david evans cs.virginia/evans

David Evanshttp://www.cs.virginia.edu/evans

CS150: Computer ScienceUniversity of VirginiaComputer Science

Lecture 33: Lecture 33: NetworkingNetworking

Memex MachineVannevar Bush, As We May Think, LIFE,

1945

2Lecture 33: Networking

Reminders

• Before midnight tonight: email me your idea and/or team request for ps9

• Wednesday’s class: Gary McGraw


Who Invented the Internet?


Who Invented Networking?


What is a Network?

A group of three or more connected communicating entities


Beacon Chain NetworkingThus, from some far-away beleaguered island, where all day long the men have fought a desperate battle from their city walls, the smoke goes up to heaven; but no sooner has the sun gone down than the light from the line of beacons blazes up and shoots into the sky to warn the neighboring islanders and bring them to the rescue in their ships. Iliad, Homer, 700 BC

Chain of beacon’s signaled Agammemnon’s return (~1200BC), spread on Greek peaks over 600km.


Pony Express

• April 1860 – October 1861• Missouri to California

– 10 days– 10-15 miles per horse, ~100 miles per

rider

• 400 horses total (not per station like Kahn’s)


Chappe’s Semaphore Network

Mobile Semaphore Telegraph Used in the Crimean War 1853-1856

First Line (Paris to Lille), 1794


Government and NetworkingChappe wanted a commercial network

Anyone performing unauthorized transmissions of signals from one place to another, with the aid of telegraphic machines or by any other means, will be punished with an imprisonment of one month to one year, and a fine of 1,000 to 10,000 Francs.

The use of novel methods that modify established habits, often hurts the interests of those who profit the most from the older methods. Few people, with the exception of the inventors, are truly interested in helping projects succeed while their ultimate impact is still uncertain. . . . Those in power will normally make no effort to support a new invention, unless it can help them to augment their power; and even when they do support it, their efforts are usually insufficient to allow the new ideas to be fully exploited.

(Claude Chappe, 1824)

French Law passed in 1837 made private networking illegal


Measuring Networks• Latency

Time from sending a bit until it arrives seconds (or seconds per geographic distance)

• Bandwidth How much information can you transmit per time unitbits per second


Latency and Bandwidth• Napoleon’s Network: Paris to Toulon, 475 mi• Latency: 13 minutes (1.6s per mile)

– What is the delay at each signaling station, how many stations to reach destination

– At this rate, it would take ~1 hour to get a bit from California

• Bandwidth: 2 symbols per minute (98 possible symbols, so that is ~13 bits per minute– How fast can signalers make symbols– At this rate, it would take you about 9 days to

get ps8.zip


Improving Latency• Less transfer points

– Longer distances between transfer points– Semaphores: how far can you see clearly

• Curvature of Earth is hard to overcome

– Use wires (electrical telegraphs, 1837)

• Faster transfers– Replace humans with machines

• Faster travel between transfers– Hard to beat speed of light (semaphore

network)– Electrons in copper: about 1/3rd speed of light


How many transfer points between here and

California?


K:\>tracert www.cs.berkeley.edu

Tracing route to hyperion.cs.berkeley.edu [169.229.60.105]over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 3 ms 3 ms 4 ms 128.143.69.1 2 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms carruthers-6509a-x.misc.Virginia.EDU [....] 3 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms new-internet-x.misc.Virginia.EDU [128.....] 4 4 ms 4 ms 4 ms nwv-nlrl3.misc.Virginia.EDU [192.35.48.30] 5 5 ms 5 ms 5 ms nlrl3-router.networkvirginia.net [192.7...] 6 18 ms 18 ms 18 ms atla-wash-64.layer3.nlr.net [216.24.186.20] 7 43 ms 43 ms 42 ms hous-atla-70.layer3.nlr.net [216.24.186.8] 8 73 ms 73 ms 73 ms losa-hous-87.layer3.nlr.net [216.24.186.30] 9 72 ms 72 ms 72 ms hpr-lax-hpr--nlr-packenet.cenic.net [137..] 10 80 ms 81 ms 81 ms svl-hpr--lax-hpr-10ge.cenic.net [137.16...] 11 145 ms 81 ms 81 ms hpr-ucb-ge--svl-hpr.cenic.net [137.164....] 12 81 ms 81 ms 81 ms g3-12.inr-201-eva.Berkeley.EDU [128.32....] 13 81 ms 82 ms 83 ms evans-soda-br-5-4.EECS.Berkeley.EDU [...] 14 83 ms 84 ms 83 ms sbd2a.EECS.Berkeley.EDU [169.229.59.226] 15 83 ms 84 ms 83 ms hyperion.CS.Berkeley.EDU [169.229.60.105]

Trace complete.

tracertU

Va

UC

B

Atlanta Houston LA?


