date lab manual _updated_

EXPT. NO.: 1 BIO TELEMETRY

DATE:

AIM:

To study ECG telemetry using FM Modulator & Demodulator system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS REQUIRED QTY 1. ECG Amplifier 1 2. ECG Ring electrode 1 set 3. Low pass filter 2 4. FM modulator & demodulator Each1 5. FM transmitter & receiver Each1 6. Battery 2 7. DSO 1

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the modules as shown. 2. Let the patient or subject wear the electrodes such that yellow & black ring on left & red is on right. 3. Connect the DSO dual such that ECG amp is connected to CH-1 & low pass filter of receiver section is connected to CH-2. 4. Compare and store the 2 waveforms and take their FFT. 5. Then connect the FM modulator and FM receiver to DSO and ensure both waveforms are same. 6. Then connect the receiver and demodulator to DSO channels and observe the waveforms. 7. Take and store the waveform and take FFT‟s and store the waveforms. 8. Now connect receiver and low pass filter 9. Store the waveform and their fft. 10. move the transmitter and receiver away from each other and obtain the maximum range ( distance over which the telemetry is functional)

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OBSERVATION: The time delay between the transmitted and received ECG waveform is observed to be: ms The carrier frequency was found to be: The range was found to be:

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

ANTENNA

INFERENCE:

RESULT:

Thus studied the FM double channel using ECG telemetry system.

FM RECEIVER FREQ

DEMODULATOR LPF DSO



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EXPT. NO.: 2 (a) MULTICHANNEL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

DATE:

AIM:

To capture and analyse the biosignals such as ECG,EEG,PCG,pulse using multichannel data acquisition system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1) Physiograph 2) ECG amplifier 3) PCG amplifier 4) EEG amplifier 5) Pulse amplifier 6) Ring electrodes (ECG) 7) Phonosensor 8) PCG sensor 9) Pulse detector 10)1245 cable 11) RS232 cable.

THEORY:

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM:

The biopotential generated by the heart muscles is ECG.For the cardiovascular system to function properly, the atrial and ventricles must operate in a proper time relationship.To facilitate analysis, the horizontal segment of this waveform preceeding the P wave is designated as baseline or the isopotential line.The P wave represents depolarization of atrial musculature, the QRS complex is the combined fesult of repolarisation of atria and depolarization of ventricles, which occur simultaneously.The T wave is ventricular repolarisation.The P-Q interval represents time during exultation wave from the fibres near the AV node.

PHONOCARDIOGRAM(PCG):

The recorded representation of the heart sounds is called PCG. Microphones for PCG are designed to be placed on the chest, over the heart. However the heart sounds are sometimes measured from other vantage points. For this special microphone, transducers are placed at tips of catheters to pick up heart sounds.



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PULSE SIGNAL:

Each time the heart muscle contracts, blood is ejected from the ventricles and a pulse of pressure is transmitted through the circulatory system. The pulse signal gives a measure of pulse wave velocity and can compared with ECG signal.

EEG SIGNAL:

Electroencephalography is method to obtain the brain activity through scalp electrodes.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the physiograh�s serial connecter with �signal in� serial of opto isolator unit.

2. Connect the opto-isolator unit to PC�s serial port.

3. Connect the physiograph to amplifier output via ADC channels.

4. Connect the external source to the ADC channel.

5. Remove any power connectivity mode to physiograph.

6. Switch on the physiograph system.

7. Connect opto isolator unit to 230V AC mains supply and switch on the opto isolator circuit.

8. Switch on external source on stimulator.

9. Run the physiograph software to use and analyze the signal.

10. After conducting experiment switch off the physiograph system and opto isolator circuit.



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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXP NO: 2 (b) MULTICHANNEL DATA CCQUISITION USING BIOPAC.

DATE:

AIM:

To acquire and analyse the obtained biosignals using BIOPAC.

THEORY:

Biopac systems, Inc manufacture amplifiers and signal conditioning modules designed to measure any array of life science data including EMG respiration, pulse, EEG, temperature, eye movement, skin conductance, evoked potentials, microelectrode recordings, electrical impedence, laser Doppler flow,CO2 and O2 gas analysis and electrogastrogram. They also offer a general purpose amplifier that allows you to connect other devices, including bridge transducers like pressure, force and strain gauges .In addition , we can mix and match amplifiers designed to collect specific kinds of physiological signals like ECG, respiration and EMG. These modules snap together to allowing us to create a customized data acquisition station.

PROCEDURE FOR ACQUIRING DATA:

*One advantage of the MP system is its flexibility.

1. Click on the MP menu and choose setup channels. 2. To collect and plot sample data, enable the acquire and plot column. 3. To record for long recordings, disable auto plotting and scrolling on the playback menu.

Display the acquisition. Now, when the data plot reaches the right limit, the screen will not be re-written but the horizontal scroll bar will shift to indicate the file length is longer than display.

4. Click the calculations tab in the �step up channels� dialog to activate presets menu. 5. Organize the channel presets to suit your needs. Presets can work in conjuction with any

analog input presets or with other calculations channels that are pointing to analog source channel.

6. Use playback menu >setup channel>setup to set the source for a calculation channel. 7. To translate the voltage read by MP150 data acquisition unit into units of device. Click

analog lab in the �setup channels� dialog and click the �setup� button to generate the

scaling dialog.

