Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance Daily Summary Sheet

Spring 2009 — Blasingame/Ilk Date: Materials Covered in Class Today: Comment(s):

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

Estimate oil, gas, and water properties pertinent for well test or production data analysis using industry accepted correlations and/or laboratory data.

Objective

Thomas A. Blasingame, Ph.D., P.E. Dilhan IlkDepartment of Petroleum Engineering Department of Petroleum EngineeringTexas A&M University Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)+1.979.845.2292 +1.979.458.1499 t-blasingame@tamu.edu dilhan@tamu.edu

Petroleum Engineering 324 (2009)Reservoir Performance

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

Notes:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

PVT: Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Overview: Classification of Reservoir FluidsGeneric guidelines on properties of reservoir fluids.Useful to assess dominant component(s) and properties.For PTA, generally assume that a system is dry gas or non-volatile oil.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

Formation Volume Factor: Bo,g,w

The Formation Volume Factor "converts" surfacevolumes to downhole conditions.Typical values: Oil: 1.2 to 2.4 RB/STB

Gas: 0.003 to 0.01 rcf/scfWater: 1.00 to 1.03 RB/STB

Bo,g,w = Fluid volume at standard conditions

Fluid volume at reservoir conditions

Bo,g,w is defined as a volume conversion for oil, gas, or water — and is defined on a mass (or density) basis.

PVT: Formation Volume Factor

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

Viscosity: μo,g,w

Is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow... the proportionality of shear rate to shear stress, a sort of internal friction.

Fluid viscosity depends on pressure, temperature,and fluid composition.

Typical values: Oil: 0.2 to 30 cpGas: 0.01 to 0.05 cpWater: 0.5 to 1.05 cp

PVT: Fluid Viscosity

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

Fluid Compressibility: co,g,w

Typical values:Oil: 5 to 20 x10-6 psi-1 (p>pb)

30 to 200 x10-6 psi-1 (p<pb)Gas: 50 to 1000x10-6 psi-1Water: 3 to 5 x10-6 psi-1

Formation Compressibility: cf

Typical values:Normal: 2 to 10 x10-6 psi-1Abnormal: 10 to 100 x10-6 psi-1

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PVT: Fluid and Formation Compressibility

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

"Black Oil" PVT Properties: (general behavior, pb=5000 psia)Note the dramatic influence in properties at the bubblepoint pressure. The oil compressibility is the most affected variable (keep this in mind).

PVT: Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

"Solution-Gas Drive" PVT Properties: (1/(μoBo), p<pb, pb=5000 psia)Attempt to illustrate that 1/(μoBo) ≅ constant for p<pb. This would allow us to approximate behavior using "liquid" equations.This concept is not used extensively in PTA, but sometimes for IPR.

PVT: 1/(μoBo) for p<pb ("Solution Gas-Drive" Case)

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

a."Standing-Katz" base plot (z vs. ppr) —Poettmann-Carpenter Data (5960 data points).

b."Standing-Katz" plot (z vs. ρpr) —Poettmann-Carpenter Data (5960 data points).

PVT: z vs. ppr and ρpr (dry gas case)

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

a. Gas viscosity versus temperature for the Gonzalez et al data (natural gas sample 3) compared to the implicit correlation for gas viscosity (Londono) and the original Lee, et al. correlation for hydrocarbon gas viscosity.

PVT: μg vs. T (and p) (dry gas case)

c. Londono "implicit" correlation for hydrocarbon gas viscosity (residual viscosity type model).

b. Original Lee, et al. correlation for hydrocarbon gas viscosity.

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (μgz vs. p)Basis for the "pressure-squared" approximation (i.e., use of p2 variable). Concept: (μgz) = constant, valid only for p<2000 psia.Also a "warning" NOT to use p2 basis for p>2000 psia.

PVT: μgz vs. p (dry gas case)

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (μgcg vs. p)Concept: If μgcg ≅ constant, pseudotime NOT required.μgcg appears to be power-law with pressure (i.e., μgcg ≈ a p-1).Readily observe that μgcg is NEVER constant, pseudotime required.

