day 4 argument types
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COM 234 Public DebateDay 4 Lecture
Todays Agenda:
The Toulmin ModelArgument Types
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Announcements
Form of Assignments: Make sure to follow the form on the sample. Thismeans including your section number, TAs name,the name of the assignment, etc.
While following the form of the sample, youshould not use any of the examples used in class.
Extra credit attempts: E-mail these by 10a.m. the day before the assignment is due [email protected]
RMC Todays extra credit earners
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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The Toulmin Model
Claim: the proposition that the arguer issupporting
Grounds (or data): the specific evidence or
reason used to support the claim (oftenintroduced with the word because orsince; sometimes this is the claim of
another argument)Warrant: the inference that allows you to
move from the grounds to the claim (often
only implied in the argument)
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Syllogism and Toulmin Model
Compared
Claim ConclusionGrounds minor premise
Warrant
Major Premise
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Toulmin Model Diagram
Grounds Claim
Warrant
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Types of Argument
argument by example argument by analogy
argument from sign argument from cause
argument from testimony argument from narrative
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Argument by Example
Inference moves from specific togeneral or from general to specific
Warrant to this argument usually readswhat is true in this case (or these
cases) is true in general or what istrue in general is true in this case
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Argument by Examplefrom David Horsey, Seattle PI, 15 March 2005.
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Horsey Argument by Example Diagrammed
hey whined when
seat belts, catalyticconverters, airbags,fuel efficiency
standards, andemission standardswere introduced.
Automakers whine that
the industry will beruined whenever
legislation is introduced
to improve vehicles.
What is true in these
cases is true in general.
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Argument by Example from David Brooks, A HouseDivided, and Strong,NYT, 5 April 2005, p. A27.
Once, Republicans were isolationists.Now most Republicans, according to a
New York Times poll, believe the U.S.
should try to change dictatorships intodemocracies when it can. Meanwhile,
78 percent of Democrats believe theU.S.should nottry to democratize
authoritarian regimes.
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Brooks Argument by Example Diagrammed
78% of those polled
by the NYTwhoidentified as
Democrats said the
US should not try todemocratize
authoritarian
regimes.
78% of Democratsbelieve the US shouldnot try to democratizeauthoritarian regimes.
What is true in these
cases is true in general.
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Argument by Example moving from general to specific
Since youre a Democrat, you probablybelieve the U.S. should not try to
democratize authoritarian regimes.
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Argument by Example Diagrammed
78% of Democratssay the US shouldnot try todemocratize
authoritarianregimes.
As a Democrat, you
probably believe the USshould not try to
democratize
authoritarian regimes.
What is true in general
is true in this case.
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Tests for the Argument by
Example
Are there enough examples to provethe point?
Are the examples skewed toward one
type of thing?Are the examples unambiguous?
Could it be that the connection ofgeneral and specific doesnt hold in thiscase?
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Argument by Analogy
Inference compares two similar things, sayingthat since they are alike in some respects,they are alike in another respect. It can be a
figurative analogy or a literal analogy.
Warrant to this argument usually reads iftwo things are alike in most respects, theywill be alike in this respect too.
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Argument by Analogy (Figurative)from David Horsey, Seattle PI, 15 March 2005.
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Argument by Analogy (Figurative) Diagrammed
Texas barbecues
create danger tothe house by
adding fuel to a
tremendous fire.
Bush and Delay are
creating a dangeroussituation that threatensthe nation by adding
tax cuts to a federaldeficit.
If two things are alike in
some respects, theyll be
alike in this respect.
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Argument by Analogy from Mike Henderson, BeltresNumbers,Seattle Weekly, 9-15 March 2005, p. 16.
When one of the greatest Hall of Famethird basemen, Mike Schmidt, turned
25, he had 36 home runs, 116 RBI, a
.282 batting average, and committed 26errors. New Seattle Mariner third
baseman Adrian Beltre, who just turned25, has better numbers than that. We
should expect great things from him.
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Argument by Analogy (Literal) Diagrammed
Mike Schmidt did
great things as hematured, and his
stats were similar to
Adrian Beltres atage 25.
We should expect great
things of Adrian Beltre.
