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CHAPTER THREE

DATA PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

NATIONAL DEFENCE AS A PUBLIC GOOD

21. According to business dictionary.com,

“public good is an item whose consumption is not decided by the individual

consumer but by the society as a whole, and which is financed by taxation. A

public good or service may be consumed without reducing the amount available

for others and cannot be withheld from those who do not pay for it. Public good

and services include economic statistics and other information, law enforcement,

National Defence, parks and other things for the use and benefit of all. No market

exists for such goods, and they are provided for everyone by governments.”

22. Therefore, it can be assumed that there is a direct link between the national defence

and public good. If National Defence is exercised properly then the public will be benefitted.

On the other hand National Defence is of pertainingto or maintained by a nation as an

organized whole or independent political unit owned preserved, or maintained by the federal

government. Defence means resistance against danger, attack, or harm: protection. By

providing Defence expenditure, a positive stimulate effect on the economy of Sri Lankacan

be achieved for a rapid growth after defeating the LTTE. Moreover, National Defence is a

public good even if we consider it is only there to prevent from another attack. That is

because everybody can profit of the prevention at the same time. No other citizen can deny

the protection offered by the National Defence.

23. Defence expenditure can enhance growth if some of the expenditure is used to provide

social infrastructure and maintenance ofsuch as dams, roads, airports, communication

networks and also other forms of public good which are benefited by public. Defence

expenditure can provide to particular areas such as training, awareness programs and

education as well as nutrition, health care to the areas directly affected by the Tamil Ealam

war in Sri Lanka.

Different Complementary Services of Aspects that National Defence as Public Good

Transportation Aspects

24. Transportation is a main section that defence sector can involve. Presently the military

involves in crisis situations such as strikes. This should efficiently maintain further with a

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view to assisting the government to address the crisis situations with perfect solutions and to

ease the pressure on normal civilians.

25. On the other hand, the Navy and the Air Force can perform specific tasks in

transportation sector. The Navy can concentrate on tourist transportation. This will be a much

attractive and interesting new thing to both local and international tourists. The Air force can

also consider on air transportation inside the island. This can be done by either sea planes or

through air ports inside the country. Now theAir Force has started Heli-tour service which

gives opportunity to travel major tourist destination in Sri Lanka by planes.

Medical Aspects

26. Other than these areas, military can be used in many other fields such as medical field.

They can help the government to do the vaccination campaigns and other national level health

operations. Also they can reach places which normal civilian medical professional refuse to

move and do the necessary treatments for those who required medical treatments.

Life Guard Services

27. Life guard service has been done by the military services as social work.

Especially,the Navy has kept their lifeguard teams in and around the country. This service can

be developed further to provide more safety for the people.

Disaster Management

28. Disaster management can also be done by the forces very effectively. Presently, the

forces also give their maximum contributions to national disastrous situations. For example,

it is easy to highlight the work done by the forces during Tsunami disaster in 2004 and

flooding and land sliding in Rathanapura in 2003. In those situations the military forces did

rescue operations, evacuations, supplying of foods, clothes and other required items,

providing medical facilities and many more things to get civilian life back to normal. The

Navy and the Air Force are more vital in these situations than the ground forces. When

challenging the sea disasters role of Navy boats, divers are significant. The Air Force planes

can be used for quick transportation, and get to the location where there are no other means of

transport available.

29. There are side advantages in using military forces in such kind of situations too.

Normally, these people are trained not to be panicked in serious situations; therefore they can

take the required action without any further damages. Using them is more effective and

reliable using than using normal civilians as they have to be given prior training. Other than

that the military forces have a well-organized body and perfect management. Therefore,

bribery and corruption that occur in supplying and providing facilities through other means

can be minimized. Hence, disaster management in a post war scenario can be directly done by

military forces.

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The Post War Scenario and its Importance for the Economy of Sri Lanka

Brief History of the Sri Lankan Economy

30. The war had lasted nearly three decades. During that period it had influenced the Sri

Lankan economy, culture, and day to day life of the common people as well.The war

extensively damaged housing, roads, bridges, commercial and state property, irrigation

system, machinery, communications systems, plantations and fisheries. The total cost of

replacement of assets and houses, and cost of damages and property in the North and East

amount to Rs. 296.5 billion and total cost of property damaged outside the North and East

amounts to Rs. 32.7 billion. (Based on 2001 prices).

Recent Economy of Sri Lanka and Different Factors Affected on the Economy

31. Although suffering a brutal civil war that began in 1983, Sri Lanka saw GDP growth

average 4.5% in the last 10 years with the exception of a recession in 2001.

32. The government spending on development and fighting the LTTE drove GDP growth

to about 7% per year in 2006 to 2007 before the global recession slow growth in 2008, but

high government spending and high oil and commodity prices also raised inflation to around

15% in 2008.

33. Due to war past 30 years Sri Lankan economy faced many numerous problems.

Tourism industry, fisheries industry, agriculture and all other industries in northern and

eastern area were totally destroyed. The LTTE attacked economically important places such

as the airport, Central Bank, fuel storage complex in Kolonnawa. The government had to

spend a considerable amount of money from the National Income to rebuild these places.

Future Sri Lanka and Different Ways to Rebuild the Economy

34. The Finance Ministry Secretary Dr. PB Jayasundara gave an interview to the Daily

News on July 5, 2011. He said that government has managed to reduce the defence

expenditure systematically. Further, he expressed the criticism against spending much for

defence expenditure in a speech given at the Sri Lanka Economic Summit 2011 held at the

Cinnamon Ground Hotel as “Sri Lanka has faced so many criticisms for the high defence

expenditure.” “Defence allocation will further go down to 2.5% of the GDP, provided that

the economic growth rate remains above 6%. And public investment, including education and

rural development grew by 6.5% in 2010, despite 2.5% posted during 2000 and 2002.

