data on the mollusc (mollusca) consumption of birds …

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AQUILA 1995. VOL.: 102 (99-107) DATA ON THE MOLLUSC (MOLLUSCA) CONSUMPTION OF BIRDS IN THE DANUBE DELTA, ROMÁNIA Botond J. Kiss-József Rékási & Andor Richnovszkyt Abstract Kiss, J. B.-J. Rékási-A. Richnovszkyt (1995): Data on the mollusc (Mollusca) consumption of birds in the Danube Delta, Románia. Aquila, 102, p. 00-00 The stomach contents of birds collected in the Danube Delta behoeen 1968-1985 showed that out of the 2154 specimens oflOO species examined, 422 individuals (20,39%) of 54 species had consumed molluscs. Above all, waterbirds had a considerable snail and bivalve consumption. Among the species in which more than 100 specimens were exam- ined, 49,3%o of Mailard (Anas platyrhynchos), 5,1% of Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 43,6%> of Coot (Fulica atra), 4,7%, of Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), 29,6%, of Hooded Crow (Corvus corone cornix) and 19,8%, of Magpie (Pica pica) has consumed molluscs. The most often consumed species were found to be Lithoglyphus naticoides, Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbis planorbis, Helicella obvia and Valvata piscinalis. Key words: molluscs, stomach contents, Románia. Introduction The objective of our research was to obtain a better picture of the mol- lusc consumption of birds as well as to collect data for a future study on the comparison of conditions in Románia and Hungary. In Hungary, the mollusc consumption of birds has been studied by Keve-Kleimer (1931, 1936-37), Keve (1955), Vásárhelyi (1957, 1960), Sterbetz (1973), Rékási-Rich- novszky (1974), Bába (1975), Richnovszky (1975), Varga (1982), Sterbetz (1985), and Antonovics (1986). The study of snails also has significance for health issues, since domes- tic bird parasites spend certain stages of their life cyele in host animals, primarily snails. In order to learn more about the intermediate hosts, we need to know which snail species birds consume. The intermediate hosts of all Trematoda flukes and of numerous para- sitic nematodes (Protostrongylidae, Trichiuridae, Filarioidae) are snails, while the eggs of bivalves develop into special larval stages termed glochidia, which live parasitically on the skin and gills of fish before com- pleting their development in mud. Bivalves are also important indicators in relation to birds. For example, it is known that the absence or presence in large numbers of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) affects con- 99

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Page 1: DATA ON THE MOLLUSC (MOLLUSCA) CONSUMPTION OF BIRDS …

A Q U I L A 1995. VOL. : 102 (99-107)

D A T A O N T H E M O L L U S C (MOLLUSCA) C O N S U M P T I O N O F B I R D S I N T H E D A N U B E D E L T A , R O M Á N I A

Botond J. Kiss-József Rékási & Andor Richnovszkyt

Abstract

Kiss, J. B.-J. Rékási-A. Richnovszkyt (1995): Data on the mollusc (Mollusca) consumption of birds in the Danube Delta, Románia. Aquila, 102, p. 00-00

The stomach contents of birds collected in the Danube Delta behoeen 1968-1985 showed that out of the 2154 specimens oflOO species examined, 422 individuals (20,39%) of 54 species had consumed molluscs. Above all, waterbirds had a considerable snail and bivalve consumption. Among the species in which more than 100 specimens were exam­ined, 49,3%o of Mailard (Anas platyrhynchos), 5,1% of Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), 43,6%> of Coot (Fulica atra), 4,7%, of Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), 29,6%, of Hooded Crow (Corvus corone cornix) and 19,8%, of Magpie (Pica pica) has consumed molluscs. The most often consumed species were found to be Lithoglyphus naticoides, Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbis planorbis, Helicella obvia and Valvata piscinalis.

Key words: molluscs, stomach contents, Románia.

Introduction

The objective of our research was to obtain a better picture of the m o l ­lusc consumpt ion of birds as w e l l as to collect data for a future s tudy on the compar ison of condi t ions i n Románia and Hunga ry . In Hunga ry , the mol lusc consumpt ion of birds has been s tudied by Keve-Kleimer (1931, 1936-37), Keve (1955), Vásárhelyi (1957, 1960), Sterbetz (1973), Rékási-Rich-novszky (1974), Bába (1975), Richnovszky (1975), Varga (1982), Sterbetz (1985), and Antonovics (1986).

The study of snails also has significance for health issues, since domes-tic b i rd parasites spend certain stages of their life cyele i n host animals, p r imar i l y snails. In order to learn more about the intermediate hosts, w e need to k n o w w h i c h snai l species birds consume.

