daniel dettmers industrial refrigeration consortium u.w
TRANSCRIPT
Daniel DettmersIndustrial Refrigeration Consortium
U.W. Madison
1826Fredric Tudor
1857 Canned Ice Plant
1927 GE Monitor
Top Fridge
1928-36Thomas Midgley
R32, R11, R12, R22
1974Rowland and Molina
Expose CFC’s
1987Montreal Protocol
(1992 Clean Air Act)CFC/HCFC Phaseout
1/1/1996CFC Phaseout (US)
1997Kyoto Protocol
2009Copenhagen Summit
2010HCFC Phaseout (US)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2004 2010 2015 2020 2030
Cap at 1989 ODP- weighted HCFC + 2.8% CFC consumption.
35% reduction of
cap
75% reduction of cap
(formerly 65%)
90% reduction of cap 99.5% reduction of cap
0% allocation to R-22
0%
2009 EPA step down
reduction in R-22 production
2014 EPA step down
Trade Name ASHRAE Number HFC-32 HFC-125 HFC-134a HCF-
143aPropane
R-290n-Butane
R-600
Iso-butane R-600a
Iso-pentane R-601a
R-404A 404A 44 4 52
KLEA 60, KLEA 407A 407A 20 40 40
KLEA 407C, AC9000 407C 23 25 52
NU-22/ISCEON 59 417A 46.6 50 3.4
Choice R421A 421A 58 42
Choice R421B 421B 85 15
ISCEON 79 422A 85.1 11.5 3.4
ICOR XAC1 422B 55 42 3
ICOR XLT1 422C 45 82 15 3
ISCEON MO29 422D 65.1 31.5 3.4
RS-44 424A 50.5 47.0 1.0 0.9 0.6
Forane 427A 427A 15 25 50 10
RS-52 428A 77.5 20.0 0.6 1.9
RS-45 434A 63.2 16 18 2.8
KDD5, ISCEON MO99 438A 8.5 45.0 44.2 1.7 0.6
R-507A 507A 50 50
Source: U.S. EPA: www.epa.gov/Ozone/snap/refrigerants/refblend.html* Fairly popular retrofit fluids
*
*
*
*
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500 R-
717/
-744
R-29
0/-6
00
R-13
4a
R-40
7C
R-22
R-41
0A
R-42
7A*
R-41
7A*
R-42
2B
R-42
1A
R-42
2D*
R-42
8A
R-40
4A/-
507A
* Fairly popular R-22 retrofit fluids
1826Fredric Tudor
1857 Canned Ice Plant
1927 GE Monitor
Top Fridge
1928-36Thomas Midgley
R32, R11, R12, R22
1974Rowland and Molina
Expose CFC’s
1987Montreal Protocol
(1992 Clean Air Act)CFC/HCFC Phaseout
1/1/1996CFC Phaseout (US)
1997Kyoto Protocol
2009Copenhagen Summit
2016Kigali AmendmentHFC Phase Down
2010HCFC Phaseout (US)
» U.N. Agreement to phase-down HFC’s˃ Signed October 2016˃ Enters into force January 1, 2019˃ Phase-down in gradual steps to complete around 2045˃ Extension of the Montreal Protocol
»Baseline based on HFC’s used in 2020-2022 + 65% of HCFC Use˃ Step down 10%, 30%, 50% & 80%
» Analysis of HFC Production and Consumption Controls - EPA˃ October 2009˃ Preliminary analysis of potential benefits for controlling
consumption of HFCs
» Pres. Obama ˃ June 25, 2013˃ Hints at HFC
reduction
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Change of Listing Status for Certain Substitutes Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program
˃ De-lists several Refrigerants in various applications
Refrigeration & A/C: Retail Food Refrigerant DateSupermarket (retrofit) R-404A/507A 7/2/2016Supermarket (New) R-404A/507A 1/1/2017Remote Condensing Units (Retro) R-404A/507A 7/2/2016Remote Condensing Units (New) R-404A/507A 1/1/2018Stand-Alone Retail Equip. (Retro) R-404A/507A/410A 7/2/2016
