data and metadata for the central part of the mediterranean basin: lessons from the climagri project...
TRANSCRIPT
DATA AND METADATA FOR THE CENTRAL PART OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN:
LESSONS FROM THE CLIMAGRI PROJECT
Maurizio MaugeriIstituto di Fisica Generale Applicata – via Celoria 16 – Milano
Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima – via Gobetti 101 - Bologna
Tarragona – November 28th, 2007
Italy has a very important role in the development of meteorological observations
Invention of some of the most important meteorological instruments (thermometer, barometer).
Establishment of the first network of observations (rete del Cimento, set up by Galileo’s scholars).
The strong Italian presence in the development of meteorological observations is also testified by six stations that have been in operation since the eighteenth century (Bologna, Milan, Rome, Padua, Palermo and Turin) and other 15 stations where observations started in the first half of the nineteenth century (Aosta, Florence, Genoa, Ivrea, Locorotondo, Mantua, Naples, Parma, Pavia, Perugia, Trento, Trieste, Udine, Urbino and Venice).
As a consequence, a heritage of data of enormous value has
been accumulated in Italy over the last three centuries
This heritage has been known for a long time and many attempts have been made to collect data into a meteorological archive…..
Cantù V. and Narducci P. (1967) Lunghe serie di osservazioni meteorologiche. Rivista di Meteorologia Aeronautica, Anno XXVII, n. 2, 71-79.
Eredia F. (1908) Le precipitazioni atmosferiche in Italia dal 1880 al 1905. In: Annali dell'Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia. Serie II, Vol. XXVII, anno 1905, Rome.
Eredia F. (1919) Osservazioni pluviometriche raccolate a tutto l'anno 1915 dal R. Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia e Geodinamica. Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici, Rome.
Eredia F. (1925) Osservazioni pluviometriche raccolate nel quinquennio 1916-1920 dal R. Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia e Geodinamica. Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici, Rome.
Mennella C. 1967. Il Clima d'Italia. Napoli: Fratelli Conti Editori, 724 pp.
Millosevich (1882) Sulla distribuzione della pioggia in Italia. In: Annali dell'Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia. Serie II, Vol. III, anno 1881, Rome.
Millosevich (1885) Appendice alla memoria sulla pioggia in Italia. In: Annali dell'Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia. Serie II, Vol. V, anno 1883, Rome.
Narducci, P., 1991: Bibliografia Climatologica Italiana, Consiglio Nazionale dei Geometri, Roma.
… however, in spite of the huge heritage of data and even if most records were subjected to some sort of analysis, until a few years ago only a small fraction of Italian data was available in computer
readable formPrecipitazioni Temperature
Stazione
Lunghezza serie Dati mancanti
(%) Lunghezza serie
Dati mancanti (%)
Reggio Calabria 1878-1972 19.8 1878-1972 19.2 Palermo 1874-1973 0.7 1876-1973 0.1 Perugia 1874-1973 21.2 1876-1973 1.3 Torino 1866-1969 10.2 1870-1969 17.9
Padova 1877-1968 5.0 1877-1968 4.7 Alessandria 1875-1970 16.8 1878-1970 14.7
Arezzo 1879-1972 17.7 1879-1972 19.0 Belluno 1879-1986 7.7 1879-1966 6.9 Rovigo 1879-1976 12.4 1879-1966 13.0 L’Aquila 1879-1973 8.5 1879-1973 15.2
Reggio Emilia 1879-1970 10.8 1879-1970 23.8 Napoli 1865-1969 2.7 1870-1969 9.3 Cagliari 1879-1971 4.0 1879-1971 2.5 Mantova 1880-1973 11.5 1880-1973 11.4 Sassari 1876-1971 12.1 1876-1971 8.8
Siracusa 1874-1973 12.5 1878-1973 11.4 Roma 1862-1999 6.2 1870-1999 0.4 Pesaro 1876-1992 11.6 1876-1992 7.8 Bologna 1879-1988 10.3 1879-1988 14.8 Ferrara 1879-1974 17.9 1879-1974 16.6 Parma 1878-1994 6.3 1878-1994 2.5
Piacenza 1875-1999 6.0 1878-1999 9.4 Pavia 1883-1991 23.8 1870-1979 26.1 Cuneo 1879-1993 12.5 1879-1993 12.4
Messina 1881-1974 12.2 1881-1974 10.7 Livorno 1876-1994 10.3 1870-1994 11.8
Archivio delle serie secolari UCEA - Anzaldi C., Mirri L. and Trevisan V., 1980: Archivio Storico delle osservazioni meteorologiche, Pubblicazione CNR AQ/5/27, Roma.