The intermediate hosts of al l Trematoda flukes and of numerous para-sitic nematodes (Protostrongylidae, Trichiuridae, Filarioidae) are snails, w h i l e the eggs of bivalves develop into special larval stages termed glochidia, w h i c h l ive parasit ically on the sk in and gil ls of fish before com-plet ing their development i n m u d . Biva lves are also important indicators i n relat ion to birds. For example, it is k n o w n that the absence or presence i n large numbers of the Zebra M u s s e l (Dreissena polymorpha) affects con-

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Kiss, J. B.-Rckási, J. & Richnovszky, A.f (1995)

siderably the number of d i v i n g ducks and Coots i n a g iven area. The lite-rature from Románia on this subject is rather incomplete, there being only a few brief reports from the Danube Delta (Kiss-Rékási-Richnovszky-Sterbetz 1978, 1982-83, 1986a, 1986b). N o comprehensive study has yet been publ i shed .

M a t e r i a l a n d methods

W e examined the stomach contents of birds shot or found dead. The thir ty-two col lect ion sites lie w i th in , or i n the immedia te v ic in i ty of the actual Danube Del ta area w h i c h is förmed by the three branches of the River Danube. M o r e than 70% of our matériái originates from the dis-tricts of M a l i u c , M u r i ghio l , Sarinasuf, Letea and T u l ea.

The month ly d is t r ibut ion of birds collected was as fol lows: January 219, February 133, M a r c h 168, A p r i l 144, M a y 105, June 126, July 127, A u g u s t 241, September 275, October 208, N o v e m b e r 234, December 174. A total of 2154 specimens.

Food remnants were stored and dr ied in paper bags. The molluscs were listed according to their decreasing frequency and total number found. A letter "x" indicates that the total number could not be definitely established.

Table 1 shows the mol lusc -consuming b i rd species l isted i n the syste-matic order of Keve (1984) w i t h the number of specimens examined and the number and percentage of mol lusc -consuming ind iv idua l s .

Table 2 shows the mol lusc consumpt ion of 54 b i r d species collected between 1968-1985.

W i t h regard to the large number of species and specimens examined, negative results may also be of interest f rom the point of v i e w of tropho-logy. Table 3 lists the 46 b i rd species w h i c h were found to have not con­sumed molluscs .

Resul t s

W e examined the stomach contents of 2154 specimens of 100 b i rd species collected i n the Danube Delta between 1968-1985. 422 ind iv idua l s (20,9%) of 54 species (54,0%) had consumed molluscs. 52 mol lusc species were identified from the prey items, somé of w h i c h c o u l d only be classi-fied in a higher systematic category due to hav ing been heavi ly digested.

W e conc luded that mol lusc consumpt ion was not solely confined to strictly aquatic species. Smaller snail species are s w a l l o w e d either attached to other food items or as gastroliths. A m o n g the b i rd species of w h i c h more than 100 specimens were examined 49,3% of Ma l l a rds (Anas platyrhynchos), 5,1% of Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), 43,6% of Coots

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Data on the mollusc (Mollusca) consumption of birds.

Table 1. Bi rds consuming molluscs i n the Danube Delta between 1968-1985

1. táblázat. A Duna-deltában 1968-1985 közötti idó'szakban puhatestűeket fogyasztó madarak

No. Bird species Total number of specimens

examined

Number Percentage of mollusc-

consuming of mollusc-consuming specimens

specimens Sor­ Madár­ Összes vizsgált Puhatestűeket Puhatestűeket szám fajok egyedszám fogyasztók

egyedszáma fogyasztók százalékos

aránya

1. Podiceps grisegena 6 3 50,0 2. Phalacrocorax carbo 6 1 16,6 3. Ardea purpur ea 19 3 15,7 4. Plegadis falcinellus 30 15 50,0 5. Cygnus olor 5 2 40,0 6. Anser anser 15 5 33,3 7. Anas platyrhynchos 154 76 49,3 8. Anas querquedula 6 1 16,6 9. Anas crecca 13 4 30,7

10. Anas acuta 3 1 33,3 11. Anas elypeata 5 2 80,0 12. Netta rufina 5 2" 40,0 13. Aythya fidigula 6 4 66,6 14. Authya nyroca 61 7 11,4 15. Mergus serrator 2 2 100,0 16. Coturnix coturnix 8 1 , 12,5 17. Phasianus colelúcus 232 12 5,1 18. Rallus aquaticus 3 1 33,3 19. Gallinula chloropus 15 11 73,3 20. Fulica atra 126 55 43,6 21. Haematopus ostraleg US 1 1 100,0 22. Vanellus vanellus 8 1 12,5 23. Pluvialis squatarola 3 1 33,3 24. Charadrius alexandrinus 2 1 50,0 25. Charadrinus morinellus 1 1 100,0 26. Numenius arquata 2 1 50,0 27. Limosa limosa 13 6 46,1 28. Tringa totanus 1 1 100,0 29. Tringa ochropus 3 2 66,6

