dbms tamil for a/l ict

juTj;jsk;

Prepared BYB.Christopaul (MSc, BSc)

B.Christopaul (MSc, BSc) 2

juT Data

• msTfs;> vOj;JUf;fs;> FwpaPLfs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L fzpdpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nray;Kiwfs;> ,it kpd;rkpQ;irfshf flj;jg;gl;L fhe;j xspapay;> nghwpapay; Clfq;fspy; Nrkpj;Jitj;jyhFk;.


jfty;: Information

• jfty; vd;gJ mjid ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtWf;F tpsf;fj;ijf; nfhLf;ff; $ba tifapy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jYf;fl;gLj;jg; gl;l juthFk;.


gpuNahf nray;Kiwfs;• Njitfisf; fz;lwpjy;• ER tiuglj;ij jahupj;jy;• ER tiuglj;ij njhlu;GKiw juTj;js ml;ltizf;F

khw;Wjy;• ,ay;ghf;fy;• xUikg;ghL fl;Lg;ghbly;• DDL cgNahfpj;J njhlu;GKiw juTj;jsk;

cUthf;fy;• DML cgNahfpj;J juT Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;


njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsk;

• ,U tplaq;fs; G+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.– rfy juTfSk; ml;ltizfspy; khj;jpuk; Nrkpj;jy;– rfy nraw;ghLfs; (operations) %yKk; gioa

ml;ltizfs; ghtpf;fg;gl;L Gjpa ml;ltizfs; cUthFjy;.

• vdNt> SQL fl;lisfs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; midj;J ngWNgWfSk; ml;ltizfshFk;.


njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsk; (Relational Database)

• ,t; tpsf;fj;jpw;fika juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik nahd;iwg; (DBMS) gad;gLj;jp ml;ltizfs; gytw;iw cUthf;Ftjhy; khj;jpuk; mJ xU juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik (Relational Database) nahd;whf miktjpy;iy vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;.

• cUthf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizfSf;fpilapy; njhlu;GKiw cUthf;ff; $bathW ml;ltizfs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.


njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsk; (Relational Database)

• xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;GilaJk;> xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJkhd juTj;jsnkhd;wpd; njhFg;G vd vspjhf tpsf;f KbAk;.

• ,jd; %d;W gFjpfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.– ml;ltiz (Table)– gjpT/tupir (Record/Row/Tuple)– Gyk; (Field/ Attribute)


Gyq;fs;• njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; juTfs; gjpag;gLtJ

Gyq;fspyhFk;.• Gynkhd;wpDy; xNutifahd juTfs; gjpag;gLk;.• njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; Gynkhd;W NkYk; gpupglhJ• mjhtJ NkYk; rpW gFjpfshf NtWgLj;Jtjw;J juTj;jsj;jpw;F

KbahJ.

• cjhuzk;:– jpfjp (date) Gynkhd;nwdpd; mjid tUlk;> khjk;> jpfjp vd

njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsnkhd;wpw;F KbahJ. mt;thW Njitnadpd; nkdnghUspDs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

– mJ jpfjpjhd; vd mwpa njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsnkhd;wpw;F KbahJ.


Gyq;fs;


gjpT

gjpT xd;W Gyk; xd;wpdhNyh gytw;whNyh ,Uf;fyhk;


ml;ltiz

• ml;ltiznahd;wpy; gjpTfs;– G+r;rpakhf ,Uf;fyhk;– Xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;– Xd;wpw;;F Nkw;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk;


ml;ltiznahd;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;

gjpTfspd; gpujpfs; ,Uf;f KbahJgjpTfs; tupir Kiwapy; fhzg;glhJGyq;fs; tupir Kiwapy; fhzg;glhJGyq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l ngUkhdq;fs; gpupgl KbahJ. (atomic).


• (redundancy) juT kpifikiaf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;– kpifikapd; fhuzkhf ,lf;nfhs;ssT tPzhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.– kpifikapid KOikahf ePf;fKbAk; vdNth– my;yJ KOikahf ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fUj;jhFk;.