Within this context, a number of projects where set up in Italy in the last 5 to 10 years to recovery as much as possible secular meteorological records
The activities can be clustered in two general classes
Projects concerning single stationsHigh temporal resolution, complete metadata documentation, etc…
Projects concerning national/regional networksLower temporal resolution, less metadata, etc…
Projects concerning single stations are particularly important for the records beginnig in the 18th century
Milan: a 10-year project developed by Osservatorio Astronomico di
Milano-Brera and Milan University allowed to recovery metadata and
daily T, P, R records
Padova: as for Milan but activitiesperformed by Istituto di Scienze
dell'Atmosfera e del Clima – sectionof Padova
Torino: as for Milan and Padova but activities performed by Società
Meteorologica Italiana
Palermo: recovery started later on;The activities are performed by Os.Astronomico. Available: metadata
and daily R and T records.
Bologna: as for Milan, Padova and Torino for the data after 1813. Still in progress for the 18th century data
Roma: as for Milan, Padova and Torino for the data after 1862. Only
monthly data for the 18th century
…there is a lot of still unexploited information…Cloudiness, sunshine, vapour pressure, wind, etc…
Projects concerning national/regional networks
Second part of the 1990s: the CNR project “Reconstruction of the past climate in the Mediterranean area” allowed the UCEA secular series data set to be updated, completed, and revised. In spite of significant improvements, the new data set had the fundamental limitation of very poor metadata availability. Moreover, the number of stations was still too low. So homogenisation could not be performed.
Around 2000 a new research programme was established. It was initially developed within a national project (CLIMAGRI), then an extension of the activities was performed within some other projects.
Thanks to the availability of resources from more projects and to additional results from other projects, the initial goal of homogenising the existing records was extended and the construction of a completely new and larger set of data and metadata was also planned.
The new dataset of Italian secular records
Meteorological variables
• Air Temperature (minimum, mean, maximum)
• Precipitation
• Air Pressure
• Cloud Cover
• Other data
Temporal resolution
Daily/Monthly
The new Italian dataset: air temperatureSTATION CODE LON (º) LAT (º) z (m)
Min/Max (daily)
Min/Max (monthly)
Mean (monthly)