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Kiss, ]. B.-Rckási, /. & Richnovszky, A.f (1995)

No. Bird species Total number Number Percentage of of specimens mollusc-

examined consuming of mollusc-consuming specimens

specimens Sor­ Madár- Összes vizsgált Puhatestűeket Puhatestűeket szám fajok egyedszám fogyasztók fogyasztók

egyedszáma százalékos aránya

30. Actitis hyvoleucos 2 1 50,0 31. Gallinago gallinago 4 1 25,0 32. Scolopax rusticola 25 1 4,0 33. Caliciris minuta 1 1 100,0 34. Calidris alpina 8 1 12,5 35. Philomachus pugnax 3 2 66,6 36. Larus canus 1 1 100,0 37. Stcrna hirundo 14 1 7,1 38. Cokimba oenas 7 1 14,2 39. Colámba palumbus 8 1 12,5 40. Colámba livia 12 2 16,6 41. Streptopelia turtur 23 4 17,3 42. Streptopelia decaocto 585 28 4,7 43. Strix aluco 1 1 100,0 44. Coracias garrulus 12 1 8,3 45. Melanocorypha calandra 1 1 100,0 46. Alauda arvensis 1 1 100,0 47. Corvus corone cornix 330 98 29,6 48. Corvus frugilegus 14 5 35,7 49. Corvus monedida 5 1 20,0 50. Pica pica 141 28 19,8 51. Turdus pilaris 3 2 66,6 52. Turdus merula 2 1 50,0 53. Erithacus rubecula 4 1 25,0 54. Sturnus vulgaris 54 12 22,2

(Fulica atra), 4,7% of Co l l a r ed Doves (Streptopelia decaocto), 29,6% of H o o d e d C r o w s (Corvus c. cornix) and 19,8% of Magp ies (Pica pica) were found to have consumed molluscs .

The most frequently found mol lusc species were: Lithoglypluts naticoi-des, C o m m o n Bi thyn ia (Bithynia tentaculata), Ramshorn (Planorbis planor-bis), Larger Sandh i l l Sna i l (Helicella obvia) and C o m m o n V a l v e Snai l (Val-vata piscinalis).

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Data on the mollusc (Mollusca) consumption of birds.

Table 2. Mol lu scs among the stomach contents of 54 b i rd species collected i n the Danube Delta between 1968-1985

2. táblázat. A z 1968-1985 közötti idó'szakból a Duna-deltában gyűjtött 54 madárfaj puhatestű tápláléka

No. Molluscs consumed No. of stomachs No. of specimens where present

No. of specimens

Sorszám Puhatestű táplálék Eset db

1. Mollusca sp. 131 192 2. Lithoglyphus naticoides 51 395 3. Lamellibranchiata sp. 51 55 4. Indet. Mollusca sp. töredék 42 X

5. Bithynia tentaculata 23 73 6. Planorbis planorbis 20 48 7. Helicella obvia 20 37 8. Valvata piscinalis 16 25 9. Cardium sp. 9 9

10. Fagotia acicularis 8 38 11. Helicopsis striata 8 35 12. Gastropoda sp. 8 8 13. Vallonia pulchella 7 7 14. Theodoxus danubialis 6 13 15. Physa acuta 5 98 16. Dreissena polyniorpha 5 92 17. Chondrula tridens 5 39 18. Viviparus sp. 5 9 19. Cepaca vindoboncnsis 5 7 20. Theodoxus sp. 5 7 21. Viviparus contcctus 3 6 22. Anisus septenigyratus 3 5 23. Planorbis corneus 3 5 24. Hydrobia stagnorum 2 6 25. Monacha carthusiana 2 4 26. Stagnicola palustris 2 4 27. Valvata naticina 2 4 28. Helix poniatia 2 3 29. Perforatella rubiginosa 2 3 30. Lymnaea stagnalis 2 2 31. Viviparus acerosus 2 2 32. Fagotia esperi 1 76 33. Potamopyrgus jenkinsi 1 9 34. Cochlicopa lubrica 1 6 35. Planorbis spirorbis 1 5

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No. Molluscs consumed No. of stomachs No. of specimens where present

