IST 210 Database Administration

Todd S. Bacastow

IST 210 Need for Databases Data is used by different people, in

different departments, for different reasons Interpretation and Presentation of data in

useful formats Distribution of data and information

To the right people At the right time

Data Preservation Control over Data Duplication and Use

IST 210 Role of the Database Primary Role: To Support Managerial

Decision Making at All Levels of the Organization Top Level Strategic Decisions Middle Management Tactical Decisions Operational Management Daily,

Operational Decisions DBMS must provide each level a separate

view of the data and support their specialized decision making roles

Provide a seamless flow of information throughout the company

IST 210 Top Level Management Provide information for strategic decision making,

strategic planning, policy formation, and goals definitions

Provide access to data to identify growth opportunities

Provide a framework for defining and enforcing organizational policies

Improve the likelihood of a positive return on investment for the company

Ways to reduce cost Increase Productivity

Provide feedback on whether the company is achieving its goals

IST 210 Middle Management Provide necessary data for tactical decision

making and planning Monitor and control the use of company

resources How efficiently are the resources allocated and used

(including data) What potential or current operational problems exist Evaluate the performance of the different

departments Provide a framework for ensuring the security

and privacy of the data in the database

IST 210 Operational Management Represent and support the company

operations Produce query results within set

performance levels Enhance short-term operational ability

Timely information for Customer Support Support for application development and

computer operations

IST 210

Special Database Considerations

Having a database does not mean the data will be use properly, efficiently, correctly

DBMS is just a tool for managing data – it must be used correctly effective management and use

3 Main Processes for implementing a DBMS Technological DBMS software and hardware Managerial Administrative Functions Cultural Corporate Resistance to Change

IST 210 Evolution of the DBA Data Processing Department Information Systems Department

Service Function to provide end users active data management support

Production Function to provide solutions to information needs (application development)

DBA – Database Administration Size and Role varies from company to company DBA’s function is very dynamic

Distributed Databases Internet Databases Object Oriented databases Sophistication and Power of the DBMS packages

IST 210 Common Functions of DBA Database Planning

Standards, procedures, enforcement Requirements Gathering and

Conceptual Design Logical Design Physical Design and Implementation Testing and Debugging Operations and Maintenance Training and Support

IST 210 DBA’s Managerial Role Control and Planning Dimensions of

Database Administration Coordinating, Monitoring, and Allocating

database administration resources People Data

Defining Goals and Formulating Strategic Plans for the Database Administration function

IST 210 DBA’s ResponsibilitiesDBA Activity DBA Service

Planning End-User Support

Organizing Policies, Procedures, Standards

Testing Data Security, Privacy, Integrity

Monitoring Data backup and Recovery

Delivering Data Distribution and Use

IST 210 End-User Support User Requirements Gathering

Understanding of the users’ views and needs Present and Future information needs

Conflict and Problem Resolution Solutions in one department may cause

problems in another Finding Solutions to Information Needs Ensure Quality and Integrity of Applications

and Data Build End-User Confidence Manage the Training and Support of DBMS

users

IST 210

Policies, Procedures, and Standards

Policies: General Statements of Direction or action that communicate and support DBA goals

Procedures: Written Instructions that describe a services of steps to be followed during the performance of a given activity

Standards: More detailed and specific than policies, and describe the minimum requirements of a DBA activity Rules that are used to evaluate the qualityof the

activity

IST 210

Areas of Policies and Procedures

End-User database requirements gathering Database design and modeling Documentation and Naming conventions Design, coding, and testing of applications Database software selection Database security and integrity Database backup and recovery Database maintenance and operation End-user training

IST 210

Data Security, Privacy and Integrity

User Access Management Define each user to the database

Operating System Level Database Level

Assign Passwords Define User Groups Assign Access Privileges

Read Write Delete

Physical Access Control View Definitions

Protect and Control the Scope of the Data that is accessible to a user

DBMS utilities access control Limit the use of query and reporting tools

DBMS usage Monitoring Audit Logs

(More difficult in distributed databases)

