davidson iwaqr 2009 - earth system research …florida smoke 7 florida, 1/09/08 – dense morning...

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Paula Davidson NOAA/NWS International Workshop on Air Quality Forecasting Research, Boulder, Colorado, December 2, 2009

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Page 1: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Paula Davidson NOAA/NWS 

International Workshop on Air Quality Forecasting Research, Boulder, Colorado, December 2, 2009

Page 2: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Page 3: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Outline 

1.  NAQFC – mission and capabili:es, recent progress 

2.  Forecast challenges 3.  Approach 4.  Research needs and opportuni:es 5.  Summary/ Way ahead  

Page 4: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Na1onal Air Quality Forecast Capability 

•  Poor AQ responsible for losses each year in the US:  •  > 60,000 premature deaths •  > $100B in health costs 

•  Vision: protect lives and property by providing accurate and :mely AQ predic:ons for the US 

•  Strategy: work with EPA, State and Local AQ agencies and private sector to develop end‐to‐end AQ forecast capability for the US  

•  Benefits: hourly predic:ons available to local and state AQ forecasters, decision makers, general public 

Page 5: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

2010:  smoke 

2010:  O3    AK,HI 2009:  smoke 

Page 6: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Ozone performance 

2009

CONUS, wrt 85ppb Threshold

Operational

2007

Contiguous US (CONUS) wrt 85 ppb threshold Implemented 9/07

Experimental

2008

CONUS, wrt 85ppb Threshold

Operational

Threshold

Threshold Prediction

Obs

erva

tions

Fraction Correct = # green / # all

Page 7: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Florida smoke 

Florida, 1/09/08 –  Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando –  Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with 3 

fatali1es –  Evacua1on concerns for PM exposure:  senior 

ci1zen facili1es 

Page 8: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Quan1ta1ve PM performance 

Model minus observations: regional monthly mean

CB05 AERO4

•  Aerosol simula:on using emission  inventories: –  Show seasonal bias‐‐ winter, overpredic:on;  summer, underpredic:on 

•  Chemical boundary condi:ons/trans‐boundary inputs 

•  Intermi\ent sources  •  Impacts of 2‐way chem‐met coupling 

Forecast challenges

Page 9: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Approach towards  quan1ta1ve PM predic1on 

   PM components Dust 

  Integrated PM 

Smoke 

Chemical Boundary Condi1ons 

Chemical data assimila1on 

Advanced Chemical Mechanism 

Emissions Inventory Inputs 

Integrated PM 

Capability 

Page 10: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Progress on NOAA’s  PM2.5 Modeling for AQ Predic1ons 

•  Be\er representa:on of intermi\ent events (dust storms, forest fires) 

•  Dynamic boundary condi:ons 

•  Quan:ta:ve predic:on of reac:ve components, especially secondary organic aerosols (SOA) 

•  Advanced chemical mechanisms: gas phase, aqueous phase 

•  Wet/dry deposi:on 10 

Page 11: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Wildfire smoke 

•  Smoke forecas:ng system (Rolph et al 2009) 

•  Fire detec:on 

•  Plume rise (Stein et al 2009) 

•  Transport 

•  Impact on PM2.5 and ozone 

•  Modeling fire behavior •  Surface and profile 

observa:ons of smoke  11 

h\p://juneauempire.com/stories/072109/reg_466811327.shtml  

Page 12: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Dust storms 

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Preliminary testing of dust predictions

Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas. Dust bowl surveying in Texas NOAA George E. Marsh Album, www.photolib.noaa.gov

•  Dust emission –  soil type –  wetness –  roughness –  wind speed –  par:cle size distribu:on 

•  Transport (Draxler, in prep) 

•  Deposi:on •  Surface and profile 

observa:ons 

Page 13: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Chemical boundary condi1ons 

•  Improved climatology (Hawaii ozone) 

•  Global models (ozone: Tang et al 2009, dust: Huang et al 2009) 

•  Global chemical data assimila:on 

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HI surface ozone on 9/11/2009

LBC: static (CONUS)

LBC: monthly mean from O3 sonde

CONUS ozone profiles

Page 14: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Quan1ta1ve predic1on of reac1ve components 

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•  Aerosols: 2009 mean of daily developmental  predic:ons for CONUS/ AIRNow data (Byun) 

•  (CB05/Aero4, Daily Max), emissions inventories inputs •  Improvement to chem. mechanism & inputs in progress 

Page 15: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Chemical data assimila1on 

•  Methods (3D‐Var, 4‐D Var, ensemble methods) •  Observa:ons (in situ, remotely sensed) •  Distribu:on of integral increments (e.g. AOD, 

total PM2.5) into species, profiles •  Observed or retrieved variables •  Background and observa:on error covariance 

modeling, inclusion of model error •  Errors in emissions, non‐random errors •  Infrastructure 