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 3 ACQUISITION OF EEG

DATE:

AIM:

To acquire EEG signals using 10-20 electrode placement system.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: (1) 20 scalp electrodes (2) RMS BV-EC acquisition box (3)EEG acquisition software(Acquire) THEORY: Write about different types of EEG signals. BLOCK DIAGRAM:



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DIAGRAM OF 10-20 ELECTRODE PLACEMENT:

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the subject's scalp using alcohol soaked cotton swabs. 2. Connect the electrodes to the corresponding lead sockets. 3. Separate the specific regions of interest in scalp using EEG band. 4. The head is mapped by 4 standard points: inion, nasion and left and right preauricular

points. 5. Nineteen electrodes plus one ground is used. 6. Electrodes are placed using gel for better contact. 7. Measure nasion-inion distance. 8. Mark points on head at distance of 10%,20%, 20% , 20%, 10% of this distance. 9. Place vertex Cz at the midpoint. 10. Initially place fronted pole Fp1& Fp2 and place other electrodes in frontal, central,

parietal, temporal & occipital regions at calculated points. 11. place electrodes A1,A2 on left and right ear. 12. Place ground electrode at center of forehead and reference accordingly. 13. Open EEG acquire software and perform impedance check. 14. Select required montages and observe output for several options provided.



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Tips for using the SuperSpec Software:

1. Switch on the computer and adaptor box. 2. When windows pop up, click the icon "Acquire super spec(acquisition). 3. Main menu of super spec (Acquisition) will appear on screen. 4. Click on picture showing electrode position on head. 5. Enter the patient data by clicking the new patient icon. 6. Clean the head of the patient by spirit or alcohol. 7. Start the EEG by clicking the Start icon. 8. Check the impedence of all electrodes by clicking the impedence icon .It should be less

than 10 Kohms. 9. If you want to define your own protocol go to show mwnu, select configuration, click on

protocol button and define your protocol entries. Events such as impedence check, HV on , HV off, photic on, photic off, eyes open, eyes close tc can be defined. Click the use protocol in configuration for using this protocol.

10. Click on the storage icon to store patient data. 11. Mark the relevant events as and required by clicking the relevant icon on the screen such

as eyes open, eyes closed, HV -on, HV-off , photic on-off and asleep etc. 12. Take the record for whatever duration of time you want and click the stop icon or use

ctrl+T. It will stop the recording . 13. Quit from acquisition either by clicking close box or by selecting exit from File menu. 14. If you want to review that patient data click SSAN Analyze (Analysis) icon at the

desktop or select this program from programs in start button. 15. Close the tip of the day windows permanently if required. 16. Select the desired patient by clicking on open icon or ctrl+O and choosing the desired

patient. RESULT: Thus the EEG signal was acquired using 10-20 Electrodes placement.



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EXPT. NO.: 4(a) ANALYSIS OF ECG USING MATLAB

DATE:

AIM:

To perform the following analysis of ECG using MATLAB

a) Smoothening and filtering of ECG signal b) Heart rate estimation using QRS detector c) Noise removal in ECG and elimination of baseline wandering d) Compression of ECG using DCT

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

System preinstalled with Matlab software, ECG amplifier, electrodes

THEORY:

Matlab, as the name states that it�s a matrix laboratory which processes every signal from the

outside world in terms of matrix data�s. Codes with �.m� format will be created or recognized by

Matlab. With this software we are going to perform four different operations which will be discussed below.

a) Smoothening and filtering of ECG:

By initializing the values to pass-band frequency, stop-band frequency, pass-band ripple, stop-band ripple and also with the help of windowing techniques Matlab filters and smoothens the ECG for the appropriate results. QRS detection is done as an additional process.

b) Heart rate estimation using QRS detector

Heart rate estimation is usually done to detect any abnormal conditions if present like bradycardia, tachycardia etc. by filtering the signal, threshold it and count the heart rate.



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c) Noise removal in ECG and elimination of baseline wandering

Signal acquired from the body is affected by many factors such as EMG, ENG, body artifacts, etc. and also a baseline shift. So Matlab helps in effective removal of those unwanted noises and baseline shift.

d) Compression of ECG using DCT

ECG acquired from the patient needs to be stored for record purpose either to keep track of future results or for further analysis. Transmitting or storing a large quantity of data is hardly impossible unless an effective compression is done on the signal.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Matlab 2. Create a new �.m� file and write the appropriate code for the program 3. Save and run the program 4. Observe the output window and interpret the results

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 4(b) ANALYSIS OF ECG USING LABVIEW

DATE:

AIM:

To analyze ECG signal using LABVIEW

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

LABVIEW software, ECG amplifier, electrodes

THEORY:

LABVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for visual programming language from national instruments (NI). The graphical language name �G�. The programming language used in LABVIEW is data flow programming language. Execution is determined by the structure of a graphical block diagram on which the programmer connects different function made by drawing wire. These wires propagate variable and any node can execute as all its input data become available. LABVIEW is capable of parallel execution. LABVIEW ties the execution of user interface (called front panel) into the development cycle. LABVIEW programs/subroutines are called as virtual instruments (VI). Each VI has three components- a block diagram, front panel and connector panel. Controls and indicators on the front panel allow an operation to input data into the exact data from the running VI�s. The number of advanced mathematical blocks for function such as integration, filters and other specialized capabilities usually associated with data capture from hardware sensors is immense. One benefit is the extensive support or accessing instrumentation hardware. Real-time signals can be easily analyzed in LABVIEW.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open LABVIEW. Click blank VI 2. 2 windows will be opened (front panel & block diagram). Using CTRL+E, you can shift

the control from one window to another 3. In the block diagram, right click select express. Select input signal and then select DAQ 4. In DAQ, add channel ai0, ai1, ai2. The parameter to be measured is selected as voltage.



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5. In the front panel, right click and then select graph to display the waveforms 6. In block diagram, right click and then select express. Then select signal analysis. It has

lot of options like filter, spectral measurements etc. They are placed in the block diagram. Waveform is given as input those blocks. Its output is viewed using graph

7. The design of block diagram and front panel are shown 8. The electrodes are converted to respective amplifiers and input is given to LABVIEW

through broadband in workbench 9. Now run the setup. The output is analyzed. 10. We can view the signal, its FFT and power spectrum.