ALESSANDRIA ALE 8.63 44.92 98 1854-1985 1854-1985 1854-1985AOSTA AOS 7.30 45.73 544 - 1891-2003 1840-2003L'AQUILA AQU 13.40 42.35 753 1879-2003 1869-2003 1869-2003AREZZO ARE 12.00 43.45 274 1879-2003 1876-2003 1876-2003BELLUNO BEL 12.25 46.12 404 1879-2003 1875-2003 1875-2003BOLOGNA BOL 11.25 44.48 60 1814-2003 1814-2003 1814-2003BOLZANO BOZ 11.33 46.50 272 - - 1850-2003BRÁ BRA 7.87 44.70 290 - - 1862-1970BRIXEN BRI 11.65 46.72 569 - - 1865-2003CAGLIARI CAG 9.15 39.20 55 1879-2003 1879-2003 1879-2003CASTROVILLARI CAR 16.20 39.80 353 1925-2002 1925-2002 1925-2002CATANIA CAT 15.11 37.50 75 1901-2003 1901-2003 1901-2003CHIAVARI CHA 9.30 40.30 5 - - 1883-2002COSENZA COS 16.25 39.28 250 1925-2002 1925-2002 1925-2002CATANZARO CTA 16.58 38.90 343 1924-2002 1924-2002 1924-2002CUNEO CUN 7.50 44.40 536 1879-2003 1879-2003 1879-2003DOMODOSSOLA DOM 8.27 46.10 300 - - 1872-1997FERRARA FER 11.50 44.82 15 1879-2003 1865-2003 1865-2003FIRENZE FIR 11.30 43.80 51 1889-2003 1878-2003 1878-2003FOGGIA FOG 15.52 41.45 80 1901-2003 1901-2003 1901-2003FOSSANO FOS 8.38 44.57 351 - - 1874-1973GENOVA GEN 9.00 44.40 21 1833-2003 1833-2003 1833-2003IMPERIA IMP 8.02 43.87 54 - 1875-2003 1875-2003LIVORNO LIV 10.25 43.55 3 1870-2001 1865-2001 1865-2001LOCARNO LOC 8.79 46.17 379 - 1935-1997 1864-1997LUGANO LUG 8.97 46.00 276 - 1901-1997 1864-1997MANTOVA MAN 10.75 45.15 51 1828-2003 1828-2003 1828-2003MESSINA MES 15.50 38.20 54 1881-2003 1881-2003 1881-2003MILANO MIL 9.00 45.47 64 1763-2003 1763-2003 1763-2003MONTE MARIA MMA 10.49 46.74 1323 - - 1857-2003NAPOLI NAP 14.25 40.88 149 1870-2003 1865-2003 1865-2003NIZZA NIZ 7.20 43.65 4 - - 1806-2003PADOVA PAD 11.75 45.40 14 1774-2003 1774-2003 1774-2003PALERMO PAL 13.35 38.10 71 1876-2003 1876-2003 1876-2003PARMA PAR 10.25 44.80 57 1878-2003 1872-2003 1872-2003PAVIA PAV 9.25 45.17 75 1870-2002 1865-2002 1861-2002PERUGIA PER 12.50 43.10 520 1876-2003 1865-2003 1865-2003PESARO PES 13.00 43.87 11 1871-2003 1871-2003 1871-2003PIACENZA PIA 9.75 45.02 50 1878-2003 1871-2003 1871-2003POTENZA POT 15.82 40.63 826 1924-2002 1924-2002 1924-2002POLA PUL 13.87 44.86 30 - - 1864-2003REGGIO CALABRIA RCA 15.65 38.10 15 1878-2002 1878-2002 1878-2002REGGIO EMILIA REM 10.75 44.70 62 1879-2003 1866-2003 1866-2003RIVA TORBOLE RIV 10.83 45.88 70 - - 1869-2003ROVERETO ROE 11.05 45.87 206 - - 1862-2003ROMA ROM 12.47 41.90 56 1862-2003 1862-2003 1862-2003ROVIGO ROV 11.75 45.05 9 1879-2003 1879-2003 1879-2003ROSSANO RSS 16.62 39.55 300 1925-1997 1925-1997 1925-1997SASSARI SAS 8.60 40.72 224 1876-2003 1874-2003 1874-2003SAN BERNARDO SBE 7.18 45.87 2472 - - 1818-1998SIRACUSA SIR 15.28 37.05 23 1878-2003 1878-2003 1878-2003TARANTO TAR 17.30 40.45 22 1901-2003 1901-2003 1901-2003TORINO MONCALIERI TOM 7.70 45.00 238 - 1865-2003 1864-2003TORINO TOR 7.75 45.05 275 1753-2003 1753-2003 1753-2003TORTONA TOT 8.87 44.88 199 - - 1892-1965TRENTO TRE 11.12 46.07 199 - - 1816-2003TRIESTE TRI 13.75 45.65 11 - 1883-2003 1841-2003TROPEA TRO 15.88 38.67 51 1924-2002 1924-2002 1924-2002UDINE UDI 13.20 46.00 51 - 1803-2003 1803-2003VALLOMBROSA VAL 11.00 43.72 955 1872-2003 1872-2003 1872-2003VALSINNI VAS 16.42 40.15 250 1924-2002 1924-2002 1924-2002VENEZIA VEN 12.25 45.43 21 1900-2002 1900-2002 1900-2002
