[day 2] center presentation: icraf
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Meshack Nyabenge at the CGIAR-CSI Annual Meeting 2009: Mapping Our Future. March 31 - April 4, 2009, ILRI Campus, Nairobi, KenyaTRANSCRIPT
Role GIS Unit
World Agroforestry Centre
(ICRAF) Research and
Development
Mr. Meshack Nyabenge,
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) P. O Box 30667 00100
Nairobi, Kenya,
E-mail: [email protected]
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Content
Introduction
GIS services in research and development domains
Targeting biofuel investment in Eastern Africa (Kenya)
• Pro-poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa
(PRESA)
Scaling up of Fardherdia Albida in cereal growing areas in E.
Africa
Rainwater harvesting in Africa and selected 11 countries
Potential vegetation mapping in Eastern Africa
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
• Trees play a crucial role in almost all terrestrial ecosystems and provide a range of products and services to rural and urban people.
• As natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture and other types of development, the benefits that trees provide are best sustained by integrating trees into agriculturally productive
landscapes — a practice known as agroforestry.
Introduction
Fodder
Medicine
Fertilizer Income
Soil Erosion protection Timber
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
The roles GIS unit are to provide:-
(a) the global coordination of spatial analysis in ICRAF
(b) spatial analysis to ICRAF ECA regional office at cost recovery approach,
(c) linkages to other GIS user groups within regional offices.
• These support services present myriads challenges that the unit has to
address within its mandated roles of establishing rich data bases, hosting both
specific and general agroforestry data, acquisition different of GIS and remote
sensing software, and continuous learning of new methods and tools in GIS
analysis remains the keys to success.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Targeting biofuel investment in
Eastern Africa (Kenya)
• The current debate on climate change and rising oil price has
greatly increased the interest in research and development in
renewal energy, such as biofuels.
• A number of industrialized and developing countries are
seeking to promote biofuels, as away of reducing fossils fuel
consumption and mitigating the adverse effects of climate
change at the same time.
• Biofuels are liquids, solids or gaseous energy sources derived
from renewable biomass (GTZ & GOK, 2008).
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
• As global oil consumption is projected to increase by 36% by 2030
and African countries’ consumption doubled, the scramble for
increasingly limited supply of oil, price and availability of fuel will
become ever more challenging issues (US Department of Energy,
2007). This has made many countries to resort to biofuel as a part of
solution to emerging fuels problems.
• Like other counties, Eastern Africa have no proven oil
reserve, but boast of suitable climate conditions for growing
biofuel crops, which could limit the shock of high oil prices
by developing its own supply of domestically, produced
biofuels.
• The number of private sectors and government agencies
involved biofuel investments in these countries indicate
potential and goodwill in adopting biofuel production within
the eastern Africa region.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
• In 2006/7, ICRAF GIS unit used Bolean modeling approach to
produce Jatropha curcas suitability map of Kenya for Vanilla
Foundation, an NGO working on promotion of biofuel
production and development.
• The resultant map created a lot enthusiasm within private
investors with more requests coming to the ICRAF GIS unit to
map suitability at districts and project scale levels.
• In November, 2007, GTZ, through Endelevu Energy, a
consultant firm also commissioned ICRAF GIS Unit to produce
biofuel suitability maps for 11 biodiesel and bioethonal
feedstocks in Kenya, dabbed “A Roadmap to Biofuel in Kenya”
(GTZ & GOK, 2008).
• “A Roadmap to Biofuel in Kenya” did not only produce
suitability map for each biofuel feedstock, but also quantified
feedstock suitability within the arable and non-arable areas,
food and cash crop growing areas, and excluded gazetted
areas.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Suitability outside
gazetted areas
Suitability within
arable and non-arable
areas
Suitability with food
and cash crop areas
Jatropha Suitability maps of Kenya
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
• GTZ has funding this work to
cover Ethiopia, Rwanda,
Tanzania and Uganda.
• Further funding from GTZ to
including socio-economic variable
for investment purpose. This
process will involve use Multi-
Criteria Evaluation to target
specific areas in Kenya for
scaling-up biofuel activities
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Targeting jatropha processing sites locations from MCE product
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Pro-poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa (PRESA).
Key concepts of PRESADefinition of rewards for environmental services:
• realistic, voluntary, and conditional mechanisms for
rewarding ecosystem stewards for legitimate actions
foregone or positive actions undertaken beyond social
expectations.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
PRESA
Goal: smallholder farmers and residents living in the highlands of East
and West Africa benefit from fair and effective agreements between
stewards and beneficiaries of ecosystem services.
Objectives:
1. Foster workable environmental service
agreements.
2. Catalyze policy support and private-
sector participation in environmental
service agreements
3. Community of Practice: Provide
support to researchers, NGOs and
government agencies interested in pro-
poor rewards for environmental
services in Africa
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Sites
Characteristics of PRESA sites
• Fragile eco-systems
• Reported conflicts in use of
environmental services
• Over exploitation of ES leading
degradation.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Shamba
system
fields Sasumua
Reservoir,
Kenya
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Sasumua Watershed
• Located in Nyandarua South District, Central Kenya.
• Consists of three sub-watershed Sasumua, Chania, Kiburu.
• Provide more than a third of drinking water for City of Nairobi.
