Data and Society Lecture 7: Internet of Things

3/10/17

Announcements 3/10

• Paper draft due at the beginning of class

today. Please send pdf through submitty

today. Draft back March 31.

• Pecha Kucha instructions today after lecture

• No classes next week / Spring Break

• No discussion article (long lecture) March 24

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Research Paper Draft due Friday

Specs

• Paper: 5 pages (undergrad) or 7 pages (grad), 1.5 spaced, 12 pt font

• Focus of paper should be an area of science or society that has been transformed by the availability of digital data, i.e. “Data has transformed X”

• General outline:

– Description of the area/problem and the role of data in transforming it

– Specifics on how data has made the transformation possible

– Specifics on the kind of data tools, skills, policy, infrastructure, etc. that is needed to support this transformation

– Conclusion and thoughts about the potential of data in this area in the future

• Paper should include adequate references and bibliography (not included in the page count).

– If you use material from a source, reference it in the bibliography.

– If you copy material from a source, put it in quotes and reference it in the bibliography.

Content (8 points):

• Does the paper content provide adequate depth and evidence to describe the transformation of an area by digital data?

• Does the paper include appropriate specifics on innovation and infrastructure?

• Are the references reasonable and adequate?

Writing (8 points):

• Is the paper well-organized, readable by non-specialists, and credible to specialists?

• Does the writing tell a story? Is it articulate and compelling?

• Is the paper well-structured with the main points backed up by evidence?

Research Paper Grading Metrics (16 points total)

Wednesday Section Friday lecture

First Half of Class Second Half of Class Assignments

January 18 : NO class January 20 L!: Class Intro + Logistics / Survey / Digital Data in the 21st Century

Presentation Model / Op-Ed Instructions

January 25: NO class January 27 L2: Big data applications / Data and the election; Data and Target; Discussion

4 Presentations

February 1: 6 presentations February 3

L3: Data and Health / PDB, Precision Medicine; Discussion

4 Presentations

February 8: NO class February 10 L4: Data and Science / Earthquakes, LHC; Paper Instructions

4 Presentations Op-Ed Draft Due

February 15: 6 presentations

February 17 L5: Data Cyberinfrastructure; Discussion

4 Presentations Op-Ed Draft Back

February 22: 6 presentations

February 24 L6: Data Stewardship and Data Preservation; Discussion

4 presentations Op-Ed Final Due

March 1: NO class March 3 NO class

March 8: 6 presentations March 10 L7: Data Futures – Internet of Things; Discussion

4 presentations Paper Draft Due

March 15: Spring Break March 17 Spring Break

March 22: NO class March 24 L8: Data rights and policy / U.S. and EU; Discussion

4 presentations

March 29: 6 presentations March 31 Op-Ed Pecha-Kucha Paper Draft Back

April 5: NO class April 7 NO class

April 12: 4 presentations April 14 Hilary Mason Guest Lecture 4 presentations Final Paper Due

April 19: 4 presentations April 21 L9: Data and Ethics; Discussion 4 presentations

April 26: 6 presentations April 28 Paper Pecha-Kucha

Today (3/10/17)

• Pecha Kucha instructions – TK

• Lecture 7: Data Futures: Internet of Things

• Discussion

• 4 Student Presentations

8

Lecture 7: Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT)

• Wikipedia: “The Internet of Things is the network of

physical objects of “things” embedded with

electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to

enable it to achieve greater value and service by

exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator

and/or other connected devices. Each thing is

uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing

system but is able to interoperate within the existing

Internet infrastructure.”

Internet of Things - Scale

Devices connected to the Web:

• 1970 = 13

• 1980 = 188

• 1990 = 313,000

• 2000 = 93,000,000

• 2010 = 5,000,000,000

• 2020 = 31,000,000,000

Source: Intel Slide courtesy of Chris Greer, NIST

Basics

• Expected to be 26-30 billion devices on the Internet by 2020

– Internet of “objects” even larger (50-100 trillion objects). Estimated that human beings in urban environments each surrounded by 1000-5000 trackable objects.

• Each device will need a unique IP address.

