datasheet report for chloris gayana (rhodes grass

Invasive Species Compendium

Datasheet report for Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass)

Pictures

Picture Title Caption Copyright

HabitChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Habit. Coldstream, New South Wales,Australia. April 2012.

©Harry Rose/via Flickr -CC BY 2.0

HabitChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Habit. Gilgandra, New South Wales,Australia. May 2017.


FlowerheadChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Flowerhead. Dungog, New South Wales,Australia. May 2018.


CollarChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Collar. Dungog, New South Wales,Australia. May 2018.


LiguleChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Ligule. Dungog, New South Wales,Australia. May 2018.


NodeChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Node. Dungog, New South Wales,Australia. May 2018.


SpikeletChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Spikelet. New South Wales, Australia.May 2012.


SpikeletChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Spikelet. Austral Eden, New SouthWales, Australia. April 2012.


SpikeletChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Spikelet. Austral Eden, New SouthWales, Australia. April 2012.


Stem baseChloris gayana (Rhodes grass); Stem base. Austral Eden, New SouthWales, Australia. December 2004.


Identity

Preferred Scientific NameChloris gayana

Preferred Common NameRhodes grass

Other Scientific NamesChloris abyssinica Hochst. ex A.Rich.Chloris glabrata AnderssonChloris repens Hochst.Eustachys gayana (Kunth) Mundy

International Common NamesEnglish: Abyssinian grass; hunyani grass; Rhodesgrass; Rhodesian blue grassSpanish: grama de Rodas; grama rhodes; pasto de Rodas; zacate conejo; zacate gorduraFrench: herbe de RhodesChinese: fei zhou hu wei caoPortuguese: capim-de-Rhodes

Local Common NamesItaly: Erba di RhodesJapan: AfurikahigeshibaPhilippines: banuko ; koro-korosanThailand: ya-rotVietnam: tucgiéâ

EPPO codeCHRGA (Chloris gayana)

Summary of Invasiveness

Chloris gayana is a robust, strongly stoloniferous grass native to Africa that has been extensively introduced as forage across tropical andsubtropical regions. Traits such as its ability to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions, its drought-resistance and its ability torapidly reproduce both by seeds and vegetatively have facilitated its escape from cultivation and subsequent naturalization. Onceestablished, C. gayana often grows to form almost pure stands that smother native species. Currently, this species is regarded as aninvasive in Australia, Spain, Argentina, Paraguay, Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Anguilla, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Hawaii. It is alsoincluded in the Global Compendium of Weeds.

Taxonomic Tree

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Monocotyledonae Order: Cyperales Family: Poaceae Genus: Chloris Species: Chloris gayana

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Poaceae is a species-diverse family in the Angiosperms, comprising 707 genera and 11,337 species widely distributed in all regions of theworld. The subfamily Chloridoideae includes 130 genera and about 1721 species, most abundant in dry, tropical and subtropical regions. Allspecies within this family use the C photosynthesis pathway. Chloris is a tropical to subtropical genus of 55-60 species. Species within thisgenus can tolerate drought and high saline conditions (Barkworth, 2003, Stevens, 2017). There are many cultivars of Chloris gayana,differing in habit, plant height, lemma pubescence and awn length (FAO, 2014; Flora of China, 2020).

4

Description

The following description is from Flora of China (2020):

Perennial, stoloniferous grass. Culms erect or ascending, usually rooting at lower nodes, ± flattened, hard, 1–1.5(–2) m tall. Leaf sheathsglabrous except mouth; leaf blades flat, 15–35 cm, 2–10 mm wide, scabrous, apex acuminate; ligule ca. 0.5 mm, with long hairs behind.Racemes digitate, 5–20, ascending to spreading, 4–11 cm, greenish brown; rachis scabrous. Spikelets with 3 or 4 florets, 2-awned; lowerglume 1.5–2.5 mm; upper glume 2.5–4 mm including awn-point; lemma of fertile floret elliptic to oblanceolate in side view, 2.5–3.5 mm,shortly appressed-sericeous on lower margins, usually a tuft of hairs 0.5–1.5 mm on upper margins, keel glabrous or sparsely to denselysericeous; awn 2–6 mm; second floret usually male, narrowly lanceolate or cuneate, lemma ciliate on margins, body and awn a little shorterthan fertile floret; third (and fourth) florets reduced to oblong or clavate awnless scales, less than 1 mm.