• Located in agricultural area, forest reserve and Aberedare National Park- presenting a
fragile-ecosystem, source conflict, and over exploitation of environmental services.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
What so far has been done in Sasumua?
Adopt the concept and framework of Pro-poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa.
• Awareness creation through several meeting with communities and stakeholders.
• Scientific inventory and analysis of environmental services (soil, water, landuse, land tenure, environmental audit)
• Involvement of community and stakeholder during data collection and interpretation supported by community-based knowledge.
• Stakeholder workshop for reporting and calibrating scientific findings and identification keys development issues for sustainable management of Sasumua system
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Soil: Assessment of Land Degradation
• Using Soil Health Surveillance Protocol developed by ICRAF scientists, the
following sites were identified as areas with different erosion risk
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Hydrological Modeling and Water Quality
Assessment
• Water quality measurements at selected sampling points during dry
and wet season.
• Watershed modeling using Soil and Water Assessment Tool, (SWAT)
a watershed scale model developed in the USA (Neitsch et. Al, 2002).
• Mingutii subcatchment both
from the cropped land and
stream corridor
• Little Sasumua subcatchment
(40% cropped land, 60% forest)
• Roads, paths, cattle tracks
contribute substantial sediment
Sources of Sediment• Best management practices on
agricultural land
– Grassed waterways
• Stream bank stabilization and protection
– Riparian buffer strips
• Road drainage
• Drainage of built-up areas: Njabini, Kwa Haraka, Githioro, Kanyenya-ini
• Sediment traps
Strategies for reducing
erosion and sedimentation
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Water Yield
Flow % Mean Flow
m3/s
Sasumua River 66 1.72
Chania River 21 0.54
Kiburu 13 0.33
#
##
##
####
##
## ######
##
####
##########
###
##
%[&\
7
5
13
15
6
8
2
4
24
14
1
30
3
36
3125
20
17
21
11
16
34
28
10
35
19
38
32
2218
12
26
9
27
23
29
37
33
Sasumua
River, 67 %
Chania River,
21 %
Kiburu River,
13 %
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Landuse Change
• To understand long-term utilization of resources, time series (1985-2007) landuse changes
from satellite remote sensing images was undertaken.
19851995
2000 2007
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Landuse Change
Landcover Change between 1985 and 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
area1985 area1995 area2000 area2007
Year
Are
a (
km
2)
Agriculture
Woodlot
Degraded forest
Forest
Fallow
• Population
increase
resulting high
intensity in
agriculture
Land tenure
changes.
• Policy (
Drivers of Change
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Land Tenure
1. The land was considered crown land and
was allocated to European farmers by
the colonial government as large scale
commercial farms on 999 year
agricultural leases.
2. The total land area in the basin is 5593
hectares and 49% was taken up by the
leasehold farms.
3. The population on these farms was low
as it often comprised only the settler
farmer and his laborers. Entry into the
white highlands was restricted and the
laborers were not allowed to come with
their families.
4. Movement permits were used to regulate
the movement into and out of the region
by locals. Agricultural activities tended
to be expansive rather than intensive due
to the large size of the farm units.
Leasehold agricultural land (1964)
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Land Tenure
1. The Settlement Fund Trustee (SFT) was set
up by the post independence government
under the agriculture Act Cap 347, to
identify, plan and allocate land to local
farmers.
2. The farmers were allocated land and given
seed money to set up their farms. They were
to pay for the land and the seed money over
a period of 25 years after which they
obtained freehold titles.
3. The large scale farms were purchased by the
government and converted to settlement
schemes. The resettlement exercise was
started in 1964 and continued into the 1970s.
4. By 1980 most of the prime land had been
allocated but due to consistent demand even
marginal areas were converted to settlement
schemes. In the Sasumua watershed all
leasehold farms were converted to
settlement schemes.
Post independence freehold agricultural land (2008)
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Environmental Audit Findings
• Persistent grazing along the riparian reserve, which affects groundcover thus
protection of the river
• Pollution from livestock, especially those grazing along the riparian reserve
• Planting of eucalyptus trees in proximity to the riverbanks
• Inadequate physical infrastructure, especially heavy reliance on pit latrines and
weak solid waste management mechanisms
• Weak physical infrastructure as exemplified by lack of land use planning
• Weak community participation in natural resource management, local
community’s access to water
• Reintroduction/illegal farming in the forest
• Dwindling water resources against rising demand
• Continued rapid growth of urbanisation and intensification of farming will
continue to place a lot pressure on the dam.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Stakeholder Workshop
• Presented all scientific findings
• Deliberation on keys issue of ES (water, policy, landuse\
agriculture, community role and other stakeholder)
• Explore benefits community can get or continue to enjoy from
positive contribution in sustaining Sasumua system.
• Way forward.
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Current activity
• Scaling up of Fardherdia Albida in cereal growing areas in E. Africa.
• The inverse phonological rhythm of Faidherbia albida is important reason
for the use in agroforestry systems because of lack of competition
between tree and crops.
• Due to success story of this tree in Eastern Zambia, increasing maize
yield, ICRAF has started looking issues
– (a) scaling up
– (b) Genetic resources
– etc
• GIS is quickly needed to provide basic and ecologically-based suitability
in Eastern Africa
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
Basic Suitability Maps of Faidherbia Albida
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
April 4, 2009
W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge
THANKS