dba-hem 10th anniversary simon marginson
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Power-point presentation prof. Simon Marginson (University of Melbourne), Bath, 17 September 2012TRANSCRIPT
DBA 10th Anniversary Conference, University of Bath:Disruptive Change and Innovation in Higher Education
Globalization and higher education:
Taking stock
Simon MarginsonCentre for the Study of Higher Education
University of Melbourne
Taking stock
• Early (c. 1990) expectations of globalization• How it has worked out• New spatiality in higher education• Rise and rise of North East Asia/Singapore• Concluding thoughts
Early (c. 1990) expectations of globalization
Globalization: ‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of all forms of world-wide interconnectedness’
- David Held and colleagues, Global Transformations 1999, p. 2
Neo-liberal expectations of globalizationWeakened national sovereignty and national regulation
Integrated world-markets, removal of trade barriers
One Anglo-American political culture
Reduced global poverty, advancing prosperity all-round
In higher education: WTO-GATS agenda in national systems, global market in student places, e-Universities
Arjun Appadurai’s expectations *Globalization as extended and intensified modernization
Globalization manifest in distinctive ‘scapes’—financescapes, ethnoscapes, technoscapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes—with uneveness and disjuncture between them
Nation-state in decline and crisis
Deterritorialization of identities
* Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization (1996)
How it has worked out
A strong nation-state survives(but cannot control cultural globalization, and is now more globally referenced than before)
Economic globalization is incoherent, incomplete, WTO-GATS falters
Cultural globalization has exceeded mainstream expectations
Global English, Internet subjectivities, organizational uniformity across the world, ideology of universal capitalism, one-world science system, research university template, rankings, etc
Technologial globalization in higher education: From e-U’s to MOOCS
A new spatiality in higher education
• One (imagined) university world with universal ranking• Spread of capacity in higher education and research to a
growing number of countries• Regionalisation as a response to globalisation• Rise of East Asia and, to an extent, rise of Latin America• Global projects in national systems and institutions:
Partnerships, consortia, hubs, education theme-parks, knowledge cities, cross-border campuses, etc
Countries with 1000+ science papers p.a.US National Science Foundation data for 2009
ANGLO-SPHERE
EUROPE EU NATIONS
EUROPENON-EU
ASIA LATIN AMERICA
Australia Austria Italy Croatia China Argentina
Canada Belgium Netherlands Norway India Brazil
N. Zealand Czech Rep. Poland Russia Japan ChileUK Denmark Portugal Serbia Malaysia Mexico
USA Finland Rumania Switzerland Pakistan
France Slovakia Turkey Singapore M.EAST /AF
Germany Sweden Ukraine South Korea Egypt
Greece Spain Taiwan Iran
Hungary Sweden Thailand Israel
Ireland Sth. Africa
Tunisia
R&D investment by world region 2009
Region Investment in R&D(US National Science Foundation data)
North America $433 billion (33.9% of world total)
East, SE & South Asia $402 billion (31.5%)
Europe $319 billion (25.0%)
Middle East & Africa $35 billion (2.7%)
South & Central America $32 billion (2.5%)
Australia & Pacific $22 billion (1.8%)
Rise of North East Asia and Singapore
Asian middle class to 2030 (millions)Source: European Union Institute for Strategic Studies
Middle class is defined as persons living on USD $10-100 per day PPP
Gross National Income per head 2010World Bank, CIA Fact Book for Taiwan data only
Country/system Population(millions)
GNI PPP per year(USD $s)
Singapore 5.1 55,790Hong Kong SAR 7.1 47,480Macau SAR (GNI 2009) 0.5 45,220Taiwan (population 2012) 23.2 35,700Japan 127.5 34,640South Korea 48.7 29,010China (mainland only) 1338.3 7640Vietnam 86.2 3070India 1224.6 3550
Top ten school systems OECD PISA 2009 (mean student scores, Post –Confucian education systems in red)
Reading Mathematics Science
Shanghai China 556 Shanghai China 600 Shanghai China 575
South Korea 539 Singapore 562 Finland 554
Finland 536 Hong Kong 555 Hong Kong 549
Hong Kong 533 South Korea 546 Singapore 542
Singapore 526 Taiwan China 543 Japan 539
Canada 524 Finland 541 South Korea 538
New Zealand 521 Liechtenstein 536 New Zealand 532
Japan 520 Switzerland 534 Canada 529
Australia 515 Japan 529 Estonia 528
Netherlands 508 Canada 527 Australia 527
Australia 15th 514
UK equal 25th 424 UK 28th 492 UK 16th 514
USA equal 15th 500 USA equal 31st 487 USA 23rd 502
Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio, 2010UNESCO Institute for Statistics & Taiwan Ministry of Education