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO: 5 ANALYSIS OF EEG DATE: AIM:

To analyse EEG:

a) To eliminate beta waves from EEG data and to determine PSD using Burg spectrum in MATLAB

b) To filter alpha waves using suitable filter and windowing functions in MATLAB. c) To filter EEG waves using LABVIEW and to find PSD.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Raw EEG data recorded using 10-20 electrode placement, MATLAB, LABVIEW

THEORY: Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of neurons within the brain. One second of EEG signal

Different Types of Waveform Alpha waves - 8-13 Hz Beta waves - Greater than 13 Hz Theta waves � 4 -7.5 Hz Delta waves - 3 Hz or less



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eeg_raw.svg


PROCEDURE:

a) To eliminate beta waves from EEG data and to determine PSD using Burg spectrum in MATLAB

1. Open MATLAB and create a new M-file. 2. Import the raw EEG data. 3. Specify the pass band and stop band frequencies of the filter (13-22 Hz). 4. Determine PSD of the output using Burg spectrum function in MATLAB. 5. Plot all the input and output waveforms. b) To filter alpha waves using suitable filter and windowing functions in MATLAB. 1. Open MATLAB and create a new M-file. 2. Import the raw EEG data. 3. Specify the stop band and pass band frequencies of the filter. 4. Use suitable windowing function to plot the output waveform.

c) To filter EEG waves using LABVIEW and to find PSD 1. Import the EEG signal using DAQ assistant in LABVIEW. 2. Use filter to separate the corresponding waves according to their frequency bands. 3. Obtain the Power Spectral Density. 4. View both the waveforms using waveform graph.



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MATLAB help: spectrum.burg Burg spectrum Syntax Hs = spectrum.burg Hs = spectrum.burg(order) Description Hs = spectrum.burg returns a default Burg spectrum object, Hs, that defines the parameters for the Burg parametric spectral estimation algorithm. The Burg algorithm estimates the spectral content by fitting an auto-regressive (AR) linear prediction filter model of a given order to the signal. Hs = spectrum.burg(order) returns a spectrum object, Hs with the specified order. The default value for order is 4.

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 6 STUDY OF VENTILATORS

DATE:

AIM:

To study in detail the working and operation of ventilators in its various modes.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Ventilator machine (Siemens), test lung, connecting tube, and compressor.

THEORY:

The main panel has the following nine controls:

1. working pressure 2. mode selection 3. respiratory pattern 4. expired minute volume 5. special functions 6. airway pressure 7. SIMV 8. O2 concentration alarm 9. monitoring

Working pressure:

It is set with adjustment screw and is read on the manometer. It must always be set at a value higher than airway pressure.

Mode selection:

The different modes are:

Controlled ventilation: -volume controlled

-pressure controlled



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Supported ventilation: -pressure supported

-synchronised intermittent mandatory(SIMV)

-SIMV+pressure support

Spontaneous ventilation: CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)

Respiratory pattern:

Preset inspiratory minute volume: It is set with knob preset Insp. Minute volume (l/min). The knob has a locking on the underside.

Breaths per minute: Respiratory rate is adjustable within the range of 5 to 120 breaths/ min.

Inspiratory time %: There are 6 fixed inspiration times 20,25,33,50.67 and 80% of breathing cycle.

Pause time %: There are 5 fixed pause times 0,5,10,20 and 30% of the breathing cycle.



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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Ventilator unit:



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Front panel:

Lower

alarm

limit

Upper

alarm

limit

Trig.

sensitivity

PEEP Insp. Press.

level

Upper

press. limit

Pause

time %

Insp time

%

Breaths /minute



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PROCEDURE:

Prechecks and presettings:

1. Make sure the ventilator has been cleaned. 2. Set the following on the ventilator:

Mode selector at VOL. CONTROL.

Alarm limits to end positions according to the picture. Scale range for ADULTS.

TRIG. SENSITIVITY to -20cm H2O

UPPER PRESSURE LIMIT to 80 cm H2O. PEEP and INSP. PRESSURE LEVEL to 0 cm H2O.

3. Make sure the meters for EXPIRED MINUTE VOLUME and AIRWAY PRESSURE gives a zero reading.

Check on Functions:

1. Make sure on start up the gas supply alarm , set minute volume alarm and the set O2 alarm are activated.

2. Check for leakages: Connect the gases. Make the setting according to the diagram. Preset insp. Min. vol. to 7.5 l/min, constant flow. Breaths/min 10, Insp. Time 25% and Pause Time 30 %.

The airway pressure must not fall more than a few cm. It should fall to 0 during expiration. If it falls more than allowed, block the outlet pipe on inspiration pipe and repeat the above steps. If reading does not fall more than allowed, leakage is to be found in the tubing system, humidifier, manual ventilation valve or expiration channel. Connections:

1. Connect patient tubes, holder arm, humidifier, test lung. If required, the manual ventilation accessory, gas evacuation accessory, CO2 monitor and Lung Mechanics Calculator can also be connected.



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2. Connect the ventilator to the mains. Set the mains switch on the rear of the ventilator to ON. Make sure the green lamp lights up.

3. Connect the gases.

Via O2-air mixer or via O2-N2O/O2-air mixer: Set the desired O2 concentration.

Via O2-N2O/O2-air mixer and vaporizer: Connect a halothane, enflurane or isoflurane vaporizer. Set the O2 concentration.

Via low pressure flow meters: Connect O2-N2O (air) via low pressure flow meters at pressures at least equal to WORKING PRESSURE.

Compressed air: Connect compressed air.