– IPv4 only allows for 4.3B unique addresses, will not support IoT

– IPv6 needed. Global adoption of IPv6 critical to support IoT.

• Web of Things will provide an application layer of the Internet of Things

• Many IoT solutions presuppose the ability to gather / store / mine data efficiently and in real-time …

IoT Technology Roadmap

Opportunities

• Customization

– IoT provides the opportunities to gather data and developed customized solutions.

• This includes the ability to target customers specifically in terms of what they like, what they want, what they are willing to pay, etc.

• Monitoring

– IoT provides the opportunity to monitor and assess systems and environments, with the potential to more accurately predict risk

• Paradigm shift

– IoT will provide the ability to shift our approach in many areas to encompass more dynamic, real-time solutions.

– For example, smart manufacturing technologies transforming the conventional “Produce Store Acquire” to “Acquire Produce”, benefitting producer and consumer.

Opportunities • Smart Automation

– IoT can provide the ability for precision control of environments and systems. Home automation, precision farming, advanced manufacturing, Watson, etc. mean that some of the conceptual tasks are shared between human and machine

• Adaptive systems

– Ability to gather and process information in real-time provides the opportunity to modify behavior and create adaptive systems that respond to dynamic phenomena and promote efficiency

Image from http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/can-l-kill-traffic-self-driving-cars-n217211

Smart Cities

• Santander, Spain – 180,000 inhabitants, smartphone app connected to 10K sensors

enabling parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda, etc.

– Image from http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/photo-gallery-santander-the-smart-city-fotostrecke-94339-4.html

• Songdo, South Korea -- Goal is to build fully equipped and wired smart city in which almost everything is connected and monitored by machine

• San Jose, California – using IoT to improve air and water quality, reduce noise pollution, increase transportation efficiency

• New York City – IoT being used to connect vessels and monitor NY Waterway -- Hudson River, East River, Upper NY Bay

The Future is Here:

Sensors and Connectivity

IoT-focused products

• help monitor/promote your health

• Better care for those whose health you’re responsible for

From http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/

The Future is Here:

Home / Physical

Environments

IoT-focused products

• Remotely monitor and manage your home / physical environments

• Promote efficient and cost-effective resource usage

From http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/

The Future is Here:

Urban Areas

IoT-focused products

• Use real-time data and adaptive systems to promote the health, safety, security, and well-being of citizens

From http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/

The Future is Here:

Business

IoT-focused products

• provide new tools for boosting productivity, optimizing operations, saving resources and costs

• provide new ways of engaging with the customer and creating competitive advantage

From http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/

The Future is Here:

Ecosystems

IoT-focused products

• Use real-time data and predictive analysis to better understand and manage ecosystems and natural resources

From http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/

Forrester: IoT “technologies are diverse and immature.”

• “Standards are nascent, as vendors are only a couple of years into the process of creating general-purpose interoperability standards. And IoT security technologies are still in the Creation phase, with no established products.”

• Source: "TechRadar™: Internet Of Things, Q1 2016, Forrester Research" (https://www.forrester.com/TechRadar+Internet+Of+Things+Q1+2016/fulltext/-/E-res121873 ) as described in Forbes (http://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/01/27/internet-of-things-iot-predictions-from-forrester-machina-research-wef-gartner-idc/#70b156a86be6 [also source of graphic])

Used by permission

Infrastructure challenges

• Interoperability and composability among heterogeneous devices, components and systems

• Need for reference architectures, shared vocabularies and standards that allow diverse “things” to interact

• Development of systems and approaches that can adapt to emergent behaviors, unintended consequences, re-purposing, multiple environments.

• Development of adequate mechanisms for security, privacy, and trust in components and systems

Infrastructure Challenges

• Support for stewardship and use of data from multiple components, used by multiple systems, and useful in multiple scenarios (many “v’s”!).

• Development of efficient algorithms for discovery, data mining, analysis for data at massive time and spatial scales

• Governance, regulation of human-autonomous systems; community standards, policy, practice

• Environmental impact of contamination due to dumping of IoT devices, sensors, etc., cost of mining rare-earth metals (used in modern electronic components)

IoT Challenges for the Enterprise (from HBR)

• Which set of smart, connected product capabilities and features should a company pursue?