Plant Type

Grass / sedge Perennial Seed propagated Vegetatively propagated

Distribution

Chloris gayana is native to East and Central Africa and the eastern part of West Africa. It has been introduced throughout the tropics andsubtropics and now it can be found naturalized in regions across Africa, North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, Australia, Italy,Spain, China, Japan, India, southern Asia, and the Pacific region (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; Clayton et al., 2020; Flora ofChina, 2020; PIER, 2018; USDA-ARS, 2020; Weeds of Australia, 2020).

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#7bad6d7c-95bd-4e40-a9a5-394c67fc20e8

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#c0b387d5-b126-4ad3-9795-1ac938c4672c

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#de79ee44-e854-4e87-8ad0-8281efe01c93

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#5c391b94-f4fc-47c7-bf47-e4b607a5bf04


https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#b3a198be-1aab-4076-9e70-34aa508f0740

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#89bf3414-4d52-4b42-aff4-555ac6d38312


https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#658bef83-b77c-4b73-863d-45eeadd7cba3

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#14db0d71-28d7-4cda-be0a-83e8aa8fae73

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#9f8f923c-48fd-45ad-a9cc-e1b8dd6290a4

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflictinginformation on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can beselected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 11 Mar 2021

Continent/Country/Region Distribution LastReported Origin First

Reported Invasive Reference Notes

Africa

Algeria Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Angola Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Benin Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Botswana Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Burundi Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Cabo Verde Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Cameroon Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Central African Republic Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Chad Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Côte d'Ivoire Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Djibouti Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Egypt Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Eritrea Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108415

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#REF-DDB-184853



























Eswatini Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Ethiopia Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Gambia Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Ghana Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Guinea Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Guinea-Bissau Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Kenya Present Native

USDA-ARS(2020);Clayton et al.(2020)

Cultivated

Lesotho Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Madagascar Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Malawi Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Mali Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Mauritania Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Mauritius Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

-Rodrigues Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Morocco Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)


































Mozambique Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Namibia Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Niger Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Nigeria Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Réunion Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Rwanda Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Senegal Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Seychelles Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Somalia Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

South Africa Present Native


Cultivated

Sudan Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Tanzania Present Native


Cultivated

Tunisia Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Uganda Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

































Zambia Present Native

Clayton et al.(2020); USDA-ARS (2020)

Zimbabwe Present Native


Cultivated

Asia

Bahrain Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Bangladesh Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

China Present Introduced

Flora of ChinaEditorialCommittee(2020)

Across warmregions

Georgia Present IntroducedUSDA-ARS(2020) Cultivated

India Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

-Andaman and NicobarIslands

Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Iraq Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Japan Present IntroducedUSDA-ARS(2020) Cultivated

Lebanon Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Malaysia Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Myanmar Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)































North Korea Present IntroducedUSDA-ARS(2020) Cultivated

Oman Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

Pakistan Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Palestine Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Philippines Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Saudi Arabia Present NativeClayton et al.(2020)

South Korea Present IntroducedUSDA-ARS(2020) Cultivated

Sri Lanka Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Thailand Present IntroducedUSDA-ARS(2020) Cultivated

Europe

Italy Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020) Sardinia

Portugal Present NativeUSDA-ARS(2020)

Present inMadeira only

-Madeira Present Native


Spain Present Introduced InvasiveDana et al.(2004)






























-Canary Islands Present Native


North America

Anguilla Present Introduced Invasive Connor (2008)

Bahamas Present Introduced

Acevedo-Rodríguez andStrong (2012)

Costa Rica Present Introduced Invasive

Chacón andSaborío(2012)

Cuba Present Introduced Invasive

Oviedo Prietoand González-Oliva (2015)

