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ICAO‐CAEP WG3 LTTG Fuel Review Mee7ng, London, 25 th March, 2009 David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake‐Lye (Aerodyne) Malcolm Ko (NASA)

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Page 1: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

ICAO‐CAEP WG3 LTTG Fuel Review Mee7ng, London, 25th  March, 2009 

David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: 

Rick Miake‐Lye (Aerodyne) Malcolm Ko (NASA) 

Page 2: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Overview Emissions and impacts  Metrics and design goals  What scientific consensus is available to policy making? 

Page 3: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About
Page 4: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

EMISSIONS CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC,  SO2, NOx… 

CONCENTRATIONS 

RADIATIVE FORCING 

CLIMATE CHANGE Temperature, precipitation, winds, soil moisture, extreme events, sea‐level 

IMPACTS Agriculture and forestry, ecosystems,  energy production and consumption,  social effects 

DAMAGES Welfare loss (e.g. monetary units) 

Increasing relevance 

Increasing uncertainty 

See, for example, Fuglestvedt et al. (2003)  Climatic Change, 58, 267 – 331  

and IPCC WG1 (2001) Chapter 7 

Page 5: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About
Page 6: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Emissionsover-me

Lee et al. 2009 

Page 7: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

CO2andlife-me CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs)   “About 50% of a CO2 increase will be removed from the atmosphere within 30 years, and a further 30% will be removed within a few centuries. The remaining 20% may stay in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.” (IPCC AR4, WGI, Chapter 7) 

 Temperature response occurs over longer timescales   Sea‐level rise acts over even longer timescales 

Page 8: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Illustra-veCO2pulse

Effect of pulse of 232 Tg kerosene 

at 2005 

Page 9: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Avia-onCO2emissionssta-s-cs  IPCC 1999: 2% of global CO2 in early 1990s  This peaked in 2000 at 2.74% (IEA, CDIAC data)   In 2005, it was 2.5%   IPCC 1999 projected absolute increases over 1992 fuel usage by factors ranging from ×1.7 to ×4.8 by 2050 

  IPCC 1999 2050 CO2 emissions represent fractions of 1.6% through to 4.4% of scenarios that assume no climate policy 

Page 10: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Wheredowewanttogo? The range of IPCC SRES‐based overall scenarios indicate increases in global mean temperature of somewhere between 1.8 °C (B1 scenario, likely range 1.1 to 2.9 °C) and 4 °C (A1FI scenario, likely range 2.4 to 6.4 °C) in 2090 – 2099, relative to 1980 – 1999  temperatures (IPCC, AR4, 2007) 

  (so add on ~0.5 °C for from preindustrial period to target date) 

  If we stabilized CO2 concentrations at 450 ppm, there is a 50% chance of exceeding 2 °C by 2100 

  (we are at 385 ppm CO2 right now) 

Page 11: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Mixinga450ppmstabiliza-onworldwithavia-onA1,B2typescenarios

Data sources: IPCC Ar4 

A1 = 12.6% 2050 B2 = 8.8% 2050 

Page 12: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Avia-on’scontribu-ontoRF

Lee et al`. 2009 

Page 13: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About
Page 14: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Metricsformeasuringimpacts Evaluating and comparing impacts requires metric 

 RF is a ‘now’ metric; GWPs are for future impacts at some integrated TH 

 Comparison of impacts from a specific emission associated with aviation activities to the same emission associated with other activities   Environmental cost of aviation 

 Relative impacts from different aviation emissions   Trade off in engine/air frame/operation 

Page 15: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

ImpactfromCO2emissions CO2 emissions from all sources are equivalent

  Can compare aviation CO2 emissions relative to other CO2 emissions directly to compare impacts.

  Thus, can use CO2 emission directly as a metric to compare to other CO2 sources.

Page 16: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Designgoals Minimize tradeoffs (NOx, particulates)  Ways to minimize carbon footprint while

accomplishing the mission   Minimize fuel use through routing and using energy

efficient airplanes   Use truly renewable fuel in aviation only if appropriate to

get carbon credit   Avoid carbon fuel

Page 17: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About
Page 18: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Scien-ficconsensus CO2 a major contributor to human‐induced climate change 

 Use RF as a quantitative ‘where we are now’ metric  Use GWP at 100 year ITH as equivalence standard future marginal impact equivalent CO2 emissions for long‐lived (lifetimes longer than 10 years) GHGs 

 Global Temperature change Potential (GTP) may be a useful comparative metric for the future 

 No consensus on short‐lived GHGs although this may emerge over the next few years 

Page 19: David S Lee (MMU) With contributions from: Rick Miake ...adl.stanford.edu/aa260/Lecture_Notes_files/Lee_Science_CO2.pdf · CO2 does not have a single lifetime (≠150yrs) “About

Thank you for your attention