• (inconsistency) xUq;fpirtpd;ikiajtpu;Jf; nfhs;sf; $baik– ml;ltiznahd;wpd; Kjd;ikr;rhtp NtnwhU ml;ltizapy;

me;epar;rhtpahf ghtpf;fg;gLkplj;J xNu juT kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jtpu;f;f KbahjjhFk;. ,q;F kpifik gw;wpa rpf;fy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

– mt;thwhd kPs;gjpTfs; eilngwhtpbd; ml;ltiz ,uz;bw;fpilapyhd njhlu;GKiw Vw;glhJ.

juT Kiwapdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;


juT Kiwapdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;• (share) juitg; gfpu;e;J gad;gLj;jf; $baik

– juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; ‘juT’vd;gJ mq;F Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ngWkhdq;fs; MFk;.

– mt;thW Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ngWkhdq;fs; %yk; gadu; xUtuhy; tpsf;fnkhd;iw ngwKbAkhapd; mJ jftyhFk;

– gadu;fs; ,Utifg;gLtu;• jdpg;gadu; (single user)

– rhjhuzkhf xU fzpdpiag; ghtpg;ghu;– xU fzpdpAs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gpuNahfq;fs; (applications) %yk; xNu juT gad;gLj;j

KbAk;• gw;;gadu; (multi user)

– rhjhuzkhfxd;Wf;FNkw;wl;lfzpdpghtpf;fg;gLk;– Xd;Wf;FNkw;gl;l fzpdpfs; ghtpf;fg;gLtjd ;%yk; gy gadu;fs; xNu gpuNahfj;ij xNu

rkaj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk– ,t;tpU re;ju;g;gq;fspd; NghJk; juT gfpu;T eilngWfpd;wJ.– xNujilitapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l juitg; gad;gLj;jp Gjpa gpuNahfq;fis

cUthf;fyhk; – ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs; juit gfpu;e;J gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.


• (standards) epakq;fis mKy;gLj;jf; $baik– gpuNahfq;fs; (application) – juT gpujpepjpj;Jtk; (data representation) – juT gupkhw;wk; (data exchange) – juT ngauply; (data naming) –Mtzg;gLj;jy; (documentation)



• ghJfhg;G tiuaiwfis gad;gLj;jf; $baik (security) – mDfy; topfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;– gy;NtWgl;l gadu;fSf;F (retrieve, modify, update, delete,

etc) cupkkspj;jy;.– ,yj;jpuzpay; juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba

xU mk;rkhFk;• juT xOq;fikitg; ghJfhj;jy; (integrity)

– kPs;gjpT Vw;gLjypd; tpiythy; cz;lhtjhFk;– Rupepiy cWjpg;gLj;jy; ,jd; %yk; eilngWk;– kPs;gjpT ,y;yhtpbDk; rupepiycWjpg;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.



Njitfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

• ghlrhiy xd;wpYs;s khztu;fs; gy;NtW tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLtJld; xt;nthU tpisahl;bw;Fk; nghWg;ghd xU MrpupaUk; xU ,lKk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tpisahl;Lf;fspy; gq;F nfhs;Sk; khztu;fsJ Nru;tpyf;fk;> khztu; ngau;> tPl;L Kftup> tFg;G> gq;Fgw;Wk; tpisahl;L> tpisahl;Lj; jiytd; Nghd;wit mlq;fpa Nfhg;nghd;iw eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;F mjpgu; jpl;lkpl;Ls;shu;. xU khztu; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <Lgl KbAk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU tpisahl;bw;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khztu;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. xt;nthU khztDk;; Kd;dNu xU tpisahl;bw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l kzpj;jpahyq;fspd; gb fye;J nfhs;sKbAk;.


