day 3: modeling and erp reference · pdf file · 2011-10-12department of computer...
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CIS Department Professor Duane Truex III
Day 3: Modeling and ERP Reference
Architectures
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ERP Methodology and Project Management
Air Force Mentor-Protégé Program
Enterprise Reference Architectures
Ronald E. Giachetti, Ph.D. Associate Professor Industrial and Systems Engineering Florida International University
Duane P. Truex, Ph.D. Associate Professor
Robinson College of Business Department of Computer Information Systems
Georgia State University
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“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler” – Albert Einstein
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Agenda Modeling Theory Reference Architectures ARIS Reference Architecture as a
commercial example utilized by SAP
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Definitions Enterprise: a complex set of business processes
that can be designed to accomplish a specific set of objectives.
Architecture: " A description (often graphical) of the
structure of something. " A structured plan, a framework on the basis
of which a product or an organization of an enterprise can be constructed
Reference model: a general model that can be used as a base to derive other models from.
Reference Architecture: is a structured set of models which represent the building blocks of the system.
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Why we need ERP Reference Architectures ERP systems are complex and difficult to understand how they
operate. A reference architecture is a model that describes ERP systems
– helps people understand how they work. Use of reference architectures for:
" Business Process Reengineering (both ‘AS-IS’ and ‘TO-BE’ modeling)
" Training " Configuration
Reference architectures capture, standardize, and represent the commonalities found in business process reengineering and enterprise integration projects (Vernadat 1996).
Characterize the best-in-class management practices and software solutions; i.e. knowledge management.
Inclusion of all elements. Leverage the previous work done in enterprise engineering;
i.e., learning.
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Models An abstract representation of reality that
excludes much of the world’s infinite detail.
The purpose of a model is to reduce the complexity of understanding or interacting with a phenomenon by eliminating the detail that does not influence its relevant behavior.
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Abstraction
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Modeling Point #1 Modeling is the ‘art’ of abstraction,
knowing what to include in model and what to leave out.
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A model reveals what its creator believes is important in understanding or predicting the phenomena modeled
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But…Africa is more than 10 times larger than Greenland!
Mecator’s Projection
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Peterson’s Projection: Area Accurate
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Modeling Point #2 All models are built with a purpose, the
purpose is determined by the model creator.
Standard models have built in purposes (for example, UML activity diagrams or role activity diagrams).
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Model Views
A
Figure 1. Front view of physical object
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Model Views
A
Possibility 1 Possibility 2
A
Figure 2. Two possible top views for the same front view
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Enterprise System Views
CIMOSA ARIS Zachman Curtis
Function Information Organization Resource
Control Data Function Organization
Data Process I/O
Function Behavior Organization or resource information
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Enterprise Views A Reference Architecture for an ERP system
requires the following views: " Information or Data view – describes the data
structure of the entities or objects in the system. " Function View – describes the functions
supported by the system (what the system does). " Process View – describes how the system
completes the functions. " Organization View – describes how the enterprise
is organized.
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Modeling Point #3 Systems tend to be complex, our
models only abstract limited parts of the entire system (called a view).
You need multiple views to understand the entire system. We use decomposition, but instead of a hierarchy into views.
Views must be consistent!
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Enterprise Modeling Enterprise modeling has to fulfill several requirements to
achieve efficient and effective enterprise integration: " provide a modeling language easily understood by non-IT
professionals, but sufficient for modeling complex industrial environments.
" provide a modeling framework which: • covers the life cycle of enterprise operation from
requirements definition to end of life. • enables focus on different aspects of enterprise operation by
hiding those parts of the model not relevant for the particular point of view.
• supports re-usability of models or model parts
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ARIS The Architecture for Information
Systems (ARIS) developed in Germany and adopted by SAP.
Adheres to enterprise concepts found in CIMOSA, GRAI, and other RA.
Uses Event Process Chains to model processes.
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ARIS Executive mgmt
Materials mgmt Sales
Inventory Disposition
Request Offer
Customer
Request received
Request processed
Offer processing
Request Request
processing
Sales processing
Determine delivery
date
Request processing Sales Offer
processing Check Credit
worthiness
Organizational view
Data view Control view Functional view
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Event Process Chains Event Driven Process Chains (EPC), which are
one of the central components of the Architecture for Integrated Information Systems (ARIS) (Scheer 1995).
Used by SAP in modeling business processes supported by their ERP package SAP R/3.
EPC depict several important relationships in a business process. " Control Flow depicted as a sequence of event-
function-event linkages. " Information flow which specifies where data is
created, read, updated, or deleted by a function. " Organization assignment showing who does the
function.
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CASE Tool based on EPC
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EPC Constructs Construct Symbol Definition Event
Event name
An event describes a change
of state in the system.
Funct ion
Function name
A function describes the
transformation from an entry
state to a target state.
Link Operators
XOR
V
V
The link operators describe the
logical connection between
events and functions or
process paths.
Process Path
Process Name
A process path describes the
link to another process.
Organization Unit
Organization unit name
An organization unit describ es
who is responsible for
completing the function.
Information Object
Information object name
An information object
describes a real - world data
structure (e.g. order form)
Information Flow
An information flow describes
either the creation, read,
update, or deletion of t he
information object.
Control Flow
The control flow connects
events and functions to show
the sequence of activities.
Assignment of Organization
U n i t
The organization unit
assignment shows who
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START
Generate Supply
Request : D
Generate Inventory Report : D
V
Supply Request Accepted
Inventory Report
Generated
Generate PIN Order : S
Generate PO :M
PO Sent
PIN Order Generated
Supply Request
Inventory Report
Create CD-ROM with PINs : PM
(2,3)
(1,3,5)
Supply Request(1,1,3)
Prototype Card for
Validation
Order Details
Printing Order Generated
Generate Order Details/
Request Prototype : M
Prototype Card
Validated
PO
POS PIN Order
Generated
V
Sales Information
(2,2,3)
XOR
Supply Request Rejected
Review Supply
Request : S
Supply Request Sent
(4,5)
V
(5,7)
(2,3)
Generate Prototype Card : P
Prototype Card Ready
Prototype Requested
(4,5)
Validate Prototype Card : M
(5,7)
(1,5,6)
(3,5)V
(3,5)
Generate Printing Order
: M
V
(4,6)
CD-ROM with PINs created
Print Cards : P
V(5,6)
(5,6)
CD-ROM with PINs
(1,5,6)
(1,4,5)
(1,3,5)
Printing Order
Printing Order (1,4,6)
(3,5)
Activation/Deactivaion
PIN Order
Sales Analysis
(2,4,4)
(1,4,5)
V(1,3,5)
(1,3,5)
Order Details
(1,5,6)PO
(1,3,5)
Order Details (1,5,6)
EPC for Latin American PrePaid Telephone Cards
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Summary Reference Architectures describe how an
ERP system is organized and operates. SAP makes the greatest usage of reference
architectures, but other vendors use them as well.
The reference architecture is used to configure, understand, and drive process redesign efforts.