darin-history final study guide 6-16-10

8/6/2019 Darin-history Final Study Guide 6-16-10

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History Final Study Guide 1 of 22Wednesday June 16, 2010

STUDY PERCENTAGES

Cold War and Foreign Policy 14%The 50s 13%Civil Rights 11%Modern Presidents 11%Elections 11%

WWII and Homefront 9%

Vietnam 7%JFK and LBJ 6%Nixon 3%Warren Court 2%Women 2%

NOTES

KNOW GENERAL CHARTS AND GRAPHSKNOW THE CONSTITUTION IN RELATION TO CONTENTKNOW GENERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATIONS

WWII AND HOMEFRONT

Wizard of Oz

o Silver shoes on the yellow road(gold) on the way to the emerald city (green-money)

good on outside, not inside

Amelia Earharto Broke records transcontinental and Hawaii-Californiao Spokesperson for women aviators

o Broke many barriers including wearing pants publicly

o 1937 made plans for her final flight around the equator

o Final flight reversed flight, lost communication and disappeared around Howland

Island

Charles Lindburgo Famous aviator

o Son was kidnapped - $50, 000 ransom (he paid it)

o Bruno Hauptmann kidnapped baby(found dead) and had money; took to trial (there are

conspiracy theories and not sure if trial was fair and just)

Adolf Hitlero Austrian, demagogue, fascist, staunch German nationalist

o Persecuted Jews b/c he blamed them for economic problems

o Anti-Semitic to all minorities

o He was Jewish but he believed in the Aryan race

o First on TV. German dictator, lead the Nazi party

o Rose through the ranks of the German republic democratically

o 1933-1945 Fuehrer of Germany

o Fought for Germany in WWI

o Developed hate for November criminals

o Joined small German workels party (Nazis) in 1921

Anti-Semitic

Anti communist

Anti-Versailles

Pro-Germanyo Imprisoned for coup on Welmar govt. in 1923

In jail wrote mein comf(my struggle) reaction to Carl Marxs CommunistManifesto

o Promised hed fix Germanys economic situation

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Did this by creating the need for military weapons(prep for war)o For contact with the people he used: mass rallies, uniforms, fireworks, radio broadcasts,

camera work/photography, movies with special lightingo Steps Hitler took to become the totalitarian dictator of Germany by August 1934

7/1934 Nazis won most of the seats in Reichstag

1/1933 appointed chancellor Got Hindenberg (president) to suspend civil rights

Got Reichstag to give him power to make his own laws

Got military to swear allegiance to him

8/1934 abolished presidency and declared him Fuehrer (supreme leader)

o Interest groups he appealed to

Workers against treaty of Versailles

Soldiers German nationalism and militaristic

Small private business owners against communism

German speaking people outside of Germany against the treaty ofVersailles(took land with Germans)

Anti-Semites thought Jews caused Germanys problems Nonaggression Pact

o Between Germany and Soviet Union to not attack eachother and secretly divide Poland

o Allowed Hitler to focus on western front (no fighting on eastern)

o Called Molotov-Ribbontrop Pact

September 1, 1939o In August 1939 Hitler demanded the Polish corridor (mainly German pop.)

o Poland refusedHitler invaded

o Began World War II

o First time Blitzkrieg (lightning war) was used

Americas Responseo In depression isolationist posture continued

o Good Neighbor Policy (1933) wouldnt intervene with South Americas internalpolicies

o Majority were noninterventionists and wanted to stay out (FDR opposed)

Neutrality Actso Prohibited Americans to sell weapons to warring nations

o Prohibited people from traveling to warring nations

o FDR wasnt a fan of acts but country was not ready

Treaty of Versailleso Punished Germans for WWI

o Germany had to: pay, lose territory, disarm military (bad b/s military part of culture), sign

war guilt cause How we got to the invasion of Normandy

o Attack on Pearl Harbormobilization of America

Sides of the waro Allies United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and more

o Axis Italy, Germany, Japan, and more

o Two front war for America Pacific and European a.k.a. Pacific theatre and European

theatre

Strategy for winning

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o Most important defeating Germans

o Unconditional surrender of Axis powers

o closing the ring plan to encircle Nazi Germany from all sides

o Defensive war in Pacific

Hitlers Plan: Operation Barbossao Capture the wheat fields of Ukraine

o Advance east across North Africa and South from Russia to capture oil fields of the

Middle East Allies Strategy closing of the ring (pushing Germany back into Germany from all sides)

Soviets pushed back Battle of Leningrad

Allies invaded N. AfricaItaly (rebelled against Mussolini) Allies invaded Normandy, France on D-Day

Dwight D. Eisenhower commander of allied powers and later president D-Day Invasion

o Invasion of Normandy, France (n. border; in Nazi control) on June 6, 1944

o Location was 1 of 2 but chosen because less obvious and less defense

o Wanted to capture coastline and city of Cahn

o Allied victory in battle and war later ono Led to the recapture of France

o Forced Nazis to surrender with soviets

The Battle of the Bulgeo Hitlers last major offensive (goal to capture Antwerp)

o Caught allies off guard

o Germans surrounded town of Bastogne

o Weather was bad and in January 1945 supplies were replenished and Allies won

V-E Day

o May 8, 1945

o Germany surrendered unconditionally to Allies

o FDR died 4/12 and Hitler committed suicide 4/30

U.S.O. (United Service Organization) Showso Formed February 1942 to preserve normal life

o Distracted troops from war when at home

o Held shows overseas to ease stress

The Home Fronto What were we fighting for according to FDR?

