db trends final
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TRANSCRIPT
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Trends and Issues Impacting Database Management Systems
Circa 2004
Craig S. MullinsDirector, Technology Planning/BMC Software, Inc.
http://www.craigsmullins.com
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General Industry Trends• Complexity
• Heterogeneity• Rapid change• Consolidation
• Lack of Resources• Skilled Technicians
– A lot of PFCSKs and IROCs
• Time– Already overworked
• Budget
• Speed-to-Market• Buy versus Build• Follow the Leader
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DBMS Industry Trends
• Rapid DBMS Versioning• Enabling for the Internet• Online, real-time … • Java and .Net• XML• Multimedia• Procedural logic• ERP and CRM• Mo’ data! Mo’ data!• Integration
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New DBMS Versions
• Analysis of New Features– Check all Requirements
• Hardware and Software
• Planning the Upgrade– Impact to system, applications– Scheduling
• Fallback Strategy
• Migration Verification
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DBMS Subsumes Functionality
• XML
• ETL and Propagation
• OLAP
• Multimedia
• Objects
• Logic/Code – triggers, UDFs, stored procedures
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The Internet
• From DBA to eDBAInternet-Age DBA Skills
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Source: Gartner Group
It’s About Change...
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Increasingly Complex Enterprise Infrastructure
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A Virtual, Extended Infrastructure
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Internet Infrastructure Weaknesses
Problem Symptom Effect
UnreliableSporadic crashesfor no apparent reason
Unplannedoutages
ComplexOperators do notunderstand how to resolve problems
Simple problemsresult in longoutages
Fragile IT mgrs. Must debug innocuous changes
Long debuggingcycles for newreleases
Vulnerable Viruses and bugsattack all systemsat once
Systems must berolled back toclean backups
Source: Forrester Research
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The Cost of an Outage
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Unplanned Unplanned outages - outages - driven by driven by problemsproblems
Application failureApplication failure Element FailureElement Failure PerformancePerformance Capacity limitsCapacity limits Transaction Transaction
BackoutsBackouts
Planned outages -Planned outages -driven by changedriven by change Management Management MaintenanceMaintenance MigrationsMigrations Version Version
ManagementManagement PropagationPropagation
Planned and Unplanned OutagesPlanned and Unplanned Outages Staff Shortages - 18 hr. workdaysStaff Shortages - 18 hr. workdays Short Implementation TimesShort Implementation Times
Executive Demands for Web PresenceExecutive Demands for Web Presence Management Tool ScalabilityManagement Tool Scalability
Unable to Keep Up With Own ScriptsUnable to Keep Up With Own Scripts Unpredictable Web Load/GrowthUnpredictable Web Load/Growth
Unknown Success of SiteUnknown Success of Site Customized EnvironmentsCustomized Environments
Need Flexibility of ManagementNeed Flexibility of Management
E-Business Applications Fail to Deliver Service Because...
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70% of Outages
30% of Outages
Where is Application Downtime?
• Planned vs. Unplanned– Planned outages represents
70% of application downtime.
– Just 30% is due to unplanned outages and 50% of the unplanned downtime is due to problems during planned downtime.
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Impact on eDBAs
• Downtime is not tolerated– Downtime was never “good” but it was tolerated – No longer, though as we move from availability to
e-vailability with intelligent techniques & solutions
• Avoiding downtime with automated tools– “On the fly” operational tuning
• ALTER SYSTEM - Oracle9i• SET SYSPARM - DB2 V7
– Monitor performance across multiple platforms– Redundant systems – HACMP, RAID, etc.
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Action
LOG+
Example: Keeping Your Systems Up!
Monitor
DB2A
DB2B
DB2C
ARCHIVE FAILED?ADD LOGNOTIFY AML
LOGSLOGS
LOGS
Change ZPARM
ActionAction
Monitor
SYSPLEX
EDM POOL FAILED?
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Undo/Redo SQL
Data
Example: Recover with no Down Time!
LOGSLOGS
LOGS
Log Analysis
DB2A
DB2B
DB2CNo need totake the dataoff-line to runSQL against it!
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Online and Real-time
• The need for more and more availability drives online and real-time maintenance– The DBMS begins to allow for more changes to be
made during normal operations
– The DBMS begins to gather statistics and performance metrics during normal operations
– ISVs deliver more online, real-time features and functionality that the DBMS does not yet deliver
– Less manual-intervention required
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Database Design and Web Time
• When the Web is involved everything becomes “rush-rush” - do it now!
