daylightingapplicationspresentation

ers energy&resource solutions © 2005 Energy and Resource Solutions, Inc.-1-

Daylighting Application and Daylighting Application and Effectiveness in Industrial FacilitiesEffectiveness in Industrial Facilities

presented byBrian McCowan

ERS


Lighting TimelineLighting Timeline

70,000 B.C. – Rock and Animal Fat Lamp

700 B.C. – TerraCotta Oil Lamp

1700 – Glass Chimney Lamp – Whale Oil, Sesame Oil, Beeswax, Olive Oil

1792 – Coal Gas Lamp

1859 – Kerosene Lamp

1870 – Joseph Swan & Thomas Edison Each Claim Invention of Electric Lighting

1879 – Thomas Edison Produces First Commercially Viable Incandescent Lamp

1927 – The First Fluorescent Lamp Developed


Brief History of Early Brief History of Early Commercial/Industrial LightingCommercial/Industrial Lighting

Pre-electric: Dominated by daylighting; supplemented with combustion (open fire, oil lamps) sources.

Prior to mercury vapor and fluorescent, incandescent was the only practical artificial light source.

Difficult to illuminate industrial spaces with incandescent, so architectural daylighting remained prominent.

Similar techniques as seen today- window walls, skylights, monitors, clearstories.

Glazing materials were unsophisticated – heat gain/loss and glare were significant problems.


1940s Box Factory1940s Box Factory

Daylight as Primary Light

Source

Incandescent as

Supplemental Source

Machinery Located at

Windows

Majority of Work Performed

on Day Shift

Photo: US Library of Congress


Ford Motor Company Assembly PlantFord Motor Company Assembly PlantCambridge, Mass Cambridge, Mass -- 19131913


Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Kendall Boiler and Tank Company --18941894


Cotton Processing and Packing Plant Cotton Processing and Packing Plant -- 20042004


Tool & Die Shop Tool & Die Shop -- 20042004


Industrial Lighting: Where Would You Industrial Lighting: Where Would You Rather Work?Rather Work?

Natural light and reflective colors brighten the space and improve the environment for workers.

Older non-daylit industrial spaces were dark and hazardous.


1970s Energy Crisis1970s Energy Crisis

Steep increase in energy costs.

Windows, monitors and skylights boarded over and

insulated.

Many industrial spaces still poorly-lit with incandescent

lighting.

Natural ventilation through windows is disabled.

Fluorescent and HID lighting developed in the 40s and 50s

gained widespread usage.

Daylighting virtually replaced as a primary lighting source.


Daylighting Makes a ComebackDaylighting Makes a Comeback

Ironically, the interest in passive solar energy during the

1980s began the current interest in daylighting.

Heat gain and glare were major problems with early direct

solar heating systems.

Glazing materials have made great advances, reducing glare,

solar gain and heat loss.

Techniques from the past were updated for use in modern

buildings, bringing back monitors, skylights, and

clearstories.


Lighting for Human Lighting for Human PerformancePerformance

Why is lighting

important

Elements of good

lightingIllumination level

Brightness

Color temperature and color rendering

Glare and other visual comfort issues


Advantages of DaylightingAdvantages of Daylighting

Advantages of Properly Designed Daylighting:Human performance is improved under daylighting

Delivers abundant, high-quality lighting that many activities require

Colors are rendered accurately

Natural light improves morale and productivity

Lower risks of accidents and errors

Natural ventilation is facilitated

Reduced operation and maintenance costs

Demand savings during daytime peaks


2. Productivity2. Productivity

Growing body of evidence on the relationship between productivity in the workplace and various features of lighting…

e.g. Heschone Mahone Group studies on daylighting:

Retail sales in daylit stores up to 40% higher that in similar non-daylitstores

School students progress 20% faster

math tests and 26% faster in reading

daylight classrooms

Database of evidence at www.betterbricks.com


Obtainable Goals for DaylightingObtainable Goals for Daylighting

Create a Pleasant Comfortable Environment

Provide Uniform Light Distribution

Provide Adequate Illumination During Full-Sun and Overcast

Conditions

Eliminate Visual Glare

Incorporate View Windows to Connect Workers to the Outdoors

Avoid Heating and Cooling Penalties

Provide Low Maintenance Lighting System

Save Energy


FootcandleFootcandle

The illuminance on a surface

one square foot in area on

which there is a uniformly

distributed flux of one lumen.

The lumens incident on a

surface = footcandles x the

area in square feet.