Four freedoms

Freedom of speech

Freedom of expression

Freedom of worship

Freedom from want and fear

Government created Office of Civilian Defense (OCD)

Citizens encouraged to give an hour a day for the USAo Ways to contribute to war effort

Air raid wardens, spotters, victory gardens, others from OCD

o Medias role in war effort

Govt. didnt need to encourage too much, they wanted to

Characters supported

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o War Production Boards role

Told companies how much of what to make like a fascist/command economy

o Economy was affected by the war

Boomed

17 million more jobs

Crop prices doubled

Cost of living rose by 15% by 1942

GNP (Gross National Product) dollar value of all goods and services producedin one year rose

o National War Labor Board

Controlled wages and monitored inflation

Allowed wages to rise 15% but stopped raising wages in 1942

Right leaning on political spectrumo Rationing

Rationing books controlled how much food/supplies the people go (allowedsoldiers to get supplies); if too many are used one month then not ration book thenext month

Gas rationing was decided on the persons job (better job=more gas)

1942-1946o Aliens of enemy nation

After 12/7/41 the govt. restricted aliens of enemy nationality

Couldnt: travel w/out permission, enter strategic areas, possessshortwave radios, gun, maps

Restrictions lofted from Germans Italians on Columbus Day 1942

127 thousand Japanese

Issei 47 thousand Japanese aliens in U.S.

Nisei 80 thousand Japanese-Americans

Executive Order 9066

o Internment camp Army placed Japanese in assembly center

Forced them to sell their properties (at a low price)

Could only bring what they could carry

Sites lacked basic sanitation

Total Waro Total war unconditional surrender, didnt care whether or not civilians died

o Countries who took part in total war during WWII

Germany

Japan

United States

The Atom bomb Debateo 1942 Manhattan Committee created to make atom bomb and effects

o Options to end war:

Use the atomic bomb

Show Japan a demonstration of bomb

Amphibious attack like D-Day

Wait for forced surrender

negotiate

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o Opinions

Stimson use bomb

Eisenhower dont use bomb

Bard give a warning

Frank use of bomb would ruin U.S. reputationo

Decision use bomb without warningo Result bomb dropped early AugustJapan surrendered August 14

COLD WAR AND FOREIGN POLICY

Sides of the Waro Soviet Union

Resented U.S. for past hostility (tried to undo revolution in 1917; no recognitionuntil 1933); delay in entering two-front war

o United States

Feared communist ideas/revolutions

Resented Russias past duplicity (treaty of Brest-Litovsk(3/3/1918); Meltov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact)

Soviets after WWIIo 20 million dead; 4.7 million homes destroyed; 2,000 towns and 70,000 villages destroyed

o Plan to prevent future attacks

Wanted a permanently weakened Germany

Instillation of a ring of pro-Soviet buffer states Americas Vision of Post-WWII World

o World of democratic nations

o Free trade economy

o Conflicts decided by democratically not by war

o Neo-Manifest Destiny spread Americans way of life abroad

Yalta and Potsdamo

Yalta In Soviet City; February 4-11, 1945

Big players: FDR, Stalin, Churchill

Goals

Reparations of Nazis

What to do with effected nations after war (shape Europe/Asia)

The UN (United Nations)o Potsdam

In Germany

Big changes: 2 different players, resentment

Truman had just learned of the atom bomb

Allies agreed to:

Disarm Germany

Divide control of Germany into French, British, Soviet, U.S. zones

Berlin (deep within Soviet zone) was also divided

Potsdam Declaration: asked for Japanese unconditional surrender

Stalins aggression after

Kept troops in Iran

Declared capitalism to be a danger to world peace

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Brutally oppressed Eastern Europe

Cut off trade with the west

Said he was going to arm himself w/ weapons(A-Bomb) Containment

o Prevent the spreading of communism from its borders

o Suggested by Keenan (diplomat from Moscow who helped Truman)

o Churchill supported containment allies with each other

Churchill and Communismo an iron curtain has descended across the continent

o Wanted English-speaking nations to unite against the Soviet threat

Truman and the Cold Waro Truman Doctrine resisted communism; supported Greek and Turkish govt. (got from

British who were in debt)

o The Marshall Plan (named after George Marshall Chairman of the Joint Secretary)