ER tiuglj;ij jahupj;jy

• ,dq;fhzg;gl;lnghJg; ngau;r; nrhw;fisAk;> tpidr; nrhw;fisAk; Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• nghJg; ngau;r; nrhw;fs;> cUnghUs;> gz;Gfs; vd;gtw;iwNtwhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• nghJg; ngau;fs;fisAk; (cUnghUs;fs;)> tpidr;nrhw;fisAk; (njhlu;GKiw) njhlu;GgLj;jy;

• nghJg; ngau;fis(gz;Gfs;)> cUnghUs;fSld; mDtjpj;jy; (Secondment)

• vz;zstpidmwpe;Jnfhs;sy;


ER tiuglj;ij njhlu;GKiw juTj;js ml;ltizf;F khw;Wjy;

njhlu;GKiw nray;Kiw

Xd;W -xd;W cUnghUs;fs; ,uz;il ml;ltizfs; ,uz;lhf khw;WjYk;> xU cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpia mLj;j cUnghUspy; me;epar; rhtpahf mikj;jYk;

Xd;W-gy ,uz;lhf khw;WjYk;> 1:M ,d; 1 w;Fupa gf;fj;jpYs;s cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpia Mgf;fj;jpYs;s cUnghUspd; me;epar;rhtpahf ghtpj;jYk

gy–gy ,uz;lhfkhw;WjYk;> Gjpjhf ml;ltiznahd;iw cUthf;fp mit ,uz;bdJk; Kjd;ikr; rhtpfisAk; ,izj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l me;epar;rhtp Gjpa ml;ltizapy; Kjd;ikr; rhtpahf gad;gLj;jy;


xd;W-xd;W (1:1) njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy;

njhlu;nghd;W ,y;iy njhlu;nghd;W cUthf;FtJ vt;thW?

xU khztUf;F xU Nkir xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ xU Nkir xU khztUf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ


xd;W-xd;W (1:1) njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy;


xd;W - gy njhlu;Gepiyia

• ghlrhiy Kiwiknahd;wpy;– xU khztUf;F tFg;gpy; khj;jpuk; ,Uf;fyhk;– xU tFg;gpy; khztu; xUtu; my;yJ gyu; ,Uf;fyhk;.

•xU tFg;gpy; khztu; xUtu; khj;jpuk;; ,Uf;fyhk;.•xU khztUf;F xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l tFg;Gfspy; ,Uf;fyhk;•ghlrhiy Kiwiknahd;iwf; fUJk; NghJ ,J rupahdjy;y.•vdpDk; jdpahu; tFg;G Kiwikfspy; ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.


xd;W - gy njhlu;Gepiyia

,J xU jPu;thf mikahjJ Vd;


xd;W - gy njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy;


gy-gy njhlu;Gepiy

ghlrhiy Kiwiknahd;wpy• xU khztUf;F xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l

tpisahl;Lfspy; gq;F nfhs;syhk;• xW tpisahl;bw;F gy khztu;fs; gq;F

nfhs;syhk;


gy-gy njhlu;Gepiy




gy-gy njhlu;Gepiy fl;bnaOg;gy;

Gjpjhf ml;ltiznahd;W cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;;


gapw;rp - 01


gapw;rp - 02


gapw;rp - 03


gapw;rp - 04


gapw;rp - 05


,ay;ghf;Fjy;• Kjy; ,ay;G– xNu khjpupahd Gyq;fs; (Fields) kPz;Lk;

kPz;Lk; cNahfg;gLj;jy; jtpu;f;fg;gly;.• ,uz;lhk; ,ay;G– juT (Data) kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cNahfg;gLj;jy;

jtpu;f;fg;gly;.• %d;wlhk; – ml;ltiznahd;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; gjpTfs;

Kjd;ikr;rhtpapy; khj;jpuk; jq;fpapUg;gij cWjpnra;jy;


Kjy; ,ay;ghf;fy;• xNukhjpupahdGyq;fs; (Fields) kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cNahfg;gLj;jy;

jtpu;f;fg;gly;.• Xd;Nwhnlhd;Wnjhlu;GilaGyq;fisf; nfhz;L jdpnahU ml;ltiz

cUthf;Fjy;.• Xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gila Gyq;fis Kjd;ikr;rhtp %yk; milahsk;

fhzKbAk; vd;gijcWjpr;nra;jy;

