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An ABB technical journalfor Enclosures and

DIN rail Products users

1 |12

IEC 61439 The new standard for low-voltage switchgear and controlgear ASSEMBLIESSMISSLINE TP – Power and safety

ABB solution for touch-proof pluggable socket-systems A real success story: started in 1891 and patented in 1924Hugo Stotz launched the first MCB onto the market in 1928

News and curiosities

for informed professionals

Day by DIN

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Editorial

Day by DIN 1 | 12 • An ABB technical journal for Enclosures and DIN rail Products users • copyright 2012 • Product Marketing Management:Emanuele Tosatti • E-mail: mail.daybydin@abb.com • Published by: ABB S.p.A. - ABB SACE Division • Design: Winning AssociatiPrinted by: Caleidograf • Use of the texts and the images without prior written authorisation by ABB S.p.A.- ABB SACE Division is prohibited

04 26Jump in the box

A guide to DIN products: what’s newIEC 61439

The new standard for low-voltage switchgear and

controlgear ASSEMBLIES

Welcome!For this first issue of Day by DIN let mestart with an introduction. Since manyyears ABB is working with passion anddedication to improve electricityreliability, safety and efficiency. Ourcover page shows a milestone ofelectricity history: Stotz KontaktResearch and Development team,working in 1926 on most famous HugoStotz’s invention, the miniature circuitbreaker as we all know it now.

Professionals of electricity love ABB lowvoltage products’ wide range, its quality,and its reliabillity. Even more they like tobe informed about the latest trends,innovations and Standards in ourbusiness. The purpose of Day by DIN isto share with professionals of electricity

- installers and consultants, panelbuilders and wholesalers - productinformation and news, opinions,questions, curiosities, interesting factsand applications in electrical business,with the target to achieve together ourprofessional growth, day by day...orbetter...Day by DIN!

Day by DIN is written by passionate ABB professionals who work every daywith our Customers and is available inhardcopy printed on FSC certifiedpaper, to ensure responsiblemanagement of forests.

You can also download your copyin electronic format fromhttp://goo.gl/MW0nD

Emanuele TosattiProduct Marketing ManagerDIN Rail Products

ABB

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News and facts4 Jump in the box

A guide to DIN products: what’s new12 In the news

Literature on our latest products18 Top ve

Market classication19 Events

ABB at the Light+Building 2012

The expert answers20 Good morning DIN rail

The editor responds32 Energy saving ideas

E250 latching relays38 Doktor Wise

The expert answers

Curiosity48 A short look at the meaning of lightning

through the ages49 Electric power and modernity:

new scenarios, new possibilities

Case History40 Environmental sensitivity and energy saving

Zero impact forwarding and logistics

Technical22 Precision of energy metering

Conforming to the MID Directive26 IEC 61439

The new standard for low-voltage switchgear andcontrolgear ASSEMBLIES

34 Urban legendsExploding the myths and reconsidering convictions

46 A world without electricity An imaginative picture to think of the future

50 Continuity of supply ABB APR high-immunity residual current devicesoffer excellent protection against unwanted tripping

58 Surge and lightning protection standard IEC /EN 62305 -1/ -2/ -3/ -4:2010

60 SMISSLINE TP – Power and safety ABB solution for touch-proof pluggablesocket-systems

Report54 A real success story: Started in 1891 and

patented in 1924Hugo Stotz launched the rst MCB onto themarket in 1928

Time to relax64 Connect the boxes66 Wall of fame

Contents

60

54

SMISSLINE TP – Power and Safety ABB solution for touch-proof pluggable socket-systems

A real success story:started in 1891 andpatented in 1924Hugo Stotz launchedthe rst MCB onto themarket in 1928

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News and facts

Jump in the box ABB’s newest products and solutions from Enclosures andDIN Rail Products world! In this issue new miniature circuitbreakers, line protection devices, medical location solutions,new measuring devices and more.

The revolution started in 1923 with the rst miniature circuit breaker, patentedby Hugo Stotz. Back then and still today we are a trendsetting pioneerand technical leader for easy, safe and reliable use of electricity. Our circuitbreakers S 200 and S 200 M are a living proof. So, with the new colored realcontact position indication, you can see the status within a twinkle of an eye.

The optimized plane terminal plates guarantee right connection and can bereached even when the MCB is already installed. Even the best can still beoptimized: more than 20 patents on this range of circuit breakers give youmore benets. Due to our long know-how, we are now using the rst fully-automated testing machine world wide: highest quality, made by ABB.

These and a lot more benets make the miniature circuit breakers aneffective addition to the successful System pro M compact ®. Here you cannd a wide range of compatible components for all your installation needs.Brochure: 2CDC002026B0204

MCB S 200 / S 200 M

Protection

Uncompromising safety and comfort

Benefits − Patented tripping device: uncompromising

safety − Contact position indication: comfort and

safety − New and patented terminals for highest

comfort, safety and exibility − Laser printing: scratch and solvent resistant

marking − Easy product coding – easy identication − Environmental friendly − High nominal voltage at constant

performance − Immediate system availability after fault

removal – just a switch! − Usability for uninstructed people

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News and facts

MCB S 200 MT

MCB S 200 S

Protection

Protection

Keep on moving: availability and protection for railways

Easy, quick and safe: screwless terminal connection

ABB produces equipment and systems with the highest performances,

as required by the particular conditions of use that are a characteristic ofelectric traction. And, still today, undergrounds, tramways and railwaysthroughout the world use modern ABB technologies to guarantee theirusers a safe and high quality service.

ABB responds to this need with its new range S200MT, specia llydesigned for undergrounds, tramways and railways.

The new product range is compatible with the current System pro M compact accessories, tested for shock and vibration, fulfills Exigence 3requirements and combines the known benefits of the S200M range:bi-directional cylinder-lift terminal, removal of devices from the assemblywithout tools, busbar fitted at rear terminal, several characteristics,number of poles and 10 kA breaking capacity acc. to IEC 60898-1.Catalogue: 2CDC002053D0203

The new ABB miniature circuit breakers of the S 200 S series can beintegrated considerably faster and more easily due to a new, cleverconnection technology. The outgoing conductor is simply inserted into theterminal block, which already connects it rmly and safely to the circuitbreaker. The wiring is released by a simple push on the newly developedrelease lever.Connection possibilities:

− Rigid and flexible conductors with connector sleeves − Flexible conductors without connector sleeves

Highest safety: The clamping force remains constant throughout theentire lifecycle.Comfort and time saving:− No tools are needed

− Separate opening to facilitate voltage testing in outgoing circuit. The new MCBs of the S 200 S series are fully compatible with allcomponents of the System pro M compact.Technical data sheet: 2CDC002137D0201

Benefits − Product for the needs of the traction

segment (shock and vibration)

− Fullling Exigence 3 requirements − Fully compatible with the current Systempro M compact® accessories

− Removal of devices from the assembly− Bi-directional cylinder-lift terminal

− Busbar tted at rear terminal

Benefits − Faster installation thanks to clever

connection technology− High exibility by using rigid and exible

conductors − Excellent visibility thanks to inclined position

of terminals

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News and facts

S800-SCL-SR is a self resetting current limiting module basedon the S800 technology. It limits the short-circuit current untilthe downstream means of protection trips. Its current continuitymakes it as the ideal solution for group protection:

All paral lel branches remain operative. This leads to anexpanded application range of the low voltage switchgearwhose short-circuit capabilities are usually limited.Brochure: 2CCC413009B0201

S800-SCL-SRProtection

Benefits − Maximum system availability − Compact design − Cost saving solution − Reliabili ty − Safety − Flexibi li ty

The ideal solution for group protection

Modular DIN Rail Products offer a wide range of functions to beintegrated in electrical installations with significant benefits for theuser. DIN rail mounted electricity meters are designed for high levelperformance and are safe and fast to install.DIN rail mounted electricity meters are available in several models: thebrand new EQ meters C11, ODINsingle and the brand new EQ meters

A41 and A42 for sing le phase metering, ODIN and the brand new EQmeters A43 and A44 for three phase metering.

