial to people in terms of fun and convenience,

the modern life updated living conditions and living style. This model could do favour in

large-scale mechanical production and accelerated economic development. But on the other

hand, Beijing has paid a heavy price. The modern civilization is built on the wanton removal

of old buildings, destruction of cities and cultural characteristics.

A few years later when the famous Chinese poet Bei Dao returned to Beijing from

overseas, he cannot recognise his hometown. Then he wrote the book “Open the City Gate”

in the way of literary to reconstruct his memorised hometown which is the real Beijing. When

the strong regional culture of courtyard and the alley are gradually disappearing, leaving only

a scattered few for travel and advertised, Beijing's unique culture is about to ending. In

Beijing, there has built an 8 lane street about 120-meter in width road for car passing, but the

six original markets has gone forever. So nobody wants to be in that street anymore, it was

totally dominated by cars now. Since this is a common problem of modern cities, but could

the method of Jan Gehl or Ben Hamilton-Baillie be used to solve all these problems?

The answer could be debatable. Generally, compared with small-sized cities in western

courtiers, in which people can completely rely on foot or bicycle for the route between works

and home, most of Chinese cities occupy a large area. So the long-distance travel can only be

12

tackled with modern traffic modes such as the private cars, subway and buses. Also, if the

speed limit is below 20 mph, it will take the driver an extremely long time to reach the

destination. Take Shanghai for instance, most people would like to choose subway to go to

work because it is the most speedy transport mean, but they will spend 1 hour in their way on

average. Although the subway in Shanghai is very developed, but it is in so crowded

condition in peak period, and there are nearly 700 million people peer day taking metro. So it

is determined by China's huge population base that the concept of using Shared Space is not

applicable. If the trremove traffic lights and signs are removed, vehicles have to keep waiting

o driving chance because there are too many pedestrians crossing the road all the time. If they

do not wait, there must be traffic chaos at last.

Actually, whether these theories could be successful is also determined by many

factors. In Copenhagen case, it is said the public demand, increased fuel taxes and rising fuel

costs all helped at that time. Therefore, the theory must be tested according to different time

period and conditions.

Shared Space liberates people with the ownership of public space, indeed, the concern

and stress about public space should be universally applicable, because no person can exist

without social activities. Thus, public space and public life are very important for human

beings. Since public spaces like parks, streets and squares are all vital parts of towns and

cities, the value of public life could be summarised in seven aspects as follows.

1. It is tendency that people like to go to public space and the economy of the area will

be active;

2. It is beneficial for people’s physical health when they join in outdoor activities as

well as be away from mental disease;

3. The kids or young people will learn a lot social skills from public activities;

4. The open area could protect community from crimes;

5. It is necessary social parts for people;

6. It is easier to stimulate movements in and between public spaces;

7. It has the value from biodiversity and nature. (CABE Space)

13

Since the public space is important to people's daily life, what role it plays in my home

country? When it comes to China, it also has some examples of Pedestrian Street and

regeneration of the old area. For example, Beijing's Wangfujing Street, which is a

commercial street with vehicle free, has become one of the most favourite place for locals

and tourists, but the landscape on the street is unpleased because it is challengeable for people

to stay in the street hot weather. Actually, this kind of pedestrian street can be seen in most

city centres in China and they all are popular for commercial services. Beijing Sanlitun

Village Town is a brand new and interesting modern pedestrian street. It was small

commercial district designed by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma with modern building form.

It was different from many monuments buildings in Beijing, because the architect used a

method of decomposition to enhance the vitality of the entire region.

The second floor plan of Sanlitun Village Town (south) Street view of Sanlitun Village Town

There are also some good examples that are in human scale and combination with local

culture. Shanghai Xintiandi combines the unique architecture of Shikumen with modern life

style, artists are also took part in to the regeneration. So the whole area are popular both in

day and night, it offer foods, cafes, shops, cinema and art shows for people. It is if so strong

characteristic with a comfortable public space that attract people in and abroad. Chengdu Jinli

is one such example as well. They all have specialty with traditional culture and very

welcomed by people.

14

Shanghai Xintiandi: Traditional building and modern life One traditional street at night of Jin Li in Chengdu

Although these cases are very successful in China, the good public space per head is

very few in such a large city. Most of the high quality space in public are kind of "landmark"

or "must-seen" in the city. So a lot of efforts are needed to create many common public

spaces for local community. Thus, it will be convenient for residents to go for a recreation

and relaxation. But for the historical and cultural reason, China probably not develop a

popular outdoor cafe as same as Copenhagen has been done. The form and the demand for

public space would vary from culture to culture.