Growth of science papers, 1995-2009(1995 = 1.00)
US National Science Foundation
Research papers per year, 1995-2009China, Japan, India & Korea
US National Science Foundation data
Research papers per year, 1995-2009Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand
US National Science Foundation data
Science papers in global journals, East, SE and South Asia, 2009
US National Science Foundation
Shanghai JTU top 500 universitiesChinese systems 2005 & 2012
2005 2012
China mainland 8 28
Hong Kong SAR 5 5
Taiwan China 5 9
Total 18 42
High citation rate Asia Pacific universitiesUniversity / nation Number of science
papers 2005-2009(Leiden CWTS data)
Proportion (%) of papers in top 10% in field by citation
U Cambridge UK 14,046 16.7
Hong Kong UST HONG KONG SAR 3568 14.9
Pohang U SOUTH KOREA 3264 14.1
National U Singapore SINGAPORE 11,838 13.8
Nankai U CHINA 4211 13.4
U Science & Technology CHINA 6789 13.0
ANU AUSTRALIA 5551 12.9
City U Hong Kong HONG KONG SAR 3903 12.7
Lanzhou U CHINA 3531 11.9
U Melbourne AUSTRALIA 9724 11.9
U Queensland AUSTRALIA 9088 11.8
U Hong Kong HONG KONG SAR 6820 11.5
Korea Advanced IS&T SOUTH KOREA 5319 11.4
‘Quantity of quality’ in science papersnumber of papers in top 10% in their field by cite rate, 2005-2009
University / nation Number of top 10% papers 2005-2009 (Leiden)
world rank
U Cambridge UK 2351 12
U Tokyo JAPAN 1873 23
National U Singapore SINGAPORE 1635 31
Kyoto U JAPAN 1424 39
Tsinghua U CHINA 1242 47
Zhejiang U CHINA 1188 50
U Melbourne AUSTRALIA 1159 53
Seoul National U KOREA 1158 54
U Queensland AUSTRALIA 1074 62
U Sydney AUSTRALIA 1026 68
National Taiwan U TAIWAN 1000 72
Osaka U JAPAN 993 73
Peking U CHINA 953 79
Relative research qualityWorld share of research papers/
highly cited papers, 2010 US National Science Foundation
United States
China Japan Asia-8*
Share of world science papers
27.8% 7.5% 7.0% 7.4%
Share of top 1% most highly cited papers
48.9% 3.6% 4.3% 2.7%
* Asia-8 countries are the significant research producers South Korea, India, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand plus Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines
The patterns vary by discipline World share of highly cited papers, 2010
US National Science Foundation
Share of top 1% most highly cited papers
USA China Japan Asia-8
Engineering 38.5% 12.3% 4.7% 8.5%
Chemistry 34.2% 10.6% 6.7% 6.0%
Mathematics 40.7% 8.7% 2.1% 3.4%
Rapid improvement in China and Asia-8Share of world’s top 1% most cited papers,
Chemistry, 2000 & 2010 US National Science Foundation
share of top 1% papers in Chemistry
USA China Japan Asia-8
2000 48.6% 0.6% 9.3% 1.5%
2010 34.2% 10.6% 6.7% 6.0%
Science papers per year, 1995-2009five Latin American nations
US National Science Foundation data
Concluding thoughts
Neo-liberal expectations of globalization
Weakened national sovereignty and national regulation
NOT REALLY
Integrated world-markets, removal of trade barriers
INTEGRATION HAS FALTERED: CRISIS
One Anglo-American political culture NO WAY(IN YOUR DREAMS, GWB)
Reduced global poverty, advancing prosperity all-round
STAGNATION, GROWING INEQUALITY
In higher education: WTO-GATS agenda in national systems, global market in student places, e-Universities
WTO-GATS FAILED, BUT GROWTH OF TRADE.
E-U’S FAILED
Arjun Appadurai’s expectations (1992)Globalization as extended and intensified modernization
CORRECT CALL
Globalization manifest in distinctive ‘scapes’—financescapes, ethnoscapes, technoscapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes—with uneveness and disjuncture between them
YES, MEDIASCAPES AND TECHNOSCAPES ARE
MORE ADVANCED THAN THE OTHERS
Nation-state in decline and crisis WRONG CALL
Deterritorialization of identities BOTH GLOBAL AND LOCATED IDENTITIES
More than one modernityConvergent capitalist political economies and the growth of global science are not ‘one thing’. They are articulated through several distinctive political-cultural configurations
‘For 300 years, all of humanity has certainly become more closely linked to one another through colonialism, unequal trade and technological development. Yet a common path hardly exists between the colonizer and the colonized, between Africa and the US, or between China and the European powers.’
- Wang Hui, The End of the Revolution: China and the limits of modernity, 2009, p. 85.
Failure to evolve global governance, neglect of global public good
The research university form has never looked stronger than it is right now, but it could become debundled
http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff_pages/Marginson/Marginson.html
Cambridge UP, Cambridge, May 2010
Springer, Dordrecht, September 2011
Routledge, New York, August 2011
Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, September 2011