• Don’t let database design suffer - take your time and do it right.
• Apps are temporary but data is forever!– If you do not believe this, then consider: “How
often has your organization re-entered or re-keyed data into a new database when the data already exists elsewhere?”
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Prepare for Global Scope
Who is accessing the database? Internal and External users Local, National, and
International Now versus then
24 x 7 x 365¼
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Impact on the DBA
database schema
DNS
SQLapplication code
Java operating system
network software
ISP
bridge/router/hub
HTTPnetwork cabling
hardware
CGIconnectionZPARMs
3GL
Where is the performance problem? Most experts agree that 75% to 80% of
performance problems in relational applications is caused by poor SQL or application code, but on the web . . .
ASP
XML
HTMLgateway
Java applet
DB2Connect
init.ora
SQL*Net
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Java’s Popularity is Skyrocketing
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Java Software Market ($U.S. Millions)
Source: IDC
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Why Java?
• Portability
• Make web pages active and dynamic
• Like C/C++ with a smaller footprint
• Lower cost of change (DLLs)
• Download changes from the web
• But– slower - interpreted, not compiled
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Java and Databases:Two Methods
• JDBC– Enables Dynamic SQL from Java– Uses API (CLI)
• SQLJ– Enables Static SQL for Java– Uses embedded SQL
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Java Alphabet Soup
• J2EE - Java 2 Enterprise Edition– Standard services and specifications for making
Java highly available, secure, reliable, and scalable for enterprise adoption
• EJB - Enterprise Java Beans– Components that contain the business logic for
a J2EE application
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Impact of Java on DBA
• Application tuning– Must understand Java
• To provide guidance during design reviews– Is the problem in the SQL or the application
• How can you tune the application if you do not understand the language (Java)?
– Optimizing SQL is not enough since it may be embedded in poor application code
– Must understand the SQL techniques used• JDBC and SQLJ
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Microsoft .NET
• ... is a set of Microsoft technologies for connecting people, systems, and devices
• ... allows Internet Servers to expose functions to any client named as .NET web services
• … enables software to be delivered as a service over the web
• … is designed to let many different services and systems interact
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Java versus .Net
• ...designed to enable applications to be deployed on any platform as long as they are written in Java
• …designed to enable development in multiple languages as long as the application is deployed on Windows
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The Rush to XML
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What is XML?
• XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language. – Like HTML, XML is based on SGML
(Standard Generalized Markup Language)
– HTML uses tags to describe the appearance of data on a page, whereas XML uses tags to describe the data itself, instead of its appearance.
– Allows documents to be self-describing, through the specification of tag sets and the structural relationships between the tags.
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XML is a Meta Language
• XML is actually a meta language - a language used to define other languages.
– These languages are collected in dictionaries called Document Type Definitions (DTDs).
– The DTD stores definitions of tags for specific industries or fields of knowledge. So, the meaning of a tag must be defined in a DTD before it can be used.
– The DTD for an XML document can be either part of the document or stored in an external file.
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Sample XML DTD<!DOCTYPE CUSTOMER [<!ELEMENT CUST (first_name, middle_initial, last_name, company_name, street_address, city, state, zip_code, country*)><!ELEMENT first_name (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT middle_initial (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT last_name (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT company_name (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT street_address (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT city (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT state (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT zip_code (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT country (#PCDATA)>]
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Sample XML
<CUSTOMER><first_name>Craig</first_name><middle_initial>S.</middle_initial><last_name>Mullins</last_name><company_name>BMC Software, Inc.</company_name><street_address>2101 CityWest Blvd.</street_address><city>Houston</city><state>TX</state><zip_code>77042</zip_code><country>U.S.A.</country></CUSTOMER>
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Why is XML Important?
• XML is used for exchanging and sharing data – Inter- and intra-organization
• XML may be used to define database structures – and vice versa
DOCTYPEXML definition lorem ipsum . . . Generate DDL
PhysicalDatabase
Generate XML
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XML to DBMS Add XML functionality to the DBMS
• Extender capabilities similar to IBM DB2 video, image, audio, and other multimedia data types
• Combine UDT, UDFs, and triggers for functionality
XML document stored in a column -or- XML components stored as parts of multiple columns
in multiple tables Formulate XML documents from existing tables Search XML documents text and sections XQuery capabilities
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XML and Data Management
• Middleware: Software called from your application to transfer data between XML documents and databases. For data-centric applications.
• XML-Enabled Databases: Databases with extensions for transferring data between XML documents and themselves. Primarily for data-centric applications.