The meters are designed for use in sub-metering and are available invarious configurations to suite many applications.Catalogue: 2CMC480001C0201

Electricity metersMetering

Electricity meters for modular

enclosures and DIN rail

Benefits − Direct connected up to 80 A or transformer

connected 1, 2 or 5 A − Active or active and reactive energy − Accuracy class C, B or A (Cl. 0.5, 1 or 2) − Import or import and export measurement

of energy − Wide voltage range (100 – 500 V or 173

– 690 V) − Pixel-oriented display − Up to 4 tariffs − Up to 4 inputs and outputs

− Optional clock functionality with tariff con-trol, previous values, max demand, loadprofiles

− Harmonics measurement up to 16th har-monic and THD evaluation

− Pulse output, built-in communication,external communication adapter

− MID type approval “annex B”, MID initialverification “annex D”

− IEC type approval

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News and facts

E 90 PV fuseholders - UL listingProtection

Photovoltaic fuseholders listed according to UL Standards for US Market

Underwriters Laboratories UL listed E 90 PV fuseholders forphotovoltaics according to UL 4248-1. Furthermore E 90 PV fuseholdersare USL listed according to Subject UL 4248-18, Outline of Investigationfor Fuseholders - Part 18: Photovoltaic. The UL listing of E 90 PVenables United States installers and OEMs to take profit of outstandingE 90 PV performances into their photovoltaic installations.Furthermore E 90 fuseholders are an ideal solution for worldwideinverters and combiner boxes Manufacturers offering their solution inNorth American markets.Brochure: 2CSC444002B0202

Benefits − Fuse disconnectors according to

IEC 60947-3, DC-20B − Blown fuse indicator available for both one

and two poles versions − Blown fuse indicator works from 24V DC

to 1000V DC − High temperature performance and very

low derating factor for battery installation

QIT is the new ABB switchboard ideal for supplying and protecting datacentres, server farms and data warehouses. QIT is the result of decadesexperience in critical applications such as medical locations. In theseapplications, maximum operational continuity is required, which can onlybe ensured by means of an insulated neutral IT network which allowsnormal operation even in the presence of a primary earth fault.In addition, QIT includes all the most recent ABB devices which ensuremaximum speed and efficiency during fault analysis and any subsequentcomponent maintenance. QIT switchboards are RAL 7012 coloured forcomplete uniformity with ABB’s range of industrial products.Brochure: 2CSC004033B0202

QIT Protection

Switchboards for data centres

Benefits − AN R9 6- 23 0 ne tw or k an al ys er wi th

advanced analysis functionality for LVand MV single-phase and three-phase

distribution networks − ISL-C 600 insulation monitoring device foralternating current IT networks up to 760 V

− Unifix L rapid wiring system for rapidreplacement of equipment

− Alarm monitoring − S700 E circuit breaker for total downstream

selectivity up to 10 kA

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News and facts

ANR applications are widened thanks to the new versions ANR96.. .02featuring 0,2% accuracy class on voltage and current. The new

ANR96PRF, equipped with Profibus DP protocol, are the answer to theautomation process industry needs. They ensure fast refresh rate and,through digital inputs, they allow management of information from manyfield devices on a single instrument. ANR96LAN, featuring Modbus TCP/ IP protocol, use existing corporate Ethernet network infrastructure.Theyare the ideal solution to get all the benefits of remote communicationwithout setting up new wirings. ANR144 and all auxiliary cards arenow phasing out. New ANR96 range codes replace features of former

ANR144 range.Brochure: 2CSC445050B0201

ANR Network AnalysersMeasurement

Ease of choice, high measurement accuracy andmany solutions for remote communication

Benefits

− Wider range of communication protocols,including Probus and Ethernet − Dot matrix display featuring real time

waveshape and harmonic analysis − Thanks to Ethernet, no additional network

wirings requested − Measurement, analysis, data logging, power

management and energy efciency madereal, in a single device

ABB proposes the range of electronic protective devices EPD24-TB-101for the selective protection of the systems supplied at 24 V DC. Incases of overcurrents or short circuits, the line is identified and isolatedpreserving the operational continuity of the system. The remote contactand the LED allow the monitoring of the state of each line.Technical catalogue: System pro M compact ® 2011 edition 2CSC400002D0209

EPD24-TB-101

Protection

Benefits − In case of a short circuit, electronic limitation

of the current prior to the opening of thecircuit

− Disconnection in case of overcurrent from1.1 x I n upwards, even with long l oad linesand small sections of cable

− Limitation of the active current for thesafe connection of capacitive loads upto 20.000 μF

The selective protection facilitates maintenance

− Rated currents from 0,5A to 12A − Manual control of the device − LED for indication of the status of protection

and signaling contact − Reduced dimensions: only 12.5 mm width

per line− Busbars for multiple supply (LINE+ and

0V) and busbar for auxiliary contacts tomonitor more EPD24 in battery

− UL and CSA approval

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News and facts

The new ABB 2- and 3-LED indicator lights al low visualisation of ON andOFF status (such as in home electrical systems, commercial buildingsor industrial panels), or visual monitoring of the presence of three-phasevoltage in electrical distribution panels, simply, easily and in very smallspace (9 mm). The integrated 2-LED versions are available with red andgreen LEDs, and in two different voltage ranges: 115-250 VAC or AC12-48. 115-250 VAC or 12-48 VAC. The E219 and E219-3C-3D models,with lights of the same colour, are available in green or red. The E219-CDE “traffic-light” version (red / orange / green), allows to display thestatus of circuit breakers, motor starters and more. The 3-LED version isavailable for a voltage of 415/230 VAC.Brochure: 2CCC441002C0201

E219 indicator lightsCommand

New 2- and 3-LED DIN rail indicator lightsHalf the size for greater effect

Benefits − Touch protection according to DIN EN

50274 (DIN VDE0660 Section 514)

− Ease of use, safe connection − LED voltage ranges:E219-2CD48: 12-48 VAC / DCE219-2CD: 115-250 VACE219-3C,3D,3CDE: 415/250 VAC

− Average LED life: approx. 100,000 hours − Innovative design − Reduced power consumption − Conformity with International Standards

ELR: ABB range of front panelresidual current relays

Protection

Protection device according to IEC/EN 60947-2 Annex M

Thanks to the residual current relays it i s possib le to measure theleakage current to earth. These relays work in conjunction with aseparate external toroid. The new range of ELR products from ABBcomplies with IEC/EN 60947-2 Annex M and is tested within aconfiguration that includes residual current relay, toroid, shunt-trip andMCCB/MCB available in ABB. Compliance with protection standardIEC/EN 60947-2 Annex M allows to offer a cumulative operational time(residual current relay, shunt-trip, circuit breaker) guaranteed by themanufacturer. The new ABB ELR front panel residual current relays aretested for this purpose.Brochure: 2CSC444050B0201

Benefits − Compliance to IEC/ EN 60947-2 Annex M − Frequency filter − Two output contacts − Prealarm function − Autoreset function

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Always available for your sub-metering needs?

Definitely.

ABB’s EQ meters can serve as the ‘building blocks’ of a sub-metering system,incorporating functionalities that will allow seamless integration in real-timeautomation and information systems. The C11 meter is an affordable, high-quality,simple-to-install, easy-to-use and truly compact sub-meter for single phasemetering. It is mounted on a DIN rail and is suitable for installation in distributionboards and small consumer units, but can also be used in many otherapplications. Visit our web site to find out more: www.abb.com

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Easy, quick and safe!Screwless MCB S 200 S

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News and facts

In the newsDistribution and measurement, disconnection and protection:lots of new documents by ABB for those operating in theelectrical business, helping them in their work.

The documents and the software can be downloaded fromhttp://www.abb.com/abblibrary/DownloadCenter/

Protection

Thanks to the tool-f ree Easy-Connect Technology, our screwless S 200 Sminiature circuit breaker can be wiredup far more quickly and easily.Plug in rigid and flexible cables withend sleeves simply and they will fitfirmly and securely. Should the wiringbe disconnected, pressure need onlybe applied to the specially developedrelease lever. So it’s just as safe butmuch faster and no tools are needed!Flyer : 2CDC002106L0201

Easy, quick and safe!

Screwless MCB S 200 SReach your target faster with the screwless S 200 S

With a short video the working principleis shown in a clear and easy way.

Take your time, en joy and let usshow you the principle of the newand innovative screwless terminalconnection for miniature circuitbreakers.

Video

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Short-circuit current limiterS800-SCL-SR

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News and facts

The 16 page brochure fully describesS800-SCL-SR limiter, the self resettingcurrent limiting module, based on theS800 technology. This booklet deals withapplications, customer benets, technicaland order data, approved combinationswith MCB S800.

The S800-SCL-SR limits the short-circuitcurrent, until the downstream means ofprotection trips. Its current continuitymakes it ideal for group protection: allparallel branches remain operative. Thisleads to an expanded application range ofthe low voltage switchgear, whose short-circuit capabilities are usually limited.

A typical application is the airowalignment in wind energy plants. Ifa failure does not isolate all motorprotection devices, the system couldpossibly be harmed.S800-SCL-SR can be combined withS800S high performance MCB or, withmanual motor starters S800-SCL-SR, canalso back up a single circuit breaker or agroup of circuit breakers or motor starters(group protection).

ABB already offers the 3-pole short-circuitlimiter S803S-SCL, which, differently fromthe new S800S-SCL-SR, can trip, thanksto a toggle.Brochure: 2CCC413009B0201

S800-SCL-SRProtection

The ideal solution forgroup protection

EQ meters are high-performance,modular DIN rail-mounted electricitymeters that are safe, easy to installand can be integrated with existing orfuture electrical installations. EQ metersare designed to fulfill any type of sub-metering requirement.

