Database Management

818-201 Information Technology for

Hospitality and Tourism

byLerluck Boonlamp

7/08

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Overview

1. Database2. Relational Database Basics3. Using Excel as a Database4. Using Microsoft Access

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Why Database?

we have many of Data in organizationwe record many of Data processeswe record many of Data transactionwe need Information to support a decisionwe need a Report at the end of day,

week, month and year

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1. What is Database?

A database is a collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. It is designed to meet the information needs and shared among users in an organization

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Examples of database:Guest History List (name, addresses, how long they

stayed, room, etc)

Supplier Information (name, addresses, what they sell, etc.)

Travel Agent Data (name, addresses, # guests they have sent, etc)

Sales Database (product name, supplier detail, customer detail, shipping detail)

Corporate Database (data about management, marketing, materials, manufacturing and accounting)

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Why database is important?

Today organization consider “data”and “information” as one of the most important resources.Support Decision Making

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Data & Information

Data is raw facts about anything. Data is what stored in database.Ex. About people, events

Information is the data that has been processed or transformed so that it is more meaningful for analysis and decision making

Information consists of a set of data which is an answer to a particular question.

Ex. what products sold well in the past week, month or year?

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Changing data to information

Data InformationProcessing

* Your phone number

* The number that you call* Time you start* Time you finish

Telephone Bill

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How is data stored in a database?

In a database, data is mostly stored in the form of table.

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Data Management

There are 2 ways to manage data:1. File systems2. Database systems

HOW

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1) File Systems

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Disadvantages of File Systems

Uncontrolled RedundancyInconsistent DataLimited Data SharingPoor Enforcement of Standard

File Systems

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2) Database Systems

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Database Management System (DBMS)

DBMS is a kind of software that is used to manage a database.

Ex. Microsoft Access, MS Foxpro, Lotus Smart Suite, Oracal Server, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server and MySqlServer.

Database Systems

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Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Systems

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How is a database used?

1. Personal Computer Database2. Central Computer Database3. Client/Server Database or “Two-

Tiered Database”4. Distributed Database

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1) Personal Computer Database

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2) Central Computer Database

Terminal is a computer that has no processing unit. It acts as an interface only.

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3) Client/Server DB or “Two-Tiered DB”

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4) Distributed Database

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Database Personnel (User)

1. Database Administrator2. Database Programmer3. End User

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1) Database Administrator (DBA)

Database Administrator (DBA)The information specialist who is expert

in developing, providing, and securing databaseOversee all database activitiesManagerial skills, high technical skillsMust understand the business

operations of the firm

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2) Database Programmer

Represent a high level of specialization and selection Write code to strip and/or aggregate

data from the database

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3) End User

As important personnel who interact with the database

Generate report and formPost queries to the databaseUse results from their database

inquiries to make decision

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DBMS Advantage

Reduce data redundancyAchieve data independenceRetrieve data and information rapidlyImprove security

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DMBS Disadvantage

Obtain expensive softwareObtain a large hardware

configurationHire and maintain a DBA staff

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2. Relational Database Basic

TableRelationshipPrimary keyForeign keyAnd data integrity

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2.1 Table

In relational database, a relation is looks like a table. Thus, relation and table are the term used interchangeably.

Row is also record. Column is also called field.

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2.2 Primary

In relational database, each record in a table must be unique. That means there must be a field that contains a value that is different from other records. That filed that make records unique

is called a primary key.

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Which field should be defined as the primary key?

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Primary key

Adding an extra field that contains unique value in each record to represent a primary key is a technique that often used to simplify table design when there is no appropriate field (or fields) to use as primary key.

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2.3 Relationship

Data is stored in separated table. Then you define relationships between tables.Relationship can be in 3 forms

One-to-oneOne-to-manyMany-to-many

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One-to-one relationship (1:1)

One-to-one relationship means that one record in the first table has a relationship with only one record in the 2nd table, and vice versa

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One-to-Many Relationship (1:M)

Means that one record in the first table has a relationship with many records in the 2nd

table, and vice versa.

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Many to Many relationship (M:M)

Means that many records in the first table has a relationship with many records in the 2nd table, and vice versa.

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2.4 Foreign Key

A database generally contains more than one table that are related. A relationship is established through a foreign key.

A foreign key is a field that is its value is taken from the value in primary key field in another table.

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Foreign keyBAD table

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Foreign KeyPrimary key

Primary key

Table 1

Table 2

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Foreign KeyPrimary key

Foreign key

Primary key

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2.5 Integrity Rules

Must follows two rules:Entity integrity

The primary key must be unique and must not be null.

Referential IntegrityThe foreign key must be in referenced

table Or be null

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Entity Integrity

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Entity Integrity

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3. Using Excel as Database

As data mostly stored in the form of tables. Excel is often used to store data and do simple “queries” to get information that is needed.

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4. Access

Data TypeType of Number

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Data Type

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Type of Number