35. Professor G.L. Peiris during his speech in KDU symposium expressed that Sri

Lanka‟s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by an impressive 8 % in 2010 over a relatively

low growth of 3.5 per cent in 2009. This was the second highest growth rate witnessed during

the past six decades and the highest growth rate reported during the past three decades. In

2011 Inflation rate control to 6%, foreign reserve increased up to $ 8 billion. All these were

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achieved mainly due to the end of the war. From these data, we can understand importance of

peace in country for economy development.

36. Thus, it is obvious that the end of the war positively affected the national economy

since the excessive expenditure for the military operations have been curtailed and the

allocated funds for military operations could be used for other development projects. This is

achieved due to the end of the war; therefore, what was spent for military operations was not

waste because it has laid the foundation for a better economy for the country.

37. The government policy on the agriculture as envisaged in the “MahindaChinthana

Vision for Future” focuses on several targets. These include achieving food security of the

people, ensuring higher and sustainable income and remunerative prices for farmers,

uninterrupted access to competitive markets both in Sri Lanka and abroad, farm

mechanization, expanding the extent under cultivation, reducing wastage in transit and

ensuring environmental conservation, introducing efficient farm management techniques and

using high yielding seeds and improved water management. Moreover, plans have been made

in order to use the recently liberated North and East area for agriculture, industry, and many

other projects.

38. To achieve all these, the government faces problems in utilizing experts because a

huge demand for professionally qualified experts in various fields has suddenly arisen. On the

other hand the remaining personnel have had the reluctance of executing their duties in these

liberated areas. Then, the tri forces showed their ability to extend their assistance to fill the

dearth of professional requirement for these projects.

Contribution of National Defence to the Economy Development

39. There are many development projects conducted in north and east area with the help

of the try forces. The government are now developing infrastructure facilities in north and

east area because to use these areas to get the maximum contribution to national economy,

the infrastructure such as proper roads, continuous supply of electricity and other facilities

should be developed.

40. On par with the development drive 'UthuruWasanthaya', a series of development

initiatives have been carried out under the guidance of Economic Development Minister Basil

Rajapaksa to provide the basic needs for the people of Jaffna. Development of electricity,

water supply and sanitation, agriculture, irrigation, livestock, inland fisheries, health

facilities, solid waste disposal systems, education, sports, cultural affairs and transportation

are some of the areas that will be covered under this program. Prof.G.L. Peirisin his Key Note

speech at the annual symposium of General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University on 18th

August 2011 emphasized that 95% of schools in northern area have been reconstructed with

the help of armed forces. Further he mentioned that developing infrastructure facilities in war

affected area is one of the major works that the military can be involved in.

41. Projects worth Rs. 1010 million have already been underway in the district. The total

cost of developing the A-9 Highway will be Rs. 710 million. A total of Rs. 380 million will

be spent on the Vavuniya-Horowpathana road and Rs. 360 million on the Medawachchiya-

Mannar road. Meanwhile road construction in relief villages currently housing IDP‟s is

nearing its completion at a cost of Rs. 150 million. Another important project is north railway

line. So far government have completed up to Omanthai. Sri Lanka Army engineering

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regiment doing the most of the construction in this project.Many schools in north and east

area were reconstructed by the armed forces. Regional school in Divulweva was newly

constructed by the Sri Lankan Air force.

42. Another water supply scheme for the people of Point Pedro, who mainly depended on

wells and tube wells, were provided with a massive 1350 m3 capacity elevated water tower.

The project would improve the water supply infrastructure and services in the Northern

region. Chempiyanpattu in Nagarkovil was also provided with electricity through the

UthuruWasanthaya programme. Kokavil tower project is one of the major projects involved

by Sri Lanka Army. This tower helps to develop telecommunication system in north and east

area.Agriculture being the main livelihood of the Jaffna people, more than 15 agrarian centres

have been open within this year to facilitate the farmers in the region. Until, the farmers

establish a proper agriculture, the military forces are involved in developing the abandoned

farms run by the government before the outbreak of the war.

43. The government has taken a decision to allow the largest BOI approved industry to be

located in Achchuveli. Another five major industries would also be set up in the North. The

minister noted that he takes actions to reopened Paranthan chemical factory, Pulmudai

factory and Kakasanthurai cement factory. This would generate more employment

opportunities to the educated youth in the North. These mega projects will be more beneficial

for economy development.After the defeat of LTTE armed forces involved in many

development programs all over the country. Diyagama international stadium, Sooriyawewa

international cricket stadium are a few of them. Government can save a lot of money as all

these construction done by the armed forces.

44. Due to peaceful situation in the country foreign investors have started investing in Sri

Lanka. This is a very good condition to boom the national economy. There is also a project to

develop KKS harbour, which is very important to economy of northern zone.

Development of Tourism and Fisheries Industry

45. Tourism and fisheries industry are two major industries that show tremendous

development after the end of war. Tourism industry had been one of the major industries

which contributed the national economy, and it had been one of the main incomes for then Sri

Lanka. However, due to the war, foreigners were reluctant to tour Sri Lanka. After the

war, an assurance was given to them to visit Sri Lanka. Moreover, there are many tourist

attractive locations in the recently liberated areas such as Nilaweli, Pasikuda, Arugambe etc.

The prevailing peaceful situation is highly essential to utilize those areas as prominent

locations for the tourist industry. Tourist Development Authority has made the arrangements

to establish 13 Tourist Resort in the Pasikudah Tourist area in Trincomalee.

46. Sri Lanka's tourist arrivals gained 32.3% in July from a year earlier to the highest level

since December, as the island nation kept attracting more visitors and tourism-related

investment since the end of a 25-year civil war.

