Chapter 2.2 - 2.3

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Why did Lord Baltimore found Maryland?

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Why didn’t Europeans use Indians as slaves instead of Africans?

What are natural rights?

According to Locke, when can you fight your

government?

How did the Enlightenment affect political thought in the colonies?

What is so beneficial about having three branches of government?

The First Great Awakening was a __________ revival that spread

through the colonies.

When was the Declaration of Independence issued?

The Declaration of Independence elaborates on Locke’s idea of

__________ rights.

• The Constitution was drafted because the Articles of Confederation failed to provide enough power to the ______________ government.

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• When a country’s constitution requires the branches of government to remain independent of each other, it is adhering to the constitutional principle of ___________________ of powers.

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• The conflict between states over representation in the legislative branch was settled with the _______ compromise.

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• Representation in the House is based on ___________, while in the Senate every state has ____ representatives.

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• The ratification of the Constitution occurred as a result of the inclusion of the ___ __ ___

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• What is the establishment clause? Where can it be found?

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• The _____________ is the group of executive department heads who serve as the president’s advisors.

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• Which political party favored the rights of states against the power of the federal government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution?

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• The Supreme Court power to determine whether laws are constitutional is called ________ _________.

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• This statement declared that the American continents should no longer be viewed as open to colonization:

Early America to Civil War

Would you rather live in a small place in the city or a huge place in the countryside?

• Common American idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific.

• By the 1840s, several east-to-west routes had been carved—the Oregon Trail, the California Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail.

• Under Jefferson the size of the country increased considerably

• Kentucky

• Tennessee

• Ohio

• And the Jackpot: Louisiana Purchase

• In 1800 Spain had given Louisiana back to France.

• To finance his plans for European conquest, Napoleon offered to sell all of the Louisiana Territory as well as New Orleans, to the United States

• 1803- Congress overwhelmingly approved

• US paid $11.25 million and almost doubled its size

• US paid $11.25 million and almost doubled its size

• 828,000 square miles

• Less than 3 cents per acre

• 1:211:21

• Florida was a source of frustration for Southerners

• Slaves would run away and hide in Florida

• Spain was unable to control border

• Jackson sent troops in• Under pressure, Spain

gave over all of Florida

• Concerns about Russia’s growing interest in the American Northwest.

• In 1821 Russia had announced that its empire extended south from Alaska to Oregon Territory

• Monroe Doctrine- Monroe decided to issue a statement (1823), declaring that the American continents should no longer be viewed as open to colonization.

What was Manifest Destiny?

• The idea popular in the United States during the 1800s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean

What 1823 statement declaring that American continents should no

longer be open to colonization?

• Monroe Doctrine

Why was Spain controlling Florida an

issue with southerners?

• Slaves would run away to Florida to be free

• The matter of statehood for Missouri stirred up disagreements

• 1819 the Union consisted of 11 free and 11 slave states.

• Admitting any new state would upset the balance of political power in the Senate

• Maine wanted in too, but as a free state

• So a year after Missouri requested admission as a slave state they both were let in

• Senate agreed that there could be no more slave states in Louisiana Territory

• This issue over Missouri was a sign of the divisions between the N and S

The lines are drawn. Our friendship is on the line

• Congress levied a new tariff in 1828—South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union.

• John C. Calhoun, the nation’s vice president, was torn between supporting the nation’s policies and supporting fellow South Carolinians.

New taxes

• Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the idea of nullification.

• This idea argued that because states had created the federal union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid.

To make something null or not valid

• The issue of nullification erupted again in 1830 in a debate.

• 1842, South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law

Giving the states such power

would destroy the Union

If a law is unconstitutional we

should be able to nullify it.

Andrew Johnson

John C Calhoun

Why was Missouri’s statehood a

conflict?

• It would disrupt the even balance between slave and free states

What was the Nullification Theory?

• Declared a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void

What idea by John Calhoun challenged the authority of the federal

government and the Constitution?

• Nullification

• In the mid-1800s, many Americans worked to reform various aspects of society.

• Religious leaders organized to revive the nation’s commitment to religion in a movement known as the Second Great Awakening. Charles G. Finney,

helped find modern revivalism

• The religious revival brought about new movements such as: – Temperance: no alcohol – Abolition: against slavery – Women's rights: right to

vote and equality

• The religious group that most wanted to end slavery was Quakers.

• A number of new religious denominations emerged from the new religious revival.

• Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, whose followers are known as the Mormons.

• After being harassed, the Mormons moved to Illinois.

• After the murder of Joseph Smith and continued persecution, the Mormons settled in Utah.

• The Mormon Church and its founder Joseph Smith were forced to move several times to escape religious persecution. Many people disliked the new religion partly because of its teachings that a man could have more than one wife. The Mormons moved first to Ohio, then to Missouri, then to Illinois. They built a prosperous community at Nauvoo, Illinois. In 1844 Joseph Smith was jailed for ordering his followers to destroy a printing press. The people who owned the press had disagreed with Smith. An angry mob killed Smith and his brother.

What reforms did the 2nd Great

Awakening promote?

– Temperance: no alcohol – Abolition: against slavery – Women's rights: right to vote and equality

Why did Mormons head West?

–To flee persecution

Continued…

Chapter 2.2 - 2.3

• The nation was pushing west. Land and other resources were vital, but Native Americans owned the land and stood in the way.

