david choate
TRANSCRIPT
Recent Advances in the Desalination & Water Reuse Markets
David ChoatePresident, American Water Contract Services
SE NAWC Infrastructure SummitApril 30, 2015
Presentation Overview
A New Normal • Impacts of Climate Variability and Population Growth
on Water Planning Decisions in the U.S.
Desalination Market Snapshot and Trends• Where are we and where are we going?• Three market conclusions
Reuse Highlights• Sample projects in 3 major market sectors• American Water’s research highlights
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Climate variability significantly impacts water supplies
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California is currently facing an “exceptional drought”
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Climate Change Impact:projected water system adaptation costs through 2050
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Source: Confronting Climate Change: An Early Analysis of Water and Wastewater Adaptation Costs, NACWA, 2009
Population growth is highest in some of the most water starved areas of the U.S.
Result: 1/3 of U.S. counties will face higher risk of water shortage by 2050
From: http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/watersustainability/
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Summary Headlines For Water Planners:
(Much Of) The U.S. Can No Longer Sustainably Rely On Freshwater For Their Only Water Supply Source
All Water Sources, Not Just Freshwater, Should Be Viewed By Water Planners As Assets
Desalination And Water Reuse Are Becoming Increasingly Important Elements Of Regional Water
Resource Strategies
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Options: a slight twist on the “three R’s”
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DESALINATION
Market Snapshot and Trends
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Desalination market snapshot….where are we today?
• U.S. desalination market has been slow to develop, but gaining momentum
• Large scale projects in the U.S. have taken decades to develop As of today, the Tampa Bay Water Seawater Desalination Plant
is the only large scale seawater desal plant on-line in the U.S.
Carlsbad expected to come on-line in 2016
Several new projects planned in California and Texas
• Improving technology has lowered the “per gallon” cost of desalination, but that has been somewhat offset by increasing project costs
• Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis (SWRO) currently represents 60% of desalinated water produced worldwide
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Desalination capacity expected to nearly triple by 2030
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Membranes remain the dominant desalination option
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Desalination other than seawater represents only 40% of world production, but a much greater percentage in U.S.
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Tampa Bay Water Seawater Desalination Plant (completed 2008)• 25 MGD capacity• Joint venture between American Water
and Acciona Agua to remediate the original plant
• Co-located with the TECO Big Bend Power Plant (uses RO reject for cooling)
• Treatment includes sand, diatomaceous earth, and cartridge filtration pretreatment, 1st and 2nd pass reverse osmosis, post-treatment, energy recovery
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Carlsbad Seawater Desalination Plant…coming soon!!• 50 MGD capacity• Total project cost reported in range
of $1 billion• Located 35 miles north of San Diego at
the Encina Power Station• Developed by Poseidon Resources• 30-year water purchase agreement
with San Diego County Water Authority (SDWA) to purchase 100% of water
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California American Water’s Monterey Peninsula Desalination Project….also coming soon!• 9.6 MGD ultimate capacity• Projected start-up late 2018• $320.8 projected total cost (entire water supply project)• Will utilize slant well intake configruation• Powered by methane gas from local landfill• Energy recovery at the plant
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Monterey Peninsula project utilizing slant well intakes
TEST SLANT WELL PROFILE SCHEMATIC
-200’ sea level
100 ft
200 ft
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What has changed in the last 10 years?• Improved membranes: more efficient, durable, and less expensive
Key issues: energy intensity, bio-fouling, brine production• Improved pretreatment
More prevalence of low pressure MF and/or UF membranes Slant well intakes
• Greater energy efficiency Energy recovery devices reduce energy requirements 10% - 50%
• Increasing project sizes benefiting from economies of scale BUT, large scale ROSD projects have potential large scale
environmental impacts that have to be understood and mitigated• Emerging new (and old) technologies to challenge RO as the
treatment alternative of choice Variations of thermal distillation and hybrid (thermal and
membrane) becoming more efficient “Forward osmosis” technology under development 21
Conclusion #1: Improving technologies over the long term have significantly reduced SWRO production costs
* “Seawater Desalination: Can It Become a Significant Lever to Reduce Water Shortage?”, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe22
Conclusion #2: SWRO benefits from economies of scale as larger projects develop
* “Desal Technology Trends”, Tom Pankratz23
* WateReuse Association Desalination Committee – Seawater Desalination Costs White Paper (Sept. 2011, Rev. January 2012)
Conclusion #3: Despite larger projects and improving technology, normalized costs for SWRO have recently remained flat!