47. Fisheries industry is another industry which can be developed after the war. During

war period, this industry in northern and eastern area was totally collapsed due to security

conditions in that area. But now fishermen can do their job without any obstacles. Hence, the

government should give them facilities to improve the industry. The Navy has special role to

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play regarding fisheries industry. They have to protect our sea line from others and provide

security for Sri Lankan fishermen.

STRENGTH AND THE CAPABILITIES OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

Strategic Role for Armed Forces

48. During past few decades, armed forces had major role to defeat terrorism. Now there

is no more war in country. So role of armed forces now transit from conflict era to peace full

situation.The complementary services referred here are important during the period of

transition.Therefore, the role with respect to role of defence during the period of transition is

important for the future of National Defence. The armed forces have the strength and potential

to take a share of responsibility in regional security arrangements to prevent Sri Lanka from

becoming the hunting ground for external powers. The introduction of Sri Lanka as a new

military factor in the regional security spectrum has to be reckoned in future operational

planning of all powers including India. It will be in the interest of both India and Sri Lanka to

evolve greater strategic convergence between both countries to ensure better coordination of

their security strategies to their mutual advantage. This would enable both nations to keep the

Indian Ocean region sanitized from external forces.

49. When we consider about the defence service directly their involving with the war. But

the problem appears with the post war scenario. What do they have to do? That is the main

question in before Sri Lankan military. As a third world country, we have to do many more

things to develop our culture, security, health, and economy etc. Those defence service

officers and soldiers are undergoing with post war, they can involve with above subjects to

develop our country. Military officers and soldiers are well trained and they can involve to

any matter in correct manner. If they have some knowledge regarding particular subject they

cope upwith it. For achieve this aim we have to give the basic knowledge.

50. Professor G.L.Peiris explained that role of armed forces in post war scenario have two

dimensions. That is internal and external in the country. Internally armed forces can involve

with development programs in country. At the same time they have to face external threats.

51. When the war times there were a number of military bases and camps were situated all

over the country especially in North and Eastern provinces. Therefore, in a post war situation

we do not need such numbers of military establishments. Therefore what we have to do is to

reduce the number of camps and check points. However, that is not such as easy task. First we

have to find out what are the vulnerable places for a sudden internal or external threat. On the

other hand we have to study our national interest and our military strategy.

52. The Army has expanded too fast and the period for new recruits‟ training has become

shorter. As the new army commander Lt General JagathJayasuriya has emphasized the army

needs to be trained with greater discipline and professionalism to make it fit a first rate

fighting force for conventional operations. This is usually an on-going process in the army and

that should take priority.

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Strength and the Current Role of Sri Lanka Army

53. The Sri Lanka Army is the oldest and largest of the Sri LankaArmed Forces and is

responsible for land- based military and humanitarian operations. Established as the Ceylon

Army in 1949, it was renamed when Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972. The government of

Sri Lanka launch a military campaign against the LTTE in mid-2006, which resulted in

eradicating the menace of terrorism/separatism in less than three years from the soil of Sri

Lanka.On 19 May 2009, the Sri Lankan military effectively concluded its 26 year operation

against the LTTE.

54. As of the year 2010, the Army has believed to have approximately 200,000 regular

and reserve personnel approximately between 20,000-40,000 and 18,000 National

Guardsmen and comprises 13 operational divisions, one air-mobile brigade, one commando

brigade, one special forces brigade, one independent armoured brigade, three mechanized

infantry brigades and over 40 infantry brigades. From the 1980s to 2009 the army was

engaged in the Sri Lankan civil war.The army has seven regiments of amour (including one

volunteer regiment), nine regiments of artillery (including two volunteer regiments), seven

engineer regiments (including one volunteer regiment), ten regiments of signals (including

one volunteer regiment), 97 infantry battalions, one mechanized infantry battalion, four

commando regiments and three special forces regiments.

Strength

55. The army needs to be trained with greater discipline and professionalism to make it fit

a first rate fighting force for conventional operations. This is usually an on-going process in

the army and that should take priority.

56. Plans to raise the morale of the Army personnel by imparting knowledge on new

training methods and technological innovations that are much-needed for an Army to be

professionally qualified. On the instructions of the Defence Secretary, new courses covering

tactics, offensive methods and ground operations are to be introduced for the first time in the

history of Sri Lanka Army with a view to sharing our battle experiences with foreign Armies.

The Role of Sri Lanka Army in the Post Conflict Scenario

57. In the post conflict scenario, the army has a tremendously important role to play

especially in assisting the government in post-war development work. The first major task is

the de-mining process.

58. Next sole objective is to march towards development in order to make our country the

„Miracle of Asia‟ while giving maximum support to government efforts. In achieving those

development goals, Sri Lanka Army has a formidable role to play since the Army which won

the appreciation of the nation after defeat of terrorism and its challenges, is capable of

shouldering any such tasks in the future too.

The Soldiers are now in the Development Process of the North

59. The Army is involved in the re-building process in the North and East in a major way.

They are assisting the people at grass root level in animal husbandry and farming. Besides, all

engineering feats of road building are under the purview of the Army. Being trained as goal

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oriented HR persons, the Army is bound to take the new role away from the battleground to

new heights of achievement.

60. A separate contingent of army engineers have been deployed on de-mining tasks.

Attention is also needed in the repair and reconstruction work on roads, bridges, and irrigation

tanks and also in the provision of infrastructure facilities. Because of the war which was

spread over the last 30 years, there has been no development work in those areas.

How will the Sri Lankan Army Assist in the Global War on Terror?