Alarms:



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1. Upper pressure limit alarm:

Block the Y piece/Servo Humidifier. Turn the alarm to 55cm H2O. Make sure inspiration is terminated and the alarm is activated. Turn the knob back to 80cm H2O.

2. Minute volume alarm

-Lower limit: 0 l/min.

-Upper limit: 40 l/min.

Lower alarm limit: 3-43 l/min (adults)

0-4.3 l/min (infants)

Upper alarm limit: 0-37 l/min (adults)

0-3.7 l/min (infants)

3. Set minute alarm indicates minute volume hasn�t been set.

4. O2 alarm:

Working pressue must be 60cm H2O. The reading should be correct at a setting of 20.9% (air). Lower alarm limit: Turn the knob clockwise and make sure alarm is activated

at 36-44%. Set limit to 18% Upper alarm limit: Turn the knob counter clockwise and make sure alarm is

activated at 36-44%. Set limit to 100% 4. Apnea alarm:

Set mode selector at CPAP. Alarm should be activated 15s after mode change. Indicates if the time between two consecutive breaths, spontaneous or

mandatory is more than the value set. Its indicated by flashing of light.

5. Pressure levels: When airway pressure exceeds preset pressure limit.



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When alarm is activated, inspiration and/or pause in progress is immediately terminated and changed to expiration.

Alarm is given as single audible signal and visual flashing signal. 6. Mains supply failure alarm indicates main supply hasn�t been provided or has been

disconnected. The green lamp goes out and slow audible signals are sounded which stop after 5-10 mins.

Connection to the patient:

A portion of the preset volume does not reach the patient because it is needed for the compression of gas in tubes and humidifier.

Compensation procedure:

1. Connect complete breathing system with patient tubes and servo humidifier to Servo Ventillator.

2. Working pressure: 60 cm H2O. 3. Preset Insp. Min. VOl. at 10 l/min. 4. Upper pressure limit for airway pressure at 80 cm H2O 5. Parameter selector at Insp. Tidal Volume. 6. Block the opening of the Y-Piece 7. Note the reading on Insp. Tidal Volume(ml) on display. 8. Set the Servo Ventilator as desired for the patient and connect the patient. 9. Set the parameter selection at Pause Pressure and read actual Pause Pressure when patient

is connected.. 10. Calculate compensation for compressible volume

INSP. TIDAL VOLUME(ml) [acc. to (7)] PAUSE PRESSURE(cm H2O) [acc. to (10)

1100 (ml/l) 60 (cm H2O)

X set Breaths/min according to (8)

11. Set Preset Insp. Min. Vol. = desired minimum volume for the patient + compensation (l/min) for compressible volume.



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Check on pressure volumes:

1. Set the mode selector at pressure controller. 2. Set BREATH/min to lowest alue. 3. Set PEEP at 10cm H2O. 4. Set INSP Press Level at 10 cm H2O 5. Make sure that the reading on airway pressure meter remains at 20+/- 2cm H2O during

inspiration. 6. Set mode selector at volume controller.

INFORMATION:

Cleaning:

Cleaning is done by immersing the flow transducer in 70% ethyl lcohol solution for an hour.

Aldehyde containing agents or ultrasound should not be used as they can disturb the functioning of the transducer. Agents used should hav pH between 4 - 8.5.

Parts other than the flow transducer is allowed to lie in a disinfectant for an hour. All parts including the transducer is autoclaved at 150˚C. Moisture is removed by connecting compressed air to the ventilator and letting it run

for about 15mins with a PRESET INSP. MIN. VOLUME 0f 7,5 litres/min.

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 7 STUDY OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY ANALYZER

DATE:

AIM:

To study the working of Electrical Safety Analyzer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Electrical Safety Analyzer.

DESCRIPTION:

TOP PANEL:

1. Supply Switch: To provide power supply to instrument under test.

2. Neutral Switch: To disconnect neutral connection.

3. Earth Switch: To disconnect earth connection.

4. Polarity Switch: To reverse live & neutral connection.

FRONT PANEL:

1. Display: Micro Ammeter display, range 0-1mA.

2. LED Indicator: mains supply status.

3. Insulation Tester:

S1- Chassis to ground impedance indicator.

L2- Live connection of instrument under test with respect to ground.

4. Isolation Tester: Input- To connect any of the patient leads from instrument under test.

5. Reset Switch: To apply 120V DC.

6. Leakage Current Tester: To test any 2 patient leads.



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BACK PANEL:

1. Input supply socket: AC socket is for connecting 230V AC supply through mains cable with a fuse of 500mA.

2. ON/OFF Switch: A switch is provided on the front panel to switch ON/OFF the instrument. Instrument is switched ON in the switch position marked ON and otherwise it is switched OFF.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:

TEST PROCEDURE FOR CONFIRMING MAINS SUPPLY STATUS:

1. Connect the instrument to 230V AC mains & switch ON the instrument from back panel.

2. Check the mains supply status with front panel LEDs.

3. Match the LEDs with status indicated on top panel.

4. If required take corrective action to get normal polarity & normal grounded supply

TEST PROCEDURE FOR CONFIRMING INSULATION STATUS:

1. Connect instrument under test to power outlet from the back panel of analyzer.

2. Connect crocodile cable from back panel chassis socket to chassis of the instrument under test.

3. Keep top panel supply switch in OFF position.

4. S1 should glow, indicating chassis to ground resistance of less than 1k , if not take corrective action.

5. L2 should glow indicating live pin of supply wire of the instrument under test is more than 1M with respect to ground, if not take corrective action.

