data storage devices unit objectives define the common drive interfaces install hard drives, and...
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Data storage devices
Unit objectives Define the common drive interfaces Install hard drives, and create
partitions, and file systems Describe optical data storage and use
optical drives and discs Use removable drives Maintain your hard disks Troubleshoot data storage devices
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Topic A
Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Hard drives Topic C: Optical drives Topic D: Removable storage devices Topic E: Drive maintenance Topic F: Storage device
troubleshooting
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Controllers and interfaces
Controller Interface
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PC drive interfaces
SCSI IDE IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.Link) USB 1.1, 2.0 and 3.0
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IDE/ATA
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) standard
Officially called AT Attachment (ATA) interface
Two categories:– Parallel ATA (PATA) – Serial ATA (SATA)
SATA more popular in consumer PCs PATA prevalent in CompactFlash
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ATA standards
ATA — up to 8.3 MBps EIDE, Fast ATA, Fast ATA-2 — proprietary
extensions ATA-2/3 — up to 16.6 MBps ATAPI — tape and CD-ROM support ATA/ATAPI-4 — up to 33 MBps ATA/ATAPI-5 — up to 66 MBps ATA/ATAPI-6 — up to 100 MBps ATA/ATAPI-7 — up to 133 MBps SATA — up to 300 MBps eSATA — 300 MBps
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PIO modes
PIO mode 0 = 3.3 MBps PIO mode 1 = 5.2 MBps PIO mode 2 = 8.3 MBps PIO mode 3 = 11.1 MBps PIO mode 4 = 16.7 MBps
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DMA modes
Single word 0 = 2.1 MBps Single word 1 = 4.2 MBps Single word 2 = 8.3 MBps Multi word 0 = 4.2 MBps Multi word 1 = 13.3 MBps Multi word 2 = 16.7 MBps
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UltraDMA modes
UDMA mode 0 = 16.7 MBps UDMA mode 1 = 25 MBps UDMA mode 2 = 33.3 MBps UDMA mode 3 = 44.4 MBps UDMA mode 4 = 66.7 MBps UDMA mode 5 = 100 MBps UDMA mode 6 = 133 MBps
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ATA motherboard connectors
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Standard ATA drive cable
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High-speed 80-pin ATA drive cable
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SATA data cable
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Drive capacities
Original Interrupt 13 limit = 504 MB LBA and ECHS — up to 8.4 GB
(through sector translation) Interrupt 13h extensions — up to 128
GB (through BIOS changes) ATA interface limit = up to 137 GB Large LBA — up to 144 petabytes
(144,000,000 GB) (through bits/sector and maximum sectors changes)
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Drive identification
ATA supports two drives per controller– One drive is master– Other drive is slave
Older drives– Set jumper or DIP switch– Connect to cable in correct location
Cable select
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ATA drive cable
Motherboard
Slave
Master
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Primary and secondary channels
Secondary IDE
Primary IDE
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SCSI
Standard Bus width BandwidthSCSI 8 bits 5 MBps
Fast SCSI 8 bits 10 MBps
Fast Wide SCSI 16 bits 20 MBps
Ultra SCSI 8 bits 20 MBps
Ultra Wide SCSI 16 bits 40 MBps
Ultra2/LVD 8 bits 40 MBps
Ultra2 Wide 16 bits 80 MBps
Ultra3 16 bits 160 MBps
continued
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SCSI, continued
Standard Bus width BandwidthUltra-320 16 bits 320 MBps
Ultra-640 16 bits 640 MBps
Serial-attached SCSI (SAS)
1 bit 80-375 MBps
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SCSI device IDs
Each device must have unique ID 0-7 or 0-15 Higher IDs = Higher priority
– Host Bus Adapter would be 7 or 15
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Termination
Terminators = resistors Block signal reflections Terminate both ends of the bus Terminator blocks or switches Passive terminators Active terminators
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SCSI ID and termination
SCSI ID
Terminationswitch
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Differential SCSI
Single Ended (SE) — Signal voltages compared to ground
Differential SCSI– Data lines are paired– Signals are electrical opposites– Signal is read as comparison between
wires in the pair
High-voltage differential (HVD) ± 5V
Low-voltage differential (LVD) ± 3.3V
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Other interfaces
ST506/ST412 ESDI USB IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.Link)