61. The same situation that was prevailing in Sri Lanka is prevailing in Haiti. And with

experience over the last 30 years, Sri Lanka army quite capable of understanding the situation

that is prevailing there, the way of assist them, and the way of operate there. Sri Lanka Army

can assist the other armies fighting terrorism and offer them training if they wish. There have

been many requests by other armies requesting such training and this is a good indication that

they have recognized the task that they have accomplished [by defeating the LTTE

militarily].The Army is exploring opportunities to send more officials to United Nation peace

keeping missions.

The Projects to Uplift the Living Standards of Military Personnel

62. The SevaVanitha Army Branch, engaged in many welfare role are actively working

for the upliftment of living conditions of the War Heroes, War Hero families, disable War

Heroes and children of fallen War Heroes by way of house constructions, award of

scholarships and numerous other supportive programmes.

63. „Brave Hearts‟, while collecting funds for its „Abimansala‟, the special holiday resort

for rest and recreation of disable War Heroes at Anuradhapura is expected to declare it open

in the first quarter of the new year. The SevaVanitha Army leading a prominent role in this

connection should be commended. The second stage of the „Abimansala‟ is to be set up in

Wayamba and South within this year. Besides, following a concept of the Secretary Defence,

a similar Centre for rest and recreation is to be a reality in Aththidiya area very shortly.

RanaviruSevana, in English "Shelter for War Heroes", is the main establishment operated

under Sri Lanka Army's Rehabilitation Directorate. There are thirteen other establishments

located around the country operated under the same commandment. RanaviruSevana is

dedicated to look after young men and women who are permanently disabled due to injuries

received in the war.

Strength and the Current Role of the Navy of Sri Lanka

64. History of the Sri Lanka Navy runs back to as far as 1937. In 1972 with Ceylon

becoming the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, the Royal Ceylon Navy became the

Sri Lanka Navy. The Sri Lanka Navy (SLN) being the only Naval Arm of the Sri Lankan

Armed Forces is classed as the most vital defence force of Sri Lanka, due to the fact that Sri

Lanka is an island. According to the latest Navy list Sri Lanka Navy has approximately

50,000 personnel on active duty as of today.

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Contribution to the War Effort

65. Sri Lanka Navy proved its might by venturing out to deep sea for thousands of miles

away from our coasts with its “men of war” and hunting down the LTTE floating ware houses

thereby depriving the LTTE of the logistic support which is an important principle in any kind

of warfare for a force to sustain in battle. The most daring force of all time sea battle and the

cutting edge of SLN was the Fast Attack Craft (FAC) Squadron, held the line tight and stayed

together against all odds at sea. The Special Boats Squadron (SBS) along with the Rapid

Action Boat Squadron (RABS) opened a new concept in littoral combat especially within the

sphere of asymmetric warfare to effectively counter the swarming tactics of the Sea Tigers

The Role of the Sri Lanka Navy in the Present Context

66. In an interview with the Daily News the Navy Commander says that the role of the

Navy has been expanded in order to cater to the newly arisen needs. He says,

“During the last three decades of war, Sri Lanka Navy has been gradually

structured to provide four fundamental military and non-military capabilities.

First is control of the sea to assure Sri Lanka can use the oceans for economic

and military purposes while denying such access to opponents in time of crisis or

war.

Second is the ability to project power ashore with naval gunfire, rockets, and

marine forces, either in support of sea-control or to support a joint campaign

ashore.

Third, the Navy provides Aid to Civil Power in time of unrest or any civil

disturbances.

Finally, the Navy provides aid by way of men, expertise and material in times of

natural calamities. Now the war is over. Yet the battle for success to free our

nation from the chains of human suffering caused by the violence of LTTE’s war

of destruction has just begun. Sri Lanka as a nation must look back and ponder if

they really want to look beyond”

67. When concentrate the final fact we can assume all major items such as ships and craft.

Even for spare parts there is a lead-time. The Government has provided us with all necessary

funding but you can see that you can‟t expand a Navy overnight. It takes time. We are in the

process of increasing the strength in respect of manpower, ships and craft and equipment.

Protection of Maritime Resources and Fishing Industry

68. Rear Admiral JayanathColombage presented his research based on Maritime Threats

And Maritime Security-Way Ahead For Sri Lanka at the KDU symposium‟s defence session

III on 19th

August 2011. He mentioned the following facts in his research paper.

“ We all are aware of the fact that Sri Lanka being an island, by the rights granted

by the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), can claim a

sea area of 21 times of its size of land areas. More importantly, all the living and

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non-living marine resources there in are belonged to us. These include the crude

oil deposits, minerals and marine life. It is incumbent on the Navy to protect these

resources being illegally exploited and preserve them for the generations to come.

It is equally important to protect our fishing vessels in cases of natural disasters or

even form any kind of atrocities by illegal fishermen on our vessels and above all

from the perpetrators of gun running, drug trafficking and human smuggling.

Hence, constabulary duties in the waters extending up to 200 NM from the coastal

lines. Radars capable of detecting any inbound threat or any unwanted guest in the

sea for a distance of 400km (200 NM) from the coast. All these radars are

positioned at strategically important coastal locations and with time to come, will

be definitely fortified and expanded as deemed necessary. It is very important have

continuous surveillance and naval operation to avoid, arms and drug smuggling to

Sri Lanka, coming back of LTTE cadres, to Sri Lanka.

69. There is no doubt that future of our country depends heavily on sea borne trade and the

other use/ exploitation of the sea. We have a duty to keep our ports secure and Sea Lanes of

Communications free from any threat and also to assist/protect those exploring the ocean for

living and non-living resources

70. In KDU symposium defence secretary GotabayaRajapakse also said that future role of

Navy should be changed according to these needs. Today the SLN is among the most

experienced Naval forces specially that of an island Nation in the world.