TEST PROCEDURE FOR CONFIRMING ISOLATION STATUS:

1. Put supply switch on Top panel to ON position, so that the instrument under test is switched ON.

2. Keep Neutral, Earth & Polarity switches in normal position.



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3. Connect any of the patient leads to input of isolation tester (for example right arm lead of ECG instrument)

4. Connect micro ammeter to input of micro ammeter.

5. Press Reset switch, micro ammeter will display leakage current of that particular lead with respect to ground.

6. Check these currents for proper isolation, if not, take corrective action.

7. Repeat the above procedure from 1 to 6 with Neutral switch in open position &/Or Earth switch in open position &/Or Polarity switch in open position.

TEST PROCEDURE LEAKAGE CURRENT TESTER:

1. Supply switch: ON.

2. Neutral/Earth/Polarity switches in normal position.

3. Connect any 2 patient leads (for example: right arm & left arm leads of ECG machine) to lead 1 & lead 2 input.

4. Connect micro ammeter to micro ammeter input.

5. Micro ammeter will display leakage current.

6. Check this current for safety range, if not, take corrective action.

7. Repeat this procedure with Neutral &/Or Polarity switch in reverse position.

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT NO: 8 STUDY OF DEFIBRILLATORS

DATE:

AIM:

To study the working of The CodeMaster XL + Defibrillator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

The CodeMaster XL + Defibrillator.

THEORY:

Defibrillators are used for treating atrial and ventricular fibrillations. It involves delivering high voltage for a very short period of time.



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CODEMASTER XL + DEFIBRILLATOR:

DEFIBRILLATOR OPERATING CONTROLS:

CONTROL DESCRIPTION

Energy Select / Power Control Turns the instrument power ON or OFF and selects energy level.

�Charge� button Charges defibrillator to energy level set on

Energy Select control.



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�Shock� buttons Administers shock.

�Sync� button Changes operating mode between immediate shock (normal) mode and synchronized with next R-wave shock (Sync) mode.

�Record� Starts and stops the recorder.

�Mark� When recorder is on, pressing Mark will annotate the ECG at that point.

�Sync� light Indicates that unit is in synchronized shock mode as opposed to defibrillator mode. Flashes off each time an R-wave is detected.

AC Power Indicates that unit is plugged into AC power.

Battery Charge Indicates that the unit is plugged into AC power and that the battery is being charged.

AUDIBLE INDICATORS:

INDICATOR DESCRIPTION

Charge Done tone Sounds when instrument is charged and ready to deliver a shock. Can be disabled in setup.

Auto disarm tone Sounds during the last ten seconds of the Charge Done tone. Beeps intermittently until disarmed.

QRS beeper Sounds when an R-wave is detected. Volume controlled by front panel



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adjustment.

CRT alerts It beeps each time a message appears on the screen.

HR alarms Sounds if heart rate is above a higher alarm limit or below a lower alarm limit.

Shutdown alarm Alternating pitch sounds for 60 seconds when the system is about to turn off.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Automated External Defibrillator:



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DEFIBRILLATING A PATIENT:

The following section describes the 3 steps to defibrillate a patient:

1. Select Energy 2. Charge 3. Shock

Defibrillating a patient:

1. SELECT ENERGY:

a. Turn the energy select control to the desired energy level. The defibrillator is now ON.

b. Prepare the paddles by following the 3 steps:

1. Remove the paddles from their holders by grasping the handles and lifting them straight up.

2. Holding both paddles in one hand, apply electrolyte paste to the electrode surface of each paddle.



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Warning: Do not allow the paste to accumulate on your hands or on the paddle handles to avoid risks of electrical shock.

Caution: Do not rub the electrode surfaces together to distribute the paste. Placing the electrode surfaces together increases the risk of an accidental paddle-to-paddle discharge.

c. Apply the paddles as described below:

1. Place the Sternum paddle near the upper sternum in the patient�s right mid-

clavicular line, just below the clavicle.

2. Place the Apex paddle on the chest just below & to the left of the patient�s left

nipple, in the anterior-axillary line.

d. Rub the paddles lightly against the skin to distribute the electrolyte paste and increase

contact between the patient skin and the paddles. Then keep the paddles still to reduce

motion artifact on the monitor.

Warning: Do not spread paste between the paddle electrodes on the chest. The patient can

be burned if the paste forms a path between the electrodes.

e. Apply 10 to 12 kg (22-25 lbs) of pressure to the paddles.



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DEFIBRILLATION ELECTRODE POSITION:

2. CHARGE:

a. Press �Charge� on either the Apex paddle or on the instrument front panel.

b. Call out �Clear!� to alert personnel to stand away from the patient.

c. Wait for the charge done indicators: CHARGE DONE light and Charge Done tone.

When the unit is armed, the monitor Delivered Energy display shows the available

energy in Joules.



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Resetting the Selected Energy Level

To increase or decrease the selected energy level after pressing the Charge button, perform the following steps.

1. Move the Energy Select control to the new energy level. 2. Wait for the Charge Done indicators.

3. SHOCK:

To provide shock to the patient, perform the following steps:

a. Briefly adjust paddle pressure and placement to optimize patient contact, as registered

on the paddle contact indicator (if supplied).

b. Verify that no one is in contact with the patient, the monitoring cable or leads, the bed

rails, or another potential current pathway.

c. Call out �Clear!� to alert personnel to stand away from the patient.

Warning: Keep the hands clear of the paddle electrode edges. Use your thumbs to depress

the Shock buttons on the paddle handles.

d. Press and briefly hold both Shock buttons (one on each paddle) simultaneously, to

deliver energy to the patient.