Sorszám Puhatestű táplálék Eset db

36. Pupilla muscorum 1 5 37. Theodoxus fluviatilis 1 5 38. Fagotia sp. 1 3 39. Unió pictonim 1 3 40. Viviparus fasciatus 1 3 41. Lymnaea peregra 1 2 42. Mytilus sp. 1 2 43. Anisus vortex 1 1 44. Gyraulus albus 1 1 45. Lymnaea palustris 1 1 46. Neritea sp. 1 1 47. Pecten sp. 1 1 48. Pisidium sp. 1 1 49. Planorbis sp. 1 1 50. Radix peregra 1 1 51. Segmentina nitida 1 1 52. Theodoxus transversalis 1 1

TöbZe 3. B i r d species not found to have consumed molluscs i n the Danube Del ta between 1968-1985

3. táblázat. A Duna-deltában 1968-1985 közötti időszakban gyűjtött puhatestűeket nem fogyasztó madarak

No. Bird species No. of specimens Sorszám Madárfajok Egyedszámuk

l.Gavia arctica 1 2. Podiceps nigricollis 2 3. Podiccps eristatus 34 4. Phalacrocorax pygmaeus 23 5. Ardeola ralloides 3 6. Egretta alba 1 7. Nycticorax nyeticorax 3 8. Ixobrychus minutus 1 9. Botaurus stellaris 1

10. Anser albifrons 4 11. Anas penelope 2 12. Aythya ferina 2 13. Circus cyaneus 1

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Data on the mollusc (Mollusca) consumption of birds.

No. Bird species No. of specimens Sorszám Madárfajok Egyedszámuk

14. Circus aeruginosus 1 15. Falco subbuteo 1 16. Perdix perdix 4 17. Porzana porzana 1 18. Arenaria interpres 2 19. Lymnocryptes minimus 4 20. Calidris alba 1 21. C. temminckii 1 22. Stercorarius parasiticus 2 23. Larus cadiinnans 2 24. Larus fuscus 2 25. Larus ridibundus 7 26. Larus ichtliyaetus 1 27. Cldidonias hybrida 2 28. Cldidonias niger 1 29. Gelochelidon nilotica 1 30. Sterna caspia 2 31. Cuculus canorus 1 32. Asio otus 1 33. Alcedo attliis 1 34. Merops apiaster 6 35. Upupaepops 1 36. Picus canus 1 37. Dryocopus martius 1 38. Dendrocopos maior 1 39. Garrulus glandarius 1 40. Parusis palustris 1 41. Oenanthe oenanthe 1 42. Coccothraustes coccothraustes 1 43. Carduclis carduelis 2 44. Carduelis ßanunea 1 45. Fringilla coelebs 1 46. Fringilla mon tifringilla 4

Total: 46 bird species 138 specimens Összesen: 46 madárfaj 138 egyed

M o r e interesting prey items found i n large quantities in certain sto-machs were 87 specimens of Bladder snail (Pliysia acuta), 53 Lithoglyplius natieoides, 50 Zebra Musse i s (Dreissena polymorplia) - an indicator species - and 19 Fagotia acicularis.

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H i g h mol lusc consumpt ion was found in M a l l a r d , Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), Ferruginous D u c k (Aytliya nyroca), Coot (Fulica atra) and F ie ld ­fare (Turdus pilaris).

It seems evident that snails are p r imar i ly a source of protein, their role as a supp ly of ca l c ium is only secondary. Larger snails were unusual and w h e n they d i d occur then it was invar iab ly i n the form of their t iny off-spr ing. Smal le r snails enter b i rds ' stomachs attached to other food items or w h e n being taken for pebbles. The X-ray examinations of Keve (1955) showed that shells have only a minor importance as gastroliths. Shel l debris found by birds is p r imar i l y a source of ca lc ium. Sterbetz (1985) found signif icantly more shell debris i n the s tomach contents of birds collected i n the egg-laying per iod and d u r i n g mou l t than du r ing migra ­t ion or i n winter . This f ind ing is suppor ted by our results. Snai l con­sumpt ion is not season-dependent, it is the life style of birds that deter-mines w h i c h species prey on molluscs .

Irodalom - References

Antonovits, D. (1986): Adatok Magyarországon gyűjtött madarak puhatestű táplálékáról. Soosiana, 14. p. 51-54.

Bába, K. (1975): Csigákat fogyasztó gerincesek. Soosiana, 3. p. 47-51. Keve-Kleiner, A. (1936): A madarak csiga és kagylótápláléka. Aquila, 36-37. p.

105-120. Keve-Kleiner, A. (1936): La consomation des mollusques per les Oiseaux.