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Activity A-1
Distinguishing among drive controllers
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Topic B
Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Hard drives Topic C: Optical drives Topic D: Removable storage devices Topic E: Drive maintenance Topic F: Storage device
troubleshooting
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Components of magnetic hard drive
Arm Actuator
Head
Platter Spindle
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Solid-state drives
Use memory chips (instead of a rotating disk) to read and write data– DDR RAM or flash memory
Less fragile Silent Require constant power source Expensive, but becoming more
common in lightweight notebooks Windows is not optimized for SDDs
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Solid-state drive advantages
Faster startup time– Doesn’t need to “spin up”
Higher read speeds – Doesn’t have to move read/write head
Lower power consumption Less heat generated Operates in higher temperatures
– Magnetic drives between 40°F and 130°F– Solid-state up to 160°F
Less risk of failure – Absence of magnetic drive’s mechanical parts
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Magnetic drive advantages
Costs less Current capacity is greater than what’s
available with SDDs Higher number of write/erase cycles
than with SDDs Higher write speeds Requires less power than SDDs Powers all the way down when PC is
off
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Hard drive geometry
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Head crash
Heads contact surface during operation
Heads float ½ of a millionth of an inch above surface
Don’t drop or jolt your PC during operation
Heads parked at shutdown, but damage still possible
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Physical installation
1. Shut down the PC and open its case
2. Set drive identification jumpers or switches
3. If SCSI, terminate the drive
4. Install the drive into the PC chassis
5. Connect data and control cables
6. Connect the power cable
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Chassis installation
Use any available bay Smaller bays specifically designed for
hard disks Reach of data and power cables Mount horizontally or vertically Sensitive to shock
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Data cable connections
Cables are keyed Non-keyed: wire 1 marked with red
stripe Pin 1 socket labeled with number or
triangle Use correct connectors for IDE master
and slave Terminate each end of SCSI bus
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Power cable connections
Most use large peripheral power connector
Have triangle corners to insert correctly
SATA uses specialized keyed power connector
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Activity B-1
Physically installing a hard drive
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Drive preparation steps
Low-level format Partition High-level format
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Low-level formatting
Records tracks Divides tracks into sectors Older drives required occasional
reformatting (low-level) Older drives use stepper motor Newer drives use complex sector
arrangements, such as ZBR Low-level formatting not done with OS;
newer drives done at the factory
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Partitioning
Divides disk into logical drives Logical drives = volumes Windows XP SP2 supports drives
greater than 137 GB
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Partition types
First sector on bootable volume is the master boot record (MBR)
Primary and extended partitions– Primary — Directly accessed by OS– Extended — Contain one or more logical
drives that are accessed by the OS– Up to 4 primary and 1 extended per drive
Partitioning scheme changed for Windows Vista
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Partitioning utilities
fdisk fdisk /mbr (rewrites the MBR) Windows Disk Manager
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File systems
Logical organization scheme for files– Sector and cluster sizes– How file and folder names are tracked– How file and folder locations are tracked– How files and folders are stored within
clusters
FAT and NTFS
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FAT file system
Developed for DOS Supported through current versions of
Windows 16- and 32-bit versions 16-bit version restricted file names
(8.3 rule, no spaces) Slow and limited compared to NTFS Can’t format FAT32 in Windows Vista
Disk Management– Use format command
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NTFS file system
Developed for Windows NT Supported in Windows 2000
Professional and all versions of Windows XP, Vista, and 7