Naval Diplomacy and Strengthening of International Relation

“ Naval Role does not cease at the limits of maritime boundaries but goes far beyond.

Navy makes good will visits to certain countries and even invite them to do combine naval

exercise to instil confidence and cooperation among such navies. The SLN does the role of a

diplomat in such interactions. Sri Lanka Navy is playing an important role in enhancing

bilateral relations with our closest neighbour India by conducting combined training

exercises and all other multi-faceted interactions with the Indian Navy.”

71. According to the above facts Indian Ocean is a maritime arena where global and

regional powers are busy making new alliances and strategic repositioning of their naval

assets, along with building new capabilities. There is the real possibility that national and

regional events could draw Sri Lanka into the centre of this tripartite (US, China, India)

geopolitical rivalry

72. Commodore JJ Ransinghe, present Director Training of Sri Lanka Navy claims the

Navy has been able to combined with other Navies as mentioned the above during the KDU

symposium‟s defence session III on 19th

August 2011

73. In the same session, Ms.PrabhaJayasinghe uttered the influences and importance of Sri

Lanka being in Indian Ocean under her topic Placing Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean

Geopolitically Rivalry.

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Strength of the role of Sri Lankan Air Force

Strength of the Sri Lanka Air Force

74. The Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) is the air arm and the youngest of the Sri Lanka

Armed Forces. It was founded in 1951 as the Royal Ceylon Air Force (RCYAF) with the

assistance of the Royal Air Force (RAF). The SLAF played a major role throughout the Sri

Lankan Civil War. The SLAF operates more than 160 aircraft and has a projected trained

strength of 27,400 airmen and 1,300 officers, who are from both regular and reserve service.

75. During 30 years conflict air force play major role. SLAF men & machine soared to the

sky, along with the military thrust that started from Mavilaru. They touched down, only after

victory was declared by the commander –in-chief of Sri Lanka‟s armed forces, after defeating

LTTE.

Role of the Sri Lanka Air Force in the Present Context

76. Starting from resettlement, SLAF has progressed towards provision of hundreds of

acres for agriculture, building up school for the children apart from providing security to the

resettles. They also have given, assurance to the government authorities to step forward in

opening their local offices & function as it used to. Many non-governmental organizations

were also encouraged & assisted in re-developing the infrastructure, which was destroyed at

the hands of the LTTE. The explosive ordinance disposal term, another subunit of SLAF

regiment, it deployed across liberated areas engaged in de mining activities, directly

facilitating of IDPs to their homes.

77. The Air Force has limited capability to keep Sri Lanka air space sanitized. It is

probably capable of providing close air support both with fighters and gunships to a divisional

front. Its air lift capability is probably an infantry battalion minus. Air support was one of the

key elements of Sri Lankan success. The Air force has ordered a number of military transport

helicopters and other weaponry from Russia, the country's defence secretary said in an

exclusive interview with Rianosti. "I have managed to reach an agreement with Russia on a

loan to purchase military equipment, primarily helicopters for the air force, and other

weaponry," GotabhayaRajapaksa said, adding that the helicopters had been already ordered.

Rajapaksa did not specify the amount of the deal or the number of helicopters, but said they

were needed in the first place "to transport military personnel. He added that Sri Lanka was

willing to develop stronger military ties with Russia. "

Development Projects done by Sri Lanka Air force

Newly Refurbished Ward No. 3 Declared Open

78. The Commander of the Air Force, Air Marshal HarshaAbeywickrama declared re-

opened the newly refurbished ward No. 3 of the Mulleriyawa Mental Hospital on 21st June

2011.This female Ward has been maintained by the SLAF since 1985.

Garment factory project

79. Sri Lanka Air Force Sevavanithaunit launched the garment factory project as

permanent income generating mode. Total turnover of this project at the end of the year

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2010was Rs. 41 million and was able to earn a net profit of Rs.7.1 million. The funds generate

by this project will be utilize for other project launched by SLAF Sevavanithaunit.

Scholarship for Children

80. The GuvanViruPranama scholarship awards ceremony organized by the SevaVanitha

Unit of the Sri Lanka Air Force. The Janashakthi Insurance PLC sponsored the program and it

was awarded to hundred needy students in the age group between 10 to 17 years.Marian

Gunathilake scholarship fund also support to children of SLAF war heroes to do their higher

education.

Marble Beach Air Force Resort

81. A place that is considered amongst the top beaches in the world in Trincomalee, Air

force have their own beach resort at marble beach Trincomalee.

SLAF Welfare Filling Station inNegombo

82. The Sri Lanka Air Force welfare filling station Negombo dealership & management

have been ably handled by Sri Lanka Air Force since 1992. As of today, it stands spotless as

the proud recipient of the Ceypetco good housekeeping 2010 award.

Helitours

83. Helitours the largest & premier domestic air service in Sri Lanka, operated by the

SLAF. Helitours resumed its operations on the 21st of July last year after the successful

conclusion of the "humanitarian operations". Since then, Helitours has transported 2669

passengers, clocking nearly 520 flying hours in the process Through Helitours the SLAF

offers scheduled flights to Palaly and China Bay.