The new Italian dataset: air temperature
The new Italian dataset: precipitationSTATION CODE LON (º) LAT (º) z (m)
Precipitation (daily)
Precipitation (monthly)
ALESSANDRIA ALE 8.63 44.92 98 1857-1986 1857-1986ANDRIA AND 16.28 41.23 151 - 1921-1996AOSTA AOS 7.30 45.73 544 - 1841-2003L'AQUILA AQU 13.40 42.35 753 1879-2003 1874-2003AREZZO ARE 12.00 43.45 274 1879-2003 1876-2003ASTI AST 8.20 44.90 158 - 1881-1993BARLETTA BAE 16.27 41.33 20 - 1921-1996BALMÈ BAL 7.22 45.32 1432 - 1913-2003BARDONECCHIA BAR 6.70 45.08 1340 - 1913-2002BELLUNO BEL 12.25 46.12 404 1879-2003 1875-2003BENEVENTO BEN 14.80 41.12 177 - 1870-1996BOLOGNA BOL 11.25 44.48 60 1813-2003 1813-2003BORGOMANERO BOR 8.45 45.70 317 - 1881-1996BOLZANO BOZ 11.33 46.50 272 1921-2003 1856-2003BRÁ BRA 7.87 44.70 290 1862-2003 1862-2003BRIXEN BRI 11.65 46.72 569 1921-2003 1878-2003BRINDISI BRN 17.93 40.65 28 - 1877-2000CASTELLANETA CAE 16.93 40.63 245 - 1877-1996CAGLIARI CAG 9.15 39.20 55 1879-2003 1853-2003CANOSA CAO 15.90 41.13 154 - 1922-1996CASALE MONFERRATO CAS 8.50 45.13 113 - 1870-2003CATANIA CAT 15.11 37.50 75 1921-2003 1892-2003CAVOUR CAV 7.37 44.73 290 - 1879-1993CENTALLO CEN 7.60 44.50 417 - 1883-1988CERIGNOLA CER 15.88 41.27 124 - 1922-1996CHIVASSO CHI 7.85 45.17 221 - 1892-1988COSENZA COS 16.25 39.28 250 1916-2002 1873-2002CRISPIANO CRI 17.23 40.60 265 - 1916-1996CROTONE CRO 17.12 39.08 6 1916-2002 1916-2002CATANZARO CTA 16.58 38.90 343 1916-2002 1868-2002CUNEO CUN 7.50 44.40 536 1879-2003 1877-2003DOMODOSSOLA DOM 8.27 46.10 300 1872-1998 1872-1998FENESTRELLE FEN 7.06 45.04 1200 - 1912-1997FERRARA FER 11.50 44.82 15 1879-2003 1865-2003FIRENZE FIR 11.30 43.80 51 1860-2003 1860-2003FOGGIA FOG 15.52 41.45 80 1901-2003 1873-2003FOSSANO FOS 8.38 44.57 351 - 1875-1997GALATINA GAL 18.15 40.17 73 - 1923-1996GALLIPOLI GAP 17.98 40.05 31 - 1877-1996GENOVA GEN 9.00 44.40 21 1833-2003 1833-2003GINOSA GIN 16.75 40.58 257 - 1887-1996GINOSA SCALO GIS 16.75 40.58 5 - 1928-1996IMPERIA IMP 8.02 43.87 54 - 1876-2003IVREA IVR 7.91 45.46 267 - 1837-2002LATIANO LAT 17.72 40.55 98 - 1925-1996LECCE LEC 18.17 40.35 78 - 1875-2000LESINA LES 15.35 41.87 5 - 1928-1998LIVORNO LIV 10.25 43.55 3 1876-2002 1857-2002LIZZANO LIZ 17.45 40.38 67 - 1916-1996LOCARNO LOC 8.79 46.17 379 1901-2002 1886-2002LOMBRIASCO LOM 7.65 44.84 239 - 1913-1999LOCOROTONDO LOR 17.33 40.75 420 - 1829-1996LUGANO LUG 8.97 46.00 276 1901-2002 1861-2002MANFREDONIA MAF 15.92 41.62 2 - 1921-1996MAGLIE MAG 18.30 40.12 77 - 1908-1996MANTOVA MAN 10.75 45.15 51 1840-2003 1840-2003
STATION CODE LON (º) LAT (º) z (m)Precipitation
(daily)Precipitation
(monthly)