• In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.

• Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, forcing Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River.

• Supreme Court said Indians didn’t have to move. Jackson ignored the decision.

Army marched Cherokee

Indians west. 2000 died

waiting for the westward

march to begin, 2000 died

during the march. This

was the Trail of Tears.

Most Americans supported

this treatment of the Indians.

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• The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

• The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.

Route

• "I have no motive, my friends, to deceive you. I am sincerely desirous to promote your welfare. Listen to me, therefore, while I tell you that you cannot remain where you are now. It is impossible that you can flourish in the midst of a civilized community. You have but one remedy in your reach. And that is to remove to the West and join your countrymen."

• President Andrew Jackson, Washington, 1835, addressing Cherokee delegation

• "Whole nations melt away like snowballs in the sun. The White men have surrounded us, leaving only a little spot of ground to stand upon, and it seems to be their intention to destroy us as a Nation."Chief Dragging Canoe, The Trail of Tears Cherokee Legacy, Rich-Heape Films, 2006

"I fought through the Civil War and have seen men shot to pieces and slaughtered by thousands, but the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever knew." Georgia militiaman, Jahoda, 1939

The situation The situation between whites and between whites and Native Americans Native Americans was hostile but was hostile but some believed the some believed the situation could be situation could be improved if Native improved if Native Americans could Americans could assimilate, assimilate, or be or be absorbed into absorbed into American society as American society as landowners and landowners and citizens.citizens.

This This included included breaking up breaking up reservations reservations into into individual individual allotments,allotments, where where Native Native Americans Americans would live in would live in families and families and support support themselves.themselves.

This became the policy when Congress This became the policy when Congress passed the passed the Dawes ActDawes Act in 1887. in 1887.

The The Dawes ActDawes Act was a failure. was a failure. Did not like farming or Did not like farming or

ranchingranching Allotments too small to be Allotments too small to be

profitableprofitable Unwilling to adopt the Unwilling to adopt the

American settlers’ lifestyles American settlers’ lifestyles in place of their own culture.in place of their own culture.

In time disease would In time disease would kill of over 90% of the kill of over 90% of the Native American Native American population. population.

They had never be They had never be exposed to such exposed to such diseases before and diseases before and had no immunity to had no immunity to themthem

Do you think Andrew Jackson should be remembered ad a

hero or villain?

How did the government try to assimilate Native Americans?

– Changed their dress, forced to farm individually, pushed them on reservations, taught them American culture

What percent of the Native American population eventually died off in

America?

– Over 90%, mostly due to disease

• We had our eyes set on California and Oregon even though other nations had partial claims to it

We add more states in 1845

• Mexico is outraged that Texas joins the Union

• Before war was declared settlers in Northern CA began an uprising against Mexico

• On June 14,1846 they declared CA independent and renamed the region the Bear Flag Republic

• Within a month American navy forces arrived to occupy ports of San Francisco & San Diego

• Claimed the Republic for the US

• Year was 1846

• After refusing to give up, Mexico finally surrendered in 1848 (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)

• Gained 500,000 square miles• 7 new states added: CA, Nevada,

Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming

• BAD for them GOOD for us

On that Note… Manifest Destiny is accomplished!

What states do we acquire after we win the War with Mexico?

• CA, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming

•The government wanted to have citizens settle the newly acquired land so they passed the Homestead Act in 1862. •For $10, a settler could file for a homestead, or a tract of public land available for settlement. •The homesteader could get up to 160 acres of public land and could receive title of it after living there five years.

• Settlers on the Plains found life very difficult.

• The environment was harsh, with summer temperatures soaring over 100°F and winter bringing blizzards and extreme cold.

• Prairie fires and swarms of grasshoppers were a danger and a threat

• Mining also spurred migration to the West. – gold, silver, and

copper. – Mining helped the

growth of Colorado, the Dakota Territory, and Montana.

• This is the world’s largest gold “nugget” ever found. Discovered in 1872 and is called the Holtermann Nugget.

• It was 630lbs in weight and 3,000 ounces

• The biggest gold nugget that was ever found in North America was found in Breckinridge, July 3, 1887 by a man named Tom Groves.

• The nugget Tom Groves found weighed 151 ounces! It was called “Tom’s Baby” because he paraded around town with his huge nugget and carried it in his arms like a baby.

• Nobody knows what became of this nugget though. 

• Mining caused a cycle of boom and bust—from boomtown to ghost town

• Once an area was mined out the people left.

What is a homestead?

• For $10, a settler could file for a homestead, or a tract of public land available for settlement

What were difficulties people living on the plains would have

encountered?

• Rugged terrain, harsh environment, prairie fires and swarms of grasshoppers

How did towns become ghost towns?

• Once an area was mined out the people left.

Directions: You are to take on the persona of two people living in America during the period of Westward Expansion. One (Moe Land) supports America’s westward expansion, and the other (Chief Fighting Eagle) does not. On the handout provided, explain the perspective of each person and why they hold that viewpoint. Also, include a drawing to illustrate each person’s position.Moe Land’s article must include at least 3 of the following terms:- Manifest Destiny***- Louisiana Purchase- Monroe Doctrine- Homestead Act- Mining- War with Mexico/ Treaty of Guadalupe

Chief Fighting Eagle’s article must include and explain the following 3 terms: - Trail of Tears- Assimilation-Dawes Act-President Jackson