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Schedule Programme

Destination Day Departure Return One Way

(LKR)

Both

Ways(LKR)

Ratmalana to

Palaly

Monday-

Wednesday-

Friday

0800Hrs 0900Hrs 9550 19100

Ratmalana to

Chinabay

Monday &

Friday 0800Hrs 1400Hrs 4100 8200

Ratmalana to

Batticaloa Tuesday 0800Hrs 1400Hrs 6100 12200

Ratmalana to

Ampara Tuesday 0800Hrs 1430Hrs 5600 11200

Ratmalana to

Anuradhapura Thursday 0800Hrs 5000

CHALLENGES OF NATIONAL DEFENCE IN CURRENT CONTEXT OF SRI

LANKA

Tamil Diaspora and itsInfluence to Sri Lanka

84. Diaspora is the dispersal or the scattering of persons with common identity such as

culture and language in different directions. The Tamil Diaspora can be categorized into two

parts. They are pre Diaspora1983 and post 1983Diaspora.For the past Quarter Century the

Tamil Diaspora has shaped the Sri Lankan political landscape thorough it‟s financial and

Ideological Support to the Military struggle for an Independent Tamil state. Although The

May 2009 defeat of the Liberation tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE) has dramatically reduce the

Diaspora influence, the majority of Tamils outside Sri Lanka continue to support a separate

state and the Diaspora Money can ensure it plays a role in the country‟s future.

85. Different parts of the diaspora served different functions for the tigers. LTTE saw the

west as a goldmine and almost unlimited source of cash. According crisis group Asia

reporting 2005 some outlets werehandle an estimated $25,000-$50,000 per month. U.S state

and treasury department officials estimate that during the war LTTE earned $100-$200

million a year. The tigers depended on a complex global network of managers to raise funds,

which were often invested in legal operations like restaurant and real estate, shipping lines.

Funds were generated through other activities, such as passport forgery, narcotic and human

trafficking. Significant funds also came from individual contributions through community

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temples, cultural and political events. For large events in Toronto and London, such as

Prabakaran‟sheroes day speech.Substantial amounts were also collected through systemized

donations or taxes to ensure a regular flow of income.

RESETTLEMENT PROGRAMMES

86. More than 220,000 people who were forced to flee due to the armed conflict that had

ended in 2009 are still living in displacement at the end of May, 2011 according to

government figures. Over one third among them were “old” IDPs, who had displaced prior to

April 2008, while the rest were “new” IDPs, displaced during the last year of the conflict.

Almost 190,000 were staying with host families, while 30,000 were living in temporary

camps, including more than 16000 in Menik Farm, and in transit situations. The following

maps indicated the resettlement areas comparatively according to the months.

October 2009 February 2010

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June 2010 November 2010

Resettlement and Release Movements

86. Resettlement programmes are carried out based on two processes; they are,

a. Return to original location/habitat.

b. Relocation to other areas.

87. According to above facts almost 297,000 “new” IDPs have retuned so far. 9, 287

IDPs have failed. This number includes 9, 191 IDPs in Menik Farm Relief Village and 96

IDPs in Jaffna Ramavil transit camp. The government has resettled and released 271, 199

IDPs.

88. Accordingly, 233, 628 IDPs from Vavuniya, Mannar, Trincomalee and other districts

have been resettled in their places of origin.9,851 IDPs in the Jaffna district have been

resettled in their places of origin such as Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya and Trincomalee.The

government has resettled 95% of IDPs with the help of security forces so far under its

programme for the speed resettlement. The Government reunited the IDPs who were released

for humanitarian reasons with their relations

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Resettlement According to the Districts (As At 15.07.2011)

Returns From Districts(To Place of

Origin)

Families Male Female Persons

1 Vavuniya, Mannar,

Trincomalee

(pulmuddai)

Ampara 191 260 331 591

2 Trincomalee 2,112 3,174 3,530 6,704

3 Batticaloa 897 1,140 1,374 2,514

4 Vavuniya 8,406 13,215 14,149 27,364

5 Mannar 4,532 7,359 7,907 15,266

6 Jaffna 19,468 28,647 31,240 59,887

7 Mulaitivu 12,696 19,868 21,349 41,217

8 Killinochchi 19,778 31,751 34,654 66,405

9 Kandy 5 11 15 26

10 Pollonnaruwa 1 1 1

11 Puttalam 10 18 15 33

12 Kegalle 4 6 8 14

13 Baddulla 1 1 1 2

14 Colombo 2 3 2 5

15 Gampaha 1 1 2 3

16 NuwaraEliya 2 2 2 4

17 Galle 1 1 1

18 Mathale 1 1 2 3

19 Kurunegala 2 3 6 9

Sub Total 68,110 105,461 114,588 220,049

Returns (26 March

to 18 June 2009)

To various Districts 1,429

Total 68,110 105,461 114,588 221,478

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0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Families

Male

Female

Problems when Commencing Resettlement

89. This research identifies major problems when commencing the resettlement programs.

a. Lands mines

b Regrouping LTTE cadres

90. Focusing these two major problems national defence involves demining programme

and rehabilitation programme.

Demining Programmes

91. SL Army Started proper Humanitarian Demining operation in September 2003. Sri

Lanka Army Humanitarian Demining Contingent was upgraded as a professional entity with

all three components of Humanitarian Demining. They are Manual, Mechanical &Mine

Detection Dog (MDD). The aim of the demining programme is to reduce the social,

economic and environmental impact of landmine and Unexploded Ordnance(UXO)

contamination.

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92. According to Brigadier LasanthaWickramasuriya RSP USP psc in the “Bangkok

Workshop on Achieving a Mine-FreeSouth East Asia”, the significant increase in operations

by the Sri Lankan Army's Humanitarian Demining Unit (HDU) along with eight active

demining organizations, the Sri Lankan government expects to complete the demining

operations in the North by the end of this year to resettle the internally displaced persons

(IDPs) remaining in welfare camps.

93. The landmines spread around the North and East of Sri Lanka has meant that families

cannot return to their homes and livelihoods. The troops had found more than 358,588 mines

in an area of 3971 square Kilometers and the area to be cleared land mines has reduced to 300

square Kilometers from 4,400 square Kilometers by this month. Sri Lanka army humanitarian

demining unit has accelerated the demining programme, and it has been achieved higher

result so far.

