data analysis implications references
TRANSCRIPT
DataAnalysis
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Properties as anaphors
Cem Bozşahin
Cognitive Science Department, Informatics InstituteMETU, Ankara
May 18, 2012
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First noted by Göksel (2006): Turkish nominal inflections, theplural and the possessive, facilitate pronominal readings.
(1)Pencere-ler mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
Not necessarily multiple windows(2)
Her biri başka bir yöre İstanbullu-su olanların da,..every one-POSS another one region Istanbuler-POSS be-REL-PLU-GEN and‘And for the ones who are Istanbulers from some region...’
Not necessarily possessive or compound marker
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Göksel’s data
(3) a.sev-di-k-ler-imizlike-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those who we like/liked’
Turkisha′. [SUBj __i (OBJ) sev-di-k-leri -imizj ]
b.sev-en-ler-imizlike-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those who like/liked us’
b′. [__i (SUB) OBJj sev-en-leri -imizj ]
c.köpek sev-en-ler-imizdog like-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those among us who like/liked dogs’
c′. [__i (SUB) OBJ sev-en-leri -imizi ]
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Individuals as property
(4)Oğuz Atay’lar iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’
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Mass-count distinction?
(5)su-lar kes-il-diwater-PLU cut-PASS-PAST‘the water is off.’
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lexical aspects
(6)başka-sı bu-nu anla-ma-zother-3s this-ACC understand-NEG-AOR‘nobody else would understand.’
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It’s not just the plural and poss
(7) a.Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers go see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema, go see this movie.’
b.Gör-düğ-üm bana yet-ti.See-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘I’ve seen enough.’lit. ‘What I’ve seen is enough.’
Any property seems to be able to do this.
(e, t) and ((e, t), (e, t))
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(8) a.Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
b.Akşam-ki zor bir soru-y-du.Night-ki difficult one question-COP-PAST‘Last night’s question was hard.’
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Does Turkish lack ’one’?
These examples are quantificational without ’one’ biri.With biri/şey (one/thing), they can be non-quantificational:(9) a.
Akşam-ki şey zor bir soru-y-du.Night-ki thing difficult one question-COP-PAST‘The thing last night was a hard question.’lit. ‘The thing last night, it was a hard question.’
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(10) a.Sinema-yı sev-en ?şey/biri(si) bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL thing/one(POSS) this film-DAT go-AOR‘One who loves cinema must see this movie.’
b.Gör-düğ-üm şey/biri bana yet-ti.See-REL-1s thing/one I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What/who I’ve seen is enough.’
(10b) is not the same as (7b).
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data summary
Biri needs the aorist to facilitate quantification.biri-less examples do not need it.A “missing one” assumption is probably too strong.
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aorist and quantification
(11)
Zengin şey/biri kriz-den etkile-n-me-di/z.Rich thing/one crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST/AOR‘A rich one has not been affected by the crisis.’ past/non-quant.‘A rich one may not be affected by the crisis.’ aor/quant.
Akşam-ki şey/biri tadımı kaçır-dı.Night-ki thing/one disappoint-CAUS-PAST‘The person/thing last night disappointed me.’
(12) a.Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e git-ti/gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-PAST/go-AOR‘Cinema lovers saw this movie.’‘Cinema lovers go see this movie’.
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pretheoretical
Anaphors can be syntactically unbound and contextuallybound.They can be syntactically bound as well.
wh operatorstenseverbsquantifiers
It has something to do with grammar.
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binders in blue
(13) a.Her sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Every Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’
b.Bazı gazete-ler-de gör-düğ-üm ben-i üz-dü.some newspaper-PLU-LOC see-REL-1s I-ACC sadden-PAST‘The things i’ve seen in some newspapers saddened me.’
c.Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di ama hepsi şikayetçi.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST but all complain.‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis but they all complain.’
d.Akşam-ki öğrenci-nin çöz-ebil-eceğ-i bir soru değil-di.Night-ki student-3s solve-ABIL-REL-3s a question not‘Last night’s wasn’t a question that a student can solve.’
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Outline of the proposal
These facts are predicted in part by three global properties:type-dependence of grammarsradical lexicalization of all grammarsdirect compositionality and surface compositionality: everysurface constituent is interpretable (Jacobson 1999; Barker andJacobson 2007; Steedman 2011)
The properties are Turkish-specific, therefore they must arisefrom constraints on Turkish grammar
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type-dependence: any anaphoric nominal string leads to alexicalizable syntactic type NP|NP. (NP/NP or NP\NP)radical lexicalization: such syntactic types must arise from theheads of the constructions, e.g. the relative markers and words.