L'Oiseaux et la Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, 2. p. 233-251. Keve-Kleiner, A. (1937): Über die Conchylien-Aufnahme der Vögel. Comtes ren-

dus du XII. Congr. Intern, de Zool., Lisbonne. p. 1805-1824. Keve, A. (1955): A madarak csigatápláléka, IV. Aqui la , 59-62. p. 69-81., Keve, A. (1984): Magyarország madarainak névjegyzéke. Budapest, Akad. Kiadó,

p. 100. Kiss, }. B.-Rékási, J. & Richnovszky, A. (1978): Romániában gyűjtött vadmadarak

csigatápláléka. Soosiana, 6. p. 35-44. Kiss, /. B.-Rékási, ]. & Richnovszky, A. (1982-83): Dobrudzsában (Románia)

gyűjtött vadmadarak puhatestű tápláléka. Soosiana, 10/11. p. 57-66. Kiss, J. B.-Rékási, J. & Sterbetz, I. (1985): Date noi privind hrana fazanului

(Phasianus colchicus) in Delta Dunarii, I. p. 115-121. Kiss, J. B.-Rékási, }. & Richnovszky, A. (1986a): Molluscen als Vogelnahrung. Proc.

of the 8th Intern. Malac. Congr. Budapest, 1983. p. 109-112. Kiss, /. B.-Rékási, J. & Richnovszky, A. (1986b): Die Untersuchung des Magenin­

halts der im Donau-Delta gesammelten Vögel. Soosiana, 14. p. 45-50. Richnovszky, A. (1975): A z ártéri erdő puhatestű (Mollusca) faunája és annak

szerepe a gerincesek táplálkozásában. Erdészeti és Faipari Egyetem, Erdő­mérnöki Kar, Vadgazdálkodási Tanszék, Sopron. Egyetemi jegyzet, p. 1-20.

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Data on tlw mollusc (Mollusca) consumption of birds.

Sterbetz, I. (1973): Madártáplálkozási adatok a Balaton vidékről. Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei, 12. p. 575-578.

Sterbetz, I. (1985): Subfossilis Mollusca-maradványok Délkelet-Magyarország szikes tavain vizsgált vízimadár gyomortartalmakban. Puszta, 3/12. p. 91-96.

Varga, A. (1982): Adatok a Streptopelia turtur csigafogyasztásához. Malakológiai Tájékoztató, 2. p. 34-35.

Vásárhelyi, I. (1957): A dolmányos varjú csigafogyasztása és a gólya, mint a tógazdaság tisztogatója. Aquila, 63-64. p. 295-296.

Vásárlich/i, I. (1960): Csigákat fogyasztó gerincesek a Bükkben. Vertebrata Hun-garica, II. 1. p. 109-132.

Kiss János Botond Tulcea

Of. p. 4. P. Box 13 8800 Románia

Author's address: Dr. Rékási József

Pannonhalma Vár u. 2. H-9090

Adatok a Duna-deltában (Románia) gyűjtött madarak puhatestű (Mollusca) táplálékához

Kiss János Botond-Dr. Rékási József & Dr. Richnovszky Andort

Összesen 100 madárfaj 2154 egyedének bromatológiai vizsgálatát végeztük el a Duna-deltában az 1968-1985 közötti időszakban. A rendkívül ritka madárfa­jokra való tekintettel a negatív eredményeket is fontosnak tartottuk közölni. Puhatestű táplálékot (52 Mollusca fajt) 54 madárfaj 422 egyedében (20,93%) talál­tunk. A megvizsgált madarak közül: az Anas platyrhynchos 49,3%-a; a Phasianus colchicus 5,1 %-a; a Fulica atra 43,5%-a; a Streptopelia decaocto 4,7%-a; a Corvus coro-ne cornix 29,6%-a; a Pica pica 19,8%-a fogyasztott puhatestűt.

A leggyakrabban fogyasztott Mollusca fajok: Lythoglyphus naticoidcs, Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbis planorbis, Helicella obvia és a Valvata piscinalis.

Különös fogyasztásként megemlíthetjük az egy-egy madárgyomorból szár­mazó nagyobb mennyiségű puhatestűt: a Physa acuta 37 példányát, a Lithog-lyphus naticoidcs 53 példányát, a Dreissena polytnorpha 50 példányát és a Fagotia acicularis 19 példányát.

A Duna-deltában vizsgált madarak puhatestű táplálékát egy későbbi tanul­mányban összevethetjük a Magyarországon gyűjtött anyaggal.

A madarak Mollusca-fogyasztása közegészségügyi jelentőséggel is bír.

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