day 2 august 28th chapter 1 fall 2014.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
1/64
Day 2 August 28thChapter 1
Dr. Hollingsworth
The University of AkronFall 2014
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
2/64
Science - Latin = to know
Science is
abody of knowledge.
a way of knowing- a process of
inquiry and learning.
a pathwayto discover and understandworld around us.
empirical.
a human endeavor.
Use researchto make decisions
Pages 2 -3
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
3/64
Biological Knowledge
Being well-rounded is a necessity.
Health, social, medical, political,
economic, and legal issues surround
science
Think creatively
Communicatewith others Integrate into decision making
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
4/64
Scientists
Are curious
Ask questions
about how theworld works
Seek answers
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
5/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
6/64
How is Science a
different way of knowing?
Science is empirical. Empirical knowledgeis based on experimentationand
observation. Empirical results can betested again and again and corrected asneeded. Scientists use the scientific
method to produce empirical results.
Other ways of knowinghistorical,ethical, political, religious.
Page 7
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
7/64
1.11.3
Science is acollection offacts and aprocess forunderstanding
the world.
Curiosity
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
8/64
How do you know that is true?
The single question thatunderlies scientific thinking
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
9/64
Pseudosciencethe importance ofquestioning the truth of many scientific
claims you see on merchandise packages orread in the newspaper or on the Internet.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
10/64
Scientific issues permeate the law. I believe[that] in this age of science we must build legalfoundations that are sound in science as well asin law. The result, in my view, will further notonly the interests of truth but also those of
justice.U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer
February 1998 at the annual meeting of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
11/64
Why and when do peopledevelop superstitions?
Can animals be superstitious?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
12/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
13/64
1.1 What is science?What is biology?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
14/64
Why is morning breath so stinky? And can
you do anything to prevent it?
Why is it always windy on streets with tall
buildings?
Does taking aspirin before drinking alcohol
lead to faster intoxication?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
15/64
Ask a question.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
16/64
How do you know if the answer iscorrect?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
17/64
Science
Not simply a body of knowledge or alist of facts to be remembered
but rather an intellectual activity,encompassing observation,description, experimentation, andexplanation of natural phenomena.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
18/64
the importance of questioning the truth of manyscientific claims you see on merchandise packagesor read in the newspaper or on the Internet.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
19/64
Can we trust the packagingclaims that companies make?
clinical drug trials and evidence
CEO says: people are really notscientifically minded enough to beable to understand a clinical study.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
20/64
You dont have to be at the mercy
of liars, frauds, marketing,advertising, or slick packaging.
Learn exactly what it means to havescientific proof or evidence.
Learn what it means to thinkscientifically.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
21/64
Scientific Literacy how to think scientifically
how to use the knowledge we gainto make wise decisions
increasingly important in our lives
literacy in matters of biology isespecially essential
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
22/64
Biological Literacy
The ability to:
1. use the process of scientificinquiry to think creativelyabout real-world issues,
2. communicate those thoughtsto others, and
3. integrate them into yourdecision-making.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
23/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
24/64
1.3 The scientific method is
a powerful approach tounderstanding the world.
If science proves some belief ofBuddhism wrong, then Buddhism
will have to changeDalai Lama, 2005
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
25/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
26/64
The Scientific Method
Observe a phenomenon
Propose an explanation for it
Test the proposed explanationthrough a series of experiments
Accurate and valid,
orRevised or alternative explanationsproposed
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
27/64
Scientific Thinking Is Empirical
based on experience and observationsthat are rational, testable, and repeatable.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
28/64
Which statement below is based onempirical information?
1. Knocking on wood insures a good outcome.
2. Since most elementary school teachers arefemale, females make better elementary
school teachers than males.3. We had a really cool spring this year,
therefore climate change (global warming)must not be happening.
4. Chicken is a healthier source of proteinbecause it contains less saturated fat thanbeef.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
29/64
1.4 - 1.10
A beginners guide:
what are the stepsof the scientificmethod?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
30/64
Scientific Method
A rigid process to follow?
A recipe?
An adaptable process? One that includes many different
methods?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
31/64
The basic steps in the scientific method are:
Step 1:Make observations.Step 2:Formulate a hypothesis.
Step 3:Devise a testable
prediction.