For example, as Ashihara, J wrote in the book The Aesthetic Townscape that, urban

open space in Italian is a very popular place for meetings, while Britain's parks are only to

meet the single pastime. In Japan, people do not like go to outdoor space like parks or squares

from ancient. On the contrary, they prefer to stay at the inner courtyard in home which is

decorated elaborately by the owners according to his own taste. So the western society tends

to be extrovert while eastern is introvert because of traditional and historical reasons.

Typical layout of urban residential townscape in Japan Typical community of urban residential townscape in China

15

At this point, China may be similar as it is in Japan in terms of introvert. The difference

is that most Chinese people do not have an inner garden owing to high density of housing.

But as the most popular form of residential townscape in China, thousands people prefer to

live in a guarded community with walls and single door, all of the residents get ownership of

the green plants or small commercial shops, activity equipments and even the kindergarten

together, while the people who live out of the community never have the right to enjoy these

facilities. To some extent, it is like the inner garden in Japan. The reason why this pattern

developed rapidly in China could not be separated from the introverted characteristics that

formed over thousand years.

So in China, the residential townscape and public spaces are quite different from what

the westerners prefer to, thereby the needs of public space may result in different spatial

pattern. Public realm cannot be totally copied from cities to cities even though the theory

seems to be seductive, the factors of history, culture, habits, economy should be taken into

account.

16

VI.VI.VI.VI. ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

The most important contribution of Copenhagen and Ashford Ring Road projects could

be the transformation to the streets, and they emphasis on the pedestrians by speed limit and

restrict of motor vehicles. The significances of the street for the city are in three aspects: for

transportation, public space and social market. (Gehl, New City Spaces) Besides, the streets

are crucial to the city development during the history. There are some examples that the

community and city are developed from the form of street. However, the original livable

street are replaced by modern traffic as thoroughfare, so it has been a popular topic on the

reclaims in original streets in Europe cities. After all, human do not want the city for cars, but

the city for people.

Copenhagen has formed as a liveable city with charm and humanity. It not only brings

fun to people's lives through increasing public spaces, but also effective controls exhaust

emissions by reducing vehicles. Other cities could learn the experience from it. Ashford is

also a subversion of the regular urban traffic design rules, and this model affects many

people's view on traditional streets as well. The introduction of art and design enhance the

aesthetic level of street. Maybe it is a strong power of fresh pattern that could change the

whole street type in Europe, but also, it could become a victim of modernist practice. It is

worthy on further discussion and be tested repeatedly.

Inevitably, the model of development in one city is not surely apply to other cities,

because each city has its own unique conditions, climate, population, geography, history,

economy, culture, and so on. So every city may take different approaches to improve the

public space. Only in this way could each city maintain its own characteristics and permanent

beauty.

Survey and analysis show that people and their activities are easy to be concerned and

interested by other people. So people pay more attention on the street activities rather than the

street itself. When people are in outdoor activities, the buildings simplify to just symbols. In

that case, the public spaces between buildings are much more important and meaningful than

the buildings themselves. Therefore, the suitable and lovable public space should be in

pursuit for at any time or any area. In one word, the batter city need batter life.

17

VII.VII.VII.VII. ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference

Ashihara,Y(1983) The Aesthetic Townscape , Translated by Lynne E. Riggs, The MIT Press:London

Jacob, J (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities Random House: New York

Gehl, J (2006) Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, Six Edition, The DanishArchitectural Press :Copenhagen

Gehl, J and Gemzoe, L(2003) New City Spaces, Third Edition, The Danish ArchitecturalPress :Copenhagen

Kent City Concuil (2010) Home Page/ Roads and transport/ Highway improvements/ Majortransport schemes/ Recently completed schemes/ Ashford [online]. Available from:http://www.kent.gov.uk/roads_and_transport/highway_improvements/major_transport_schemes/recently_completed_schemes/ashford.aspx

Street Films (2010) Copenhagen Cargo Bikes [online]. Available from:http://www.streetfilms.org/copenhagen-cargo-bikes/ [Accessed 20, Jan, 2011]

OtherOtherOtherOther relevantrelevantrelevantrelevant links:links:links:links:

CABE Space. Available from: http://www.cabe.org.uk/about/cabe-space

Cycle Chic. Available from: http://www.copenhagencyclechic.com/

Chengdu Jinli. Available from: http://www.cdjinli.com/

Shanghai Xintiandi. Available from:http://www.xintiandi.com/english/index_e.asp

Sanlitun Village Town. Available from:http://www.sanlitunvillage.com/eng/Pages/index.aspx

Shared Space. Available from: http://www.shared-space.org/