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Page 16: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Research needs for AQ Forecas1ng: Near Term   

•  Improved reac:ve chemical transport of species involved in produc:on, transport, transforma:on, & removal of  PM2.5  

•  Chemical boundary condi:ons •  Chemical data assimila:on technology and infrastructure; improved modeling and analyses of emissions inputs  

•  Advanced chemical mechanisms, wet/dry deposi:on 

•  Con:nue improvement of atmospheric simula:ons of near‐surface condi:ons 

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Page 17: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Research needs for AQ Forecas1ng: Longer‐Term 

•  Assimila:on of new chemical observa:ons •  Modeling of addi:onal pollutants •  Coupling to broader range of environmental models 

Addi:onal, related research: •  AQ predic:on will benefit from related advances in meteorological/ environmental modeling and ensemble genera:on, post‐processing,  atmospheric chemical observa:ons  

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Page 18: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Integrated observa1ons 

•  Speciated PM – need to be able to verify and constrain PM components   

•  Profiles –    ver:cal distribu:on needed domain‐wide 

•  Timeliness – for assimila:on and for near‐real‐:me verifica:on 

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Page 19: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Chemical‐meteorological model coupling 

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Page 20: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Atmospheric Model 

Ocean 

Land Surface 

Air Quality 

Space 

Hydrology 

Ecosystem 

Ensembles 

Etc 

Resolu1on Changes, Downscaling        Post Processing              Bias Correc1on, Sta1s1cal Methods,             Ensembles        Product Genera1on           Verifica1on 

4D Data Assimila1on e.g. 4D Var, EnKF, hybrids  WIDB 

Mul1‐component ensemble + 

Stochas1c forcing 

Components 

Physics Dynamics  Chemistry 

Couplers 

Earth System Models 

Weather Industry 

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Page 21: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Real‐:me Weather Obs: 

Monitoring, Rem Sensed 

Weather  Data Assimila:on  QC/QA 

Customer Feedback 

Mesoscale  Weather Model 

Atm Chemical  Data Assimila:on: 

3‐D or 4‐D 

Emissions  Preprocessing 

R‐T Boundary Condi1ons,  Trans‐boundary transport Especially: Dust, Fires 

Real‐:me Chem  Observa:ons: In‐Situ 

Monitoring, Rem Sensed 

Chem Transport  Model: PM + Ozone 

Verifica:on Product Genera:on 

Genera:on 

Chem Transport  Model: Ozone 

Na:onal Air Quality Forecast Capability: 

Current Opera:onal Links: Ozone 

Con:nuous SCIENCE/TECH Infusion 

Research, Development, Tes:ng, Integra:on 

Forecasts for public dissemina1on 

Numerical Weather Predic1on 

Numerical Chemistry Predic1on 

Boundary Condi:ons From Global  

Weather Model 

Pollutant Emissions Inventory 

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Page 22: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Real‐:me Weather Obs: 

Monitoring, Rem Sensed 

Weather  Data Assimila:on 

QC/QA 

Customer Feedback 

Mesoscale  Weather Model 

Atm Chemical  Data Assimila:on: 

3‐D or 4‐D 

Emissions  Preprocessing 

Real‐:me Chem  Observa:ons: In‐Situ 

Monitoring, Rem Sensed 

Chemical mechanism:  PM + Ozone 

Verifica:on Product Genera:on 

Genera:on 

Na:onal Air Quality Forecast Capability: 

Planned opera:onal links for  

chemical‐meteorological model coupling 

Con:nuous SCIENCE/TECH Infusion 

Research, Development, Tes:ng, Integra:on 

Forecasts for public  dissemina1on 

Atmospheric  Predic1on 

Real :me  boundary condi:ons 

weather 

Pollutant Emissions Inventory 

Real :me   boundary condi:ons 

chemistry 

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Two-way coupling e.g. radiation, cloud microphysics

Page 23: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Summary 

•  Opera:onal ozone (CONUS) and smoke (CONUS, AK) predic:on 

•  Comple:ng na:onwide predic:on coverage 

•  Forecast challenge: quan:ta:ve PM2.5 predic:on 

•  Approach: concurrent development of system components towards an integrated capability 

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Page 24: Davidson IWAQR 2009 - Earth System Research …Florida smoke 7 Florida, 1/09/08 – Dense morning smoke predicted near Orlando – Accident on I‐4 caused 50‐vehicle crash with

Summary of Research needs 

•  Modeling PM, advanced chemical mechanisms •  Chemical boundary condi:ons 

•  Chemical observa:ons and data assimila:on 

•  Improved emissions inputs 

•  Coupling to other environmental models 

•  Modeling of addi:onal pollutants 

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