Video

EQ meters can serve as the ‘buildingblocks’ of a sub-metering system,incorporating functionalities that allowseamless integration in real-timeautomation and information systems.EQ meters could be used forsub-metering systems in industries,commercial buildings, residentialbuildings as well as object meteringfor cost distribution, improved energyefciency or optimizing electricityinfrastructure. No matter what your needfor sub-metering is, EQ meters are justthe right choice.Brochure: 2CMC481002B0201

Catalogue: 2CMC4800001C0201

Choose the right electricity meterMetering

EQ meters are just right for sub-metering

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IEC 61439 The new standard for low-voltageswitchgear and controlgear ASSEMBLIES

11 | 2010

ELR: ABB range of front panel residualcurrent relaysProtection device according toIEC/EN 60947-2 Annex M

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News and facts

The aim of this guide is to allow panelbuilders, electrical installers, plannersor purchasers to familiarise themselveswith the new standards and to pointout the main changes that have beenintroduced as well as elements thatremain unchanged.Brochure: 2CPC000119L0201

IEC 61439Distribution

The new standard forlow-voltage switchgearand controlgear

ASSEMBLIES”

The electronic residual current relaysallow monitoring and protection of thelow voltage distribution network throughthe use of a toroidal transformer.Protection is achieved in combinationwith the MCBs and MCCBs.Compliance with protection standardIEC/EN 60947-2 Annex M allows tooffer a cumulative operational time(residual current relay, shunt-trip,circuit breaker) guaranteed by themanufacturer. The new ABB ELR frontpanel residual current relays are testedfor this purpose.Brochure: 2CSC444050B0201

ELR: ABB range offront panel residualcurrent relays

Protection

Protection deviceaccording to IEC/EN60947-2 Annex M

Power Distribution System without fuses?Good reasons to switch now.For many years the fuse was the bestchoice to protect man and machine fromovercurrent. However, what moved into theswitch cabinets of private households, overthree decades ago, is now also startingto increasingly establish itself – in a moredeveloped form - in industry, business andtransport: the miniature circuit breaker.Brochure: 2CCC413007C0201

Switching off insteadof blowing

Protection

Make profits withminiature circuit breakers

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Operational continuitySafety and reliability of ABB H+Line,switchboards and devices for group 2medical locations

Powerand productivity fora betterworld TM

E 210 product range E 219 multiple indicator lightsSystem pro M compact ®

Time, staircase li ghting,twilight switches and thermostatsSolutions for comfort, energy savingand simple automations.

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News and facts

Protection Command Control

This brand new brochure presentsin detail the new QSO range ofswitchboards, now available in S, M,L, XL, the new QIT series, specicallyfor the supply and protection of datacentres, and the new ISOLTESTERMRM BOX, for management of a groupof operating rooms (from 2 to 99) fromremot through touch screens.

ABB H+Line: ABB technology andsafety for hospital locations.Brochure: 2CSC004033B0201

Indicator lights are used in electricalequipment and for signalling switchingstates or indicating faults. The ABBrange consists of single, double andtriple indicator lights in the smallestsize (9 mm width). This new cataloguehighlights the benefits of these ABB newdevices and describes with schemesand wiring diagrams the many differentapplications of single and multiple LEDindicator lights in electric systems inresidential and industrial environment.Brochure: 2CCC441002C0201

The whole range of ABB commandand control devices at a glance,with all technical details and plentyof application notes. Time switches,twilight switches, staircase lightswitches and thermostats ensure anefficient use of energy in residential,commercial and industrial environment.Brochure: 2CSC440020B0201

Operationalcontinuity

E 219 multipleindicator lights

Time,light, comfort

The safety and reliabilityof ABB H+Line,switchboards and devicesfor medical locations

The new System pro Mcompact space savingrange of LED lights

Solutions for comfort,energy savingand simple automation

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(a)

(b) V

t

V

t

(f)50 Hz

A

050

100

150

200250 500

A

050

100

150200

250 500

V

0

8060

40

20

Made to measure.Practical guide to electrical measurementsin low voltage switchboards

Multimeters and network analyzersFully monitored installations

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News and facts

Thanks to this simulator, DMTME digitalmultimeter functions can be discoveredinteractively. DMTME are simple but richin functionalities, suitable for commercialand industrial applications. Try them live,with few mouse clicks!Software: 2CSC445020E5101

DMTME DemoSoftware

DMTME digital multimetersimulator

An in-depth knowledge of the operatingparameters of the electrical systemis useful to optimise the efficiency ofthe connected appliances, reducethe costs and ensure operationalcontinuity. DMTME multimeters arethe ideal measuring instrument tokeep equipments and network undercontrol. With ANR network analysersthe monitoring of the system’s energyconsumption and the quality of thenetwork is accurate and complete.Brochure: 2CSC445050B0201

Complete monitoringof the system

Measurement

The measurement and monitoring ofelectrical parameters allow to improvethe energy efficiency, the preventionof failure and the programming ofmaintenance operations, thanks to anadvanced identification of problemsthat, actually, translates into a higherlevel of protection not just of the plantsbut of the facilities connected to them.Brochure: 2CSC445012D0201

Made to measureMeasurement

Practical guide to theelectrical measurementsin low voltage

switchboards

DMTME multimetersand ANR networkanalysers

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News and facts

With E 90 Wizard, smartphone becomes

the new professional tool in the pocketof every ABB installer.It’s called E 90 Wizard; in three clicksthis pretty new app for smartphonesguides installers in choosing the correctfuse switch disconnector or fuseholderfor each specific application, amongstSystem pro M compact ® offer.E 90 W izard app is available fordownload on App Store SM at http:// itunes.apple.com/it/app/e90-wizard/ id482605787;

With S200 W izard, smartphonebecomes the new professional tool inthe pocket of every ABB installer.It’s called S200 Wizard; only 5 easyquestions results in one single solution.

After answering those 5 questions, ashort overview shows all mandatoryinformation for choosing the rightproduct. If necessary, a link is routingyou to the ABB products detail pagefor all technical details, certificates,brochures and other documentation.S200 Wizard app is availablefor download on App Store SM athttp://itunes.apple.com/us/app/s-200-wizard/id514542325?mt=8

E90 Wizard

S200 Wizard

Software

Software

The right choice always in your hand

The right choice always in your hand

in Android Market you can download

at https://market.android.com/ details?id=com.abb.e90facileStay tuned for more news on ABBWizard Apps!

and on Android Market. Stay tunedfor more news on ABB Wizard Apps!

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News and facts

Top five Top five most interesting products in their category at a glance,and current ABB suggestions to installers.In this first issue of Day by DIN, we start with some tips toimprove energy efficiency, one of the most talked aboutsubjects at this moment.

Compact modular devices require lessspace for installation, with a consequentreduction in the size of the switchboard.Easy to assemble, they ensure areduction in labour time and cable length.

The use of low consumption LEDs inthe signalling lights of the whole seriesminimizes consumption.

E 210 Series

Used to control lamps from morethan one input, latching relays requirepower only for the brief period of apulse, without any consumption to holdcontact.

E 250Latching relaysOn-off switches,

pushbuttons and indicatorlights

Energy costs are rising. It is, therefore,in the interest of both private andcommercial customers to measureenergy. If you know how much youconsume, you are in a position to beenergy efficient, save money and makea positive impact on the environment.With full control over your consumption,you will also be able to cut on your CO2emissions.

ODINsingleEnergy meters

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Some simple rules for a quick choice:– If there is no sensitive equipment in the

system, install an OVR T1 “Class 1” SPDat the source of the system;

– When there is sensitive equipment locatedat more than 10 metres from the MDB,install OVR T2 “Class 2” SPDs on it too;

– If the sensitive equipment is inside or nearthe MDB (

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E 90 range. Designed by ABB for the mostdemanding customers

Suitability for disconnection and switching, effective heat dissipation and certifiedcompliance with several international standards are mandatory requirements tomeet the needs of the most demanding customers. ABB has dedicated itsdesigners’ passion, competence and creativity to the development of E 90 newrange of disconnectors and fuseholders. The result is the first AC-22B fuse-switchdisconnector, IMQ and UR certified up to 32 A and 690 V. www.abb.com

ucomedesrandis

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Precision of

energy metering The conformity to the MID Directiveensures the reliability of energy meters

T he range of ABB meters conformsto the MID directive, for bothsingle-phase instruments andthree-phase ones. The Europe-

an Union regulation «Measurement Instru-ment Directive» MID, published on 30th

Apr il 2004 in the Offic ial Jour nal L . 135 asDirective 2004/22/EC, defines the meansof certification for an energy meter forfiscal metering purposes.

This di rective is app licable to the devic-es and systems with measurement func-tions defined in the specific attachments.

The requirements of the energy meters aredefined in attachment MI-003. Before this regulation, the calibration ofinstruments was subject to national laws.

This mean t that every device that requ iredcalibration could be sold commercially onlywhen a sample of it had obtai ned nationalapproval and every device had been cali-brated.