Dominican Republic Present Introduced


El Salvador Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Guatemala Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Haiti Present Introduced


Honduras Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Jamaica Present Introduced


Mexico Present Introduced InvasiveCerros-Tlatilpaet al. (2015)

Nicaragua Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)






























U.S. Virgin Islands Present Introduced


St Croix

United States Present Introduced Invasive

USDA-NRCS(2020);Clayton et al.(2020)

Reported asinvasive inFlorida andHawaii

-Arizona Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-California Present Introduced InvasiveUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Florida Present IntroducedOverholt andFranck (2017)

-Hawaii Present Introduced Invasive PIER (2018)

-Illinois Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Louisiana Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Maine Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Maryland Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Massachusetts Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Mississippi Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-North Carolina Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Texas Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)

-Virginia Present IntroducedUSDA-NRCS(2020)


































Oceania

Australia Present Introduced Invasive

Weeds ofAustralia(2020); Mills etal. (2001)

-Lord Howe Island Present Introduced Invasive

Weeds ofAustralia(2020)

-New South Wales Present Introduced Invasive


-Northern Territory Present Introduced Invasive


-Queensland Present Introduced Invasive


-South Australia Present Introduced Invasive


-Tasmania Present Introduced Invasive


-Victoria Present Introduced Invasive


-Western Australia Present Introduced Invasive


Cook Islands Present Introduced PIER (2018)

Fiji Present Introduced PIER (2018)

Guam Present Introduced PIER (2018)






























New Caledonia Present Introduced InvasiveMacKee(1994)

New Zealand Present Introduced InvasiveEdgar andConnor (2000)

Offshoreislands

Niue Present Introduced PIER (2018)

Norfolk Island Present Introduced Invasive


Papua New Guinea Present Introduced PIER (2018)

Solomon Islands Present Introduced PIER (2018)

South America

Argentina Present Introduced Invasive IABIN (2008)

Bolivia Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Brazil Present Introduced NaturalizedFilgueiras andValls (2015)

-Mato Grosso do Sul Present Introduced NaturalizedFilgueiras andValls (2015)

-Minas Gerais Present Introduced NaturalizedFilgueiras andValls (2015)

-Pernambuco Present Introduced NaturalizedFilgueiras andValls (2015)

-Rio Grande do Sul Present Introduced NaturalizedFilgueiras andValls (2015)

-Sao Paulo Present Introduced NaturalizedFilgueiras andValls (2015)

Chile Present Introduced

Molina andRúgolo deAgrasar(2004)

































Colombia Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Ecuador Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Paraguay Present Introduced Invasive IABIN (2008)

Peru Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Suriname Present IntroducedPeterson et al.(2001)

Uruguay Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

Venezuela Present IntroducedClayton et al.(2020)

History of Introduction and Spread

Chloris gayana is a popular forage grass that was first cultivated in South Africa, and was introduced to a wide range of tropical andsubtropical regions at the beginning of the 20 century (Mannetje and Jones, 1992). It was first introduced to the United States in 1903(Vendramini et al., 2000).

th

Risk of Introduction

The risk of new introductions of Chloris gayana is very high. This grass species is one of the most popular grasses for rotation grasslands intropical and subtropical areas. In addition, it has capability to spread both vegetatively and by seeds. Seeds are easily dispersed by windand water and as a seed contaminant. Therefore, it is likely that new introductions and naturalizations will occur (Cook et al., 2005; FAO,2014; Weeds of Australia, 2020).