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Desalination Market Summary Conclusion:
The Benefits of Technology Advances And Economies of Scale Won’t Be Fully Appreciated Until We Develop
A More Efficient Project Delivery Models For Large Scale Desalination
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WASTEWATER REUSE
Project Examples & American Water Research Highlights
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Mandatory water restrictions in the U.S. (2003-2008) reveal a broader based need for conservation and reuse
Texas
Utah
Montana
California
Arizona
Idaho
Nevada
Oregon
Iowa
ColoradoKansas
Wyoming
New Mexico
Missouri
Minnesota
Nebraska
Oklahoma
South Dakota
Washington
Arkansas
North Dakota
Louisiana
IllinoisOhio
Florida
GeorgiaAlabama
Wisconsin
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Mississippi
Kentucky
Tennessee
Pennsylvania
NorthCarolina
SouthCarolina
WestVirginia
New Jersey
Maine
New York
Vermont
Maryland
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Delaware
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Hawaii
~90% of Water Reuse Occurs in Four States in California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida
Emerging reuse markets in Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Colorado, New Mexico, and Nevada
Wastewater reuse has historically been relatively concentrated to certain U.S. geographies
Diverse examples of American Water reuse operations
Fillmore WRF(Municipal)
Battery Park City(Residential)
Gillette Stadium (Commercial)
Fillmore Wastewater Recycling Facility2.4 MGD WW recycling DBO project for City of Fillmore, CA Project cost: $82 million – capital project $3 million under budget;
City savings of more than $10 million overall Awarded November 2006; plant Start-up October 2009 Treatment includes flow equalization, suspended growth biological
reactor (MBR technology), UV disinfection, state-of-art recycled water irrigation system
Wastewater is treated to California Title 22 requirements, a standard suitable for reuse. 100% of effluent recycled via irrigation at local parks, green belts, and orchards
Serves: Approx. 15,000
Major Accolades:2010 Project of the Year, Water/Wastewater category from American Public Works Association, Ventura County (Calif.) Chapter2010 Water Reuse Project of the Year (Award of Distinction) from Global Water Intelligence’s Global Water Awards2010 Public-Private Partnership Award from National Council of Public-Private Partnerships2010 Project Merit Award from Environmental Business Journal2010 Engineering Excellence Honor Award from American Council of Engineering Companies2010 National Recognition Award from American Council of Engineering Companies2011 Leadership Award – Water Conservation from Green California
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Gillette Stadium Wastewater Reuse
• 250,000 GPD, membrane bio-reactor wastewater treatment plant – Accepts flows up to 1.1 MGD.
• 1,080,000 gallons equalization storage.
• 3,650 GPM submersible lift stations.
• Membrane bioreactor with post anoxic treatment UV and Ozone
• 2.4 acre leach field – on site wastewater discharge and recharges local aquifer.
• Reclaimed water is utilized for stadium and mall toilet flushing.
• Commercial development made possible by recycling capabilities
The Solaire Site 18A
Tribeca Green 19B
Riverhouse 16/17
VisionaireSite 3Sites 23 & 24
Millennium Tower Site 2A
Battery Park City (NYC) Residential Wastewater Reuse
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Solaire Project Highlights
293 Unit Building 25,000 GPD Reclaimed Water Treatment Plant Located in the
Basement of a Luxury Apartment Building Gold LEED Certified
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Treated Effluent Storage Tanks in
Basement Equipment Room
Recycles up to 25,000 GPD:9,000 GPD toilet flush water11,500 GPD cooling tower make-up6,000 GPD landscape irrigation
Advanced membrane bioreactor system:35% less overall energy consumption65% less energy at peak demand
Rainwater collection systemirrigates 10,000 square feet of rooftop gardens
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Comparison to Conventional Buildings
Conventional Bldg – Total
Use (Potable)
Solaire Total Use (Pot. +
Reuse)
Solaire Potable Use
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
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Other Reuse Applications
• Schools• Office building• Golf courses• Ballparks• Industrial parks• Orchards and vineyards• Silviculture• Groundwater recharge
Sewer Mining: Immediate Benefits• Enhances collection system capacity
• Increases water supply reliability
• Minimizes infrastructure requirements
Reclaimed water distribution requirements kept at a minimum
Saves on pumping costs of reuse water
Tailor water quality to user’s needs
• Waste Activated Sludge to collection system
Improves odor control
In-pipe treatment
• Provides planning, operating and capital investment flexibility
How will reuse be applied in emerging U.S. markets?
Sewer mining has an economic advantage as compared to traditional water & sewer utility infrastructure model
Sewer Mining-MBR Average Lifecycle (Energy + Capital)
$-$5,000,000
$10,000,000$15,000,000$20,000,000$25,000,000$30,000,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Plant Capacity (MGD)
Drinking Water Marginal Expansion CostWastewater-MBR Marginal Expansion CostSewer Mining-MBR
American Water’s reuse research
• Collection System and Process Modeling and Optimization
• Technology for Process Optimization Disinfection Optimization Membrane fouling and performance Bioenergy
• Water Quality Issues Growth of microbes in reclaimed water systems Detection and treatment of infectious Cryptosporidium Methods for monitoring reclaimed water quality
– Bioluminescence AOC test– Microbiological methods
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26Distance from Center of Start MH(ft)
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Energy Optimized Nutrient Removal for Membrane Bioreactors using NPXpress
NPXpress is a unique nitrogen and phosphorous removal wastewater treatment process patented by American Water with the following advantages:
• Significantly reduces the energy requirements to treat the wastewater (~30% - 50%)
• Reduce/eliminate the amount of additional carbon required for denitrification (~80% - 100%)
• Reduce the amount of nitrous oxide produced (a greenhouse gas)• Potential for biological phosphorous uptake, reducing chemical
requirements for phosphorous removal
U.S. Patents: 8,747,6718,012,3528,685,246
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NPXpress vs. Conventional MBR
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Anoxic Aerobic Membrane
Mixed Liquor Recycle
Influent Effluent
Anoxic Tank Aeration Tank Membrane TankConventional DO = 0 mg/L DO > 2.0 mg/L DO > 4 mg/LNPXpress DO = 0 mg/L DO = 0.1 mg/L DO > 4 mg/L
WAS
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Reuse Summary:
• Distributed treatment for reclaimed water is a cost effective and sustainable solution to the conventional paradigm of central treatment
• Since only 1% of potable water is actually ingested, there are many opportunities to supplement supplies with reclaimed water
• MBR technology is well suited for distributed treatment. Its compact and highly effective microbial barrier
• The biostability of reclaimed water is important and could limit certain applications
• Optimization of MBRs for improved energy efficiency through NPXpress will significantly improve the economics of wastewater reuse
Contact Information:David ChoatePresident, Contract Services American Water Enterprises1025 Laurel Oak RoadVoorhees, NJ 08043 USAphone: (856) 359-2056e-mail: [email protected]
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