The MID was created as a result of th eEU principles that aim to simplify commercebetween nations, with the harmonizationof demands and the mutual recognition ofthe declarations of conformity. The MIDdirective has the intention of regulatingthe marketing of measuring instrumentsuntil the phase when they are actually putinto use. The MID regulation includes thefollowing requirements:

− essential requirements for market trad-ing or for putting new devices into use;

− assessment of conformity to the regula-tions in force;

− procedure for conformity assessment; − designation criteria of the notification

of a body;− the identification principles of measur-

ing instruments; − market surveillance.

Nevertheless, the MID does not reg-ulate how the legal check is carried out(calibration service), neither does it regu-late the periodic checks of the devices inuse, such as, for example: recalibration,lifespan of the calibration or the maximumtransaction limits.

Conformity assessment according tothe MID directive There are different modules providedfor conformity assessment.

Module B Type examination: part of the conform-ity evaluation procedure, for which a noti-fied body examines the technical design ofa measuring instrument and ensures anddeclares that the technical design corre-sponds to the appropriate MID Directiverequirements.

Technical

01 ODINsingle energy meters forsingle-phase networks andDELTAplus energy meters forthree-phase networks networks,both MID certifiied and suitablefor fiscal use

01

Aron Svedin: Product Marketing Manager Modular DIN Rail Products - ABB

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Module D Declaration of type conformity based onthe quality assurance of the manufacturingprocess: part of the conformity evaluationprocedure, for which the manufacturer ful-fils the obligations defined by the Directiveand ensures and declares that the con-cerned measuring instruments conform tothe type described in the EC examinationcertificate and correspond to the appro-priate MID Directive requirements.

Module F Declaration of type conformity based onthe verification of the product: part of theconformity evaluation procedure, for whichthe manufacturer fulfils the obligationsdefined by the Directive and ensures anddeclares that the concerned measuringinstruments, that have undergone testsand inspections, conform to the typedescribed in the EC examination certificateand correspond to the appropriate MIDDirective requirements.

Module H1 Declaration of type conformity basedon the complete assurance of quality andcontrol of the design: part of the con-formity evaluation procedure, for which

Technical

Product development Modules B + F Modules B + D Modules H1

Development - Planning- Designing Type B examination Type B examination

Inspection of planning

Series production Quality certicationsystem D

Complete quality systemFinished product First calibration F

02

02 Correspondence between thedifferent phases of developmentof a product and the assessmentmodules

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1 2 3 41716

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

N. Symbol1 Type code2 Voltage range3 Frequency4 Base current (max. current)5 Accuracy class6 Frequency of impulse signal7 Frequency LED8 Series number9 Week of product ion

10 Year of production11 Range of exercise temperature12 Clock back-up time13 Protection class

14

MID mark - Safety declaration- Year of verication- Notied body

15 Bar code1617 Network type

24 Day by DIN 1| 12

the manufacturer fulfils the obligationsdefined by the Directive and ensures and

declares the worldwide conformity of theconcerned instruments to the appropriaterequirements of the EU Directive.

Procedure for MID conformity assess-ment The conformity evaluation of the meas-uring instruments occurs according to theprocedure chosen by the manufacturer. Theevaluation criteria regard the three phasesfor making a product conform, the ty pe ofassessment and the notified body.

For active electrical energy meters, themanufacturers can choose the assessmentmodules:

− B + F, applicable to single productionbatches;

− B + D, applicable to productionwith the certified quality systemISO 9001.

− H1, applicable to products with theirown testing laboratory and certifiedquality system ISO 9001.

ABB has chosen modules B and D asprocedures for the assessment of con-formity of their energy meters. The noti-fied body appointed to carry out the con-formity test is NMI, a Dutch corporation.

The MID covers the bring ing of the devicesinto conformity in terms of development,series production and the finished prod-uct; the 02 label establishes the corre-spondence between the different phasesand the assessment modules.

Regulations applicable to electricalenergy meters The MID has also redefined the Stand-ards for electrical energy meters in asso-

ciation with the manufacturers’ organisa-tions CITEF and CENELEC (the European

Committee for Standardization). The objec-tive was to get the European regulation ENas close as possible to the existing inter-national regulation IEC. Nevertheless, ithas been impossible to prevent the arisalof important differences between the ENand IEC regulations.

− designation of class according to EN50470 with class A, class B, class C;

− designation of class according to IEC62053 with class 2, class 1, class 0.5.

Marks required for active electrical ener-gy meters In addition to the name of the manu-facturer and the name of the product, onactive electrical energy meters there mustalso be an affixed metrology mark to sat-isfy the MID Directive. The devices mustcarry the CE mark. Furthermore, a rectan-gular mark must be applied with a framecontaining the letter M, the last two digitsof the year of manufacture and, lastly, theidentification number of the notified body.

The precision class, the unit of measure-ment and the series number must also beclearly visible (Figure 03). Additional information must also appearincluding the technical characteristics,device outline, number of certification testsand, in the case of electrical meters, thesoftware version. Furthermore, every dis-patch of energy meters must be accom-panied by the relative declaration of con-formity for the EU country concerned.

ABB has integrated a declaration ofconformity in its instruction and assem-bly manual.

03

Glossary Active energy

Quote of available energy tocarry out a job.

Accuracy classFor a measuring device it is anindex of its accuracy.

03 Example of type of product label,on which all the informationregarding the MID mark, the con-

ditions of use, and the technicalcharacteristics appear

Technical

Aron SvedinProduct Marketing ManagerDIN Rail Products

ABB

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Absolu tely safe without protective equ ipment : SMISSLINE TP ensures that load-freedevices and components can be snapped on and off under voltage without the needfor additional personal protective equipment to guard against electrical hazards. Thatopens up completely new prospects for you when it comes to installation, operationand exibility. www.abb.com

SMISSLINE TP. Touch proof system

Power and Safety

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26 Day by DIN 1| 12

A low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly(ASSEMBLY) is a combination of low-voltageswitching devices together with associated equipment(for controlling, measuring, signalling, etc.) completewith all the internal mechanical and electricalinterconnections and structural parts. As with everycomponent of an electrical installation, the ASSEMBLYalso has to comply with its appropriate standard.

IEC 61439 The new standard forlow-voltage switchgear and

controlgear ASSEMBLIES

Cristian Dell’Anna: Product Marketing Manager Enclosures - ABB

Technical

In January 2009 the IEC 61439, thenew standard for low-voltage switch-gear and controlgear ASSEMBLIES,was published. This was the aim of an

international project group which had beenworking on a task named ”radical restruc-turing and revision of IEC 60439 series”since 1998. This initiative was introducedby several countries following dissatisfac-tion with the IEC 60439 series. The pur-pose was to harmonise and define allgeneral requirements for low-voltage elec-trical ASSEMBLIES.

Reaching an agreement has provenextremely challenging, but the first parts ofthe new standards have been published.For each type of el ectrical ASSEMBLY onlytwo parts of the standard are necessaryto determine all requirements:

− the basic standard IEC 61439-1 “Gen-eral rules”

− the specific ASSEMBLY standard

The current IEC 60439 The current IEC 60439 standard appliesto enclosures for which the rated voltage isunder or equal to 1000 V AC (at frequen-cies not exceeding 1000 Hz) or 1500 V DC.

The standard makes a distinction betweentype-tested assemblies (TTA) and partial-ly type-tested assemblies (PTTA). The fol-lowing parts are mentioned and have equalweighting. There is not a formal hierarchy.Each part is a complete entity and can beused on an individual basis:IEC 60439-1type-tested and partially type-testedassembliesIEC 60439-2particular requirements for busbar trunk-ing systems (busways)IEC 60439-3particular requirements for low-voltageswitchgear and controlgear assemblieswhich are to be installed in locations whereunskilled persons have access for their use.IEC 60439-4particular requirements for assemblies forconstruction sites (ACs)IEC 60439-5particular requirements for assembliesintended to be installed outdoors in pub-lic places – Cable distribution cabinets(CDCs) for power distribution in networks

The standard remains valid unti l 2014

The new IEC 61439 The new IEC 61439 sta nda rd app liesto enclosures for which the rated volt-age is under 1000 V AC (at frequenciesnot exceeding 1000 Hz) or 1500 V DC.

The standard defines the design veri fied ASSEMBLIES and eliminates completelythe categories TTA and PTTA.In order to conform to the standard, typetests have been replaced by a design v er-ification which can be carried out by thethree following equivalent and alternativemethods: testing, calculation/measure-ment or application of design rules.