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DEFIBRILLATOR ELECTRODES:

External electrodes:

Internal electrodes:



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OUTPUT: (to be observed on DSO as graphs)

1. Defibrillator-manual mode:

2. Defibrillator-synchronous mode:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 9 STUDY OF PACEMAKER

DATE:

AIM:

To study the working of Pace Medical MINIATURE temporary Pacemaker.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

MINIATURE Temporary Cardiac Pacemaker One 9V Alkaline battery ECG Simulator DSO

INTRODUCTION:

The Pace Medical MINIATURE Temporary Pacemaker is an external cardiac pacemaker with internal power source. It offers short-term pacing support for a patient with Myocardial Infarction or temporary heart block. It operates in either R-wave inhibited (demand) or asynchronous mode with rate continuously variable in the range of 30-150 ppm.

SPECIFICATIONS:

ATTRIBUTE VALUE

Mode of operation R-wave inhibited or Asynchronous

Voltage output (continuously variable) Accuracy ±0.05V or ±20%

0.2 � 12V

Pulse Rate (continuously variable) Accuracy ±5%

30 � 150 ppm

Pulse duration (fixed) Accuracy ±0.15ms 1.5ms

Interference Rate (6Hz and above) Selected Rate + 25%



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Inhibit Sensitivity (continuously variable) Accuracy ± 30%

Calibrated for +1.0 - +12mv

Refractory Period (after a stimulus) Accuracy ±30ms

330ms

Refractory Period (after a sensed event) Accuracy ±15ms

150ms

Dimensions 76mm * 145mm * 33mm

Weight 280g or 9.8 oz.

INDICATORS AND CONTRAINDICATORS:

Specifically, indications for temporary pacemakers include, but are not limited to, the following: intermittent or complete heart block associated with asystole or bradycardia, symptomatic sinus bradycardia, surgically � induced heart block accompanying an acute myocardial infarction. There are no known contraindications.

WARNING:

Pacemaker at temperature below 10ºC or above 40ºC should be allowed to sit at room

temperature (20ºC) for an hour before usage. Before handling an external pulse generator, patient cable(s) or indicating lead(s), steps

should be taken to equalize. Continuous ECG monitoring is necessary prior to pacing, during any pacing procedure

and in immediate post-operative phase.

FUNCTION INDICATORS:

LED�s are used to indicate pacing, sensing, when the battery should be replaced and the presence

of detected interference.

Pacing: This light flashes once for every pulse delivered by the pacemaker in either the demand or Asynchronous mode.

Sensing: This light flashes for every sensed spontaneous R-wave in the demand mode only.



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Battery Replacement: This light flashes simultaneously with flashing of the sense or pace light to indicate good battery condition. As battery nears depletion, the battery light will become less visible.

Interference: If the unit is in the presence of detected interference i.e. a signal repeating more frequently than 6Hz both the sense and pace lights will flash. Sense light � In response to interference signal

Pace Light � Indicates continued Pacing in Asynchronous mode at a 25% increase from rate indicated by rate setting.

CONTROLS:

All controls are located on the face of the pacemaker and protected by a hinged transparent cover.

Sensitivity: This adjusts the R-wave sensing level. It�s continuously variable from +1 to

+12mV and is ineffective when the Async switch is set to demand or when the rate multiplier is set to X3.

Output: This control adjusts the amplitude of pacing pulse over the calibrated range of 0.5 to 20mA or 0.2 to 12V.

Rate: This control adjusts the frequency at which pacing pulses are generated over the range of 30 to 150 ppm. X1 � Provides a pacing range of 30-150 ppm

X3 � Provides a pacing range of 90 - 450 ppm

All rates are continuously variable.

Collet Terminals: Accepts unipolar or bipolar leads with connector pins from 0.25 � 2mm in diameter.

Lead Placement: When positioning the lead in the heart, it�s recommended that the intracardiac

ECG be monitored so that S-T segment elevation, indicating contact with the myocardium and impaction, can be noted.

Connecting the lead to the pacemaker: Switch the pacemaker off. With bipolar , Tran venous electrodes or leads where only one electrode in is contact with the myocardium , connect the proximal or skin electrode to the indifferent (+) red terminal and the distal or contacting electrode to the active (-) black terminal.



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Determination of Pacing Threshold:

Set the pacemaker on/off switch to off. Set the output control to 4V. Set the pulse rate control to a value higher than the patient�s spontaneous rate. Select the desired pacing mode. Turn the output control counter clockwise until cardiac stimulation ceases and then

slowly turn the control clockwise until pacing resumes. For reliable capture, increase the output control to a value three times the stimulation

threshold.

Determining the Sensing threshold:

Ensure the pacemaker is switched off. Set the demand/async switch to demand. Set the rate control to value below the patient�s spontaneous rate. Set the output control fully counterclockwise to 0.2Mv. Set the sensitivity control fully clockwise to 1.0mV. Set the on/off switch to on (X1). Turn the sensitivity control counterclockwise until the sense light stops flashing. For reliable R-wave detection, increase the sensitivity three-fold. Increase the pacing rate control to the desired level and the output control to three times

the pacing threshold.

PRECAUTIONS:

The controls should be operated only by qualified medical personnel. Care should be exercised in the placing of defibrillator paddles well away from the

pacing leads. Great care should be exercised when using diathermy in association with any cardiac

pacing system. Line-powered monitoring equipment should be avoided when pacing, since even minute

leakage currents flowing through the heart may cause ventricular fibrillation. The MINIATURE pacemaker is not waterproof and it must not be immersed in cold

sterilizing solutions. It�s recommended that repair operations be performed by specially trained technicians. Isopropanol or a dilute solution of a mild, non-abrasive detergent and water applied with

soft cloth may be used to clean the MINIATURE Temporary Cardiac Pacemaker. The battery should be removed before sterilization and a new battery installed afterwards. The MINIATURE Pacemaker must not be sterilized by steam autoclaving or irradiation.