• Native XML Databases: Databases that store XML in "native" form. For data- and document-centric applications.
• XML Servers: XML-aware J2EE servers, Web application servers, integration engines, and custom servers. For data- and document-centric applications.
• Wrappers: Software that treats XML documents as a source of relational data. These products typically query XML documents using SQL. For data-centric applications.
• Content Management Systems: Applications built on top of native XML databases and/or the file system for content/document management. For document-centric applications.
• XML Query Engines: Standalone engines that can query XML documents. For data- and document-centric applications.
• XML Data Binding: Products that can bind XML documents to objects. Some of these can also store/retrieve objects from the database. For data-centric applications.
Source: XML Database Products by Ronald Bourret
http://www.rpbourret.com/xml/XMLDatabaseProds.htm
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Impact of XML on DBA• Database definition
– Perhaps a new way to create databases
• DTDs to build a database schema
• Create DTD from a database schema
• Interface to data modeling tools
• Data access– Database extenders
– XML defines the data it contains
• New XML DBMS products?– Tamino (Software AG)
– Xperanto (IBM)
• Over-enthusiasm!
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Logic and the DBMS
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Triggers vs. Functions vs. Procs
CodeCode
CodeCode
UPDATE
Code
Code
CodeCode
CodeCode
Code
Code
INSERT
DELETE
UDFs function( ) if this then that else do this stuff return x end
TriggersTriggers
StoredStoredProceduresProcedures
SQL
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Procedural DBA Duties
DEVELOP
DEBUG
StoredProcedures
Triggers
Functions
DB2
ExternalLibraries
PerformanceMonitors
Admin.Process
DesignReview
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Role of the Procedural DBA
DBCO Administration
(trigger firing order, proc set)DesignReviewsEXPLAIN
Analysis
DebuggingSQL
Coding
Complex
Queries
Tuning SQL
On Callfor DBCOAbends
DBCO Implementation(COMMIT in proc, write or guide)
EnsuringReuse
Schema
Resolution
DBCO = Database Code Object
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Non-Traditional Data
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“Universal” Data
Source: Gartner Group
ExistingDatabases
Unstructured Structured
Complex
Simple
Audio
Seismic Data
Images
VideoGraphics
Text
Compound Docs
Design Data
Spatial Data
Temporal Data
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Multimedia = Big Databases
Object Typical Size
HD TV 200 MB/second
Feature-length,high-resolution movie 5-6 GB
High-resolution video 3 GB/hour
Feature-length movie 2 GB
Video 1 GB/hour
Radiologic image 40-60 MB
Color image 20-40 MB
Large image 200 KB-3 MB
Text 30-40 KB/page
Check image 45 KB
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Integration and Federation
• DBMSs are adapting to “handle” more types of non-traditional data– Spreadsheets– Word documents– Presentations
• How?– Integrate the data into the DBMS– Federate and manage the data “where it lies”
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DBMS to Manage All Kinds of Data
Federated DBMS
• A federated approach allows the DBMS to manage data where it exists
Spreadsheet
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DBMS to Manage All Kinds of Data
Or integration…
• An alternate approach “sucks” the non-relational data into the DBMS to be managed
Spreadsheet
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Autonomic ComputingAutonomic Computing
SelfManaging
VirtualReorg
DatabaseWizards
Real TimeStatistics
Correct andNotify
IntelligentAutomation
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Data Keeps Growing
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Phenomenal Data Growth• “Global 2000 companies double the amount of data they own
every year, while the average dot-com’s data doubles every 90 days.”
– Mike Ruettgers, CEO of EMC Corp., Oracle Open World 2001
• “Inside IBM we talk about 10 times more connected people, 100 time more network speed, a 1000 times more devices and a million times more data.”
– Lou Gerstner, CEO of IBM Corp., eBusiness Expo 2000
• A recent research note from Giga Information Group estimates that there are about 201,000TB, or about 197 petabytes, on the planet. Of course, this is just an estimate that Giga deems to be accurate within an order of magnitude (that is, within a factor of 10).
• McKinsey & Company reports a CAGR of 76% for data storage.
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Relational Database Size
Source: Gartner Group
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Database Size Issues• Technology enables larger databases
• Web, multimedia, data warehousing, and data mining drive up database size
• Disk drives increase in capacity butspeed of access does not keep up withcapacity increases
• Cost of storage decreasing; sowhy not store more data? But...– What data do users need to store?
– How long must it be maintained?
– What are they willingto pay?