Luminous Efficacy (Lm/W)Luminous Efficacy (Lm/W)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Candle

Incandescent

Mercury Vapor

Old Fluorescent

New Compact Fluorescent

High-Pressure Sodium

New Fluorescent

Metal Halide

Low-Pressure Sodium

Sun

lumens/watt


Evolution of Commercial/Industrial Evolution of Commercial/Industrial BuildingsBuildings

Today’s Facilities: New Industries, New Demands, New IdeasMany high-tech industries such as electronics and pharmaceuticals are very different from traditional industrial spaces.

Intricate work demands abundant, high-quality light.

Proper lighting contributes to safety and sanitation demanded intoday’s industrial facilities.

As the economy transitions from heavy industry, lighting needs are changing.

Properly designed, daylighting provides the highest-quality lighting.

Artificial lighting should strive to match daylighting as closely as possible when used in the same space.


Recent Applications of Old IdeasRecent Applications of Old Ideas


Modeling Light Output with AGIModeling Light Output with AGI--3232


Designing for Performance: Lighting Designing for Performance: Lighting Design ToolsDesign Tools

Non-Computer Based ToolsSome architects, rather than relying on software to model daylight performance, prefer to use physical modeling. Bruce Coldham(right), a Massachusetts architect well-known for his daylit designs, has developed a daylight modeling stand that is adjustable to model daylight conditions for any time or day of the year. Light sensors can be inserted into the various spaces to record foot-candles delivered to various spaces.

Courtesy of Bruce Coldham


Roof MonitorRoof Monitor


Ceiling Plane SkylightCeiling Plane Skylight


Skylight with WellSkylight with Well


Redirected Beam SystemsRedirected Beam Systems

Sunlight is Redirected off Reflective Surfaces or Bent

Through Refraction

Advantages:Building/glazing Orientation Less Critical

Glare Reduction

Heat Gain Reduction

Reduced Reliance on Blinds or Other Adjustable Architectural Elements

Improved Uniformity of Illumination


Redirected Beam System TypesRedirected Beam System Types

Architectural Light Shelves

Integral Between-pane Light Shelves

Laser-cut Refractive Acrylic Glazing Panels

Prismatic Panels Similar to Artificial Lighting Lenses

Holographic Optical Diffracting Elements (Experimental)

Curved Panel Sun-directing Glass

Anidolic (non-imaging) Optical Systems With Light Ducts

Skylight Reflective Tubes


Blinds: Controlling Glare and HeatBlinds: Controlling Glare and Heat


DayDay--Lighting Design PitfallsLighting Design Pitfalls


Controlling Heat Gain/Loss with Controlling Heat Gain/Loss with Improved GlazingImproved Glazing

Multiple layers of glass

Low-E coatings and Low-E membranes installed between glass layers

Materials with a low “U” value

Tinted glass for various degrees of reduced heat gain and glare treated with materials that offer reflectance of UV and IR rays

Gazing assemblies that include auto-adjusting shading features

Improved gasketing and flashings to reduce or eliminate the leakage problems that previously plagued skylights


Integrating Daylighting with Electric Integrating Daylighting with Electric LightsLights

Daylight Harvesting – On/offCommissioning is essential to avoid cycling and inconsistent levels

Best when daylighting is designed to provide 100% lighting under most weather conditions.

Daylight Harvesting – Continuous or Stepped DimmingSensor choice, placement, and adjustment is critical.

Again commissioning is essential for proper performance.

Best where daylighting is designed as supplemental light source.

Lamp SelectionDaylight is a “cool” light source; 4100K or 5000K lamps should be selected

Use the highest color rendering level (80-90) that still provides good lamp efficacy.


Key Objectives In DayKey Objectives In Day--Lighting Lighting DesignDesign

Designing spaces to use controlled natural light (reduce

glare and address low solar angles)

Using day-lighting to provide the primary illumination

within a space (where possible)

Optimizing the use of natural and electric lighting


The Future of DaylightingThe Future of Daylighting

Improved Glazing MaterialsHigher insulating values

Selective wavelength reflection

Light bending glazings

Better ControlNew pre-engineered, prefabricated light shelves

Pre-engineered site-built and prefabricated redirected beam systems.

Advanced interior and exterior shades.

New IdeasDaylight collectors with photo-optic delivery to remote spaces (a pipe dream?)

Integrated daylight and fluorescent light fixtures that deliver a continuously adjustable mix of light from both sources through the same aperture.


Daylighting Application and Daylighting Application and Effectiveness in Industrial FacilitiesEffectiveness in Industrial Facilities

Questions??

daylightingapplicationspresentation

Education

energy costs

incandescent lighting

passive solar energy

primary lighting source

lighting timeline

hid lighting

terracotta oil lamp

s energy crisis steep