Stand-Alone Retail Equip. (New) R-404A/507A/410A/134a 2019/2020
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: New Listings of Substitutes; Changes of Listing Status…
˃ De-lists Refrigerants in more applications
Application Refrigerant Date
Cold storage warehouses (new) Propylene (R-1270), 443A 1/3/2017
Refrigerated food processing and dispensing equipment R-404A/507A, 410A, + 1/1/2021
Cold storage warehouses (new) R-404A/507A, 410A, + 1/1/2023
Centrifugal chillers (new) HFC-134a, 245fa, 410A,+ 1/1/2024
Positive displacement chillers (new) HFC-134a, 404A/507A, 410A,+ 1/1/2024
» Rule 16 - May 21, 2012˃ Amendment to HFO-1234yf SNAP Rule for Motor Vehicle
Air Conditioning Sector
» Rule 17 - February 21, 2012˃ Listing of Substitutes for Ozone- Depleting Substances—
Hydrocarbon Refrigerants ˃ R-600 (isobutene), R-441A (HCR188C) & R-290 (propane)
» Rule 19 – April 10, 2015˃ R-600 in vending and stand alone food retail˃ R-290 in vending, small A/C, res. Refrigerator˃ HFC-32 in room A/C
» EPA’s SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy) approved refrigerants are listed by Sector and then End Use˃ Chillers˃ Cold Storage Warehouse˃ Ice Skating Rinks˃ Industrial Process A/C
» www.epa.gov/snap/refrigeration-and-air-conditioning for all
> Industrial Process Ref> Retail Food Transport> Very Low Temp Ref> Retail Food Ref
Substitute Trade Name Retrofit/New ODP GWP Classification
Ammonia Vapor Compression N 0 0 B2L
R-407A Klea 60, Klea407A R/N 0 2,110 A1
R-407F GenetronPerformax LT R/N 0 1,820 A1
R-438A KDD5, ISCEON MO99 R/N 0 2,270 A1
R-448A Solstice® N-40 R/N 0 1,387 A1R-449A Opteon® XP 40 R/N 0 1,400 A1R-449B Forane® 449B R/N 0 1,412 A1R-450A Solstice® N-13 R/N 0 601 A1R-513A Opteon® XP 10 R/N 0 630 A1
R-744 (Carbon Dioxide, CO2) N 0 1 A1
Source: U.S. EPA: www.epa.gov/snap/acceptable-substitutes-typical-supermarket-systems
Dan’s leading contenders of CURRENTLY SNAP approved refrigerants.
Note: Don’t rule out propane and a few of the HFO’s.
» 1/1/19 - Revised leak rate thresholds:˃ 30% for Industrial Process Refrigeration (was 35%)˃ 20% for commercial refrigeration (was 35%)˃ 10% for comfort cooling (was 15%)
» 1/1/18 – HFC’s same as CFC/HCFC˃ 608 license to buy/charge stationary systems˃ Must evacuate equipment to specified levels
» Heavy emphasis on “Leak Inspections”» Equipment to work with HC’s
» Most manufacturers are gearing up equipment to handle:˃ Natural refrigerants (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide)˃ A2L/B2L listed refrigerants (R-32, HFO’s)˃ Hydrocarbons (Propane, Butane)
» New world for technicians˃ No spark switches˃ No torches, no brazing˃ Better leak detection˃ Periodic leak inspection Copeland’s Propane compressor
CO2, NH3, SO2,Hydrocarbons
Methyl-Chloride, Ethyl-Ether
CFC’sNH3,
CO2, Hydrocarbons
CFC’s, HCFC’sNH3
HCFC’s, HFC’sNH3
HFC’s, HFO’sNH3, CO2,
HydrocarbonsAir, Water
Past: “Natural” Ice
Future?
» Daniel Dettmers˃ Industrial Refrigeration Consortium, U.W. Madison