The following pa rts a re mentioned and donot have equal weighting. There is a for-mal hierarchy. Each part can not be usedindividually:

− IEC 61439-1 “General rules“ − IEC 61439-2 “Power switchgear and

controlgear ASSEMBLIES” − IEC 61439-3 “Distribution boards“ − IEC 61439-4 “ASSEMBLIES for con-

struction sites” − IEC 61439-5 “ASSEMBLIES for power

distribution” − IEC 61439-6 “Busbar trunking systems”

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Technical

Part 1 is the general rules part and cannotbe used alone to specify an ASSEMBLY.Part 2 defines the specific requirements ofpower switchgear and controlgear ASSEM-BLIES (PSC ASSEMBLIES) and must beused with Part 1. This is the only part thathas a double role, it covers PSC ASSEM-BLIES and any ASSEMBLY which is notcovered by any other specific parts.Parts 3-X are still under preparation but arealready mentioned in Part 1. These couldbe more than four, as additional parts maybe developed as the need arises.Summarising: With the currently used IEC60439, the rule is “one part for each type of

ASSEMBLY”. With the new IEC 61439 therule is “two parts for each type of ASSEM-BLY”. The compliance o f an ASSEMBLY isdeclared referring to the specific ASSEM-BLY standard (e.g. IEC 61439-2), and thecompliance with the general rules (IEC61439-1) is always implicit. The sentence“TTA switchgear according to IEC 60439-1“ is now replaced by “Power switchgearand controlgear ASSEMBLIES according toIEC 61439-2, design verified ASSEMBLY“.

The validi ty of the two standards will over lapuntil 2014 and prior to this date, ASSEM-BLIES can be manufactured according toIEC 61439 or IEC 60439.

IEC 61439-1

Relationship between the two standardsis as shown in the table below:

IEC 61439-2 replacesIEC 60439-1

(still valid until 2014)

IEC 61439-6 will replaceIEC 60439-2

(still valid)

IEC 61439-3 will replaceIEC 60439-3

(still valid)

IEC 61439-4 will replaceIEC 60439-4

(still valid)

IEC 61439-5 will replaceIEC 60439-5

(still valid)

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Characteristic to be verified

Verifi cation o ptions a vail able

Verif icat ion

by testing

Verif icat ion

by calculation

Verif icat ion

by design rules

1 0. 2 St re ng th o f m at er ial an d pa rt s Yes No No

10.3 Degree of protection of

enclosures

Yes No Yes

10.4 Clearances and creepage

distances

Yes Yes Yes

10.5.2 Effective continuity between

parts and PE

Yes No No

10.5.3 Effec tiveness o f the

ASSEMBLY for exte rna l faults

Yes Yes Yes

1 0. 6 In co rpo rat in g o f ap pa rat us No No Yes

10.7 Interna l e lect ri ca l c ircu it s and

connections

No No Yes

10.8 Terminals for exter nal

conductors

No No Yes

10.9.2 Power frequency withstand

voltage

Yes No No

10.9.3 Impulse withs tand vol tage Yes No Yes

10.10 Temperature r ise l imit s Yes Yes Yes

10.11 Short -c ircu it withs tand

strength

Yes Yes Yes

10.12 EMC Yes No Yes

10. 13 M ech an ica l o pe rat io n Yes No No

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Technical

Main changes – More than a single dig-it change… The new IEC 61439 includes the fol-lowing significant technical changes withrespect to the last edition of IEC 60439.

Responsibility split:New terms have been introduced andthere is a split in product responsibility

between the “Original manufacturer” (e.g. ABB, responsible for carrying out the orig-inal design and the associated verificationof an ASSEMBLY) and the “ASSEMBLYmanufacturer” (e.g panel builder using an

ASSEMBLY system f rom an Original Man-ufacturer) assuming responsibility for thecompleted ASSEMBLY. The Assembly Manufacturer may be adifferent organisation to the Original Man-ufacturer. Where the ASSEMBLY Manufac-turer introduces changes to the ASSEM-BLY configuration tested by the Original

Manufacturer, he is deemed to be theOriginal Manufacturer in respect of thesechanges and has to carry out the designverification.

Design verification replaces TTA andPTTA categories:Design verification replaces type tests sothe discrimination between type-testedassemblies (TTA) and partially type-testedassemblies (PTTA) is eliminated.

Three different but equivalent types of ver-ication of requirements are introduced:

Veri fication by tes ting (te st made on asample of an ASSEMBLY or on parts of ASSEMBLI ES to ver ify tha t the des ignmeets the appropriate requirements. Thismethod is equivalent to the currently imple-mented type tests). Verification by calcu-lation/measurement (calculations appliedto a sample of an ASSEMBLY or to partsof ASSEMBLIES to show that the designmeets the appropriate requirements). Ver-ification by application of design rules(specified rule to verify the design of an

ASSEMBLY).

The selection of the appropriate verifi-cation method has to be made acc ordingto annex D, which explains the availableverification options for each characteris-tic which is to be verified, as shown in thetable below:

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s y s

t e m

m a n u

f a c

t u r e r

m a n u

f a c

t u r e r o

f t h e

A S S E M B L Y

ASSEM BLY

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear ASSEMBLIES

type tests for verification of conformity

TTA

type-tested

ASSEM BLIES

type-tested

units

not type-tested

units

PTTA

partial type-tested

ASSEMBLIE S

routine test

completed ASSEMBLY

IEC 60439

o r i g

i n a

l m a n u

f a c

t u r e r

A S S E M B L Y m a n u

f a c t u r e r

o r i g

i n a

l m a n u

f a c

t u r e r

ASSEM BLY

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear ASSEMBLIES

testing calculation

ASSEMBLY sys tem

application of

design rules

routine verification

The ASSEMBLY manufacturer can decide:

– to manufacture the ASSEMBLY according to the

guidelines of the original manufacturer

– to deviate from the guidelines of the original

manufacturer. Where the ASSEMBLY manufacturerincorporates his own arrangements not included in

the original manufacturer’s verication, the ASSEMBLY

manufacturer is deemed to be the original manufacturer

in respect of these arrangements.

completed ASSEMBLY

IEC 61439

design verification

carried out by the original manufacturer

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Technical

Additional veri fication:New requirements from the standardIEC 62208 (Empty enclosures for ASSEM-BLIES) have been added:

− verification of resistance to UV radiationfor outdoor plastic enclosures

− verification of corrosion resistance− mandatory declaration and confirmation

of an impulse rating

− lifting, mechanical impact and marking

Other changes:Temperature rise:

Temperature ri se req uiremen ts have beenexplained more clearly and have beenadapted to the state of the art.

One of the following methods is allowedfor verification:

− testing with current− derivation (from a tested design) of

ratings for similar variants − calculation

Tests that have been made in accord-ance with IEC 60439 and that fulfil therequirements of the new IEC 61439 needNOT be repeated. The second stage verification is theroutine verification. This is performed toverify that the materials and workman-ship are in accordance with the require-ments of the standard. Routine verifica-

tion replaces the current “routine test”. Itis more detailed but essentially the newrequirements are the same as in the IEC60439. This verification has to be carriedout for each completed ASSEMBLY andit is the responsibility of the ASSEMBLYManufacturer.

Comparison between the current and thenew verification “flow”:

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Summary table with the main changes

IEC 60439 IEC 61439

IEC 60439-1

Type-tested and part ially type-tes ted assemblies

IEC 61439-2

Design verified ASSEMBLIES

Mix of different rules and demands in each part Clear structure:

IEC 61439-1 “General rules“

IEC 61439-2 … -6 “Subsidiary parts” (product standard)

Each part is a complete entity and can be used on an individual basis Each “subsidiary part” is based on the “general rules” (Part 1)

and includes only the specific additional rules for the specific product

Testing each type of ASSEMBLY:

Partially type-tested or type-tested

Three alternative methods for verification:

Test, calcu lation/measu remen t, design r ules

Annex E:

Agreements betw een Customer and Manufact urer

Annex C:

Agree ments be tween Customer and Manufac ture r are

more detailed and extended

Shared responsibility:

Original Manufacturer vs. ASSEMBLY Manufacturer

Technical changes and clarifications:

Diversity factor, verification of temperature rise,

mechanical characteristics, neutral conductor 50%,

additional verification (from IEC 62208)

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RDF The rated diversity factor is coveredin more detail. In practice it is assumedthat multiple functional units are not ful-ly loaded s imultaneously.

Labels Labels have to be subjected to testingto verify their legi bility. The following infor-

mation is required on the label: − ASSEMBLY Manufacturer‘s name− Identification number− Date of manufacture (NEW!)− IEC 61439-X (the specific part “X” has

to be specified) (NEW!)

“Grey” areas A number of “grey” areas have beenclarified:

− neutral conductors will have a currentrating equal to 50% of the correspond-ing phases if not otherwise specified

− agreements between Customer andManufacturer have been more detailed,extended and listed in annex C

− it is mandatory to specify the ratedcurrent of the ASSEMBLY− a technical report IEC 61439-0 “Guide

for specifying ASSEMBLIES” is underdevelopment for a better understandingof the new standard

− questions regarding the internal formof separation have been clarified(e.g. a moulded case circuit breaker’scasing provides separation from otherfunctional units)

Cristian Dell’AnnaProduct Marketing ManagerEnclosures

ABB

Technical

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Back then and still today we are a trendsetting pioneer a nd technical leader foreasy, safe and reliable use of electricity. Our circuit breakers S 200 and S 200 Mare a living proof. So, with the new colored real contact position indication youcan see the status within a twinkle of an eye. The optimized plane terminal plates

guarantee right connection and can be reached even when the MCB is alreadyinstalled. These and a lot more benefits make the miniature circuit breakers aneffective addition to the successful System pro M compact ®. Here you can finda wide range of compatible components for a ll your installation needs. For moreinformation, see abb.com

S 200 MCB. In 1923 the first of it’s kind –

today the best.