IST 210 Data Backup and Recovery Disaster Management

Periodic Data and Application Backups Full Incremental Concurrent

Proper Backup Identification Convenient and safe backup storage Physical protection of hardware and software Personal Access Control to the software of a

database installation Insurance coverage for the data in the database

IST 210 Data Backup and Recovery Recovery and Contingency plans

Tested Evaluated Practiced

Will Not Recover all components of an IS Establish priorities for the nature and

extend of the data recovery process

IST 210 Data Distribution and Use Data is only useful when:

Given to the Right User Right Time Right Format

Programmers Deliver programs to access data Time consuming for DBA

Data Distribution allows end users to access the database

Internet Intranets Queries, Web Front Ends End Users may make improper use of database, data

duplication, etc.

IST 210 DBA’s Technical Role DBMS and utilities, evaluation, selection

and installation Design and implementation of Database Testing and Evaluation Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and

Applications Training and Supporting Users Maintenance of DBMS, Utilities, and

Applicaitons

IST 210

Evaluation, Selection, and Installation Selection of Hardware and Software Must be based on the

Organization’s Needs Search is for a solutions to a

problem, not a need for a software 1st step is to determine companies

NEEDS

IST 210 DBMS Checklist DBMS Model Storage Capacity Application Development Support Security and Integrity Backup and Recovery Concurrency Control Performance DBA tools Interoperability and Data Distribution Portability Hardware Data Dictionary Vendor Training and Support Third Party Tools Cost

IST 210 Design and Implementation Determination and Enforcement of

Standards and Procedures Ensure the Design activities are performed

within the Standards and Procedures Ensure Transactions are:

Correct Efficient Compliant with Integrity and Standards

Physical Design Operational Procedures

IST 210 Testing and Evaluation All Database and End User Applications Maintained Independently of

Development and Implementation Cover:

Technical Aspects Backup, Recovery, Security, Integrity, SQL

Evaluation of Documentation Observance of Standards

Naming, Documentation, Coding Data Duplication Conflicts with existing data Enforcement of Data Validation rules

IST 210

Operation of DBMS, Utilities, and Applications

System Support Day-to-day activity of the DBMS

Performance monitoring and tuning Performance Goals Evaluate if performance objectives are being met Isolate Problems and Find solutions Implement solutions

Backup and Recovery Security auditing and monitoring

Appropriate access rights Proper use of access privileges by programmers and

end users

IST 210

Training and Supporting Users Technical Training in the use of

DBMS and Utilities for Applications Programmers

Unscheduled on-demand technical support

Interaction with DBMS vendors

IST 210 Maintenance of DBMS Dedicated to the Preservation of the DBMS

environment Management of the Physical or Secondary

Storage devices Reorganizing the physical location of the data

Upgrading the DBMS and Utility Software Exchange of data is dissimilar formats or

between database

IST 210

Database Administration Tools Data Dictionary

Store the Description of all objects that interact with the database

Integrated Include data outside of DBMS Standalone limited to data of DBMS

Case Tools Computer Aided Software Engineering Automated Framework for the SDLC

Front-End Tools Planning, Analysis, Design

Back-End Tools Coding and Implementation

IST 210 Data Dictionary Data Elements from all tables of all

databases Names, Types, Format, Validation rules, When

an Element is Used and by whom Tables defined in the database Indexes defined for each table Defined databases, and properties End Users and Administrators Programs that access the database Access Authorizations for all users Relationships among data elements

IST 210 Case Tools Reduction in development time and costs Standardization of Systems Development

Methodologies Easier Maintenance of Application Systems

Developed with CASE Tools Components:

Graphics Screen Painters and Report Generators Repository for Storing and Cross-Referencing the

System Design Data (Data Dictionary) Analysis Segment for Automated Check on System

Consistency, Syntax, Completeness Program Documentation Generator