Habitat

Chloris gayana can be found growing in open woodland and grassland, disturbed areas, savannas, riverine and lake margins andseasonally waterlogged plains. It is a weed of roadsides, railways, parks, gardens, orchards, vineyards and cultivated lands such asplantation crops and sown pastures (Wagner et al., 1999; Cook et al., 2005; Heuzé et al., 2016; Flora of China, 2020; Weeds of Australia,2020)















https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#e2669a10-a1ce-43e5-981c-2fd075b3e8b6

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#52056325-f6d4-4d1a-b06d-46a152799ae9

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#15f5f90c-d2a5-4db1-88ae-6ee5802d10fa



https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#51178b8d-1d35-4e55-ba1d-488a3ddaf3b7


https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#c209409a-2236-482f-826f-f3f1ecebd556



Habitat List

Category Sub-Category Habitat Presence Status

Terrestrial Managed Cultivated / agricultural landPresent, no furtherdetails

Harmful (pest orinvasive)


Natural


Productive/non-natural

Terrestrial ManagedManaged forests, plantations andorchards

Present, no furtherdetails




Natural




Terrestrial Managed Managed grasslands (grazing systems)Present, no furtherdetails



Natural



Terrestrial Managed Disturbed areasPresent, no furtherdetails



Natural



Terrestrial Managed Rail / roadsidesPresent, no furtherdetails



Natural



Terrestrial Managed Urban / peri-urban areasPresent, no furtherdetails



Natural

Category Sub-Category Habitat Presence Status



TerrestrialNatural / Semi-natural

Natural forestsPresent, no furtherdetails



Natural forestsPresent, no furtherdetails

Natural


Natural grasslandsPresent, no furtherdetails




Natural





RiverbanksPresent, no furtherdetails




Natural





Scrub / shrublandsPresent, no furtherdetails




Natural




Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reported for C. gayana is 2n = 20 (Flora of China, 2020).

Physiology and Phenology

Seeds of C. gayana germinate quickly (1-7 days) and seedlings establish rapidly. The seedlings grow and branch rapidly. Widely scatteredseedlings can quickly produce dense stands. In tropical areas, C. gayana produces flowers throughout the year and the caryopsis is fullyripe 23-25 days after flowering (Mannetje and Jones, 1992; Cook et al., 2005).

Longevity and Activity Patterns

Chloris gayana is a perennial grass usually growing 0.4-1.6 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 2 m in height. It forms small clumps witherect culms and also produces stoloniferous stems (Cook et al., 2005; Heuzé et al., 2016; Weeds of Australia, 2020).

Environmental Requirements

Chloris gayana grows in tropical and subtropical regions at elevations from near sea level up to 2000 m. It can also grow in dry and semi-arid regions. It grows best in areas with mean annual temperatures ranging from 16 to 37ºC, with a minimum tolerated temperature of 5º anda maximum of 50ºC. It prefers a mean annual rainfall ranging from 700 mm to 1,500 mm but tolerates <500 mm to 4000mm. It can grow ona wide range of soils, including sandy soils, loams and clays. It grows best in well-drained soils with pH between about 5.5 and 7.5 (buttolerates pH 4.5 and up to 10). This species does not tolerate soils with high manganese and has poor shade tolerance, but it toleratessaline soils and can be irrigated with water that may be too saline for other species. Chloris gayana has a root system that can extract waterto a depth of >4 m. Therefore, its drought tolerance is high and it can survive in areas with a 6-month dry season. It also tolerates seasonalwaterlogging and plants can survive flooding for up to 15 days (Mannetje and Jones, 1992; Cook et al., 2005; Heuzé et al., 2016).

Climate

Climate Status Description Remark

Af - Tropical rainforest climate Preferred > 60mm precipitation per month

Am - Tropical monsoon climate PreferredTropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 -[total annual precipitation(mm}/25]))

As - Tropical savanna climatewith dry summer

Preferred< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annualprecipitation{mm}/25])

Aw - Tropical wet and drysavanna climate

Preferred< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annualprecipitation{mm}/25])

BS - Steppe climate Tolerated > 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation

Cs - Warm temperate climatewith dry summer

Tolerated Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers

Cw - Warm temperate climatewith dry winter

ToleratedWarm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Coldaverage temp. > 0°C, dry winters)

Cf - Warm temperate climate,wet all year

Tolerated Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year










Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Latitude North (°N) Latitude South (°S) Altitude Lower (m) Altitude Upper (m)