Gave $13 billion to western Europe to prevent leaning towards communism

Crisis in Berlin

o Currency shutdown(only use of Soviet dollar) Brits and Americans ignoredblockade

o Options for Truman Order troops to break through (risk of starting WWIII)

Give it up to Stalindomino effect (one nation would fall to communismcausing another to as well)

o Stayed used air corridors and airlifted needed supplies (food, milk, etc.) for 11 months

at 2400 pounds a dayo Raised Americas status in the world but lowered the Soviets

NATO and the Warsaw Pacto NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

By choice, 12 nations had an alliance to stop the spread of communism

An attack on one nation was one on all

o Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact nations were forced Chinese Civil War was an example of what could happen as a result of the domino effect and

communism

The Korean Waro After war: divided b/w Soviets(north); U.S.(south) along 38th parallel

o People wanted to unite but under what kind of government?

o Known as the Forgotten War

o Truman got the UN to support military action against N. Korea

o UN forced were driven back to SE coast(Pusan)

o 9/15/1950 MacArthur led naval invasion near Inchondrove N. Korea back across

Chinese bordero MacArthur was fired b/c he defied Truman in bombing Chinese

Proved the president not military leaders make final decision Fallout Shelters

o Protected people from bomb and radiation fallout afterwards

o Built under buildings/grounds space b/w people and bomb

o Sirens warned and posters led to the shelters

Sputnik 1o Heart of the arms race

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o Russian weather satellite launched October 1951

o U.S. could have been 1st but Eisenhower delayed (wanted for science purposes not

militaristic reasons)o NASA worked towards landing on the moon victory in space race

Nuclear Testingo People feared of nuclear weapons

o 1/1950 Eisenhower told scientists to make a hydrogen bomb

o Tested in Siberia and Bikini Atoll (Bravo bigger than expected)

o Bravos radiation spread 50,000 sq. miles couldnt live on island

o Result peoples reaction caused the stop of nuclear testing until 1962 (allowed in space

and underground)

J. Robert Oppenheimero Theoretical physicist/science administration

o Before bomb dropped for the dropping to end the war

o After the war regrets using the bomb, oppose all nuclear warfare

o Accused of being a communist b/c refusal to help with H-bomb

o Died of throat cancer (reaction to radiation)

HUAC Hearings and the Hollywood Teno HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee) regulated communist activities

o Hollywood Ten witnesses in the HUAC hearings (used 1st amendment; thought the

trials were unconstitutionalo Waldorf Declaration the ten would be suspended without pay

o No one would hire them writers wrote under other names

o Dalton Trumbo a Hollywood Ten

McCarthyismo Joseph McCarthy Wisconsins Republican senator, demagogue, had a list of 205

communistso McCarthyism the ct of falsely accusing people for the sake of eliminating communism

o

Fall of McCarthy Eisenhower (president), accused military of communism

exposed asa fraudcondemned by senate

Edward Murrowo Broadcaster encouraged people to stand up & speak out against McCarthyism

o 3/9/1954 went against McCarthy on air

o Goodnight and good luck

The U2 Incidento U.S. spy plane shot down over USSR pilot (Francis Powers) held captive

o Embarrassment b/c denied it being a spy plane and shot down from great height

Focus on Third World Countrieso Usually non-white, poor, developing nations in Asia, Latin America, Africa, M.E.

o Formerly under colonial rule newly independent after WWII

o Many rich in natural resources (rubber, oil)o U.S. and USSR competed for their support

Americas difficulty in getting third world countries supporto Different races, religions, cultures

o Resented Americans way of life who got there from their resources

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

o Formed in 1947 by Truman and had unlimited budget until 1949

o Reports directly to the executive branch (president not congress/senate)

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o Covert missions and espionage

The Cold War under Eisenhowero Sent aid to third world countries

o Used CIA to gain support of certain governments

CIA under Eisenhower and JFKo Iran and AJAX

o Iran ruled by Shah (king)

o Prime Minister Mossadegh (called for nationalization of oil fields) wanted to rule

o CIA Iranian agents provoked a battle with Mossadeghs supporters (making him seem

violent and revolutionary)o Mossadegh surrendered and the Shah returned to power

Latin America and Cubao U.S. controlled over $7 billion of natural resources

o Nationalism was growing

o 90% of Cuban mines, oil, agriculture were under U.S. control

o Fulgencio Batisto brutal dictator of Cuba who was friendly with U.S.

o Majority of Cubans lived in poverty

Cuba and Soviets become Allieso Fidel Castro seized power in 1958

A Marxist (communist)

Demanded natural resources of Cuba (willing to pay) U.S. firms refused

Nationalized all Cuban resourceso Eisenhower trained La Brigada (CIA) to assassinate Castro

Broke off all connections/communication with U.S.

Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis

o 4/17/1961 invasion of Cuba by Cuban mercenaries failed terribly

o Krushchev took advantage placed nuclear weapons facing U.S. in Cuba

o Options: do nothing, attack, negotiate, blockade

o Kennedy decided to have a blockadeo Result

Soviets pulled missiles out of Cuba

U.S. was supposed to removed missiles in Turkey but didnt

THE 50S

GI Bill of Rightso WWII vets benefitted from G.I. Bill of Rights

Financial aid for education

Financial aid for housing

Financial aid to begin small businesses

o G.I. Bill was a lot of government intervention Eisenhower was conservative republican

but he said that this was necessaryo Bill fundamentally changed American culture and how they treated their veterans, created

a more educated work force, promoted more people to get educations so economyboomed

Demobilization

o the dismantling of the armed services important to US industry because provided

workers, peacetime industry needed to come back, capitalism needed to come back

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Way of Lifeo Standard of living started to increase

o Values stressed in Pleasantville Video: conformity, consumption, gender roles

o There was a strong focus on the man not woman

o 50s culture was very indulgent & materialistic: you needed a lot of money, most big and

productive middle class that the world had ever seen Economic Changes/Corporations

o According to Vance Packards The Hidden Persuaders in order to make a high profit

people have to raise prices on the item offeredo Corporate employment gave rise to white collar workers

o Large corporations gave employees neckties, country club memberships, training

programs CONFORMITYo Service sector jobs: jobs at the national, state, city levels including social workers/

teacherso Highway Act of 1956: authorized 32 billion dollars for construction of 40,000 miles of

federal highways so that people could live in the suburbs and work in the city- createsjobs/stimulates economy

Baby Boomo There was stability and excitement since soldiers were home and economy was somewhat

stable Dr. Jonas Salk

o Developed first polio vaccine that was safe and could be used in 1955

Dr. Spock

o WroteBaby and Child Care to show how to raise a child

Betty Freidano Opposed Spocks view of women and thought women shouldnt have the roles they do

Little Boxes

o Represents the cookie-cutter life in the suburbs like Levittown

The Beatnick Generationo American social and literary movemento Apoloitical and indifferent to social problems

o Pot and cheap alcohol

Jack Kerouaco Wrote On the Road

Allen Ginsbergo A founding father of beatnick dropped law studies to write poetry (How)

James Dean

o Actor icon to youths of America; inspired rebellion, wore red jacket

Michael Harringtono From the middle class socialist

o

Wrote The Other America over 50 million living in povertyo Book fueled war on poverty by President Johnson

Political backlashes in electionso Backlash-when citizens punish the incumbent government by voting against them

o Factors

Economy

Depression or recession

taxes

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Civil rights

GITMO

Moral/Religion

Christian coalition

Security/Foreign Policy

Iraqi War Perceived Corruption

Trumans Plan for Americao New Deal

o Public Housing

o National Health Insurance

o Discrimination

o Civil Rights desegregated the military

What hindered Truman?

o Inflation

15% annually in late 1940s

put a limit on priceso Shortages

Marshal plansent food to Europeo Labor unrest

o To Err is Trumanblamed Truman

o approval rating 87% in 1945(he dropped bomb in Japan)

o 1946 approval rating32%

o Red Scare

Backlash in Midterm Elections of 1946o Slow economy still regulated by price controls from WWII

o Republican (Nixon) pushed Truman to remove the price controls

o Truman did prices soaring and labor unrest

o People (labor) blamed Truman

80th Congresso Republican dominated

o Called Do Nothing Congress by Truman

Election of 1948o Trumans first real election

o Economy was striking, progressives/dixiecrats (conservative republicans) all going

against Trumano Republican: Thomas Dewey

o Democrat: Harry Truman

o Truman was poised to lose

o Dewey thought presidency was his for the takingo Despite a wrong print up in news papers, Truman won

Election of 1952

o Eisenhower: supreme allied commander in Europe

Led d-day invasion, never voted before

o Ikes opponent in 52 election: Adlai Stevenson egghead liberal his intellect went

against him and because he was associated with Trumano The checkers speech- Richard Nixon is VP

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o Ikes campaign: organized and efficient

Speeches full of platitudes were going to clean up this mess in Washington

Wanted to end the Korean waro Ike & Nixon won in a landslide

Eisenhowers style of management

o Consensus decision making- wanted to run the USA like a business- somewhat laissez-faire

o Left details and execution to appointed people

o Privatization: tried to control gov control to TVA small businesses

Eisenhowers Second Termo Ike beat Adlai again his second term

Democrats regained control of congress 1956o Created NASA, launched Explorer 1

o National highway act of 1956

o Extended social security and employment insurance

The 1950s Culture and Entertainmento Ray Crock franchised Richard and Mac McDonald

o Drive in concept became an immediate success

o we provide food that customers love day after day

o Drive in movie theaters were also coming up

o Cars were becoming purchased more and more

CIVIL RIGHTS

Emmit Tillo Beaten, killed, and dumped into a river in Mississippi for talking to a white woman

o Mother had open casket funeral in Chicago to show others what happened

o Womans brother and husband accused of murder; Emmits uncle (key witness

identifies men found not guilty

Little Rock Nineo Nine students to enroll in central school in September 4, 1957 to desegregate

o Governor told national guard to only allow white in school the night before 1st day all

nine were turned away from the schoolo Orval Faubus (Arkansass governor) sent national guard to prevent

integrationEisenhower sent federal troops to enforce Brown vs. Board

Birmingham March

o Peaceful march for 1st amendment

o 700 students arrested 1st day 2500 more in later days

o Made a deal with business leaders to hire black which led to bombing and rioting that

spread

The Birmingham Church Bombing 1963o Bombing of a church before a Sunday service

o Four little girls girls killed in the bomb

Freedom Summero June 1964 voting registration nation wide

o James Chaney civil rights worker; on 6/21 taken into custody and released same night