MASSAFRA MAS 17.12 40.58 116 - 1881-1997MATERA MAT 16.62 40.68 401 1916-2002 1916-2002MESSINA MES 15.50 38.20 54 1881-2003 1866-2003METAPONTO MET 16.82 40.37 3 1918-2000 1918-2000MILANO MIL 9.00 45.47 64 1858-2003 1764-2003MINERVINO LECCESE MIN 18.42 40.08 98 - 1926-1996MONTE MARIA MMA 10.49 46.74 1323 1923-2003 1858-2003MONCALVO MOC 8.25 45.05 297 - 1889-1988MONDOVI MOD 7.82 44.04 44 - 1866-1995NAPOLI NAP 14.25 40.88 149 1866-2003 1821-2003NARDÒ NAR 18.02 40.18 43 - 1923-1996NIZZA NIZ 7.20 43.65 4 - 1865-2002NOVI LIGURE NOL 8.78 44.78 186 - 1880-1979NOVOLI NOO 18.05 40.38 37 - 1924-1996NOVARA NOV 8.62 45.45 181 - 1875-1996OTRANTO OTR 18.50 40.13 52 - 1879-1996OVADA OVA 8.65 44.62 187 - 1913-1996PADOVA PAD 11.75 45.40 14 1877-2002 1750-2002PALERMO PAL 13.35 38.10 71 1797-2003 1797-2003PARMA PAR 10.25 44.80 57 1878-2003 1833-2003PAVIA PAV 9.25 45.17 75 1873-2002 1812-2002PERUGIA PER 12.50 43.10 520 1874-2003 1811-2003PESARO PES 13.00 43.87 11 1871-2003 1866-2003PIACENZA PIA 9.75 45.02 50 1875-2003 1872-2003POTENZA POT 15.82 40.63 826 1916-2002 1879-2002PRESICCE PRE 18.27 39.90 114 - 1877-1996POLA PUL 13.87 44.86 30 - 1864-2002REGGIO CALABRIA RCA 15.65 38.10 15 1878-2002 1877-2002REGGIO EMILIA REM 10.75 44.70 62 1879-2003 1867-2003RIVA TORBOLE RIV 10.83 45.88 70 1921-2003 1869-2003ROVERETO ROE 11.05 45.87 206 1921-2003 1864-2003ROMA ROM 12.47 41.90 56 1862-2003 1782-2003ROVIGO ROV 11.75 45.05 9 1879-2003 1878-2003SASSARI SAS 8.60 40.72 224 1876-2003 1876-2003SAN BERNARDO SBE 7.18 45.87 2472 - 1864-1997SILANDRO SIL 10.77 46.63 706 1921-1999 1921-1999SIRACUSA SIR 15.28 37.05 23 1874-2003 1869-2003SAN MARCO SMA 15.62 41.72 560 - 1921-1998SAN PIETRO SPI 18.13 40.30 160 - 1923-1996STROPPO STR 7.12 44.50 1087 - 1913-1996TARANTO TAR 17.30 40.45 22 1901-2003 1877-2003TAVIANO TAV 18.08 39.98 61 - 1885-1996TORINO MONCALIERI TOM 7.70 45.00 238 - 1864-2003TORINO TOR 7.75 45.05 275 1802-2003 1802-2003TORTONA TOT 8.87 44.88 199 - 1873-1998TRENTO TRE 11.12 46.07 199 1921-2003 1864-2003TRIESTE TRI 13.75 45.65 11 - 1841-2003TROPEA TRO 15.88 38.67 51 1916-2002 1916-2002UDINE UDI 13.20 46.00 51 - 1803-2003URBINO URB 12.62 43.72 451 1916-2000 1850-2000VALLOMBROSA VAL 11.00 43.72 955 1872-2003 1872-2003VARALLO VAR 8.25 45.82 454 - 1871-1995VENEZIA VEN 12.25 45.43 21 1900-2003 1836-2003VICO GARGANICO VIC 15.95 41.90 450 - 1922-1998VIESTE VIE 16.17 41.88 25 - 1921-1998
The new Italian dataset: precipitation
The new Italian dataset: other variables
… the activities are still in progress (e.g. EU project ALP-IMP). They concern air pressure, cloud cover, humidity and snow…
CAG
BO L
CAR
FIR
FO G
G EN
LEC
LIV
LU G
M ES
M IL
TO M
N AP
PAD
PAL
PES
PEC
R C A
RO M
SAS
TER
TO R
TRI
PAR
M ANPIA
TRE
VEN
C AT
M O VBAI
TR O
BO L
CAGCAR
C AT
FER
FO G
LEC
LIV
M AN
M ES
M IL
N AP
PAL
PES
PIA
R C A
SAS
TER
TO R
TRA
TRE
TR O
G R E
RO M
SNOW (HS: snow at ground; HN: fresh snow) daily / monthly dataAbout 15 records of northern Italy
HUMIDITY (i.e. dry / wet temperatures) daily data2 records
1951-2004 PERIOD:All variables available in digital formatItalian Air Force data-set.