45 40

Air Temperature

Parameter Lower limit Upper limit

Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) 0

Mean annual temperature (ºC) 16 37

Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) 5

Rainfall

Parameter Lower limit Upper limit Description

Dry season duration 6 number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall

Mean annual rainfall 500 1700 mm; lower/upper limits

Rainfall Regime

Bimodal Summer UniformWinter

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainagefreeseasonally waterlogged

Soil reactionacidalkalineneutral

Soil textureheavylightmedium

Special soil tolerancesinfertilesaline

Notes on Natural Enemies

Chloris gayana is affected by Chloris striate mosaic virus and by fungi species such as Helminthosporium spp., Aspergillus flavus, Cerebellaandropogonis, Cladosporium sp., Claviceps sp., Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Fusarium spp. and Uromyces kenyensis (Cook et al., 2005).

Insect pests include fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), larvae of Mocis latipes, the lesser corn-stalk borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus),rhodes grass mealybug (Antonina graminis), and the two-lined spittle bug (Prosapia bicincta) (Cook et al., 2005).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Chloris gayana spreads by seed and also vegetatively via stolons. The seeds are dispersed by wind and water, and may also becomeattached to clothing, animals, vehicles and machinery. Seeds can also be dispersed as a contaminant in agricultural produce (e.g. pastureseed). Plants can spread laterally and colonize nearby areas via their stolons (Cook et al., 2005; Heuzé et al., 2016; Weeds of Australia,2020).

Pathway Causes

Cause Notes LongDistance Local References

Crop production Forage for pasture and hay Yes YesCook et al.(2005)

DisturbanceOften escaped from cultivation and naturalized in disturbed sites,open grasslands, and along roadsides

Yes YesWeeds ofAustralia(2020)

Escape from confinementor garden escape

Often escaped from cultivation: seeds, stem fragments, seeds ascontaminants

Yes YesWeeds ofAustralia(2020)

Forage Forage, pasture, hay Yes YesCook et al.(2005)

Habitat restoration andimprovement

To control soil erosion and improve soils Yes YesCook et al.(2005)

Hitchhiker Seeds as contaminants (pasture seeds) Yes YesWeeds ofAustralia(2020)

Intentional release One of the most popular grasses for rotation pastures Yes Yes FAO (2014)

Internet sales Seeds sold online Yes Yes





















Pathway Vectors

Vector Notes LongDistance Local References

Clothing, footwear and possessions Seeds attached to clothingWeeds of Australia(2020)

Debris and waste associated with humanactivities

Seeds as contaminants Yes YesWeeds of Australia(2020)

Machinery and equipmentSeeds attached to vehicles andmachinery

Yes YesWeeds of Australia(2020)

LivestockSeeds may be spread by animals andcattle


Soil, sand and gravel Seeds as contaminants Yes YesWeeds of Australia(2020)

Land vehiclesSeeds attached to vehicles andmachinery


Water Seeds Yes YesWeeds of Australia(2020)

Wind Seeds Yes YesWeeds of Australia(2020)

Impact Summary

Category Impact

Economic/livelihood Positive and negative

Environment (generally) Positive and negative

Environmental Impact

Chloris gayana is listed as an invasive species and an environmental weed in Australia, Argentina, Paraguay, Mexico, Spain, Costa Rica,Cuba, Anguilla, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Hawaii. It has been listed among the top 50 invasive plants in Queensland, Australia,where it spreads from roadsides and pastures to invade native bushland and rainforest margins. Once established, this species growsforming almost pure stands that smother native vegetation (Wagner et al., 1999; Dana et al., 2004; Connor, 2008; IABIN, 2008; Chacón andSaborio, 2012; Oviedo and Gonzalez-Oliva, 2015; Randall, 2017; PIER, 2018; Weeds of Australia, 2020).

















https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#51178b8d-1d35-4e55-ba1d-488a3ddaf3b7

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#12816ac8-688d-4c1a-b6c2-0bb79169f9f2

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#97d2c660-1627-4f52-b18c-65ed45de3f51