• How much functionality should be embedded in the product and how much in the cloud?

• Should the company pursue and open or closed system?

• Should the company develop the full set of smart, connected product capabilities and infrastructure internally or outsource to vendors and partners (and what are the repercussions)?

• What data must the company capture, secure, and analyze to maximize the value of its offering?

• How does the company manage ownership and access rights to its product data?

Smart transportation: Many optimizations possible http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/intelligent-transport

Infrastructure implications: Self-driving cars

• An autonomous (driverless, self-driving) car is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input.

• Autonomous cars use radar, lidar, GPS, Odometry, Computer vision, etc. to sense their environment.

• Control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, obstacles, relevant signage, different cars on the road, etc.

"Jurvetson Google driverless car trimmed" by Flckr user jurvetson (Steve Jurvetson). Trimmed and retouched with PS9 by Mariordo -

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car.jpg. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg#/media/File:Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg

What Level of Automation? Report from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) in the U.K. https://www.kpmg.com/BR/en/Estudos_Analises/artigosepublicacoes/Documents/Industrias/Connected-Autonomous-Vehicles-Study.pdf

• L0: Driver only

• L1: Assisted

• L2: Partial automation (driver must monitor driving and environment at all times)

• L3: Conditional automation (driver does not need to monitor driving and environment; driver must be in a position to resume control)

• L4: High automation (driver not required during defined use case)

• L5: Full automation

Car-net Technology roadmap from Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) in the U.K. https://www.kpmg.com/BR/en/Estudos_Analises/artigosepublicacoes/Documents/Industrias/Connected-Autonomous-Vehicles-Study.pdf

• L0: Driver only

• L1: Assisted

• L2: Partial automation (driver must monitor driving and environment at all times)

• L3: Conditional automation (driver does not need to monitor driving and environment; driver must be in a position to resume control)

• L4: High automation (driver not required during defined use case)

• L5: Full automation

New directions for commercial interests

• Nissan, BMW, Tesla, Audi, Mercedes, etc. – targeting semi-autonomous or autonomous cars

– Parts suppliers Delphi and Bosch targeting autonomous vehicles

• Vehicle internet efforts will exchange information between cars in the same vicinity and cars and traffic management systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OPESlV1sQA

Safety: How many accidents are acceptable?

• Vehicles perform admirably under ideal conditions but run into more problems on unfamiliar routes and in rough weather.

– Highway driving working well, city driving more challenging

• Some data on performance:

– Google: Between 9/14 and 11/15, Google cars experienced 272 technology failures and would have crashed at least 13 times if drivers had not intervened.

• (49 cars, 424K autonomous miles, 341 needed “disengagements” where cars handed control back to test drivers or drivers intervened).

• [http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/12/google-self-driving-cars-mistakes-data-reports]

– NHTSA studies indicate that vehicular communication systems (where vehicles and roadside units communicate in a peer-to-peer network) could help avoid up to 79% of all traffic accidents.

How much “human in the loop”? • Should cars be fully driverless?

– Mindell: Experience with aircraft, underwater exploration, air travel, etc. point to “no”

• Examples from the Apollo program, semi-automated commercial aircraft, etc.

• “Airline pilots are constantly making small corrections, picking up mistakes, correcting the air traffic controllers.”

– Human in the loop important for critical and unexpected situations.

• Full autonomy vs “trusted, transparent, reliable, safe autonomy that is fully interactive: The car does what I want it to do, and only when I want it to do it.”

• Mindell: on a scale from 1 to 10, automation should be at level 5.

– http://news.mit.edu/2015/no-driverless-cars-1013, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jun/14/statistically-self-driving-cars-are-about-to-kill-someone-what-happens-next

Policy and regulation • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

working with automakers and state governments to develop prototype laws, regulations, performance metrics, testing methods, etc.

– Who is accountable if a self-driving car hits someone?

– What should we do when self-driving cars are hacked?