8/4 bodies of 3 workers found

The Selma March

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o Peaceful march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama

o Bloody Sunday officers beat protestors on Pettus Bridge

Does separate but equal violate the fourteenth amendment, section 1?o Yes due process, equal protection, deprived of the right to interact with others

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

o Started by W.E.B. DuBoiso Challenged by Plessy vs. Ferguson

Thurgood Marshallo Member of NAACP

o Lawyer, 1st African American court justice

o Argued Brown vs. Board of Education

Earl Warreno Appointed as chief justice of United States during Brown case

o Previous governor of California

o Most left leaning chief justice ever

Brown vs. Board of Education ruling

o Unanimous decisiono Very abstract ruling do as quickly but didnt say when

Rosa Parks

o Caused 1st civil rights movement by not sitting in the back of the bus

o Montgomery bus boycott

Martin Luther King Jr.

o From middle class family in Atlanta, GA; became a reverend

o Has a degree in theology from Boston university

o Montgomery Bus Boycott urged his congregation to boycott buses; house bombed

o President of: Montgomery Improvement Association; Southern Christian leadership

Conferenceo

Looked up to Gandi (non-violent protests) SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

o Known for sit-ins Greensboro (4 college freshmen sat at segregated lunch countersit-

in led to integration)o Formed from SCLC

o Younger students better because less effect on their lives compared to middle-aged with a

family

Jail not Bail

o Once protestors were arrested opted out of bailfilled jails

o Gained publicity and prevented those incarcerated of more violent crimes could not be

jailed

o Put pressure on citiescities gave into others goals

Freedom Riderso Interracial group rode bus from north to the south

o Blacks sat in the front and white waiting rooms; opposite for whites

o Beaten and lynched in south

o JFK and Robert Kennedy (attorney general) didnt do anything because waiting for

reelectiono John Seigenthaler white national journalist; went on a ride was beaten

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The Civil Rights march on Washingtono Reaction to segregation and inequality

o A. Phillip Randolph organized march

o JFK opposed feared violence; wanted to prevent but unsuccessful

o 8/28/63 200,000-300,000 marchers (80% black, 20% white)

o Path Washington Memorial Lincoln Memorialo Speakers Phillip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, John Lewis, MLK Jr.(I have a dream

speech)o Largest civil rights movement collaborated

Jackie Robinson

o 1st African American baseball player (on Dodgers)

o Excelled in many sports

o Took in racial comments from players and spectators; and played his best

Muhammad Ali

o Boxer that trained under Fred Stoner (black)

o Won a gold medal then threw in Ohio River after beaten by white gang and refusal of

service in a white restauranto Opposed Vietnam lost license but got it returned for refusal of draft

The Civil Rights and Voting Rights Actso Jim Crow Laws voting registration difficult and unfair job opportunities

o The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination by employers

Filibuster launched in senate but failed

Didnt reinforce 15th amendment (voting rights)o The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Denying access to vote was a federal crime

Made voting possible for blacks

Malcolm Xo Black pridewhites are devils

o LittleX=rejecting black name

o Nation of Islam

o Violent protests

o Violent protests

o Very powerful

o Mohammed expelled M as national minister after comment of JFKs death

o Changed view during pilgrimage to Mecca(No more black supremacy)

o Afro-American UnityNation of Islam saw him as a threat

o Assassinated by them

o Rebel in society

Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinationo Ive been to the mountainkilled 24 hours later

o stood on balconyshot

Bobby Kennedyo Wanted to eradicate racism

o Made a speech after death of MLK

o Protected CRM

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o Supported LBJ

JFK AND LBJ

Kennedyo Kennedy Inauguration

Short, passionate One of the greatest speeches used great quotes in his speech

o Camelot

Nickname of Kennedys administrationo New Frontier

Personal vision

Wanted Medicare for elderly(congress said no), minimum wage

$1$1.25(congress agreed), tax cut(small cut)

Area Redevelopment Act spruced up broken down areas

Civil rights didnt do much because senate wouldnt vote and wanted to beelected for 2nd term

Peace Corps formed by himo Kennedys Legislative Record

Tax cut

Raise of minimum wage

Are Redevelopment Act

Nuclear test ban

Peace corps

Funded NASA (space program)