Demining Progress Made by SLA since May 2009 in Northern Province up to 29 July

2011

AREA CLEARED

54%

REMAINING46%

DEMINING PROGRESS IN NOTHERN PROVINCE

DISTRICT AREA

ALLOCATED

AREA

CLEARED REMAINING

MINE RECOVERED

Anti-

personnel

Anti-

Tank

Unexploded

Ordnance

Jaffna 72,867,887 22,247,855 49,708,610 6,107 24 1,468

Mannar 558,845,893 140,333,298 164,712,595 14,639 9 5,356

Kilinochchi 5,930,902 5,227,517 703,385 `1,109 0 155

Mulativu 807,137,916 139,020,563 72,377,221 6,601 61 5,467

Vavuniya 44,819,435 43,205,687 1,613,748 8,630 115 437

Total 1,615,316,895 350,034,920 299,531,840 37,086 209 12,883

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Anti-personnel

35%

Anti Tank1%

Unexploded Ordnance

64%

EASTERN PROVINCE MINE RECOVERED

Demining progress made by SLA since May 2009 in eastern province up to 29 July 2011

DISTRICT MINE RECOVERED

Anti-

personnel

Anti

Tank

Unexploded Ordnance

Batticaloa 545 10 181

Trincomalee 382 9

Ampara 134 7 1,748

TOTAL 1,061 17 1,938

Anti-personnel

74%

Anti-Tank0%

Unexploded Ordnance

26%

NOTHERN PROVINCE MINE RECOVERED

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REHABILITATION PROGRAMS FOR THE WAR EFFECTED PEOPLE

94. At the interview with the Director of the Ministry of Rehabilitation and Prison reforms

Mr.ADissanayaka following details were collected. With the end of war lot of LTTE cadres

surrendered to government forces. These people can directly be trained to assist the national

development. However, before releasing them into civil society they should be rehabilitated.

95. All the rehabilitation programmes are being conducted under the Commissioner

General of Rehabilitation. Presently Maj. GeneralSudanthaRanasingha,RWP,RSP,PSC is the

Commissioner General of all the rehabilitation programmes conducted by the Ministry of

Rehabilitation. Sri Lankan defence services hadlaunched a five year strategy (2008-2012) to

disarm,demobilize,and rehabilitate misguided armed personnel and successfully integrate

them into their families and communities as individuals with positive attitude,employable

skills and leadership aptitude. The Bureau of the Commissioner General of Rehabilitation

(BCGR) has stated that 11698 ex-combatants have been identified and earmarked for

rehabilitation.

96. With the influx of such a large number of ex-combatants and the expanded support of

the Ministry of Defence and the military the bureau in a pursuit of its goals has established

new centres and expanded the existing Rehabilitation centres and widened the

programmes.According to the publication of Ministry of Rehabilitation and Prison reforms

“progress of year 2010 and the Future vision”, the details of Rehabilitation programmes and

the progress of implementing them is based on the vision of His Excellency the president to

serve the misguided ex-combatants who voluntarily surrendered or were identified as such,to

become useful citizens of the society. Thus, building the foundation for a lasting peace is on

progress.

Information on Rehabilitees underPurview of the Bureau of the Commissioner General

of Rehabilitation

End of the War Reintegration No of Rehabilitant Person in

Rehabilitation Centers

No of Rehabilitees No of Rehabilitated

Person

In 08 Rehabilitation Centers

effective on 05.07.2011

Female 2264 2130 100

Male 9400 5839 2846

Total 11,664 7969 2946

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REHABILITATION CENTRE MEN WOMEN TOTAL

Nelukkulam training school 436 436

Pompaimaducampushostal centre 246 246

Tamil primary college-vavuniya 287 287

Maradamadu 570 570

Welikanda 392 392

Kandakadu 796 796

Thellipple 119 17 136

Co-operative training centre-

poonthottam

83 83

TOTAL 2846 100 2946

Organizational Structure and the Staff

97. Initially the Bureau was established with a limited approved cadreof 62 predominantly

civilian staff. In view of the sudden influx of ex-combatants, the Bureau was obliged to rely

on greater military staff and resources for carrying on the rehabilitation programme.At present

86% of Bureau staff consist of military personnel assigned to the Bureau.The balance 14% are

civilians employed on renewable fixed-term yearly contract

“Rehabilitation Villages” at Kandaikadu/ Thrikonamadu with Emphasis on

Agricultural based Vocational Training

98. A complex of 12 PARCs each intended to accommodate 500 ex-combatants when

fully operational totalling 6000 trainees are located in the proposed 11,000 Acre Agriculture/

Livestock farm complex. Approximately 2000 trainees are presently accommodated

therein.Administration and logistics of 06 sectors(each sector to be managed as a separate

farm) have been entrusted to the Sri Lanka Army and Sri Lanka Air force with Bureau of

commissioner General Rehabilitation coordinating the Rehabilitation and Vocational Training

aspects.

Vocational Training Programmes are been Carried out to all Rehabilitees

99. Arrangements had been made to direct the trainees to rehabilitation programmes who

were over aged and who were unable to continue their school education at the rehabilitation

matters, by the bureau of the commissioner Generals bureau Rehabilitation. Accordingly,

vocational training programmes in various fields were conducted by one government

institution to the minor trainees.The following are particulars of programmes.

a. Welding course for twenty seven male minor trainees was conducted by the

vocational training authority-Vauniya.

b. A course of electricity was commenced by vocational training authority for

twenty three male minor trainees.

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c. A course of aluminium re-product was commenced by V.T.A vocational

Training Authority for twenty six male minor trainees.

d. A course of carpentry was commenced by Vocational Training Authority

Vauniya for 12 male minor trainees.

e. Masonry course was commenced by vocational training authority for twenty

six male trainees.