• xNu tifahd juTfis gjptjw;F gy Gyq;fis ghtpj;jy; $lhJ.– cjhuzkhf> ,U tsq;fspypUe;J nghUl;gjpNtl;bw;F tuf; $ba tplankhd;iw NjLk;

NghJ Vendor Code 1, Vendor Code 2. vDk; Gyq;fs; fhzg;glyhk;.• %d;whtJ Nru;f;f Ntz;b Vw;gbd; vd;d elf;Fk;. NkYk; xU Gyj;ij

Nru;g;gJ jPu;ty;y. ,jw;F epuyplYk; ml;ltizfis GJg;gpj;jYk; mtrpakhtJld;> Vendor u;fs; khWk; vz;zpf;iff;F ,lkspf;f KbahJ.

• vdNt> rfy tpahghupfisAk; cs;slf;ff;$ba tifapy; ‘vendor’vDk; jdpahd ml;ltiznahd;wpy; mj;jfty;fis gjpa Ntz;Lk;. gpwF mjid nghUs; gjpNtl;Lld; Kjd;ikr;;rhtpg; Gynkhd;Wld; njhlu;G gLj;jTk;. – cjhuzk; item number key, vendor code key.


Kjy; ,ay;ghf;fy;

Fwpg;G:ER tiuglk; rupahf cUthf;fg;gl;lhy; ,e;epiy fhzg;glhJ


,uz;lhk; ,ay;ghf;fy;

• rhtpapy; jq;fpapuhj Gyq;fs; ePf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

• gjpTfs; ml;ltizap;d; Kjd;ikr;rhtpapyd;wp NtWtplaq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;ff;$lhJ. (Njitg;gbd; fyg;Gr;rhtp)

• cjhuzj;jpw;F fzf;fPl;L Kiwiknahd;wpy; thbf;ifahsupd; Kftupiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;f. customerml;ltiznahd;wpw;F Kftup mtrpakhtJ Nghy; Orders, Shipping, Invoices, Accounts Receivable, Collections Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

• thbf;ifahsupd; (customer) Kftupia xt;nthU ml;ltizapYk;; jdpj;jdpahf gjpT nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf customer ml;ltizapy; my;yJ address ml;ltizapy; jdpahfgjpayhk;


%d;whk;; ,ay;ghf;fy;

• cjhuzj;jpw;F • Ckpau; Ml;Nru;gG (Employee Recruitment ) ml;ltizapy;>

xUNju;T ehLdu; (candidate) gy;fiyf;fofg; ngau; kw;Wk; Kftup cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy; FO mQ;ry; Kiwapy; jfty; mDg;g> rfy gy;fiyf;fyfq;fspd; ngau;g;gl;bay; Njitg;gLk;. gy;fiyf;fyfq;fspd; tpguq;fs; ‘candidate’ml;ltizapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; Nju;TehLdu;fs; ,y;yhj gy;fiyf;foq;fis gl;bay;gLj;j Kbahj epiyNaw;gLk;. MfNt gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;nfd gpwpnjhU ml;ltizia cUthf;fp mjid ‘candidate’ml;ltizAld; rhtpg;Gynkhd;Wld; njhlu;GgLj;jTk;. (university code key)


gapw;rp - 01

gapw;rp - 02


gapw;rp - 03


gapw;rp - 04


gapw;rp - 05Student-No

Student-Name

Course-Code

Course-Length (yrs)

Unit-Code Unit-Name Lecturer

001 Smith A203 3 U45 Databases II Brown

001 Smith A203 4 U87 Programming Scott

003 Soap A104 4 U86 Algorithms Jane

003 Soap A104 4 U45 Databases II Brown

003 Soap A104 4 U25 Business I Red 007 Who A203 3 U12 Business II Pink007 Who A203 3 U46 Databases I Peter010 Lemon A323 2 U12 Business II Pink010 Lemon A323 2 U86 Algorithms Henry


Types of constraintsfl;Lj;jpl;l tiffs;

• ntw;W kWg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL (A NOT NULL constrain)

• jdpj;Jtfl;Lg;ghL (A unique constraint)• Kjd;ikr;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL (A primary key

constraint)• me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL (A foreign key

constraint)• ml;ltiz rupghu;j;jy; fl;Lg;ghL (A (table)

check constraint)



• ntw;W kWg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL (A NOT NULL constrain)– ntw;W kWg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ ml;ltiznahd;wpd;

epunyhd;wpy; my;yJ gytw;wpy; ntw;W ngWkhdq;fs; gjpT nra;ag;gLtij jilnra;fpwJ.

