darlene angelini r. co charlyn janna h. francisco maria theresa m. nogoy
DESCRIPTION
The Accessibility of Birth Control Methods: Assessing the Households Demographics & Socio-economic Factors on the Demand for Contraceptives in the Philippines. Darlene Angelini R. Co Charlyn Janna H. Francisco Maria Theresa M. Nogoy Wilhelm Mathew R. Ong. What is our Motivation?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Accessibility of Birth Control Methods: Assessing the
Households Demographics & Socio-economic Factors on the Demand for Contraceptives in
the PhilippinesDarlene Angelini R. Co
Charlyn Janna H. FranciscoMaria Theresa M. Nogoy Wilhelm Mathew R. Ong
What is our Motivation?
Universal access to reproductive health care services Sexual Education Prevent growth of Philippine population from reaching 100 million
What’s the point?
Natural Birth Control Method vs. Artificial Birth Conrtol
What is our aim?
1. Estimate the demand function for contraceptives and its different methods in the Philippines. 2.To determine if the RH bill will have an effect on the demand for contraceptives in the Philippines 3. To determine which birth control method is most frequently used 4. To determine the different variables that would affect the usage of the different methods of contraceptives
What do others say?
Contraceptive Use
Fertility
Younger couples
mortality
incomeDemographic characteristics
Woman’s age cohort
education
ancestry
Urban/rural residence
Cohabitation with in-laws
Contraceptive knowledge
Opp. Cost(Working status)
Household income
Consumption of goods at leisure
Utility & preferences
What does the theory say?
Study Malthusian Theory
Microeconomic Theories on Fertility Contraception Rate
Dependent Variable
Rate of population change
Fertility Contraception Rate
Independent Variables
- stock of capital- population- per capita stock of capital - consumption per capita - population policy expenditure per capita
- consumption patterns of the parents
- consumption of the existing children
- welfare is a function of both family size and consumption
- birth or contraception rate- the average age in the period- household-specific taste parameter- cumulative fertility of household j over the two time periods
What does the theory say?Study Contraceptive
Prevalence Rate Utility Function of ParentsLong Run
Relationship of Fertility
Dependent Variable
Unmet need for contraceptives
Utility of parents
Utility of having a child for parents
Potential market income
Independent Variables
- Household characteristics
- Utility of middle aged- Utility of old aged- Utility of having a child for parents
- Utility of adults- Happiness of youth- Guilt the children would feel towards their parents
- potential market income- weight of children in utility- goods produced at home- number of children that is regarded as a basic need- unit of time- fertility rate- child survival rate
How do we go about this?
Dummy Variable Value for Y Description
0 = Not used any contraceptives Not used any method of contraceptives in last 12 months
1 = Used contraceptives Used contraceptives in last 12 months
What are our variables?Variable Names Variables Descriptions
Household Characteristics(HHC)
houshldmem number of household memberssexofhhh sex of household headageofhhh age of household headtotalchildren total children ever born
ageofmarriage age at first marriage
Religion (REL)
catholic Roman Catholicprotestant Protestantiglesia Iglesia ni Cristoaglipay Aglipayislam Islambachristian Born Again ChristianJehovah Jehovah’s Witnessadventist Seventh Day Adventist
Wealth Index (WI)
poorer Poorermiddleclass Middleclassricher Richerrichest Richest
What are our variables?Variable Names Variables Descriptions
Recent Sexual Activity (RSA)
active Active in last 4 weeks
postpartum Not active in last 4 weeks – postpartum abstinence after the birth of the last child
notpostpartum Not active in last 4 weeks – not postpartum abstinence after the birth of the last child
Highest Educational Attainment (EDUC)
elem Primary Education
hs Secondary Educationcollege Tertiary Education
Cost of Current Method(COST)
knowcost Has knowledge on cost of contraceptives
free Free contraceptives
What are our variables?Dummy Variable Value for Y Included Contraceptives
0 = Not used any
contraceptives
Not used any method of contraceptives
1 = Natural Method Periodic abstinence, withdrawal, abstinence, lactational
amenorrhea, mucus/billings/ovulation, basal body
temperature, symptothermal, standard days
2 = Internal Method IUD, injections, diaphragm, female sterilization, male
sterilization, norplant (or implants), foam or jelly
3 = Condoms Condom, female condom
4 = Patch Patch
5 = Pills Pill
6 = NEC Not elsewhere classified
What do we expect?
A-priori Expectations: Variable Sign
Number of Household Members +Sex of Household Head +Age of Household Head -Total Children +Age at First Marriage -Roman Catholic +Protestant +Iglesia +Aglipay +Islam -Born Again Christian +Jehovah’s Witness +Seventh Day Adeventist +
What do we expect?
Variable SignPoorer +Middle Class +Richer -Richest -Active in the last 4 weeks +Postpartum Abstinence -Non-postpartum abstinence -Elementary +High School +College +Knowledge of Cost -Free +
A-priori Expectations:
How do we implement?
• Binomial Logistics • Marginal Effects of Binomial Logistics • Multinomial Logistics • Marginal Effects of Multinomial Logistics • Maximum Likelihood Explanation • DATA SOURCE: National Demographic Health
Survey (NDHS) 2008
What are our findings?
Contraceptive Number of usersNot Using 20914Natural 1811Internal 1120Condom 547Patch 2Pill 3943Not Elsewhere Classified 181Total 28518
• Contraceptive Used
What are our findings?