32-bit file system 255-character names with spaces Supports larger files and larger
volumes Faster than FAT for large volumes
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FAT vs. NTFSFeature FAT16 FAT32 NTFSFile name length 1-8 characters 1-255 characters 1-255 characters
File extensions 0-3 characters 0-255 characters 0-255 characters
Max. file size 2 GB 4 GB Limited only by volume size
Max. volume size
2 GB 32 GB 2 TB
Max. files per volume
Approx. 6500 Unlimited Unlimited
Most often used with
DOS, Windows 3.x and 95
Windows 9x, Me Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7
Supports file-level security
No No Yes
Supports file compression and encryption
No No Yes
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Directory trees
Directory = folder Directories contain files and folders Root directory FAT16 limited root directory to 512
entries
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Root directory of C:
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Formatting
Creates logical file-storage structures– File allocation table
Destructive process– Sometimes you can recover data
Use format command or Windows Disk Management
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Disk Management Healthy Unallocated Formatting Failed Basic Dynamic Not initialized Initializing Online Offline Unreadable Foreign
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Activity B-2
Partitioning and formatting a hard drive
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Volume mounting
Assign a volume to an empty NTFS folder
Save drive letters
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Activity B-3
Mounting a volume
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Fault tolerance Recover from hardware or software failure Data is written to more than one drive Recover information from other drives and
parity information Implemented through hardware or software Software:
– Windows Server products– Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP
Professional, Windows Vista Business, Enterprise, and Ultimate, and Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate
Hardware — Manually install RAID/SATA drivers during setup
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RAID levels
RAID level 0– Striping with no other redundancy
features
RAID level 1– Simple disk mirroring
continued
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RAID level 1– Disk duplexing
RAID level 2– Data is striped across all disks in the
array
RAID levels, continued
continued
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RAID levels, continued
RAID level 3 – Uses disk striping – Stores error-correcting information– Information written to only one disk in the
array– If disk fails, array cannot rebuild its
contents
continued
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RAID levels, continued
RAID level 4– Stripes data and stores error-correcting
information on all drives– Can perform checksum verification
RAID level 5– Combines the best features of RAID– Striping– Error correction– Checksum verification
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Choosing a RAID level Boot and system files can be placed on disks
configured for RAID level 1, but not for RAID level 5 RAID level 1 uses two hard disks; RAID level 5
uses 3–32 disks RAID level 1 is more expensive to implement than
RAID level 5 RAID level 5 requires more memory than RAID
level 1 Reading from disk is faster than write access in
both RAID level 1 and RAID level 5 RAID 5 has faster read access than RAID level 1
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Striped volume
Reduces the wear on multiple disk drives by equally spreading the load
Increases disk performance compared to other methods of configuring dynamic disk volumes
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Mirrored volume
Creates a copy of data on a backup disk One of the most guaranteed forms of
disk fault tolerance Time to write information is doubled If 3 or more volumes are mirrored or
duplexed, RAID 1 is more expensive than other RAID levels
Can’t be striped Requires two dynamic disks Well suited when data is mission-critical
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RAID 5
Provides better fault tolerance than a striped volume
Uses disk space more efficiently than a RAID 1 volume
RAID 5 with parity can reconstruct lost data on any disk
Requires minimum of three disks
continued
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RAID 5, continued
Performance isn’t as fast as striped volume Reading is as fast Good choice for mission-critical data Parity information based on formula
– 1/n – n = number of physical disks in volume
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Software and hardware RAID
Software RAID implements fault tolerance through the computer’s OS