>>> cvilleberkeley = 3813 # kilometers>>> seconds = 84.0/1000>>> speed = cvilleberkeley / seconds>>> speed45392.857142857138>>> light = 299792.458 # km/s>>> speed / light0.15141427321316114

Packets are traveling average at 15% of the speed of light (includes transfer time through 15 routers)


Bandwidth

How much data can you transfer in a given amount of time?


Improving Bandwidth• Faster transmission

– Train signalers to move semaphore flags faster– Use something less physically demanding to

transmit

• Bigger pipes– Have multiple signalers transmit every other

letter at the same time

• Better encoding– Figure out how to code more than 98 symbols

with semaphore signal– Morse code (1840s)


Morse CodeRepresent letters with series ofshort and long electrical pulses


Circuit Switching

• Reserve a whole path through the network for the whole message transmission

Paris Toulon

Nantes

LyonBourges

Once you start a transmission,know you will have use of the network until it is finished. But,wastes network resources.


Packet Switching

• Use one link at a time

Paris Toulon

Nantes

LyonBourges

Interleave messages – send whenever the next link is free.


Circuit and Packet Switching• (Land) Telephone Network (back in

the old days)– Circuit: when you dial a number, you

have a reservation on a path through the network until you hang up

• The Internet– Packet: messages are broken into small

packets, that find their way through the network link by link


internetwork

A collection of multiple networks connected together, so messages can be transmitted between nodes on different networks.


The First internet• 1800: Sweden and Denmark worried about

Britain invading• Edelcrantz proposes link across strait

separating Sweden and Denmark to connect their (signaling) telegraph networks

• 1801: British attack Copenhagen, network transmit message to Sweden, but they don’t help.

• Denmark signs treaty with Britain, and stops communications with Sweden


First Use of Internet

• October 1969: First packets on the ARPANet from UCLA to Stanford. Starts to send "LOGIN", but it crashes on the G.

• 20 July 1969:Live video (b/w) and audio transmitted from moon to Earth, and to millions of televisions worldwide.


Okay, so who invented the

Internet?


The Modern Internet• Packet Switching: Leonard Kleinrock

(UCLA) thinks he did, Donald Davies and Paul Baran, Edelcrantz’s signalling network (1809)

• Internet Protocol: Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn• Vision, Funding: J.C.R. Licklider, Bob Taylor • Government: Al Gore (first politician to

promote Internet, 1986; act to connect government networks to form “Interagency Network”)


The World Wide Web


The “Desk Wide Web”

Memex MachineVannevar Bush, As We May Think, LIFE, 1945


Available within the network will be functions and services to which you subscribe on a regular basis and others that you call for when you need them. In the former group will be investment guidance, tax counseling, selective dissemination of information in your field of specialization, announcement of cultural, sport, and entertainment events that fit your interests, etc. In the latter group will be dictionaries, encyclopedias, indexes, catalogues, editing programs, teaching programs, testing programs, programming systems, data bases, and – most important – communication, display, and modeling programs. All these will be – at some late date in the history of networking - systematized and coherent; you will be able to get along in one basic language up to the point at which you choose a specialized language for its power or terseness.

J. C. R. Licklider and Robert W. Taylor, The Computer as a Communication Device, April 1968


The World Wide Web

• Tim Berners-Lee, CERN (Switzerland)• First web server and client, 1990

• Established a common language for sharing information on computers

• Lots of previous attempts (Gopher, WAIS, Archie, Xanadu, etc.)