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#64b05e9d-9a1a-4f7d-be4f-d72b0e953616

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#1ac2d78f-3146-49e3-a4a7-8f358e4949b2

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#ed3224fe-1f8f-4729-a07d-293cf071eaf6

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#4c91c318-d748-45cb-8c04-1e404dd8ab26

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#658bef83-b77c-4b73-863d-45eeadd7cba3


Risk and Impact Factors

InvasivenessProved invasive outside its native rangeHas a broad native rangeAbundant in its native rangeHighly adaptable to different environmentsIs a habitat generalistTolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etcPioneering in disturbed areasBenefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)Long livedFast growingGregariousReproduces asexually

Impact outcomesEcosystem change/ habitat alterationMonoculture formationNegatively impacts agricultureReduced native biodiversityThreat to/ loss of native species

Impact mechanismsCompetition - monopolizing resourcesCompetition - smotheringRapid growthRooting

Likelihood of entry/controlHighly likely to be transported internationally accidentallyHighly likely to be transported internationally deliberatelyDifficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminantDifficult to identify/detect in the fieldDifficult/costly to control

Uses

Chloris gayana is used in pastures for grazing, hay and silage making. It is also used to restore soil structure, improve organic matterlevels, and reduce nematodes before horticultural crops are sown (Mannetje and Jones, 1992; Cook et al., 2005; FAO, 2014).

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forageFodder/animal feedForage

EnvironmentalErosion control or dune stabilizationSoil conservationSoil improvement




Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Chloris gayana can be confused with Chloris barbata and Chloris virgata. These three species can be distinguished by the following traits(Flora of China, 2020; Weeds of Australia, 2020):

Chloris gayana: flower spikelets have one small and one very small awn (both usually less than 6 mm long) and are not very hairy. Culms 1–3 m, stoloniferous.

Chloris barbata: flower spikelets have three relatively small awns (all less than 7 mm long) and are hairy towards their tips. Sterile lemmasinflated; the lower 1–1.5 mm, nearly as long as wide.

Chloris virgata: flower spikelets have two relatively large awns (5-15 mm long) and are hairy towards their tips. Lowest lemma withspreading 2.5–4 mm hairs on upper margins.

Prevention and Control

Manual and chemical control can be used to manage C. gayana. Larger clumps may require digging out with a mattock. Glyphosate hasbeen found to be effective at controling C. gayana, but the plants must be at the early head stage (Queensland Government, 2020).



https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport/13115#56e62528-859d-463d-98d9-2979f0a094e5

References

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., Strong, M. T., 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies, Washington, DC, USA: SmithsonianInstitution.1192 pp. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Barkworth ME, 2003. Chloris Sw. In: Flora of North America vol. 24. [ed. by Barkworth ME, Capels KM, Long S, Anderton LK, Piep MB].http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/

Chacón, E., Saborío, G., 2012. Interamerican network of information on invasive species, Costa Rica. (Red Interamericana de Informaciónde Especies Invasoras, Costa Rica). In: Red Interamericana de Información de Especies Invasoras, Costa Rica . San José, Costa Rica:Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad.http://invasoras.acebio.org

Clayton, WD, Govaerts, R, Harman, KT, Williamson, H, Vorontsova, M, 2020. World Checklist of Poaceae. London, UK: Royal BotanicGardens Kew.http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

Connor, RA, 2008. Anguilla Invasive Species Strategy (draft).http://www.gov.ai/documents/Anguilla%20Invasive%20Species%20Strategy%202008%20(2).pdf

Cook, B. G., Pengelly, B. C., Brown, S. D., Donnelly, J. L., Eagles, D. A., Franco, M. A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B. F., Partridge, I. J., Peters, M.,Schultze-Kraft, R., 2005. Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. In: Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool . Brisbane,Australia: CSIRO, DPI&F, CIAT, ILRI.http://www.tropicalforages.info/

Dana, E. D., Sanz-Elorza, M., Sobrino, E., 2004. Plant invaders in Spain (check-list), 'the unwanted citizens'. In: Plant invaders in Spain(check-list), 'the unwanted citizens' . http://www.ual.es/personal/edana/alienplants/checklist.pdf

Edgar, E., Connor, H. E., 2000. Flora of New Zealand - Vol. V: Gramineae, Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.lxxxii + 650 pp.