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The expert answers

Do you know that using latching relaysinstead of contactors in lighting circuitsno coil needs to be powered, with asaving of around 2W per relay? The global energy saving for eachrelay is greater than 5 kWh a year (for anaverage use of 8 hours a day). The latchingrelays permit, moreover, the control ofthe lighting with an unlimited number ofpushbuttons. The realization of the circuitwith parallel keys is very simple ! This makesit particularly suitable to be used in morecomplex lighting plants, when, for example,the sequential control of the utilities via asingle circuit of pushbuttons is required.

These devices can be used to realizeinnovative solutions, ensuring the maximumsaving of energy, thanks to their designphilosophy, which consumes only in thebrief period of the duration of the impulsecontrol.

E250 latching relays allow electricalenergy saving and the simplification of thelighting circuit wiring: fewer cables, lesstime needed to connect the devices andlower CO 2 emissions!

Energy saving ideasE250 latching relaysFrancesca Sassi: Product Marketing Manager DIN Rail Products - ABB

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Technical

Urban legendsExploding the myths andreconsidering convictionsNowadays we use surge protective devices every day but we still have doubts andcuriosities fed by the many urban legends on the subject. Let's have a look at afew and try to better understand.

Christophe Rios: Product Marketing Manager DIN Rail Products - ABB

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Technical

“The discharge kiloamps of a SPD mustbe coordinated with the short circuitcurrent of the panel” This belief is due to a misunderstanding.

The short circuit current of a panel andthe discharge current of an SPD are bothmeasured in kiloamps. However, a shortcircuit current normally has a sine-waveshape with a frequency of 50 Hz whilstthe discharge current of a SPD has theform of a very brief impulse of just a fewmicroseconds. Consequently, even the energy content(I2t) of a short circuit and of a discharge arevery different. Once the misunderstandinghas been cleared up it is evident thatthere is no relationship between the I sc ofa switchboard and the discharge currentof a SPD.

So, how do you choose the dischargecurrent or impulse of a SPD?

It is easier than it seems: − for Type 1 there is nothing to choose,

the value is set by Standard IEC 62305:nearly all SPDs have a value of 25 kAper pole and are equipped, therefore,for the worst case foreseen by theStandards in force;

− for Type 2, the nominal discharge current(In ) val ue forese en by the sta ndardIEC 62305 is 5 kA;, therefore, a Type2 SPD must have at least 5 kA of I n.

For practical reasons it is nearly alwaysadvisable to choose an SPD with at least20 kA of I n to guarantee an adequate lengthof working life.

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Incoming powerline

Telephoneline

36 Day by DIN 1| 12

“In a triphase system with 400 V ACvoltage a SPD with a rated voltage of400 V AC must be installed” Other misunderstandin gs. Type 1and Type 2 surge protective devicesare designed to be installed betweennetwork and ground, not in series. The“rated voltage” of a SPD is, therefore, thatmeasured between the active conductors(phase and neutral) and the earth conductor. In a 400 V three-phase network, withor without neutral, this voltag e will alwaysbe equal to 230 V! The only rare case inwhich it is necessary to u se SPDs with U N400 V on a 400 V three-phase network is inIT systems: in these, in the case of a firstground fault, an automatic interruption ofthe power supply is not foreseen. A SPDwith 230 V voltage would be subjected toa phase/earth voltage much higher thanthe nominal voltage and consequentlythere would be the risk of a failure or fire.

“In a main distribution board it is alwaysbest to provide a Type 1 SPD” It depends! In a very large public buildingor an industrial unit, the risk analysisaccording to CEI 81-10 probably foreseesthe installation of a LPS, ancronym for‘Lightning Protection System’, such as alightning rod or Faraday cage.In this case the Type 1 SPD will benecessary to protect against damage dueto lightning striking the building. If no LPS is foreseen, the installationof a Type 1 SPD in the MDB will causea notable increase in costs without anybenefits: put simply, it will never trip...!

Technical

“To protect a SPD it is necessary to usefuses, breakers are not suitable” This is also an “Urban legend”. Somesay that the inductance in series to a circuitbreaker, run by the discharge current,reduces the efficiency of the SPD. Intruth, the product Standard of the SPD,IEC 61643-11, sees to it that it is themanufacturer who provides a suitableand coordinated back up protection toinstall upstream from the SPD. The sizing is carried out in the laboratorytrying numerous, different, combinationsof SPD and protective devices. With mostof its products ABB offers the possibilityof using either fuses or MCBs.So what about inductance? As we all know,the inductance of a coil depends on thefrequency; a few tests in the laboratoryare sufficient to show that the inductanceof a MCB on the typical frequencies ofatmospheric phenomenons (many kHz)becomes neglectable.

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Christophe RiosProduct Marketing ManagerDIN Rail Products

ABB

37Day by DIN 1| 12

“When lightning strikes and the SPDtrips, the SPD must always be replaced” No, the SPDs are not “disposable”! Alsobecause, if this were so, since there can benumerous atmospheric discharges duringa thunderstorm, the SPD would be totallyineffective. In reality, SPDs are designedand tested in order to trip and to return asgood as new at least 15 times, i f subjectedto their rated discharge current.

Given that statistically speakingthe discharge current induced by theatmospheric phenomenon is inferior tothe rated current, the SPD can trip evenhundreds of times before reaching theso-called “end of life”. This is the reasonwhy SPDs are installed every day, butchanging a cartridge at the end of its lifeis a rare occurence.

“A Type 2 SPD is nothing more than avaristor…” The varistor is a fundamental componentof all Type 2 SPDs, but we must not forgetthat varistors have two characteristicswhich a SPD must remedy: they end theiroperative life in short circuit and theyconduct a small permanent current. Inorder to prevent the short circuit effectson the life of the varistor, a small, essentialelement is provided inside a SPD: a thermaldisconnector which isolates the varistorfrom the network in case of overheating,ensuring a safe end of life for the SPD. Instead, in order to prevent thepermanent earth current, which couldinvolve the risk of indirect contacts, insome Type 2 SPDs the N-PE module,which is designed to lead the dischargecurrent towards the earth conductor, is notrealized with a varistor, but with a voltageswitching type element (for example, aspark gap), able to permanently preventthe current flow towards the PE. All ABB OVR T2 1N and 3N SPDs arerealized with this technology.

“The remote signalling contact tells methe SPD has intervened” No, the signalling contact switchesonly when the SPD has reached the endof its operative life. Very useful in the eventof unprotected distribution boards, theinformation can be used, for example, inorder to suddenly replace the cartridge inend of life and to restore the protectionfrom the overvoltages.

“A SPD for alternative current can alsobe used in direct current; it is just amatter of multiplying its rated voltageby the root of two” This is the principle for which many SPDfor alternative cur rent at 400 V have withoutwarning become SPDs for photovolt aic at600 V DC. The ABB position has always been veryclear on this point: the varistors sooner orlater go into short circuit and interruptinga short circuit in direct current is muchmore difficult than in current. It cannot,therefore, be absolutely guaranteed thatthe thermal disconnector integrated in aSPD designed for alternative current is ableto guarantee the disconnection when thesame SPD is installed in a photovoltaicsystem. According to UTE C 61 740-51, themanufacturer shall test the products underDC condition and shall declare specific DCcharacteristics of the SPD.

Technical

Surge protective device OVR T2 3N 40 275s P

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200

100

0

-100

-200Fundamental7 th HARM

5 th HARMResulting distorted wave

38 Day by DIN 1| 12

The expert answers

What’s the meaning of “measurementin TRMS”? When electric energy is generated thewaveform of the voltage is sine-wave.

The current used by a purely linear,resistive (for example, filament lamps) orinductive (motors and transformers) loadshas the same course and, therefore, thesame waveform as the voltage which feedsit. Furthermore, in linear loads the currentwaveform is equal to that of the voltage(both are sinusoidal). A non-linear load (for example, uorescentlamps or electronic equipment), instead uses acurrent that does not have the same waveformas the supply voltage, but is distorted due tothe presence of harmonics, sine waves withfrequency equal to integer multiples of thefundamental wave (gure 02). The currentharmonics interact with the impedence ofthe distribution system, creating distortionsof the voltage and energy losses. The measurement instruments can beof two types:

− instruments which measure the effectiveRMS (Root Mean Square) value of thesystem;

− instruments which measure the effective TRMS (True Root Mean Square) valueof the system.