Extended unemployment benefits

Reasons for difficulty passing legislation

Small margin of victory small mandate

Didnt have all of senate/congress supporto Assassination

November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas

Assassin(Lee Harvey Oswald) assassinated by Jack Rubys later

o Style v. Substance

Had some of the brightest in his administration

Pragmatist believed that the problems were practical

Practical not liberal in thinking

Lyndon Baines Johnsono Great Society

Before 1964 election Civil Rights Act, Economic Opportunity Act, WildernessPreservation Act

After 1964 election Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Medical CareAct, Voting Rights Act, Water Quality Act

Given little funding once Vietnam War startedacts passed but not followedthrough

o Election of 1964

Very big landslide in favor of LBJ

Johnson v. Goldwater

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Republicans only won Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, andSouth Carolina

JFKs death caused people to vote for LBJ out of respect for JFKo Barry Goldwater Conservatives

Lost drastically in 1964 but considered as most influential candidate

He was willing to go against the norm and speak out for an option A Choice, Not an Echo he could have moved towards LBJs platform but he

didnt and provided a choice for the people

WARREN COURT

Civil Liberties Rulingo Warren Court worked towards giving civil liberties to individuals

One Person One Voteo Baker v. Carr before based on area, after based on population; 14th amendment

Prayer in School

o Engel v. Vitale religion and state separate, cant be forced to practice in school; 1st

amendment

o Abington v. Schempp no one can tell you to practice a certain religion; no religious

practices in school; 1st amendment

Rights of Accused

o Gideon v. Wainwright not capital crime so no appointed lawyer but changed after; 6 th

amendment

o Escobedo v. Illinois once requesting lawyer, cant use anything said against the

accused; 6th amendment

o Miranda v. Arizona led to the reading of Miranda Rights before arrested; 6th

amendment 1st Amendment

o Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and to petition the government

6th

Amendmento Rights of the accused and to a proper trial

14th Amendment

o All Americans have the same rights including voting

o Representatives based on amount of people

The Elastic Clauseo Congress has the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the

enumerated list of powers

WOMEN

Roe v. Wadeo Jane Roe (Norma McCorvey) left with unwanted pregnancy and couldnt get abortion

in Texaso Roe used 14th and 9th amendment while Wade said protection for everyone including

unborn

o Supreme Court Decision unconstitutional law; can have an abortion during 1st trimester

Bella Abzugo Very educated Lawyer for labor and civil rights; lawyer for HUAC defendants

o Lawyer for Willy McGee case (well known) black man accused of rape

o Womens Strike for Peace (WSP) fought against Vietnam war/draft

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o Womens rights campaigned for women in office

o 1972 1st Jewish congress woman; fought for womens rights, gays

o Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) lots of support but men didnt support

Gloria Steinemo Lived with mother in childhood after a divorce

o I was a Playboy Bunny made her famous nationallyo Redstockings feminist radical group that talked about illegal abortionspushed

towards feminismo Ms. Magazine started by Gloria, written and owned by women, wrote about womens

issues

Phyllis Schlaflyo Catholic conservative supported Barry Goldwater

o Worked against ERA showed congress womens role should be (housewife)

o Didnt want to be drafted, no pregnancy benefits

o ERA didnt succeed, no ratification

Notable Womeno Sandra Day OConnor

Reagan nominated her nomination went smoothly; sworn in 9/25/81

Previously Arizonas assistant attorney general and Arizona Senator

On Supreme Court, she was a swing vote with moderate conservative views

Became involved in Equal Rights Amendments for Women, had a role in Roe v.Wade, and stood up for women

o Hilary Clinton

As first lady, had an office in west wing, engaged in politics (1st for first lady)

Stood up for husband in scandal didnt let it affect her

Elected as New York Senator in 2000 1st first lady to run for public office

Ran for presidency in 2007 lost to Obama, but was a major contender

Secretary of State under Obama working on middle east (Iran, Israel) issues

THE SIXTIES AND COUNTERCULTURE

The countercultureo Culture adapted by many teenage baby boomers

o Rejected the establishment rejected values (conformity, ideas of dress)

o There was a generation gap and change of fears

Hippies

o Most visible and chocking group of the counterculture

o Believed in free love sex without love, encouraged by the pill

o Advocated drug use, nudity

Popular areas

o Famous areas Haight-Ashbury and East Villageo Coffee houses

o diggers exchange clothing for free

Easy Ridero 2 hippies on a journey across America

o Showed the differences between the counterculture and mainstream America

o Spiro Agnew (Nixons v.p.) said this movie was wrong

Mod Fashion

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o Started in EnglandEuropeAmerica (symbol of British invasion)

o Geometric prints, little make-up

o Twiggy helped spread Mod fashion

o Not like hippies sophisticated and put together

Beatlemania

o On Ed Sullivan Showo Long hair was popularspread to fans

o Rock and rollpop too

o Unique fashion

VIETNAM

Presidents View and Roleo Eisenhower

Thought there would be a domino effectsent troops in to prevent

o Kennedy

Had to deal with Diem and the civil war in Vietnam

o Johnson Escalated war with Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