PVT: μgcg vs. p (dry gas case)

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Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir PerformanceDepartment of Petroleum Engineering — Texas A&M U.

Lecture 01 — Objectives of Well Tests T.A. Blasingame/Dilhan Ilk (2009)

PVT: Questions to ConsiderQ1. Limitations of assuming a "black oil" for liquids?A1. There are issues … but historically, the use of the constant

compressibility concept (i.e., a "black oil") has tolerated even extreme violations of the assumption with few substantial problems. The most obvious case where a black oil concept will not suffice is that of a volatile oil (very high GOR).

Q2. Limitations of assuming a "dry gas" for gases?A2. The major limitation is that of very rich gas condensate cases

(analogous to the "volatile oil" case mentioned above).

Q3. Are existing fluid properties correlations sufficient?A3. For most cases, yes. For cases of extremely high pressure and/or

temperature, new correlations are warranted.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Zero Tolerance Policy:

You MUST submit this assignment in class ONLY.

(Page 1 of 2)

Name: ______________________________

Section: ______________________________

Date: ______________________________

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance Exercise Problem 03 — Introductory Skills

Assigned: 30 January 2009 — Due: 02 February 2009 [to be submitted in class]

Assignment Coversheet

(This sheet must be included with your work submission)

Required Academic Integrity Statement: (Texas A&M University Policy Statement)

Academic Integrity Statement

All syllabi shall contain a section that states the Aggie Honor Code and refers the student to the Honor Council Rules and Procedures on the web.

Aggie Honor Code "An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate those who do."

Upon accepting admission to Texas A&M University, a student immediately assumes a commitment to uphold the Honor Code, to accept responsibility for learning and to follow the philosophy and rules of the Honor System. Students will be required to state their commitment on examinations, research papers, and other academic work. Ignorance of the rules does not exclude any member of the Texas A&M University community from the requirements or the processes of the Honor System. For additional information please visit: www.tamu.edu/aggiehonor/

On all course work, assignments, and examinations at Texas A&M University, the following Honor Pledge shall be preprinted and signed by the student:

"On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work."

Aggie Code of Honor:

An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate those who do.

Required Academic Integrity Statement:

"On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work."

_______________________________ (Print your name) _______________________________ (Your signature)

Coursework Copyright Statement: (Texas A&M University Policy Statement)

The handouts used in this course are copyrighted. By "handouts," this means all materials generated for this class, which include but are not limited to syllabi, quizzes, exams, lab problems, in-class materials, review sheets, and additional problem sets. Because these materials are copyrighted, you do not have the right to copy them, unless you are expressly granted permission.

As commonly defined, plagiarism consists of passing off as one’s own the ideas, words, writings, etc., that belong to another. In accordance with this definition, you are committing plagiarism if you copy the work of another person and turn it in as your own, even if you should have the permission of that person. Plagiarism is one of the worst academic sins, for the plagiarist destroys the trust among colleagues without which research cannot be safely communicated.

If you have any questions about plagiarism and/or copying, please consult the latest issue of the Texas A&M University Student Rules, under the section "Scholastic Dishonesty."

← One staple here.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Zero Tolerance Policy:

You MUST submit this assignment in class ONLY.

(Page 2 of 2)

Name: ______________________________

Section: ______________________________

Date: ______________________________

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance Exercise Problem 03 — Introductory Skills

Assigned: 30 January 2009 — Due: 02 February 2009 [to be submitted in class]

1. Natural Logarithm Function: (ln(1)=0, ln[exp(x)]=x, ln(∞)=∞)

Integral Definition: Derivative Definition Evaluate:

dxx

xx 1

1)ln( ∫= [ ]

xx

dxd 1)ln( = dx

x

b

aI 1∫=

Ans. _____________________________________ (Show all work) 2. Exponential Function: (exp(0)=1, exp(1)=2.71828 182284 ..., exp(∞)=∞, exp(-∞)=0)

Integral Definition: Derivative Definition Evaluate:

Caxa

dxax +=∫ )exp(1 )exp( [ ] )exp( )exp( axaaxdxd

= ?)exp(0

=−∫ dxaxx

Ans. _____________________________________ (Show all work)

=−∫ dxaxx

)exp(0

== ∫ dxx

ba

I 1

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Zero Tolerance Policy:

You MUST submit this assignment in class ONLY.