Step 4:Conduct a criticalexperiment.
Step 5:Draw conclusions and makerevisions.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
32/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
33/64
What should you do when
something you believe inturns out to be wrong?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
34/64
This may be the most importantfeature of the scientific method:
it tells us when we shouldchange our minds.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
35/64
10 Debunked Scientific BeliefsOf The Past
http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-
debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/
http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/ -
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
36/64
Does taking echinacea reduce the intensity orduration of the common cold?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
37/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
38/64
To be most useful, a hypothesismust
accomplish two things:
1. It must clearly establish mutuallyexclusivealternative explanations for
phenomenon.
2. It must generate testablepredictions
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
39/64
Devising Testable Predictions
We can only evaluate the validity of ahypothesis by putting it to the test.
Researchers often pose a hypothesisas a negative statement, proposingthat there is no relationship between
two factors.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
40/64
Devising a Testable Predictionfrom a Hypothesis
Keep in mind any one of several possibleexplanations could be true.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
41/64
Devising a Testable Predictionfrom a Hypothesis
The goal is to:
Propose a situation that will give aparticular outcomeif your hypothesisis true
but that will give a different outcome
if your hypothesis is not true.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
42/64
Hypothesis:Eyewitness testimony is
always accurate.
Prediction:Individuals who have
witnessed a crime will correctly identifythe criminal regardless of whethermultiple suspects are presented one at atime or all at the same time in a lineup.
H th i E hi d th d ti d
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
43/64
Hypothesis: Echinacea reduces the duration andseverity of the symptoms of the common cold.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
44/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
45/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
46/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
47/64
The Role of Experiments
What is important is that we attemptto demonstrate that our initial
hypothesis is not supported by thedata.
If it is not, we might then adjust ourhypothesis.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
48/64
Making Revisions
Try to further refine a hypothesis.
Make new and more specific testablepredictions.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
49/64
Does echinacea help prevent the common cold?
Hypothesis:Echinacea reduces the duration and
severity of the symptoms of the common cold.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
50/64
1.10 When do hypothesesbecome theories?
Two distinct levels of understandingthat scientists use in describing our
knowledge about natural phenomena
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
51/64
Hypotheses and Theories
A hypothesisis a proposedexplanation for a phenomenon.
a good hypothesis leads to testablepredictions
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
52/64
Hypotheses and Theories
A theoryis a hypothesis for naturalphenomena that is exceptionally well-supportedby the data.
a hypothesis that has withstood the testof time and is unlikely to be altered by
any new evidence
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
53/64
Theories vs. Hypotheses
Repeatedly tested
Broader in scope
El t C
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
54/64
Elements Commonto Most Experiments
1. Treatment any experimental condition applied to individuals
2. Experimental group
a group of individuals who are exposed to aparticular treatment3. Control group
a group of individuals who are treated identicallyto the experimental group with the oneexception: they are not exposed to the
treatment4.Variables characteristics of your experimental system that
are subject to change
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
55/64
Controlling Variables
the most important feature of a goodexperiment
the attempt to minimize anydifferences between a control groupand an experimental group other
than the treatment itself
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
56/64
The Placebo Effect
The phenomenon in which peoplerespond favorably to anytreatment
The placebo effect highlights theneed for comparison of treatmenteffects with an appropriate control
group.
Cl H
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
57/64
Clever Hans
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
58/64
Experimental Designs
Blind experimental design
The experimental subjects do not knowwhich treatment (if any) they are
receiving. Double-blind experimental design
Neither the experimental subjects nor the
experimenter knows which treatment thesubject is receiving.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
59/64
Hallmarks of an Extremely
Well-designed Experiment
Blind/double-blindstrategies
Randomized
The subjects are randomly assigned
into experimental and control groups.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
60/64
1.12 Repeatable experimentsincrease our confidence.
Can science be misleading?
How can we know?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
61/64
1.13 Weve got to watchout for biases.
Can scientists be sexist?
How would we know?
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
62/64
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
63/64
1.14-1.17
Scientific thinkingcan help us makewise decisions.
-
8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx
64/64
Variables
Independent Variables
some measurable entity that is available atthe start of a process and whose value can be
changed as required.
Dependent Variables
created by the process being observed andwhose value cannot be controlled.