- they must be represented in the lexicon with a compositionalsemantics.surface compositionality: (e, e) types for anaphoric nominalstranslate syntactically to NPNP, i.e. syntactic functions fromNPs to NPs.Their potential syntactic binders are SNP: functions frome-type nominals to t.Turkish-specific: The correspondence between NP/NP typesand NPNP in Turkish, semantically ((e, t), (e, t)) and (e, e),can be established by a single lexical rule.
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(14) a.[Pencere-ler ]NP/NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
b.[Oğuz Atay’lar ]NP/NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’
c.[Sinema-yı sev-en ]NP/NP bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’
d.[Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP bana yet-ti.yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’
e.[Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
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heads of the constructions in the lexicon(15) a.
Pencere[ -ler ]NP\NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
b.Oğuz Atay’[ lar ]NP\NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’
c.Sinema-yı sev[ -en ](NP/NP)\(S\NPnom) bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’
d.Dün sokak-ta gör[ -düğ-üm ](NP/NP)\(S′\NP′
obl)bana yet-ti.
yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’
e.[Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
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Type-dependent Lexical rules and Turkish
(16) a. NP/NP : λPλx .and ′(Px)(n′x) → NPNP : λx .one ′(n′x)
b. NP : λx .n′x → NP/NP : λPλx s .and ′(Px)(n′x)
Exponent types: XY
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(17) a.[ [ [Pencere-ler ]NP ]NP/NP ]NPNP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
b.[ [Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP ]NPNP bana yet-ti.yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’
c.[ [Zengin ]NP/NP ]NPNP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
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Projecting the anaphor for binding
Jacobson’s (1999) unary anaphoric composition (cf. the syntacticone)
(18) X|Y: f → XZ|YZ : λgλx .f (gx) (g)
(19) X|Y: f → (X|Z)|(Y|Z): λgλx .f (gx) (comp)
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Sinema-yı sev en bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like -REL this film-DAT go-AOR
S\NPnom (NP/NP)\(S\NPnom) S\NP
NP/NPLR
NPNPg
SNP\NPNP
SNP
‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’
A sentence with an anaphor to be bound
Not S\NP or S
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Jacobson’s Z binder
(20) (X|i NP)|j Y: f → (X|i NP)|j YNP : λgλx .f (gx)x (z-NP)
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Syntactically bound version
Her Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Every cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR
(S/(S\NPNP))/NPNP NP/NP NPdat (S\NPnom)\NPdatLR
NPNP
S/(S\NPNP): λPλy .P(every-cinema-lover′y)
z(S\NPNP
nom)\NPdat: λxλg .go′x(gx)
S\NPNPnom
S
‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’
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Properties (syntactic and semantic) can be anaphors in Turkish.
Grammar may need finer distinctions of S for anaphors to besyntactically bound.SNP and NPNP can be in the domain of locality of a head.
Can syntax require a pronoun?
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The Welsh passive
(21) a.Cafodd Wyn ei rybuddio.Got.3s Wyn his warning‘Wyn was warned.’ Awbery (1976:210)
“The passive sentence has a sentence-initial inflected form of cael(get) of the same tense and aspect as the verb of the active. Thisis folowed by a noun phrase identical to the object of the active.Then comes a pronoun of the same person, number and gender (ifit is 3sg) as this noun phrase, and an uninflected form of the verbin the active” Awbery (1976:47).
The pronoun and cael are obligatory.
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Awbery’s data shows that what is dropped if the noun phrase aftercael is a pronoun is the subject NP, not the possessive pronounrequired by the passive:
(22)Cawsom (ni) ein rhybuddio gan y ferch.Got.1pl (we) our warning by the girl‘We were warned by the girl.’ Awbery (1976:48)
If get is the head of the passive, then the pronoun must be in itsdomain of locality.
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Thanks
WAFL and the reviewersAslı GökselUmut ÖzgeDeniz Zeyrek
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Awbery, G.M. 1976. The syntax of Welsh. Cambridge Univ. Press.Barker, Chris, and Pauline Jacobson. 2007. Introduction: Direct
compositionality. In Direct compositionality . eds.Chris Barker andPauline Jacobson, 1–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Göksel, Aslı. 2006. Pronominal participles in Turkish and lexical integrity.Lingue e Linguaggio, 5:105–125.
Jacobson, Pauline. 1999. Towards a variable-free semantics. Linguisticsand Philosophy , 22:117–184.
Steedman, Mark. 2011. Taking Scope. MIT Press.
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