FAO, 2014. Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes. Rome, Italy:FAO.https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172754/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGp/agpc/doc/gbase/mainmenu.htm

Filgueiras, TS, Valls, JFM, 2015. Chloris gayana. In: Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio deJaneiro.http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB111605

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2020. Flora of China. In: Flora of China St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA:Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

Heuzé V, Tran G, Boudon A, Lebas F, 2016. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). In: Feedipedia, INRA, CIRAD, AFZ andFAO.https://www.feedipedia.org/node/480

IABIN, 2008. [English title not available]. (Paraguay. Red interamericana de Informacion sobre Biodiversidad Red de Informacion sobreEspecies Invasoras (I3N)).

MacKee, H. S., 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Paris, France: Muséum National d'HistoireNaturelle.unpaginated.

Mannetje L 't, Jones RM, 1992. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) Volume 4: Forages, Leiden, Netherlands: BackhuysPublishers.

Molina, A. M., Rúgolo de Agrasar, Z. E. R., 2004. Taxonomic revision the species of the genus Chloris (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in SouthAmerica. (Revisión taxonómica de las especies del género Chloris (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) en Sudamérica). Candollea, 59(2), 347-428.

Overholt, W. A., Franck, A. R., 2017. The invasive legacy of forage grass introductions into Florida. Natural Areas Journal, 37(2), 254-264.doi: 10.3375/043.037.0214

Oviedo Prieto, R., González-Oliva, L., 2015. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2015. (Listanacional de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2015). Bissea: Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantasdel Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, 9(Special Issue No. 2), 1-88.http://repositorio.geotech.cu/jspui/bitstream/1234/1476/4/Lista%20nacional%20de%20plantas%20invasoras%20de%20Cuba-2015.pdf

Peterson, P. M., Soreng, R. J., Davidse, G., Filgueiras, T. S., Zuloaga, F. O., Judziewicz, E. J., 2001. Contributions from the United StatesNational Herbarium, Washington, USA: Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 41, 255 pp.

PIER, 2018. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. In: Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: HEAR, University ofHawaii.http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html

Queensland Government, 2020. Rhodes Grass, Chloris gayana. Invasive plant factsheet. Queensland Department of Agriculture andFisheries.https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/51512/IPA-Rhodes-Grass-PP91.pdf

https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/20177200266

http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/


http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

http://www.gov.ai/documents/Anguilla%20Invasive%20Species%20Strategy%202008%20(2).pdf




https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172754/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGp/agpc/doc/gbase/mainmenu.htm

http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB111605


https://www.feedipedia.org/node/480







https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/51512/IPA-Rhodes-Grass-PP91.pdf

Randall, R. P., 2017. A global compendium of weeds, (Ed.3) [ed. by Randall, R. P.]. Perth, Australia: R. P. Randall.iii + 3653 pp.

Stevens, P. F., 2017. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14. In: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14 . St. Louis, Missouri,USA: Missouri Botanical Garden.http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

USDA-ARS, 2020. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network(GRIN). Online Database Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory.https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx

Vendramini J, Blount AR, Debeux JCB, 2000. SS-AGR-59/AA197: ‘Callide’ Rhodesgrass. Florida, USA: Agronomy Department, UF/IFASExtension.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa197

Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., Sohmer, S. H., 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, Vols. 1 & 2, (Revised edition) . Honolulu, USA:University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press.1918 + [1] pp.