If two things are alike in
some respects, theyll be
alike in this respect.
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Tests for the Argument by
Analogy
Are the two things really alike, or arethere significant differences that mightmake them unalike in this respect.
Is the analogy appropriate, or does it
confuse things? [See Scooter Indictment clip]
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The Officevideo clip
ou dont blamedrug dealers forpassing alongillegal drugs.
ou shouldnt blame
me for forwardinginappropriate and time-wasting e-mails in the
office.
If two things are alike in
some respects, theyll be
alike in this respect.
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Argument from Sign
Inference says that one thing is a signof another. Its usually used in anargument that something is.
Warrant to this argument is usually in
the form: X is a sign of Y.
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Slendertone Argument from Sign Diagrammed
You can see my
abdomen musclesmove in response to
the device.
This exercise device
works to definemuscles.
Muscle movement is a
sign that this exercisedevice works to define
muscles.
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Argument from Signhttp://www.rhymeswithorange.com/ 22 March 2005.
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Cartoon Argument from Sign Diagrammed
The Shakespearian
actors lost theirBritish accents in the
second act.
This play was not very
good.
Shifting accents are a
sign that a play is notvery good.
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CSIargument by sign diagrammed
Her blood contained
human chorionicgonadotropin.
She is definitely with
child.
Human chorionic gonadotropin
is a sign that a woman is with child.
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Argument from Cause
Inference moves from cause to effect oreffect to cause, arguing that somethingis the direct result of something else.
Warrant to this argument is usually in
the form : X causes Y.
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Overheard Argument from Cause Diagrammed
Mothers are working
long hours outsidethe home.
Kids today are more
violent and dangerous.
Mothers working long hours
outside the home cause kidsto become violent and dangerous.
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Toyota Argument from Cause Diagrammed
The man drove this
car.
The man now has
higher adrenalinelevels.
Driving this car caused the
man to increase his adrenalinelevels.
T t f A t f
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Tests for Argument from
Cause
Does one thing really cause the other,or are they merely correlated?
Is there another larger cause or seriesof causes that better explains theeffect?
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Argument from Testimony
Inference reasons that what atrustworthy source says is true
Warrant to this argument usually saysWhen a qualified person says
something is true, it is true.
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Slendertone Argument from Testimony Diagrammed
Greta Blackburn, the
founding editor forMiss FitnessMagazine, says so.
The Slendertone ab
belt really stands outas effective.
When a qualified person
says something is true,it is true.
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Time to KillArgument from Testimony Diagrammed
Doctor Roadhieber
has diagnosed DanBaker as a paranoidschizophrenic.
Dan Baker is a
paranoid schizophrenic
When a qualified person
says something is true,it is true.
Te t fo A g ment f om
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Tests for Argument from
Testimony
Are the source qualified to say what isbeing said? Is she or he in a position toknow this information?
Does the testimony represent what theauthority really meant to say?
Is the source relatively unbiased andrecent?
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Argument from Narrative
Inference reasons from the meaning orlesson of a story to a claim.
Warrant to this argument usually saysThe moral to a story tells us a greater
truth.
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Argument from Narrative from Chris Bayley, Lets Let
Bartells Run the Department of Licensing,SeattleTimes, 6 April 2005, B7.
After telling the story of how he went to theDOL in South Seattle and found it poorlyorganized and understaffed, and comparing itto the North Seattle DOL his daughter went
to the next day, he argues that all Seattlearea citizens are not being served equallywell, and the state should ensure its DOL
offices are provided adequate resources andsufficient staff, as any customer-friendlybusiness would.
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Argument from Narrative Diagrammed
Story of contrasting
DOL experiences.
It is unfair that people
are being treateddifferently in South andNorth Seattle, with the
former getting poorservice from the state.
The moral of a story tellsus a greater truth.
Tests for Argument from
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Tests for Argument from
Narrative
Does the moral really follow from thestory?
Is the narrative plausible and coherent?
Are characterizations consistent?
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Easily confused argument types
argument by example (reasoning from
general to specific and vice versa)vs.
argument by analogy (reasoning from case to
case) argument from sign (indicating that
something is or is not)
vs.argument from cause (arguing thatsomething caused something else).