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INTERFERENCE:

The equipment is designed to reject interference frequencies outside of the R-wave band pass. Detected signals which repeat with a frequency of 6Hz or greater will cause reversion to the interference mode.

In demand mode, excessive interference causes pacemaker to switch to async mode.

HIGH RATE PROTECTION:

Should an electronic component failure occur in the unit, the maximum high asynchronous rate is limited to 200 ppm, unless the unit is an X3 being operated in its rapid atrial pacing mode.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

ASYNCHRONOUS CARDIAC PACEMAKER

DEMAND TYPE SYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.:10 PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST DATE: AIM:

To study the pulmonary function test and record the following parameters:

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

Minute voluntary ventilation (MVV)

Slow vital capacity (SVC)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Spirometer hand piece, reusable mouthpiece, transducer (turbine type), air filters, USB Serial

connectors, and computer.

THEORY:

Tidal volume (TV):

500mL is the depth of breathing or the volume of gas inspired or exspired during each

respiratory cycle.

Forced vital capacity (FVC):

Total amount of air that can be forcefully blown out after full inspiration.

Minute voluntary ventilation (MVV):

It�s a measure of maximum amount of air that can be inhaled ad exhaled.

Slow Vital capacity (SVC) :

Is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled slowly after slow maximum inhalation.



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PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the transducer into the transducer assembly

2. Train the patient in test performance.

3. The patience should hold the transducer hand in such a way that air passage is completely

obstructed.

4. Press the start icon.

5. on completion, save the (graph) test.

6. Click on result and interpret icon to obtain the results and interpretation of tests respectively.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 11 SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY

DATE:

AIM:

To study shortwave diathermy and to observe and analyze its heating effect.

APPARTUS REQUIRED:

Shortwave diathermy machine. Tube light.

Pads.

THEORY:

The shortwave diathermy is a high frequency instrument, which usually has a frequency of 27.12 MHz and sets up radio waves with a wavelength of 11 meters. The intensity of the current can be great enough to produce a direct heating effect on the tissue; similar to the heating effect of the current on any other conductor and the term diathermy means �through heating�.

The principle effect of the shortwave diathermy current on the body is the production of heat in the tissues and the physiological effects result from the rise of temperature induces relaxation of muscles and increases the efficiency of their action.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Power Output:250 watts/500watts

Frequency:27.12 MHz

Wavelength:11 meters

Power Supply :230 v/50Hz

STANDARD ACCESSORIES:

One pair of pads with cable, belt and cover.

One mains cable

Arms with Disc(500W)



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Sinus Disc(500W)

OPERATING FEATURES: 250 Watts.

MAINS SIGNAL LAMP: Red lamp indicates the presence of mains supply and the equipment is ON.

ON/OFF SWITCH: A toggle switch is provided on front panel of the equipment either �ON� or �OFF� position. It must be �OFF� position when

the equipment is not in use.

MAINS SOCKET: Mains cable with 3 pin plug to be connected with it to give mains supply to the equipment.

TIMER: Indicates treatment time in minutes.

POWER CONTROL: To regulate the intensity of current of power output.

TUNING CONTROL: To match the impedance of the equipment and patient�s body, to achieve max-power output resonance point.

OPERATING FEATURES: -500 Watts.

ON/OFF SWITCH: Green lamp switch Indicates the equipment is ON or OFF.

TIMER SWITCH: For setting the Treatment Time, One for setting and another for starting.

TIMER DISPLAY: Indicates the Treatment Time. End of the treatment time automatically cut off and sounds an alarm.

POWER CONTROL: To regulate the intensity of power output.

TUNING CONTROL: To match the impedance of the equipment and patient body, to achieve max-power output resonance point.

OUTPUT SOCKET: Output socket is located at side panel separate sockets provided for P-cabs and Disc outputs.

MAINS SOCKET: Mains Socket located at back side of the instrument.



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TECHNIQUE OF OPERATION:- 250 Watts

1. Connect the Mains cord to the equipment.

2. Make sure that ON/OFF Switch is in the �OFF� position.

3. Turn Power Regulator to Minimum Position.

4. Connect the two cables of pads to the output terminals of the front panel of the equipment.

5. Put mains ON /OFF switch �ON� position.

6. Turn time clockwise to the desire treatment time.

7. Turn power regulator clockwise till desired power output is selected.

8. For the selected power, tune it for maximum reading on the meter to get maximum power output.

9. After the completion of operation, clean all the electrodes accessories and turn the power regulator to its minimum position, and mains ON/ OFF Switch to OFF position.

TECHNIQUE OF OPERATION:- 500 Watts

1. Connect the Mains cord to the equipment.

2. Make sure that ON/OFF Switch is in the �OFF� position.

3. Select the Treatment mode, Pad (or) Disc .Connect the cable to the pad (or) Disc output terminals.

4. Switch �ON� the ON/OFF switch.

5. Set the treatment time by pressing the set switches.

6. Increase the power control to the desired position.

7. Adjust the Tuning control to the desired position.

8. After the completion of treatment clean all the electrodes accessories and turn the power regulation to its minimum posi /OFF switch to OFF position.



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APPLICATIONS:

The Shortwave Diathermy has many applications including treatment of Bursitis,Capsulities,Fractures,Osteomylitis,Injuries,Strains,Sprains and Dislocations,Branchial,Plexus,Neuritis,Fibistis,Myalgia,Rhematism,Vericose,Ulcer,Sinusitis,Otitis Media.

SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY:



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OBSERVATION:

DISTANCE(cm) POWER(Watts) AMMETER READING(mA)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Care must be taken that the distance between the 2 electrodes is greater than the total width of the spacing.

2. It is important that the distance between the electrodes is more than the total width of spacing; otherwise the electric field will not pass through the tissues.