Hardware RAID is implemented through the server hardware and is independent of the OS
Many manufacturers implement hardware RAID on the adapter
Chip on the adapter Battery backup Hardware RAID more expensive
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Hardware RAID advantages
Faster read and write response Ability to place boot and system files
on disks with different RAID levels Ability to hot-swap a failed disk More setup options to retrieve
damaged data and to combine different RAID levels within one array
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Activity B-4
Exploring fault tolerance
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Topic C
Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Hard drives Topic C: Optical drives Topic D: Removable storage devices Topic E: Drive maintenance Topic F: Storage device
troubleshooting
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Components of a CD
120 mm plastic discs Layer of reflective metal-alloy foil encased
in transparent plastic Single spiral track 650-700 MB
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Recordable CDs
Commercial CDs use “mastering” Commercial CDs contain copy protection Rainbow Books CD-R process called “burning” CD-R can be written once and read many
times Laser colors:
– Cyan (cyan blue)– Phthalocyanine (aqua)– Metalized azo (dark blue)– Formazan (green)
CD-RW can be written multiple times
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CD drive components
Tray Spindle
Laser
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CD drive components
Control buttons– Start– Stop– Next track– Previous track
Headphone jack Volume control dial Manual eject hole
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CD drive speeds
Expressed as #X– # = number of times faster than rate of
CD spin
1X spins 210 to 539 RPM 2X twice as fast as 1X #X accurate up to 12X
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DVDs
12 cm diameter, like CDs Thinner than CDs Uses different encoding method Requires a narrower laser beam DVD-R and DVD-RW 1X to 16X Need an MPEG-2 decoder DVD-5 — 4.7 GB capacity 3" mini-disc — 1.5 GB capacity
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DVD types
Type Sides Layers Capacity
DVD-5 Single Single 4.7 GB
DVD-9 Single Double 8.5 GB
DVD-10 Double Single 9.4 GB
DVD-14 Double Single/Double
13.3 GB
DVD-18 Double Double 17.1 GB
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DVD standards
DVD Forum– DVD-R– DVD-RW– DVD-RAM
DVD+R Alliance – DVD+RW– DVD+R– DVD+ R DL – Not official standards; display the RW
logo
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Blu-ray discs
Blu-ray Disc Association Created with a “blue” (violet) 405nm
laser Shorter wave length Larger capacity
– 50 GB dual-layer 12cm– 25 GB single-layer 12cm
continued
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Blu-ray, continued
Other types:– Quad-layer (100 GB) discs consisting of
four layers containing 25 GB each– Discs that can hold 200 GB of data on a
single side, using six 33 GB data layers– 400 GB discs containing 16 data layers
of 25 GB each– Hybrid discs that contain both Blu-ray
and DVD layers on the same side of the disc
Might need special hardware or firmware
continued
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Blu-ray, continued
Used to store: – High-definition video– Large amounts of data
‘Mini’ 8cm size– For use in consumer electronic equipment – Single-layer discs up to 7.8 GB – Double-layer discs up to 15.6 GB
Types:– BD-R– BD-RE– 12x recording speed
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Optical drive installation
Connect – Interface cable– Power cable– Audio cable
Use 5.25" horizontal bay Cables must reach back of optical device
from motherboard Audio cable must reach back of optical
device from sound card Might need to set jumpers or SCSI ID Secure with screws; older bays use rails Verify that door can open freely
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Optical drive connections
Internal – IDE– Serial ATA– SCSI
External– IEEE 1394 – USB 2.0 – SCSI– Parallel
Need drivers– Usually detected
by Windows
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Drivers
Windows should detect new hardware Windows will try to install correct driver You might be prompted to install from
another source Driver might be supplied on a disc with
the drive Drivers usually available on
manufacturer’s Web site
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Activity C-1
Installing an optical drive
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Using a CD
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Using CD and DVD drives
Read and write CDs in Windows Media Player
Other CD read/write apps:– RealPlayer– Easy CD Creator– Sonic RecordNow!