o Nixon

Ended war after more escalation

Countries View and Roleo France

Ruled Vietnam in 1945 when they went to war with Vietminho Japan

Occupied Vietnam during WWIIo United States

U.S. helped get rid of Japanese but then helped French

Went to war against communism/Ho Chi Minh/VC/Vietminh

o China

Fell to communism Eisenhowers domino theory

Supported North Vietnamese, Vietcong, Vietminho Soviet Union

Communists that supported North Vietnamese, Vietcong, Vietminh

Major Eventso Gulf of Tonkin

1964 USS Maddox attacked twice in Gulf of Tonkin

Resulted in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution an informal declaration of war;increased number of troops and attacks

o Tet Offensive

Tet Vietnamese New Year, day of peace and rest but Vietcong attacked

1968 U.S. and South Vietnamese drove VC back but with many causalities

Media portrayed attack Americans saw the true war; LBJ was blamed

U.S. won on battlefield but VC won by scaring/informing Americanso Escalation in Cambodia

Nixon ordered troops to invade Cambodia, a neutral neighbor of Vietnman, toclean out communist bases there

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o My Lai Massacre

Lieutenant William Calley gathered Vietnamese cilvilians from My Lai (avillage) and shot them to death

Court-marshaled and life imprisonment but sentence later reducedo Campus Protest

Students protested mainly peacefully against the war mainly but few for the waro Kent State

Students protesting escalation in Cambodia burned the ROTC building on May3, 1970 Ohio governor (James Rhodes) called in National Guard

National Guard shot into a peaceful protest the next day4 killed and 9 injured

Other Figureso Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of the Vietminh and close relations with Vietcongo Diem

Anti-communist, dictator supported by U.S.

Spent all money on military not population (didnt like himcivil war)

Killed when his government was overthrowno Robert McNamara

Secretary of defense for JFK and LBJ

Vietnam War nicknamed McNamaras War

Inherited war in favor but against it as time passed (too many deaths)

Resigned in 1968 didnt want to deal with war/deathso Robert Kennedy

Anti-war senator and presidential candidate

Opposed LBJ

Geographyo North Vietnam

Communist, controlled by Vietminh

o South Vietnam

Fought against communism but then communism in countryo Major Cities

Saigon major defeat for U.S. later Ho Chi Minh Cityo Laos

Neighbor of mainly North Vietnam but South Vietnam too

o Cambodia

Neutral neighbor of South Vietnam, but used in war

NIXON

The New Majorityo Change Congress from democratic majority to a new majority of republicans

New Federalismo A series of programs that would reverse the flow of power and resources from the states

and communities to Washington and start power and resources flowing backto thepeople

o Shift power back to state and local government

Conservative Backlash

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o In 1970 worked to have a republican majority to avoid the threat of democrats in the

Congresso Appealed to the south to get democratic ideas out and alienated blacks to get more white

votes Vietnam

o Vietnamization Nixons plan for Vietnam war

Americans would train South Vietnamese to fight, and as South Vietnamesefought the troops would slowly return home

Didnt really worko The Secret War

Kissinger and Nixon kept foreign policy secret b/c unpopularity of war

Forged policy of bombing communist bases in Laos and Cambodia goal was tocut off supply and bring North Vietnam to negotiating table; stuck with withsecret bombing for 4 years with little success

o Escalation

Announced to public that U.S. was going into Cambodia to block N.V.

Many high level advisors didnt recommend thiso Cambodia

U.S. would go into Cambodia to bomb communist bases

Led to the Kent State Massacre and other protestso Public Opinion

Kent State

Hardhats

Pentagon Papers,New York Times revealed truth about JohnsonNixon scaredsame would happen to his

o The Final Years

Vietnamization didnt work S.V. fell to N.V.

Oct. 1972 U.S. and N.V. agreed to ceasefire-all troops & POWs return

Christmas bombing forced peace, bombed N.V. cities

March 1973 last U.S. troops left Saigon fell April 1975o Cost of War

58,000 Americans dead; 300,000 wounded

$150 billion spent

Optimism gone from previous war (1st war lost)

o Peace with Honor

Didnt want to back out of war and look like cowards but find some resolution toget out of the war

o Paris Peace Talks

Started in 1968, yielded a few times (no agreement) The Nixon Doctrine

o American troops would no longer intervene on behalf of Asian allies to fight communism

would provide financial and supply support instead

Real Politick practical approach to foreign policy that stated U.S. would deal with communistcountries if it were in the countrys best interest