World Wide Web Success

• World Wide Web succeeded because it was simple!– Didn’t attempt to maintain links, just a

common way to name things – Uniform Resource Locators (URL)

http://www.cs.virginia.edu/cs150/index.htmlService Hostname File Path

HyperText Transfer Protocol


HyperText Transfer Protocol

Client (Browser)

GET /cs150/index.html HTTP/1.0

<html><head>…

Contentsof file

Server

HTML HyperText Markup Language


HTML: HyperText Markup Language

• Language for controlling presentation of web pages

• Uses formatting tags – Enclosed between < and >

• Not a universal programming languageProof: no way to make an infinite loop


HTML Grammar ExcerptDocument ::= <html> Header Body </html>Header ::= <head> HeadElements </head>HeadElements ::= HeadElement HeadElementsHeadElements ::=HeadElement ::= <title> Element </title>

Body ::= <body> Elements </body>Elements ::= Element ElementsElements ::=Element ::= <p> Element </p> Make Element a paragraph.Element ::= <center> Element </center> Center Element horizontally on the page.Element ::= <b> Element </b> Display Element in bold.Element ::= Text What is a HTML interpreter?


Popular Web Site: Strategy 1

Static, Authored Web Site

Web Programmer,Content Producer

http://www.twinkiesproject.com/

Drawbacks:•Have to do all the work yourself•The world may already have enough Twinkie-experiment websites



Dynamic Web ApplicationsSeed content and function

Web Programmer,Content Producer

eBay in 1997http://web.archive.org/web/19970614001443/http://www.ebay.com/

Produce more content

Attracts users



Dynamic Web ApplicationsSeed content and function

eBay in 1997

Produce more content

Attracts users

eBay in 2007

Advantages:• Users do most of the work• If you’re lucky, they might even pay you for the privilege! (not using UVa’s servers)

Disadvantages:• Lose control over the content (you might get sued for things your users do)• Have to know how to program a web application


Dynamic Web Sites• Programs that run on the client’s machine

– Java, JavaScript, Flash, etc.: language must be supported by the client’s browser (so they are usually flaky and don’t work for most visitors)

– Used mostly to make annoying animations to make advertisements more noticeable

– Occasionally good reasons for this: need a fancy interface on client side (like Google Maps)

• Programs that run on the web server– Can be written in any language, just need a way to

connect the web server to the program– Program generates regular HTML – works for everyone– (Almost) Every useful web site does this


Dynamic Web Site

Client (Web Browser)“HTML Interpreter”

GET http://www.cs.virginia.edu/cs150/hooshungry

<html><head>…

Server


Dynamic Web SiteClient

File ServerGET .../show-restaurants.cgi

Read ../public_html/cs150/hooshungry/show-restaurants.cgi

#!/uva/bin/python

...

Request Processor

show-restaurants.cgi


Processing a GET Request#!/uva/bin/python

import cgiimport headersimport restaurantsimport restaurantimport reviews

headers.printHeader ("Restaurants")

headers.endHeader ()

print "<h1>Restaurants</h1>“...

Python Code: Evaluate using Python interpreter, send output to client

PythonInterpreter

toClient


Using a Database

• HTTP is stateless– No history of information from previous

requests

• We probably need some state that changes as people visit the site

• That’s what databases are for – store, manipulate, and retrieve data


Python Code:Evaluate using Python interpreter, send output

PythonInterprete

r

toClient

Database

SQL CommandValues

#!/uva/bin/python

...


SQL• Structured Query Language (SQL)

– (Almost) all databases use it

• Database is tables of fields containing values

• All fields have a type (and may have other attributes like UNIQUE)

• Similar to procedures from PS5


Charge• Combining Python, SQL and HTML is very

powerful– Query can be a string generated by your

program!– Code can be generated based on what is in the

database

• PS8: Lots of new tools to learn and code to understand, little code to write

• PS9: Build your own dynamic web application

• Send ideas and team requests by midnight!


Charge

• Next class:– Who invented the Internet?– How to make a dynamic web application– Password Authentication (similar to

Trick-or-Treat)

• Before Wednesday:– Read through PS7 handout

david evans cs.virginia/evans

Documents

line paris

line of beacons

transfer pointssemaphores

bcchain of beacons

bandwidthnapoleons network

possible symbols

new ideas

new invention