– How should the computer decide between two bad options (e.g. hitting a tree or running over a pedestrian)?

– What policy / regulation is needed in a “car –net” environment where vehicles communicate with one another?

– How should we regulate autonomous cars’ impact on the ecosystem?

Data infrastructure currently being developed for autonomous vehicles

http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Automated_Driving:_Legislative_and_Regulatory_Action

http://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2016/04/06/ieee-standards-association-introduces-global-initiative-for-ethical-considerations-in-the-design-of-autonomous-systems/7917/

States with bills about self-driving vehicles

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) developing framework for cyber-physical / IoT systems

• Concerns (grouped as aspects) addressed through development cycle (conceptualization realization assurance)

• “Engineering approach” designed to enable systems that embed approaches to mitigate risks and address concerns

From https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/cpspwg/files/pwgglobal/CPS_PWG_Framework_for_Cyber_Physical_Systems_Release_1_0Final.pdf

Concerns

36

CPS Property Tree

Asp

ects

Functional

Business

Human

Trustworthiness

Timing

Data

Boundaries

Composition

Lifecycle

Safety

Reliability

Security

Resilience

Privacy

Cyber

Security

Physical

Security

Confidentiality

Integrity

Availability

Predictability

Manageability

Dissociability

Controls

Transparency

Innovation

Concern n+1

Concern n+2

Authorization

Concern 1

Concern 3

Concern 2

Encryptio

n AES

OAuth

CPS Properties /

Solution Model CPS Aspects and Concerns

Slide courtesy of Chris Greer, NIST

Concern-Driven Analysis of a Standard

37

Common Concern:

Trustworthiness.Security.Cybersecurity.confidentiality

Clause in document:

TS-0002 clause 6.4

Solution: Access Control

and Authorization,

TS-0003 clause 7

Concern Description Solution Reference

Slide courtesy of Chris Greer, NIST

• NIST approach pioneering a framework that supports broad spectrum of IoT systems, responsible development, groundwork for standards

• Broad scope, assurance testing, and attention to existing law, regulation, policy provides critical experience with IoT systems.

• NIST taking serious and important approach. Need much more experimentation and application to achieve IoT potential and benefits.

From https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/cpspwg/files/pwgglobal/CPS_PWG_Framework_for_Cyber_Physical_Systems_Release_1_0Final.pdf

Lecture 7 Sources

• “IoT Predictions from Forrester, Machina Research, WEF, Gartner, IDC”, Forbes, January 27, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/01/27/internet-of-things-iot-predictions-from-forrester-machina-research-wef-gartner-idc/#70b156a86be6

• “How Smart, Connected Products are Transforming Companies,” Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2015/10/how-smart-connected-products-are-transforming-companies

• “The Digital Universe of Opportunities: Rich Data and the Increasing Value of the Internet of Things”, IDC report http://www.emc.com/leadership/digital-universe/2014iview/index.htm

• “Robots and us” MIT News, http://news.mit.edu/2015/no-driverless-cars-1013

• “Connected and Autonomous Vehicles – the UK Economic Opportunity”, SMMT Report, https://www.kpmg.com/BR/en/Estudos_Analises/artigosepublicacoes/Documents/Industrias/Connected-Autonomous-Vehicles-Study.pdf

• An Internet of Things, http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/

• “White House hopes to shape national policy on driverless cars”, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/white-house-hopes-to-shape-national-policy-on-driverless-cars/2016/01/14/46e3bd1e-ba4e-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html

• “Framework for cyber-physical systems, Release 1.0”, NIST, https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/cpspwg/files/pwgglobal/CPS_PWG_Framework_for_Cyber_Physical_Systems_Release_1_0Final.pdf

PechaKucha

• “PechaKucha (Japanese: ペチャクチャ, IPA: [petɕa ku ͍̥tɕa], chit-chat) is a presentation style in which 20 slides are shown for 20 seconds each (6 minutes and 40 seconds in total). The format, which keeps presentations concise and fast-paced, powers multiple-speaker events called PechaKucha Nights (PKNs).” [Wikipedia]