• jdpj;Jtfl;Lg;ghL (A unique constraint)– jdpj;Jtfl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ xU ml;ltiznahd;wpd; xU my;yJ gy

Gyq;fspy; xNu juT ,d;ndhUKiw gjpT nra;ag;gLjiy jLf;fpd;wJ. jdpj;Jt kw;Wk; Kjd;ikr;rhtp Mfpad jdpj;Jtfl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cjTfpd;wd.

– cjhuzj;jpw;F> supplier ml;ltizapy; toq;Fdu; xUtiujdpj;Jtkhf ,dq;fhz;gjw;F xt;nthU toq;FdUf;Fk; milahsq;fhzp (identifier) toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; xNumilahsq;fhzp ,d;DnkhU toq;FdUf;F toq;fg;glhkypUg;gij jdpj;Jtfl;Lg;ghL cWjpnra;fpwJ.



• Kjd;ikr;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL (A primary key constraint)– Kjd;ikr;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ jdpj;Jt fl;L;g;ghl;by; cs;sJ Nghd;w

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU my;yJ gy Gyq;fspd; Nru;f;ifahFk;.– ml;ltizfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig tiuaWf;f> Kjd;ikr;rhtpf;

fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; ghtpf;fyhk;.

• me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL (A foreign key constraint)– me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ xU my;yJ gy ml;ltizfspy; cs;s xU

my;yJ gy Gyq;fspd; ngWkhdk; gw;wpa ju;f;f tpjpahFk;– cjhuzj;jpw;F xU$l;Lj;jhdj;jpd; toq;Fdu;fsJ jfty;fis xUnjhFjp

ml;ltizfs; gupkhwpf;nfhs;fpd;wd. toq;Fdu; xUtupd;; ngau; mbf;fb khWgLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F Nkw;Nfhs; fl;Lj;jpl;nkhd;iw tiuaiwnra;ayhk;. xU ml;ltizapypUf;Fk; toq;Fdupd; ID toq;Fdu; tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ltizapy; IDAld; nghUe;jf;$bajf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,f;fl;Lg;ghL insert, update, or delete Nghd;w nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

49


• ml;ltiz rupghu;j;jy; fl;Lg;ghL (A (table) check constraint)– xU Fwpj;j ml;ltizapy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; juTfSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfis

tpjpf;fpd;wJ.– cjhuzj;jpw;F (ml;ltiz) rupghu;j;jy; fl;Lg;ghL> gpuj;jpNaf jfty;

mlq;fpa ml;ltizf;F rk;gs juTfs; Nru;f;fg;gLk; NghJ my;yJ ,w;iwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ xU njhopyhspf;Fupa rk;gsk; kl;lk; Mff; Fiwe;jJ $20000 fshf cs;snjd;gij cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

• gq;Nfw;G fl;Lg;ghL (PARTICIPATION CONSTRAINT)– xU njhopyhsp jpizf;fsnkhd;wpw;fhf Ntiynra;a Ntz;Lk;.– xU njhopyhsp vd;w cUnghUs; njhopy;Gupfpd;whu; vDk; njhlu;G

epiyAld; gq;Nfw;Fk; NghJ khj;jpuNk ,Uf;f KbAk;– me;j tifapy; mjdJ gq;Nfw;G KOikahdJ– rpy njhopyhsp khj;jpuk; jpizf;fsq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nrafpd;wdu;. ,J

rhu;Gila gq;Nfw;ghFk;B.Christopaul (MSc, BSc)

dbms tamil for a/l ict

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