3. The 2 cables of pads should not cross each other during treatment.

4. Diathermy should not be applied to the abdomen or pelvis during pregnancy.

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 12 ULTRASONIC DIATHERMY

DATE:

AIM:

To study ultrasonic therapy, vary the power and observe how it affects frequency and voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S NO. APPARATUS QUANTITY

1. Ultrasonic transducer 1 pair

2. Ultrasonic equipment 1

3. Ultrasonic transmission gel 1

4. DSO 1

THEORY:

The term diathermy means "electrically induced heat" and is commonly used

for muscle relaxation. It is also a method of heating tissue electromagnetically or ultrasonically

for therapeutic purposes in medicine.

Ultrasonic diathermy refers to heating of tissues by ultrasound for the purpose of therapeutic

deep heating. Internal heating of tissues can be achieved by the application of a strong ultrasound

beam to the skin surface. Ultrasound beams in the low MHz frequencies are commonly used in

the physiotherapy department for the treatment of inflammation of joints. The ultrasonic

transducer produces a beam of about 1 W/cm2 which may be applied directly to the skin through

a coupling oil or jelly. The apparatus consists of an oscillator, and an amplifier delivering

between 1 and 5 W to a resonant piezoelectric transducer. A different transducer is required for

each frequency, typically 1, 2 and 3 MHz. At 1 MHz approximately half the energy is released in

the first 5 cm. Controls may include intensity and waveform selection.



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound


The equipment consists of a sinusoidal voltage generator driving a piezoelectric crystal

pressed against the body tissue. The voltage generator produces a voltage to be applied to the

crystal transducer. It must be high enough to produce between 1 and 10 V on the transducer in

the frequency range from 1 to 10 MHz. the piezoelectric effect causes the crystal to change its

size and shape when the electric field intensity changes as driven by the voltage generator. The

impedence between the transducer and muscle tissue is matched by filling all of the voids before

filling the transducer with gel. If the gel is not applied properly, the transducer can be damaged

and skin burns can occur.

Usually quartz is used as piezoelectric crystal for the transducer. They can also be

constructed from ammonium dihydrogen phosphate(ADP) or lead zirconate titanate(PZT). ADP

is commonly used but it dissolves in water and can be used in high power applications. The

transducer is padded with two layers of metal on both sides to prevent leakage of electric field,

making it resemble a capacitor filled with dielectric. A blocking material is provided to give

shielding.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect one transducer to solid state ultrasonic equipment and the other to DSO as shown in the connection diagram.

2) Set the timer to more than the time required to complete the experiment.

3) Keep the power at minimum and pour water on the first transducer alone.

4) Vary the power and observe that as the power increases, the water starts boiling.

5) Apply gel between the transducer and align them

6) Keep the power at minimum and observe the crystal frequency.

7) Gradually vary the power and observe the corresponding voltage and frequency.



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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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EXPT. NO.: 13 STUDY OF ULTRASOUND SCANS

DATE:

AIM:

To study the abdomen and heart using ultrasound transducer and observe it on the display.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Ultrasound scanner,ultrasound transmission gel,ultrasonic transducer(Connex probe),computer.

THEORY:

The term �ultrasound� refers to acoustic waves above the range of human hearing(greater than

20 Khz).The ultrasound systems operate at frequencies of 10Mhz or more.The higher the frequency,the lesser will be the penetration and vice versa.

Ultrasound imaging, also called ultrasound scanning or sonography, involves exposing part of the body to high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body. Ultrasound exams do not use ionizing radiation (as used in x-rays). Because ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can show the structure and movement of the body's internal organs, as well as blood flowing through blood vessels.

Ultrasound imaging is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Conventional ultrasound displays the images in thin, flat sections of the body. Advancements in ultrasound technology include three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound that formats the sound wave data into 3-D images. Four-dimensional (4-D) ultrasound is 3-D ultrasound in motion.

PRINCIPLE:-

When a sound wave strikes an object, it bounces back, or echoes. By measuring these echo waves it is possible to determine how far away the object is and its size, shape, and consistency (whether the object is solid, filled with fluid, or both).



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In medicine, ultrasound is used to detect changes in appearance of organs, tissues, and vessels or detect abnormal masses, such as tumors.

In an ultrasound examination, a transducer both sends the sound waves and records the echoing waves. When the transducer is pressed against the skin, it directs small pulses of inaudible, high-frequency sound waves into the body. As the sound waves bounce off of internal organs, fluids and tissues, the sensitive microphone in the transducer records tiny changes in the sound's pitch and direction. These signature waves are instantly measured and displayed by a computer, which in turn creates a real-time picture on the monitor. One or more frames of the moving pictures are typically captured as still images.

Types of scanning modes:-

To derive information about structures inside the body, the ultrasound devices use several different mapping modes: A scan, B scan and M scan.

A-mode Now obsolete in medical imaging. Wave spikes are represented when a single beam passes through objects of different consistency and hardness. The distance between these spikes (for example A and B) can be measured accurately by dividing the speed of sound in tissue (1540 m/sec) by half the sound travel time.

B-mode ("Brightness") Same as A-mode, but one-dimensional graphical display, with brightness corresponding to amplitude of reflected sound .

M-mode A single beam in an ultrasound scan can be used to produce an M-mode picture, where movement of a structure such as a heart valve can be depicted in a wave-like manner. Because of its high sampling frequency (up to 1000 pulses per second), this is useful in assessing rates and motion and is still used extensively in cardiac and fetal cardiac imaging.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect equipment to power source.

2. Switch on the power.

3. Apply gel on transducer.

4. Scan area by moving transducer.

5. Capture images through software and store.

INFERENCE:

RESULT:



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