The ins truments that measure the effectivevalue of the system (RMS) estimate theaverage value of the rectified wave,multiplied by the form factor 1.11 (typical

of the sinusoidal wave), carrying out anapproximate measurement of the effectivevalue of the wave (figure 03). The instruments that measure the trueeffective value (TRMS) implement, instead,the following operations:

− sampling of the wave during the entireperiod;

− square the samples; − sum the squared values and provide

the average; − calculate the square

root (figure 01). In the presence of distort ed wavesit is always necessary to measure thetrue effective value (TRMS) because, inthis way, errors due to the harmonics areavoided, which are subtracted from the totalwave; moreover, measuring the TRMS of awave allows to identify the load generatingthat waveform and the definition of theequivalent of the original waveform in directcurrent, or in alternating current.

Doktor Wise The reliability of ABB's experience in its answers to every need arising fromthe work of professionals in the sector. In this section an ABB expert answersto the most frequently asked questions regarding the use of DIN rail and front

panel products, to resolve problems and propose the most suitable solutionsfor every application.

What is the difference between cosand Power factor? The cos is the displacement anglebetween voltage and current in a alternating

current electric system. In a purely resistivesystem, the displacement is null and thecos is equal to 1. The Power Factor is the ratio betweenthe active power and the apparent power.In general, the power factor and cos arethe same but in the presence of electriclines with harmonic content it is necessaryto talk of Power Factor so that the harmoniceffect is also considered in the calculation.During non sinusoidal operations in nonsine-wave systems talking about cos ismeaningless, only Power Factor makessense.

01 02

Francesca Sassi: Product Marketing Manager DIN Rail Products - ABB

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y(t)

0 T

t

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The expert answers

How can you ensure the protection ofa digital instrument? In order to ensure the correct protection,it is always recommended to insert MCBsor fuses onto the feeding cables of thedigital instruments and at the voltmetricmeasurement inputs.

What is the earthing of the CT

secondaries for? The earthing of the secondaries of theCT serves to provide a reference towardsearth in the case of a transformer failureand does not generally influence themeasurement. However, if there is notneglectable voltage between neutral andearth, this could negatively influence themeasurement, in the event of instrumentswith measurement inputs not galvanicallyisolated.

What does THD mean?

The THD, Total Harmonic Distortion, isthe total harmonic distortion of the wave,which considers the contribution of all theharmonic components present.

The THD is expressed as a percentagewith respect to the fundamental waveand is a useful indicator of the presenceof harmonic disturbances in the network.

Direct and indirect measurements: howdo you set the correct transformationratio? The direct measurement is only possiblewhen the rated quantity to measure has alevel within the capacity of the instrument. When the rated quantity to be measuredis larger than the capacity of the measuringinstrument, it is necessary to interpose

a transformer that reduces the ratedquantity and supplies the instrumentwith values compatible with its capacity.

The rea ding implemented th rou gh ameasurement transformer is defined asindirect measurement, because it doesnot occur directly on the line examined. All the multifunction digital instrumentsrequire an indirect insertion through currenttransformers and, sometimes, with voltagetransformers. The main measurementparameters to set up are the transformationratios of the CT and the VT, defined as a

mathematical ratio between nominal valueand secondary value; for example, settingthe transformation ratio of a CT CT3/100with secondary at 5 A, means settingk CT = 100 : 5 = 20.

03

01 True effective value of a TRMSnon-sinusoidal signal

02 Waveform with harmoniccomponents

03 Effective value of a RMSsinusoidal signal

Florian Krackhecke: Product Marketing Manager DIN Rail Products - ABB

Both Standards apply to circuitbreakers according to their denition.

The main limitation of IEC 60947-2is the voltage level 1.000 V a.c. and1.500 V d.c. On the other hand, thelimitation of IEC 60898-1 is muchmore precise and strict: this standardapplies to circuit-breakers with amaximum voltage of 440 V a.c.between phases, a maximum ratedcurrent of 125 A and rated short-circuit capacity not exceeding 25 kA.IEC 60947-2 “applies whateverthe rated currents, the method ofconstruction [of the breaker] or theproposed applications of the circuit-breakers may be.” IEC 60898-1describes the application likefollowing: “circuit-breakers areintended for the protection againstovercurrents of wiring installations ofbuildings and similar applications”.

IEC 60898-1 and IEC 60947-2:What are the main differences of both standards?

IEC 60898-1: Usability foruninstructed people

Overcurrent is defined as a currentwhich is exceeding the rated currentand could be divided into overloadcurrent and short-circuit current.

Another big difference is thatIEC 60898-1 describes also theusability of circuit-breakers foruninstructed people. This descriptionis not done inside the IEC 60947-2and is not stipulated.

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Case History

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Case History

Transportation and logistics with zeroimpact in the new headquarters in Cuneo

Logistics and transportation companyof Cuneo (Madonna dell’Olmolocality) founded in 1975, NordOvest operates for 35 years at an

international level. Equipped with warehousesfor the reception of the goods and thesubsequent shipment, the Piedmontcompany supports the customers also takingcare of all the document aspects inherentto shipments entering and leaving the country.

The new direct ional centre has beenrealised according to innovative homeautomation and energy efficiency conceptsand is operational since approximately oneyear. The strength of the shipping companyis all in the skills and the services of theemployees.

“We have always invested in the people,the true motor of the company”, explains

Giovanni Battista Mellano, one of theowners, “and that is why over the courseof the last years we hav e created this newstructure, trying to render it as welcomingas possible, an ideal workplace for thosewho work inside”.

To make working in the company evenmore comfortable a relax zone has beencreated, with an equipped gym area, asquash court, showers and lunch room, thatthe employees can use before or after theworking hours and during the break. Attentionsthat usually only the large companies havetowards their staff and which the Piedmontcompany, even though it is relatively small(50 employees), wanted to do.

Making the working atmosphere evenmore pleasant are the technologicallyadvanced systems, designed and realisedwith an environmental sensitivity.

Environmental

sensitivity andenergy saving

Maurizio Gambini: Journalist - Paolo Mellano: Sales manager ABB branch - Turin

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“We are a zero impact company: forexample, we are not connected to thegas network; our energy reserve is nothingelse than a water tank which allows us toproduce warm water for the heating and theservices, by means of a geothermal systemwith heat pumps, and to distribute the coldwater for the environmental conditioning.

The heating is underneath the pavementwhilst the cooling is supplied by ceilingradiating panel. A solution allows us tohave a comfortable atmosphere, with thecorrect temperature, both in the summer,as well as in winter, which is particularlycold in this area.

Moreover, we produce approximately200 kW of electric power through aphotovoltaic system installed on the roofof our warehouses, energy that we partiallyuse and partly sell to the utility”.

Automation and control The owner s had the necessity of being

able to manage all of the systems from asingle interface, easily controllable at adistance as well. It was opted, therefore,for an intelligent system for the controland the automation of the building, using

ABB i-bus ® KNX products.“We started from a very wide vision

during the design phase of the system”,species the designer, Mario Pregliasco.“The requirement was to have a zero impactcompany, where it was also possible towork well. These basic considerations havepushed us towards a philosophy of intelligentautomation of the building. On one sidewe wanted the maximum selectivity froman electrotechnical point of view; in thesense that if a problem arose, the relativeconsequences had to be as limited as

01

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Autoreclos ing units have been used in the electricpanels, fundamental in order to ensure operationalcontinuity in case of unwanted trippi ng of the RCCBcaused by lightning or electrical disturbances.Following the RCCB tripping, F2C-ARI carries outthree attempts to automatically reclose.

The F2C-ARI device for indus trial use can reclosethe 2 and 4 poles RCCB of every sensitivity withrated current up to 100 A.

F2C-ARI

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Case History

possible, thanks to a hierarchical systemof protection. On the other an effectivemanagement was necessary, simple andcomplete because, within a company likethis, it is not easy for those not specicallyassigned to the work to be able to haveeverything under control and it is not eventhinkable to dedicate only one person to sucha task. For this we have thought of a buildingautomation type solution, which embracedthe various systems, from the real systemto the lighting system. Manual switches arereplaced by combined presence and lightingdetectors that, based on the presence of thepersons in the premises, switch the lights onand off and regulate these in function of theexternal brightness, an advantage for energysaving and comfort. From re prevention tothermoregulation, to environmental well-being, to the access control, to the acquisition

of the data of the production of photovoltaicenergy, everything has been engineeredfor efciency and comfort. One of the mainelements that have allowed us to concludethis project with success is the trust given tous by the customer, who has fully embracedthis philosophy”.

The photovoltaic system As we have already said, the photovoltaic

system has been realised on the roof ofthe warehouse, whilst the switchboards,inverter and the MV/LV transformer aresituated on its inside.

“The roof of the warehouse”, illustratesMario Pregliasco, “was not suitable for acoplanar installation, therefore we havehad to study specific structures to positionthe modules, so that they could have anoptimal exposure to the light.

02

01 The technologic ally advanced systems aremanaged by a single interface, which canalso be easily remote controlled

02 The relax zone with equipped gym zonewhich employees can used before or afterwork or during the lunch break

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The bid irect ional connection in mediumvoltage at the delivery point is realised witha buried cable”.