Play DVDs and Blu-ray discs in Windows Media Player
Must install DVD decoder– Download Windows XP Video Decoder
Checkup utility from microsoft.com
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Activity C-2
Using an optical drive
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Topic D
Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Hard drives Topic C: Optical drives Topic D: Removable storage devices Topic E: Drive maintenance Topic F: Storage device
troubleshooting
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USB flash drives
Popular Small and portable Can have large
capacity: a few MB to many GB
Hot-swappable Make sure the
drive has finished writing
Use the Safely Remove Hardware icon
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USB technical specifications
usb.org Good resource: USB Flash Drive
Alliance – usbflashdrive.org
Typical components– Controller with USB interface– Non-volatile memory interface connected
to memory– LED to indicate drive activity
Can have additional features
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Flash MP3 player
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USB drivers
Provided with:– Windows 2000 Professional– Windows XP– Windows Vista– Windows 7– Mac OS 9, X, and later– Linux kernels 2.4 and later
Security features:– Encryption– Password protection– Fingerprint sensor
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Hot-swapping
Can attach or detach without restarting PC
Make sure device has finished writing before you detach it
LED light indicates activity Can also eject device by using
Windows interface
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Booting from flash drive
Computer must support booting from flash drives
Flash drive must be bootable Bootable utility typically supplied by
drive manufacturer
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Activity D-1
Using a USB flash drive
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Floppy disks
Removable data storage Thin, brown, plastic disk Stiff or rigid plastic case
continued
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Floppy disks, continued
FDDs – Internal: 34-pin connector– External: USB, IEEE 1394, and eSATA
Data stored via magnetism Read/write heads detect polarization “Door” on disk allows drive access to
recording media Very small capacity by today’s
standards
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5.25" floppy disk
Soft flexible outer cover Holds relatively small amount of data
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3.5" floppy disk
Hard outer case Metal sliding door Holds more data than 5.25"
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Floppy disk storage
Factors:– Number of tracks– Number of sectors in each track
Data is written in concentric circular areas called “tracks”
Floppies have 40 or 80 tracks Tracks are divided into “sectors” Data is stored in sectors
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Capacities
Size TracksSectors
per track Density Capacity
5.25" 40 9 Double 360 KB
5.25" 80 15 High 1.2 MB
3.5" 80 9 Double 720 KB
3.5" 80 18 High 1.44 MB
3.5" 80 36 Extra-high 2.88 MB
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Write protection
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Activity D-2
Examining floppy disks
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Floppy controller resources
System resource Typical value
IRQ 6
I/O address range 0x03F0-0x03F7
DMA channel 2
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Floppy drive cable
34-pin ribbon cable with 3 or 5 connectors– One connector to drive controller– Other connectors to floppy drives
(up to 2)
5.25" drives use larger, pinch-type connector
3.5" drives use smaller, pin-socket type connector
continued
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Floppy drive cable, continued
Cable position determines A: or B: drive letter
Before cable twist is A:
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Floppy controller connector
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Activity D-3
Installing a floppy drive
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Diskette preparation
Format– Records sector structure– Creates file allocation table– Destructive process
Purchase pre-formatted floppies– PC or Macintosh formats
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Activity D-4
Formatting a floppy disk (optional)
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Tape drives
Used to back up data from hard drive Tapes typically removed to offsite
storage location Low-cost, high-capacity storage
solution Magnetic tapes use burst mode Data written in blocks Tape drives are sequential-access
devices Use compression
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Tape formats
QIC DDS DLT and SDLT LTO AIT and SAIT
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Tape head cleaning
Accumulate on tape heads– Dirt – Magnetic material– Tape substrate
Get cleaning and maintenance instructions from drive manufacturer
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Activity D-5
Comparing types of tape drives
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Topic E
Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Hard drives Topic C: Optical drives Topic D: Removable storage devices Topic E: Drive maintenance Topic F: Storage device
troubleshooting
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Hard disk maintenance