• Gender of Household HeadSex Responde
ntsMale 25541Female 2977Total 28518
What are our findings?• Religion of Respondents
Religion RespondentsRoman Catholic 21081Protestant 1432Iglesia ni Cristo 776Aglipay 443Islam 2394Born Again Christian 1959Jehovah’s Witness 177Seventh Day Adventist 167Other Religion 28None 61Total 28518
What are our findings?
Wealth IndexNumber of Respondents
Poorest 8235Poorer 6721Middle 5492Richer 4513Richest 3557Total 28518
• Economic Status
What are our findings?• Highest Educational Attainment
Education Number of Respondents
No Education 1029Elementary 9854High School 11590College 6045Total 28518
What are our findings?• Recent Sexual Activity
Sexual Activity (past 4 weeks)
Number of Respondents
Never Had Sex 0Active 20038Postpartum Abstinence 1297Non-Postpartum Abstinence 7120Total 28445
What are our findings?• Knowledge of Cost
Answer RespondentsKnows Cost 11228Does not Know Cost 17290Total 28518
What are our findings?• Cost of Contraceptive
Answer RespondentsFree 3357Otherwise 25161Total 28518
What are our findings?• Household Characteristics
Variables Binomial Not Use Natural Internal Condom Patch Pills NEC
number of household member
0.00877*** -0.00118 -0.00113*** -0.00128*** 0.00022 0.00000*** 0.00359*** -0.00023*
gender of household head
0.09205*** -0.13616*** 0.04021*** 0.02558*** 0.01021*** 0.00001 0.05732*** 0.00283***
age of household head
-0.00269*** 0.00130*** 0.00022*** 0.00004 -0.00010*** 0.00000 -0.00148*** 0.00002
total number of children
-0.01590*** 0.01710*** -0.00017 -0.00190*** -0.00128*** 0.00000*** -0.01405*** 0.00030***
age at marriage -0.00755*** 0.00175*** 0.00146*** -0.00070*** 0.00069*** 0.00000*** -0.00293*** -0.00028**
What are our findings?• Religion
Variables Binomial Not Use Natural Internal Condom Patch Pills NEC
catholic 0.23795*** -0.50375 -0.00628 0.00032 0.34839 0.00005 0.08726 0.07401
protestant 0.36027*** -0.77413** -0.05782* -0.03857** 0.84267 0.00000 -0.12035 0.1482
iglesia 0.40720*** -0.76554** -0.05979** -0.03718** 0.98972** 0.00000 -0.12377 -0.00344
aglipay 0.34019*** -0.76185*** -0.05905*** -0.03746* 0.4416 0.00000 -0.12696* 0.54372
islam -0.02916 -0.75455 -0.06720* -0.04012 0.06531 0.00000 -0.13058 0.92714
Born again Christian 0.33678*** -0.78139** -0.05815* -0.03556 0.72357 0.00000 -0.11782 0.26935
Jehovah 0.41999*** -0.75799*** -0.05821** -0.03745*** 0.98627*** 0.00000 -0.12919* -0.00343
adventist 0.39228*** -0.75726*** -0.05818 -0.03734 0.98601*** 0.00000 -0.12979* -0.00343
What are our findings?• Economic Status and Education
Variables Binomial Not Use Natural Internal Condom Patch Pills NEC
poorer 0.09129*** -0.02572 0.00353 -0.00063 0.00726 0.00000 0.01747 -0.00191***
middleclass 0.10993*** -0.01168 -0.01458 0.00139 0.01848 0.00000 0.01005 -0.00366***
richer 0.13719*** -0.00339 -0.01718 0.00575 0.02103 0.00000 -0.00269 -0.00352***
richest 0.11210*** 0.04693 -0.00836 -0.02582*** 0.0157 0.00000 -0.02297 -0.00548***
elementary 0.13960*** -0.84331 -0.03508 -0.02664 0.99559 0.00000 -0.08475 -0.00581
high school 0.19941*** -0.86815 -0.02735 -0.02547 0.9926 0.00000 -0.06364 -0.00799
college 0.24685*** -0.83026*** -0.03773 -0.03053 0.99949*** 0.00000 -0.0954 -0.00557***
What are our findings?
• Recent Sexual Activity
Variables Binomial Not Use Natural Internal Condom Patch Pills NEC
active 0.05545 -0.26159 -0.0381 0.01281 -0.00071 0.00006 -0.1043 0.39179
postpartum -0.28754*** -0.73664 -0.0669 -0.03955 -0.0187 0.00000 -0.1357 0.99748
not in postpartum -0.22158*** -0.68926 -0.0751 -0.03309 -0.01082 0.00000 -0.1869 0.99509
What are our findings?
• CostVariables Binomial Not Use Natural Internal Condom Patch Pills NEC
Free 0.00877*** -0.56549*** 0.53947*** 0.09763*** -0.01634*** -0.00008 -0.04799*** -0.00719***
know 0.09205*** -0.63596*** 0.16129*** 0.09858*** 0.03785*** 0.00018 0.34853*** -0.01047***
So What?
• POPCOM activity would affect sexual behaviour but effectiveness to decrease population rate is not certain
• Arguments between Church and Government is unnecessary– Catholics avail contraceptive likewise
other religion except Islam
So What?
• Increase in family size, decrease in use of contraceptive
• If household head is female, they prefer contraceptives
• Literature says that there is no significant change in fertility when contraceptives are for free
• Results show that there will be significant change in use of contraceptive if given for free
• Prices of condoms and pills are inelastic
We say..
• It is recommended for POPCOM to pursue the activities
• Religion is not a reason why RH Bill must not be pushed through