Service redundance and continuity The puls ing hear t of a company like

Nord Ovest is the room where the serverof the computer system is housed.

“A large part of the company’s work”,confirms Giovanni Battista Mellano, “isbased on the data, the connections with thecustomers. This is the reason why we haveinvested a lot in hardware and software,but also on the technological systems thathas to guarantee the operation under allcircumstances: it would be a disaster ifwe were left without power».

Thi s is the reason why the server roomwas constructed with particular details,in order to guarantee the operationalcontinuity. “Even if it is very improbable,we had to consider the hypothesis that aphotovoltaic module was damaged or astring broke down, at the same time as anetwork drop”, specifies Mario Pregliasco.“Taking advantage of the functionalities of

the building automation system, we havebeen able to realise a complete structure,with doubled circuits, in which the genset, the UPS and the photovoltaic systemare integrated, in order to guarantee thecontinuity of the electric power supply. Itis within this philosophy that automaticself-reclosing switches have been used inthe electric panels, fundamental in orderto avoid unwanted trippings provoked bythunderstorms or electrical disturbances.

For that regarding the communications,operational continuity has guided theproject. We are connected with fibre opticto a telecom central, whilst a copper line,connected to another central, alwaysensures the service in case the fi rst breaksdown.

In other words, we have paid themaximum attention to the redundancyof the systems, perhaps influenced by acommon passion, mine and of that to theowner, for scuba diving, where nothing canbe left to chance”.

Case History

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ProfessionalsElectric consultantStudio Pregliasco MarioMondovì, CN

Electric installationD & M sas di Dalmasso A. e Meineri A. & CPeveragno, CN

Building automation system projectDomotica LabsIng. Ivo PaneroGenola, CN

Electric wholesaler

IDG S.p.a. branch of CuneoReferent Mr. Emilio Pettiti

Sales manager ABB branch - TurinPaolo Mellano

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ABB, not only products“The choice of ABB products”,

concludes Ivo Panero, of Domotica Labs,who has handled the programming of thebuilding automation system, “was bor nfrom the common consideration made byprofessionals that have cooperated in therealisation of the system, that ABB is both ahigh reliability brand on the electrotechnicalplan and, at the same time, offers of a wideand complete range of products for theelectrical distribution and the automationof the building, easy to install, to prog ramand to use, and which allowed us to trustbuilding automation systems, thanks tothe Konnex protocol. Moreover, ABB doesnot only supply the products, but hasalso contributed with its own experience,offering us precious technical consultancyfor the good setup of the system».

A reali sation which was certainly noteasy, completed with the full satisfactionof the expectations of the customer thanksto the team work of the designer MarioPregliasco, the installer Nino Dalmasso,software manager Ivo Panero and theCuneo branch of IDG.

The final result has been a technologicallyadvanced system managed as a simpleone, taking advantage of an “easy to use”interface software.

Case History

03

03 Dr. Giovanni Battista Mellano, owner of NordOvest is concerned with providing servicesin the field of international forwarding andcustoms operations

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Technical

Often we do not notice howmuch we became dependenton electricity, just how muchthis is present in our normal

activities. If we woke up one day and foundthat electricity had disappeared, whatwould our world look like, and our dailylife? Let's try to figure it out.

Many people would probably stay inbed till late that day, because they useelectronic alarm clocks or the mobile(maybe even charging during the nightbefore) to wake up. Another sensationthat many would suffer is an unpleasantclimate: if it's summer, hot, because theconditioning systems can not be turnedon; if winter, cold, because the heatingsystems would not work.

And then the first prat ical problems,even though we've only arrived at thekitchen: the freezer loses water becausethe ice melts, the cooker can not be turnedon, the microwave doesn't work. Clearly,all of this would be in the dark.

At the beg inn ing we would behavelike in the case of a simple black out,with some portable battery poweredlamps and some candles, which wouldend quite soon, without considering allthe people that would remain blocked inlifts, undergrounds, trains, without beingable to call anybody, neither with alarms,telephones, because everything is nowdependent on electric power.

It would be difficult to understandwhat has happened, since our sources

of information are all intrinsically linked toelectricity. Television, radio, Internet andtelephone would not work and neither wouldwe have any help from the newspapers:these would not be available becausethey are printed with electronic machines.

And don’t expect to rely on mobi lephones; the mobile phone, even if charged,would not help us since the network and itstelephone central must be fed with electricity.

All of our current global isation wouldbe missing, it would be difcult to get intocontact with persons in the same city orthose close by and it would be difcultto think about getting into contact withpersons further away, in other states andcontinents. People would begin to feel lostafter a couple of hours.

The more obvious thing would be to goout, to go to the Police, relatives and friends,to try and get some kind of explanation.Would it be possible to go by car? Certainly,but only until your full tank lasts, becausethen the gas stations, with their electricpumps, would not work anymore. Andobviously, during the night there wouldbe no street lighting or trafc light signals.

The accessible petrol resources wouldbe very limited and, in any case, exhaustiblein a short time, given the impossibility ofhaving any industry for the rening. Hospitalswould have enormous problems when thestock for the diesel generators is nished- the current would not be available withthe consequent impossibility of assistingthousands of people dependent on theelectronic machinery.

A worldwithoutelectricity

An imaginative and unsettling picture tothink of the future with seriousness andcommitment.Roberto Vanetti: Product Marketing Manager DIN Rail Products - ABB

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Roberto VanettiProduct Marketing ManagerDIN Rail Products

ABB

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Technical

The run on the supermarkets would beginwhere many products would be unusable,because they are in the refrigerators whichare now switched off. And paying wouldnot be simple given that the bills are oftenelectronic. The value of the money, as weknow it would cease to be as we know,as it would no longer be possible to printit with the same techniques.

The situat ion which would evolve overthe days can be just imagined: to use theword 'evolve' would already be inopportunebecause in reality it would be a total reversalof the growth trend of our society, a realbarbarization and a return to the nearlymedieval state. The majority of currentemployments would no longer be possiblewith the almost total disappearance of allthe employees. There would be a rushtowards the handicraft professions, even ifcurrently even those are strongly influencedby electric/elect ronic machinery. A return tothe countryside in some way to find enoughfood is not improbable with the consequentslow, but inexorable, transformation ofour society.

And then the worst of the disasters:we would not even be ab le to let you readDay by DIN anymore!

Some thoughtsDon't be afraid, this is pure science

fiction! Nuclear, thermoelectric (oil, gas orcoal), hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, solarand other technologies still offer enormouspotential for energy production, allowing usto live in the world as we now see it, withthe pervasive presence of electricity in allthe human activities, as we have alreadynoted previously.

Our planet is very rich in resourcesfor energy production, but these are notinfinite, asides from not having a uniformdistribution. Unfortunately, this knowledgehas only been gained over the last decadesand we have wasted a lot during thepreceding periods.

The imaginative (and at times, alarming)story is meant as a stimulus to reflectingon the availability of current energy.Because, even though an energy sourcecan be clean, economic and renewable,

it will always have an environmental cost(landscape, production, system) whilst theonly true clean energy is that which wecan all “produce” through our daily saving.Each one of us can help by adding lots ofsmall drops into the sea of energy saving;this sea will be one of the many that will,in future, contribute to forming the greatocean of clean energy production.

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Christophe RiosProduct Marketing ManagerDIN Rail Products

ABB

Lightning Protection Group at the Picdu Midi, close to Bagnères de Bigorrein the south west of France

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Curiosity

A short look at the meaning of lightningthrough the ages

Lightning, in ancient civilization,was commonly seen as a symbolof punishment of humans by thegods. In many mythologies too,

the thunderbolt plays a role as a weaponof destruction. In India, for example, theking of the Gods, Indra, used the Vraja(thunderbolt) to kill his enemies.

According to Chinese mythology, light-

ning is the consequence of the conflictbetween the yin and the yang, just likesparks caused by friction between twomaterials. The most important divinity inChinese mythology was Lei-Tsu, the Ances-tor of Thunder; he was represented withLei-Kung, Duke of Thunder, and Tien-Mu,Mother of Lightning. Tien-Mu, representedas a female figure, controlled lightning byholding in either hand a mirror from whichshe emitted flashes of light. In ancient Japanese Buddhism, FudoMyo-o, one of five ‘wisdom Kings’ i s repre-sented holding a thunderbolt sword in hisright hand that he used to defeat demons. If we come back to Europe, in Slavicmythology, Perun was the thunder and

lightning god. In Norse and Germanic civ-ilization, Thor, symbol of power, was theGod of Thunder. He was portrayed as atall and powerful man with a red beardand eyes of lightning. Despite his fero-cious appearance, he was very popularas the protector of the gods and humansagainst the forces of evil. And, of courseZeus, the ‘Father of Gods and Men’ for theancient Greeks, held the lightning stone

in his right hand.More recently, eighteenth-centuryresearch and experiments done on elec-tricity by Benjamin Franklin and th e abbotNollet tried to recreate lightning sparks toimprove knowledge in electricity theory.

The experimentation led to a large inter-est into