Weeds of Australia, 2020. Weeds of Australia. Biosecurity Queensland Edition. Queensland, Australia: Department of Employment,Economic Development and Innovation.https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/search.html




https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa197


https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/search.html

References

Distribution References

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong M T, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution.1192 pp. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Cerros-Tlatilpa R, Siqueiros Delgado M E, Skendzic E M, 2015. The genus Chloris Sw. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in Mexico. (El géneroChloris Sw. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) en México.). Acta Botanica Mexicana. 95-147. DOI:10.21829/abm112.2015.1091

Chacón E, Saborío G, 2012. Interamerican network of information on invasive species, Costa Rica. (Red Interamericana de Información deEspecies Invasoras, Costa Rica.). In: Red Interamericana de Información de Especies Invasoras, Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica:Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad. http://invasoras.acebio.org

Clayton WD, Govaerts R, Harman KT, Williamson H, Vorontsova M, 2020. World Checklist of Poaceae., London, UK: Royal BotanicGardens Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

Connor RA, 2008. Anguilla Invasive Species Strategy (draft).,http://www.gov.ai/documents/Anguilla%20Invasive%20Species%20Strategy%202008%20(2).pdf

Dana E D, Sanz-Elorza M, Sobrino E, 2004. Plant invaders in Spain (check-list), 'the unwanted citizens'. In: Plant invaders in Spain (check-list), 'the unwanted citizens', http://www.ual.es/personal/edana/alienplants/checklist.pdf

Edgar E, Connor H E, 2000. Flora of New Zealand - Vol. V: Gramineae. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. lxxxii + 650 pp.

Filgueiras TS, Valls JFM, 2015. Chloris gayana. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro.http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB111605

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2020. Flora of China. In: Flora of China, St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA:Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

IABIN, 2008. [English title not available]. (Paraguay. Red interamericana de Informacion sobre Biodiversidad Red de Informacion sobreEspecies Invasoras (I3N)).,

MacKee H S, 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris, France: Muséum National d'HistoireNaturelle. unpaginated.

Mills L, Leaman T M, Taghavi S M, Shackel L, Dominiak B C, Taylor P W J, Fegan M, Teakle D S, 2001. Leifsonia xyli-like bacteria areendophytes of grasses in eastern Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 30 (2), 145-151. DOI:10.1071/AP01003

Molina A M, Rúgolo de Agrasar Z E R, 2004. Taxonomic revision the species of the genus Chloris (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in SouthAmerica. (Revisión taxonómica de las especies del género Chloris (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) en Sudamérica.). Candollea. 59 (2), 347-428.

Overholt W A, Franck A R, 2017. The invasive legacy of forage grass introductions into Florida. Natural Areas Journal. 37 (2), 254-264.DOI:10.3375/043.037.0214

Oviedo Prieto R, González-Oliva L, 2015. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2015. (Listanacional de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2015). Bissea: Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantasdel Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba. 9 (Special Issue No. 2), 1-88.http://repositorio.geotech.cu/jspui/bitstream/1234/1476/4/Lista%20nacional%20de%20plantas%20invasoras%20de%20Cuba-2015.pdf

Peterson P M, Soreng R J, Davidse G, Filgueiras T S, Zuloaga F O, Judziewicz E J, 2001. Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium, Washington, USA: Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 41, 255 pp.

PIER, 2018. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. In: Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii.http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html

USDA-ARS, 2020. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network(GRIN). Online Database, Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx

USDA-NRCS, 2020. The PLANTS Database. In: The PLANTS Database, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team.https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov

Weeds of Australia, 2020. Weeds of Australia. Biosecurity Queensland Edition. Queensland, Australia: Department of Employment,Economic Development and Innovation. https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/search.html




http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

http://www.gov.ai/documents/Anguilla%20Invasive%20Species%20Strategy%202008%20(2).pdf



http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB111605











https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/search.html

Contributors

11/02/20 Original text by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

CABI, 2021. Chloris gayana. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc

CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - World


CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - Africa


CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - Asia


CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - Europe


CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - Pacific


CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - North America


CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - Central America

Date of report: 08 September, 2021


CABI Summary Data

Map Legends - South America

datasheet report for chloris gayana (rhodes grass

Documents