0010 001010100 101011101011 101011010010101 0100100110101011100001111001010100100101000100101
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The Database Environment
• A lot of choices!– Vendor, platform, and architecture of DBMS
MVS, OS/390, z/OSWindows NT / 2000 / XPUnix
AIXSun SolarisHP-UXLinux
others?Others (VSE, VMS, MPE, OS/400, etc.)
Desktop OSWindows 98 / ME / XPLinuxMac?
Enterprise- Parallel EditionDepartmentalPersonalMobile (PDA)
Adabas, Teradata, PostgreSQL, Supra, Compaq Non-Stop SQL, Ingres, IMS, IDMS, Datacom, Teradata, others...
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Heterogeneity Plus!Heterogeneity Plus!
• The DBA’s knowledge must span the entire enterprise– Operating Systems
– Networking Protocols
– Programming Languages
– Business Objectives
– And so on…
• The DBA’s knowledge must span the entire enterprise– Operating Systems
– Networking Protocols
– Programming Languages
– Business Objectives
– And so on…
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Impact on the DBA• Unrealistic Expectations
– Impossible to master everything
• Education is the first thing cut!
– Impossible to specialize in a heterogeneous shop
• Reactive mode is encouraged
– Even though proactive mode is optimal
– Who looks for more problems when they don’t have enough time in the day to solve the problems of those complaining the loudest.
– DBA uses YBWJ method
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Worldwide Spending for ERP Packaged Software
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Manufacturing
Distribution
Human Resources
Financial
Source: IDC
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The Computing “Platform” Evolution
The DBMS
Network (LAN/WAN)
Communications
The Operating System
Hardware
“Base” Applications
MVS, UNIX, WIN (NT,95)
Proprietary (IBM+) to Open (Wintel, HP/Intel)
SNA, TCP/IP, NFS
TCP/IP, Novell, WinNT
DB2, Oracle, SQL Server
SAP, Oracle, Baan, PeopleSoft
“Customer Service Apps”
60’s
2000+
This is the current battleground,NOT the DBMS
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Simple› Numbers› Characters› Date› Time Complex › BLOBs› CLOBsVaried› Content
Management
Business› Data in
Context
Integration› Systems› PeopleSystems› Technology to
store and reportPeople› Identify› Capture› Maintain
Integration› Multiple
pointsof knowledge
Understanding› Knowledge
applied
The Data Continuum
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
ContextExperience Perception
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The Data Continuum
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
DBMSFilesSpreadsheetsGraphicsFoldersEtc.
Data ModelsData DictionaryRepository
Technology +People
Knowledge Management
Knowledge +Application Systems
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The Data Continuum
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
ContextExperience Perception
An Example:
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Other DBMS Market Trends
• ODBMS – no longer a threat to become “mainstream” but…
• “Post-Relational” DBMS?– XML DBMS– The Associative Model – Multivalue DBMS
• In Memory DBMS
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Enter the DBA
• The job of database The job of database administration is getting administration is getting increasingly more difficult increasingly more difficult as database technology as database technology rapidly advances adding rapidly advances adding new functionality, more new functionality, more options, and more options, and more complex and comp-complex and comp-licated capabilities... licated capabilities...
• The job of database The job of database administration is getting administration is getting increasingly more difficult increasingly more difficult as database technology as database technology rapidly advances adding rapidly advances adding new functionality, more new functionality, more options, and more options, and more complex and comp-complex and comp-licated capabilities... licated capabilities...
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The DBA is a “Jack of all Trades”
DB2
database schema
DNS
SQL
application code
Javaoperating system
network software
ISP
bridge/router/hub
HTTP
network cabling
hardware
CGI
connection ZPARMs
3GL
ASP
XML
HTMLgateway
Java appletDB2
Connect
OracleInformix
SQL Server
Unix
WindowsOS/390
SQL*Net
TCP/IP
V$ Tables
COBOL
VB
C++
JCLCICS
MQ
Linux
VTAM
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• Intelligent automation of DBA tasks– because no one has all the skilled resources
they need– frees up more DBA time
So What is Needed?
AutomatedIntelligent“Scrubbing Bubbles”
They work hard so you don’t have tooooo…
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A DBA Control Panel
DBA-focused on DBA tasks, not focused on systems managementtasks like framework products… but integrated with systemsmanagement functionality where it makes sense.
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Contact Information
Craig S. MullinsTechnology Planning
http://www.craigsmullins.com
http://www.bmc.com
http://www.craigsmullins.com/cm-book.htm
http://www.craigsmullins.com/dba_book.htm