• On March 31, we’ll do a pechakucha class for op-ed presentations. These are optional for speakers (not optional for attendance)

– If you are a speaker, your pechakucha grade can be used to replace one of your presentation grades if it is higher

– Pecha Kucha rubric: Talk / story – 5 points, Visuals / flow -- 5 points, Content / knowledge -- 5 points

• TK Woodstock will be “PechaKucha TA” and PechaKucha Master of Ceremonies

Key info

• PechaKucha topic / story based on your op-ed

• Must use the PechaKucha presentation format: 20 slides

– 20 seconds per slide; TK will show slides from her laptop

– Many examples at http://www.pechakucha.org/

• Grade can be used to “upgrade” your presentation scores

– Grade computed from Talk (5 points), Visuals (5 points), Content (5 points)

• We’ll do 10-12 PechaKucha presentations on March 24 (will choose students by volunteers [<=12]or lottery)

• TK will have “PechaKucha office hour” on March 21, 12:30-1:30 in CII 7003

More on PechaKucha

• Timing is critical – practice multiple times

• Do this on the subject of your op-ed to practice making your point in a different way

– Pictures and sparse text in presentation OK for this medium

• TK has office hours – use them – TK email: woodst@rpi.edu

• Have fun with this! This is our version of Data and Society “Ted Talks”

PechaKucha Volunteers

• Robert B. • Kusuma B. • Bobby M. • David K. • Rob R. • Harrison L. • Yarden N. • Maryanne L. • Joe C. • Rachel K.

Presentations

Presentations for March 10

• March 10

– “Hijackers remotely kill a jeep on the highway – with me in it,” Wired, July 2, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/ [Stephen N]

– “Smart city tech growing in the U.S.”, Computerworld, http://www.computerworld.com/article/3154825/internet-of-things/smart-city-tech-growing-in-the-us.html [Xiaoyu Z]

– “Will the Internet of Things Sacrifice or Save the Environment?”, the Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/dec/12/will-the-internet-of-things-sacrifice-or-save-the-environment [Patrick C]

– “Internet of Things Set to Change the Face of Dementia Care”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/18/internet-of-things-set-to-change-the-face-of-dementia-care [Molly R]

Presentations for March 24

• March 24 (Digital rights) – “Digital rights on the horizon at the Supreme Court”, Electronic Frontier Foundation

Blog, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/02/digital-rights-issues-horizon-supreme-courtum.html [Lee C.]

– “Digital rights activists hail Trump’s death blow against the TPP”, Wired, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/digital-rights-activists-glad-president-trump-killed-tpp/ [Tim T.]

– “Does the U.S. Need a Legal Right to be Forgotten?”, Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brad-reid/does-the-us-need-a-legal_b_9659746.html [Max L.]

– “Led Zeppelin’s Stairway to Heaven may be partly Stolen”, The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/apr/12/stairway-to-heavens-opening-chords-may-have-been-stolen-judge-says [Eryka G.]

Presentations for March 29 • March 29 (data and rights in the US and internationally)

– “Canada Revenue Agency monitoring Facebook, Twitter posts of Some Canadians”, CBCNews, http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/taxes-cra-facebook-big-data-1.3941416 [Bobby M.]

– “How M-Pesa transformed Kenya’s economy,” Techcentral, https://www.techcentral.co.za/how-m-pesa-transformed-kenya/70942/ [Joe C.]

– “Government must share its data to give Australia a competitive advantage,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jan/06/government-must-share-its-data-to-give-australia-a-competitive-advantage [Tim S.]

– “Forget about backdoors, this is the data WhatsApp actually hands to cops”, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2017/01/22/whatsapp-facebook-backdoor-government-data-request/#1cf6421ece77 [Rajveer K.]

– “EU’s Right to Explanation: A Harmful Restriction on Artificial Intelligence,” TechZone 360, http://www.techzone360.com/topics/techzone/articles/2017/01/25/429101-eus-right-explanation-harmful-restriction-artificial-intelligence.htm [David K.]

– “What are your rights if border agents want to search your phone?”, NY Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/14/business/border-enforcement-airport-phones.html?_r=0 [Eric L.]