Dtenteo Tactic of lessening tensions between two countries/groups in politics

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o Trip to China

Eased tensions between nations and ended embargo on Chinao Soviet Union

Trip to China allowed for this

Ended nuclear advancement war

o Kissinger Played large role in decisions and trip to China

Nixons Secretary of State one of his sole advisors Election of 1972

o Southern Strategy

Southern strategy worked by pulling in southerners and some northerners

o Results

Nixon won in a landslide against Governor George McGovern Watergate

o Nixon

The man paranoid, competitive, stubborn, corrupted, skilled politician

Friends Haldeman, Erlichman Enemies List Edward and Ted Kennedy, McGovern, Abzug, Black Leadership

in House of Representatives

Huston Plan used CIA and FBI resources to wire-tap/spy on people on enemieslist but said it was to prevent communism and war

Watergate didnt affect his re-election

Saturday Night Massacre showed paranoia by firing Cox for asking for thetapes and firing others looking too far into the case

Resigned instead of being impeachedo Haldeman

Friend of Nixons one of his right hand men

Extremely loyal

Blamed in Watergateo Liddy

A conspirator in Watergate that was a member of CREEP noticed by Bernsteinand Woodward

o Erlichman

Friend of Nixons one of his right hand men

Extremely loyal

Blamed in Watergateo Archibald Cox

Democratic prosecutor appointed by Nixon to show his impartialness

Looked to far into details for Nixons likinglater fired for this

Asked for tapes from the oval office 18 min. missingo McCord

One of the Watergate burglars that told Sirica that the White House hadsomething to do with the scandal and cover-up

o CREEP

Committee for the Re-Election of the Presidento The Plumbers

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Headed/made of former CIA agents

Followed/spied on people on the enemies listo Woodward and Bernstein

Major reporters on Watergate scandal

Followed scandal and broke new information a lot

o Gerald Ford Became president after Nixon resigned

o Deep Throat

Source for Bernstein and Woodward

Held an executive position

Identity only revealed right before his death William Mark Felt Sr.o John Dean

Had major testimony in the Senate Hearing

Said Nixon had a large role in Watergate and the cover-upcitizens started toask if the president had something to do with scandal

o John J. Sirica

Judge for Watergate trial Defendants didnt talkSirica wanted more details who was mastermind

MODERN PRESIDENTS

Gerald Ford (1974-1977)o Our long national nightmare is over.

o Issues to deal with: Vietnam, Watergate, Middle East

o Nixon Pardon wanted to move forward away from past scandals

o Stagflation an unusual economic condition that combines a stagnant economy with

rising prices; inflation and stagnation combineso OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) most countries from middle

east didnt like our policies; problem b/c it held U.S. economically hostage b/c embargoon oil placed after Yom Kippur War

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

o Style fair, honest, wanted peace, boring

o Human Rights important cornerstone to his philosophy

o Camp David

Political tension b/w Arab nations and Israel

Carter mediator; invited Anwar Sadat (Egypts president) and MenachemBegin (Israels prime minister) to Camp David; won Noble Peace Prize

9/15-9/17/1978: went from clashing to friendship

Carter wrote treaty that were signed on 9/17/1978 in White House

End war b/w Israel and Egypt and increase U.S. relations in middle east

Impact Egypt kicked out of Arab League; success for Carter/U.S.o National Malaise Speech very boring but all people heard was confidence in crisis;

trying to put faith back into nationo Hostage Crisis/Iran

Ayatollah Khomeini held diplomats and military personnel hostage until Reaganwas sworn in

Held from 11/4/1980 to 1/20/1981

Rescue attempt unsuccessful

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Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

o Style thought of today not future, charismatic, restored trust, ignorant, The Great

Communicator

o Assassination Attempt

Within months of being sworn in, assassination attempt

o 25th

Amendment presidential vacancy, disability, inabilityo Conservative Revolution had neoconservatives, religious rights, and sunbelts support

o Tax Cut/Supply Side Economics

Reaganomics cut taxes on rich so that rich will invest (start businessesmorejobs); cut spending on education, etc.

o Reagan Democrats patriotic, social conservative, often phobic

o Military Build-Up/Star Wars

Charlie Wilsons War gave supplies to Afghanistan to fight soviets

START treaty with Soviet Union

Star Wars spending money to find way to shoot down nuclear missiles

Nicaragua, Grenada fell to communism; gave money to anti-communists

o Mr. Gorbachev. Tear down this wall! Getting soviet dictator to end communism

George H.W. Bush (1989-1993)o Style moderate, perceived as insensitive, broke promise

o Read My Lips. No New Taxes! said in 1988, following Reagans philosophy; but

when forced to enforce more taxes in 1991 b/c of gulf war ratings droppedo Gulf War

Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded Kuwait Bush condemned attack andchallenged it

UN placed embargo on Iraq no trading

Threat on Saudi Arabia almost led to full out war

Congress agreed with Bush about the use of military to protect and push backIraq

One of the quickest wars

o Recession perceived as insensitive to average Americans

Bill Clinton (1993-2001)o Advocated change allowed for his election

o Scandal had many affairs while in office

o Impeachment almost impeached b/c of scandal but didnt hold since it didnt affect

government

darin-history final study guide 6-16-10

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