AIR PRESSURE (secular records)
CLOUD COVER (secular records)
SECULAR RECORDS
1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950year
DOMODOSSOLA
TORINO
LUGANO
MILANO
PADOVA
VENEZIA
TRENTO
TRIESTE
PARMA
PIACENZA
MANTOVA
BOLOGNA
GENOVA
PESARO
FIRENZE
LIVORNO
TERAMO - ANCONA
ROMA
CAGLIARI - CARLOFORTE
SASSARI
BARI
LECCE
FOGGIA
NAPOLI
MONTEVERGINE
TROPEA
MESSINA - REGGIO CALABRIA
PALERMO - TRAPANI
CATANIA
The new Italian dataset: metadata
For full details; see CLIMAGRI project WEB site (www.climagri.it)
Metadata collection was performed with two main objectives:
i) to understand the evolution of the Italian meteorological network
ii) to reconstruct the “history” of all the stations of the data-set.
The research on the history of the single stations was performed both by analysing a large amount of grey literature and by means of the UCEA archive.
All information was summarized in a card for each data series.
Each card is divided into three parts. In the first part all the information obtained from the literature is reported. In the second part there are abstracts from the epistolary correspondence between the stations and the Central Office. In the third part the sources of the data used to construct the record are summarized.
The problem: the real climate signal, that we try to reconstruct studying long (secular) records of meteorological data, is generally hidden behind non-climatic noise caused by station relocation, changes in instruments, changes in observing times, observers, and observing regulations, algorithms for the calculation of means and so on.
climatic time series should not be used for climate research without a clear knowledge about the state of the data in terms of quality and homogeneity.
The new Italian dataset: quality and homogeneity issues
Classification of the institutions (Observatory, high school, etc…)
Data sources (hand-written original observations; year books; pre existing data sets, etc…)
Time resolution (yearly, monthly, daily, etc…)
Comparison with other records
Quality
Homogeneity
“Signals” in the records of meteorological data
Climate variations Measuring problems
Measuring problems
RelocationsInstrumental errors (changes of the instruments and/orrecalibrations)Observation methodsScreeningsChanges in the environment around the station
The problem is not easy to manage
Meteorological series can be tested for homogeneity and homogenised both by direct and indirect methodologies.
The first approach is based on objective information that can be extracted from the station history or from some
other sources, the latter uses statistical methods, generally based on comparison with other series.
Both direct and indirect methodologies have severe limits
Direct methodologies are not easy to use as: 1) it is generally very difficult to recover complete information on the history of the observations (metadata);2) even if available, metadata hardly give quantitative estimates of the inhomogeneities in the measures.
Also indirect methodologies have important deficits:1) they require some hypothesis about the data (e.g. homogeneous signals over the same region);2) inhomogeneities and errors are present in all meteorological series, and so it is often difficult to decide where to apply corrections and, when the results are not clear there is a high risk of applying subjective corrections.
How to overcome the intrinsic limit of indirect homogenisation methods is, at
present, still an open question.
The possibilities range from homogenising all suspect periods, to
correcting the series only if the results of the statistical methods are very clear and
also supported by metadata.
So, at present, an universal approach to manage the problem is lacking.
Our approach:
1) Collecting as much metadata as possible;
2) Performing a first homogenisation by means of direct methologies;
3) Performing final homogenisation by means of
indirect methologies
Basic problem: what is to correct?
a) All the periods given by statistical methods
b) Only the periods for which there is evidence in metadata
The problem is open
Our methodology:
Wide use of statistical methodsCritical analysis on the light of metadata
The CLIMAGRI project
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1876
1888
1900
1912
1924
1936
1948
1960
1972
1984
Po Valley (Boehm et al., 2001) NITA (Brunetti et al., 1999)
North Italy long-term temperature evolution (filtered curves) in the 1876-1996 period according to Brunetti et al. (2000) and Boehm et al. (2001).
Adapted from: Brunetti, M., Buffoni, L., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., 2000: Trends of minimum and maximum daily temperatures in Italy from 1865 to 1996. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 66, 49-60 and Böhm, R., Auer, I., Brunetti, M., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., Schöner W., 2001: Regional Temperature Variability in the European Alps 1760-1998 from homogenised instrumental time series. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1779-1801.
Important open question: trends critically depend on the methods used to homogenise the data
Important open question: trends critically depend on the methods used to homogenise the data
Long-term evolution of summer temperatures in the 1775-2003 period according to Auer et al. (2007) and Brunetti et al. (2006).
Differences between ALPIMP (South) and NITA temperature anomalies - Summer
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
17
75
17
83
17
91
17
99
18
07
18
15
18
23
18
31
18
39
18
47
18
55
18
63
18
71
18
79
18
87
18
95
19
03
19
11
19
19
19
27
19
35
19
43
19
51
19
59
19
67
19
75
19
83
19
91
19
99