Other Programmes

100. Other programmes conducted under the Bureauof the Commissioner General for the

Misguided Armed Personnel are as follows.

a. IT related vocational training programmes for Ex-combatants.

b. “Cricket for change” sports as a medium for Reconciliation.

c. Psychological development and counselling.

d. Mental development programmes.

e. Six months duration programmes for House wiring, Carpentry,Repairing

cycles end three wheelers,plumbing.

f. Training courses for the female trainees in Juki machines, Beauty culture,

training,Montessori training.

g. Family planning programmes.

101. Related information of rehabilitation programmes was gathered with the interview of

Secretary of the Ministry of Mass Media and Information, about the rehabilitation

programmes currently conducting for the disabled war heroes. According to that the

rehabilitation programmes for the war affected people are,

a. Looking after the residue of the war that is the lame, the blind, the disabled

and the next of kin of the dead.

b. Under Free medical aid schemes programme a panel of doctors was appointed

in each district. They have consents to treat the families of soldiers.

c. Concessions have been arranged for the admission of children of service

personnel to schools of their choice.

d. Arrangements have been made to obtain transfers of wives of service

personnel to stations of their choice.

e. Insurance schemes such as accident insurance personnel insurance and driver

insurance service also available to the disabled people from war.

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f. Hire purchase scheme is also one of the schemes were purchase of house hold

goods on easy payment. Also for the convenience of purchases island wide and the

security of cash on person.

g. There is also some vocational training for the disabled people during the war

such as computer training, gem cutting, tailoring, basket weaving, TV and radio

repairs, computer operation, animal husbandry, accounting and clerical duties, hotel

management and cookery. Because of these trainings they are able to come out

again to the economy as useful productive people who are useful to the economy.

Diaspora afterDefeat of LTTE

102. Within Sri Lanka, the LTTE has stopped functioning. Its leadership is mostly dead and

thousands of former fighters and suspected supporters are in detention camps. However, some

reportedly escaped before the end of the war

103. In U.S state department report, mentioned that India is the most convenient place for

the tigers to regroup and rearm. There are some evidences that LTTE begun training camps in

Tamil Nadu. During 2011 KDU symposium Dr.Rohan Gunarathne mentioned that the Pro

tiger elements in the Diaspora continue to raise funds in order to carry forward the struggle for

a separate state in new non-violent forms. Several new organizations are fundraising for this

purpose.

104. KP former leader of LTTE had arrested by Sri Lankan government. After that LTTE

leadership now divided to two parts. One is compressed of KP loyalist and led by Visvanathan

Rudrakumaran and other one is led by Nediyawan who studied at Moscow and now operated

from Norway.

105. Translational government of Tamil Elam still in the planning stages, the TGTE is an

ambitious attempt to rebrand the LTTE as a non-violent democratic political body in the

diaspora. At present, New York lawyer Visvanathan Rudrakumaran is the acting head of the

TGTE‟s executive committee.

106. Dr.Gunarathne in his presentation told that several efforts have begun to take shape to

carry forward the LTTE‟s struggle. Chief among them are the transnational government of

TamilElam (TGTE) and the global Tamil forum (GTF). Their immediate aim is to convince

western countries to pressure Sri Lanka to negotiate a political deal with Tamils. They try to

win their demands by pressuring Sri Lanka government. With the help of human right

organizations and other nongovernmental organizations they continue their propaganda. Now

they plan to accuse Sri Lankan government on war crimes.

107. Specially through the UN organization Tamil diaspora can fulfil their objectives.

Diaspora next objective is to like south Sudan establish a separate state through the help of

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western countries and UN. It is not easy to do that but in the future it will be a threat to our

country.

108. Dr.Gunarathne in his speech explains the need of powerful foreign relationships. Still

India gives helping hand to us. But we cannot ignore the influence on Tamil Nadu. LTTE can

regroup in the Tamil Nadu. Especially our intelligence service should powerful to face this

situation. Before problem come we should analysts the situation.

Involvement ofNon-Government Organization

109. NGOs are defined by their voluntary, independent, and not-for-profit status. Military

and other entities that begin operations in humanitarian emergencies will find various types of

NGOs in the area that focus on many different types of services.

110. In Sri Lanka there are many Non-government organizations work. They doing

number of important programs in Sri Lanka in order of helping innocent war affected people.

Red Cross, human rights watch, united nation are some international non-government

organizations. But at the same time Sri Lanka faced several problems because of these non-

government organizations. Many organizations truly helping to people and they doing

humanitarian operations in north and eastern provinces, but at the same time there some

organizations work in Sri Lanka for other objectives. Their primary task is to helping to

terrorism while acting as non-government organization. After defeat of war lot of evidences

found that some non-government organizations have given their resources to LTTE. Some

people come to Sri Lanka as non-government workers and collect information about the

situation in Sri Lanka. After they went, they create bad picture about our country. For

example, now channel 4 video. These type of things have done many times and they try to say

to world that Sri Lanka full of violence.

Internal Treats

111. 30 years brutal war end now. But there are still many threats on Sri Lanka. The

capability of regrouping LTTE we cannot ignore. Lot of LTTE cadres flee away from the

organization in the last phase of humanitarian operation.

112. They hide their weaponries in various places. So they have some possibility to regroup

within or outside the country. To overcome this problem rehabilitation programs are very

important. If government gives good life condition to them most probably they will not go for

past situation to again. People in these areas grew up with war condition. They should send

for counsellingprograms and the rehabilitation camps give them a good vocational training to

get better job.

113. Some non-government and foreign organization say that government going to

militarize the northern area. Defence secretary Gotabhaya Rajapakse said that government

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now gradually establishing the civil administrative system in northern area. This will help

control to reduce unrest of Tamil in northern area.