Remove unnecessary files Scan for errors Defragment disks
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Disk Cleanup
Removes following types of files:– Downloaded program files– Temporary Internet files– Offline Web pages in Windows 7 and
operating systems before Windows Vista– Files in the Recycle Bin– Setup log files in Windows 7 and
Windows Vista– Windows temporary files– Thumbnails of picture, video, and other
documents in Windows 7 and Windows Vista
continued
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Disk Cleanup, continued
Removes following types of files (continued):– Error reporting files in Windows 7– Optional Windows components that you
aren’t using – Installed programs that you no longer
use– The hibernation file in Windows Vista– Archive files in Windows Vista
On the System Tools menu In Windows Me/XP/Vista/7, you can
remove old system restore points
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Activity E-1
Using Disk Cleanup
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ScanDisk
Checks hard disk for physical errors and damaged files
Physical disk errors– Moves any data on that area of the disk– Marks the disk so the OS doesn’t store any
more data in the damaged area
Checks for files and folders with invalid file names, dates, or times
Checks for data fragments– Delete the fragment– Fix the fragment– Convert the data to a file
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ScanDisk versions
Available in all Microsoft client OSs except Windows NT Workstation
MS-DOS 6.2 has a version of ScanDisk MS-DOS version won’t run in Windows OSs
except for Windows 95 Chkdsk checks NTFS partitions and runs in:
– Windows NT Workstation– Windows 2000 Professional– Windows XP– Windows Vista– Windows 7
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Activity E-2
Scanning a disk for errors
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Chkdsk
Search FAT and NTFS disks for file system errors
Supported by MS-DOS through Windows XP
Syntax:chkdsk drive:
Optional parameters and switches:chkdsk drive:path\filename ►/f /v /r /x /i /c /l:size
chkntfs used at bootup on NTFS
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Activity E-3
Running chkdsk.exe
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Disk Defragmenter
Included from Windows 95 on Improves hard disk performance by
reorganizing files on the disk Files can be
– Contiguous– Fragmented
Access from System Tools menu Two modes
– Analyze– Defragment
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Disk Defragmenter in Windows XP
Disk selection
Start Defragment
mode
Start Analyze
mode
Runtime graphs
Legend
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Disk Defragmenter in Windows 7
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Activity E-4
Defragmenting a disk
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Defrag.exe
Syntaxdefrag drive:
Optional switchesdefrag drive: /a /f /v
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Activity E-5
Running defrag.exe
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Topic F
Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Hard drives Topic C: Optical drives Topic D: Removable storage devices Topic E: Drive maintenance Topic F: Storage device
troubleshooting
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Recovering deleted files
Deleting files in Windows 1. Move files to Recycle Bin
2. Delete the files permanently
If files are in Recycle Bin, you can select them and click Restore
Third-party utilities might be able to recover deleted files
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Third-party diagnostic utilities
Use to:– Diagnose disk troubles– Recover data– Optimize the operations of hard drives
Examples:– Symantec’s Norton SystemWorks– OnTrack® Data Recovery’s Data Advisor – Stellar Data Recovery’s Stellar Phoenix
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Troubleshooting hard and floppy drives
Can’t access drive at all Can’t boot from hard drive Space on drive doesn’t match advertised
space Files becoming corrupted System boots from hard drive with a warm
restart, but not from a cold boot Drive letter incorrect Can’t use full space of very large hard drive Drive not auto-detected during boot process
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Troubleshooting CD drives
No audio plays from CD CD drive not found Disc can’t be read Buffer underrun Write process fails several minutes after
starting; write process stops at same point on all media you insert
Zip files are corrupted when recorded on a SCSI CD-RW drive
Burned CD-RW disc can’t be read on another computer
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Troubleshooting DVD and Blu-ray drives
DVD can’t be played when two displays are being used
UDF-formatted discs can’t be read; you might be able to read some files or none, or the disc might not show up in Explorer
Can’t play DVD movie
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Troubleshooting external/removable drives
Device not recognized
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Activity F-1
Troubleshooting data storage devices
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Unit summary
Defined the common drive interfaces Installed hard drives, and created partitions,
and file systems Described optical data storage and used
optical drives and discs Used removable drives Maintained your hard disks Identified and resolved problems with data
storage devices