(Page 1 of 2)

Name: ______________________________

Section: ______________________________

Date: ______________________________

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance Exercise Problem 03 — Introductory Skills

Assigned: 30 January 2009 — Due: 02 February 2009 [to be submitted in class]

Assignment Coversheet

(This sheet must be included with your work submission)

Required Academic Integrity Statement: (Texas A&M University Policy Statement)

Academic Integrity Statement

All syllabi shall contain a section that states the Aggie Honor Code and refers the student to the Honor Council Rules and Procedures on the web.

Aggie Honor Code "An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate those who do."

Upon accepting admission to Texas A&M University, a student immediately assumes a commitment to uphold the Honor Code, to accept responsibility for learning and to follow the philosophy and rules of the Honor System. Students will be required to state their commitment on examinations, research papers, and other academic work. Ignorance of the rules does not exclude any member of the Texas A&M University community from the requirements or the processes of the Honor System. For additional information please visit: www.tamu.edu/aggiehonor/

On all course work, assignments, and examinations at Texas A&M University, the following Honor Pledge shall be preprinted and signed by the student:

"On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work."

Aggie Code of Honor:

An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate those who do.

Required Academic Integrity Statement:

"On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work."

_______________________________ (Print your name) _______________________________ (Your signature)

Coursework Copyright Statement: (Texas A&M University Policy Statement)

The handouts used in this course are copyrighted. By "handouts," this means all materials generated for this class, which include but are not limited to syllabi, quizzes, exams, lab problems, in-class materials, review sheets, and additional problem sets. Because these materials are copyrighted, you do not have the right to copy them, unless you are expressly granted permission.

As commonly defined, plagiarism consists of passing off as one’s own the ideas, words, writings, etc., that belong to another. In accordance with this definition, you are committing plagiarism if you copy the work of another person and turn it in as your own, even if you should have the permission of that person. Plagiarism is one of the worst academic sins, for the plagiarist destroys the trust among colleagues without which research cannot be safely communicated.

If you have any questions about plagiarism and/or copying, please consult the latest issue of the Texas A&M University Student Rules, under the section "Scholastic Dishonesty."

← One staple here.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Zero Tolerance Policy:

You MUST submit this assignment in class ONLY.

(Page 2 of 2)

Name: ______________________________

Section: ______________________________

Date: ______________________________

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance Exercise Problem 03 — Introductory Skills

Assigned: 30 January 2009 — Due: 02 February 2009 [to be submitted in class]

1. Natural Logarithm Function: (ln(1)=0, ln[exp(x)]=x, ln(∞)=∞)

Integral Definition: Derivative Definition Evaluate:

dxx

xx 1

1)ln( ∫= [ ]

xx

dxd 1)ln( = dx

x

b

aI 1∫=

Use integral property: ∫∫∫ −=a

c

b

c

b

adxxfdxxfdxxf )( )()(

Assume: ∫∫ −==ab

dxxfdxxfxxfc11

)()( /1)( 1

From definition: )ln(/1 and )ln(/1 ; /1 ln(x)111

adxxbdxxdxxabx

=== ∫∫∫

Therefore: )ln()ln(/1 abdxxb

a−=∫

Ans. _____________________________________ (Show all work) 2. Exponential Function: (exp(0)=1, exp(1)=2.71828 182284 ..., exp(∞)=∞, exp(-∞)=0)

Integral Definition: Derivative Definition Evaluate:

Caxa

dxax +=∫ )exp(1 )exp( [ ] )exp( )exp( axaaxdxd

= ?)exp(0

=−∫ dxaxx

)]exp(1[1

))]0(exp()[exp(1)exp(1)exp(00

axa

aaxa

axa

dxaxxx

−−=

−−−−=−−=−∫

Ans. _____________________________________ (Show all work)

=−∫ dxaxx

)exp(0

== ∫ dxx

ba

I 1