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DBQ 5: NATIONALISM AROUND THE WORLD, 1905–1943 Historical Background

Around 1905, the Japanese Empire was able to prevent Russia and China from establishing their authority in Korea. With Korea in its sight, Japan worked to develop a relationship that would reap plentiful benefits. The Taft-Katsura Agreement of 1905 offered American permission to Japan to colonize Korea, as long as the United States could have authority over the Philippine Islands. Since there was no resistance in Korea, Japan signed another treaty with Korean leader King Kojong. This document made Korea a Japanese territory, and it allowed Japan to have jurisdiction over Korean foreign affairs. In addition, the resident general of Japan gradually claimed power over internal issues. Consequently, the Korean king was coerced into giving up his throne in 1907, only to be replaced by his son, Sunjong. Three years later, Japan made him give up the throne as well. Hence, by April 1910, Korea became an annexed country. Japan had obtained Korea without going to war. Naming the country “Chōsen,” Japan held dominance over Korea for the next 35 years.

QUESTION: How did the Japanese annexation of Korea affect its citizens?

The following documents will examine how the Japanese annexation of Korea affected the Korean citizens. Analyze each document carefully, and answer the question or questions that follow.

Document A

Japan-Korea. Teamwork and Unity. Champions of the World., c. 1930s

SECTION

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1. According to this political poster, how did the Japanese view their relationship with the Koreans?

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Document B

1. Based on the passage, explain the relationship between the Koreans and the Japanese.

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Our part is to influence the Japanese government, dominated as it is by the old idea of brute force which thinks to run counter to common and universal law, so that it will change, act honestly and in accord with the principles of right and truth. The result of annexation, brought about without any conference with the Korean people, is that the Japanese, indifferent to us, use every kind of partiality for their own, and by a false set of figures show a profit and loss account between us two peoples most untrue, digging a trench of everlasting resentment deeper and deeper the farther they go.

Ought not the way of enlightened courage to be to correct the evils of the past by ways that are sincere, and by true sympathy and friendly feeling make a new world in which the two peoples will be equally blessed?

To bind by force twenty million resentful Koreans will mean not only loss of peace forever for this part of the Far East…

The March 1st Proclamation of Korean Independence, 1919

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Document C

Japanese Empire Map, 1939CC BY-SA 3.0/Emok @ Wikimedia.org

1. Describe Japanese expansion, according to this map.

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2. Why would Japan have an interest in taking over Korea?

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Document D

1. Why was the “Japanese annexation of Korea” considered to be “unnatural and unreasonable”?

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2. How did the Korean Communist Party intend to stop this corruption?

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The fact that the Japanese annexation of Korea is unnatural and unreasonable is very clear. Since the annexation, Japan has deprived us of all freedom of assembly and speech. Japanese interference reached an extreme when they intervened in our industrial enterprises and by irrational laws prevented the growth of these industrial enterprises. The social progress of the Korean people and the cultural development of the masses have been virtually halted by these inhuman acts, which have brought hunger to the material life and impoverishment to the spirit of the masses. We are striving to overthrow the Japanese yoke for the prosperity of our people. We have fought a hard fight during the past three years, since the declaration of war against Japan. Though our efforts have been weak, our sincerity and zeal have more than supplemented what we have lacked in our forces and we believe that ultimate victory will be ours.

Our national emancipation movement is merely a step toward the ultimate purpose of social revolution. We are striving for the complete elimination of all the classes of our present society. This is our belief and, at the same time, the common objective of all the toiling masses of the world. Thus, our enemy is all the exploiting classes of the world as well as the Japanese militarists and financiers. All the masses who share the common fate under the oppression of the ruling class must unite.

Manifesto of the Korean Communist Party in Shanghai, 1921

Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________ Hour: _________

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3. Explain how the Japanese annexation of Korea affects North Korea’s relationship with other countries today.

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Document E

Korean Volunteers in the Imperial Japanese Army, 1943

1. Why did Japan need Korean volunteers in its army?

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Document F

1. What was expected of Japanese subjects?

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2. What were the benefits of obeying the pledge? What were the consequences of not obeying the pledge?

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Type A

1. We are the subjects of the great empire of Japan.

2. We shall serve the Emperor with united hearts.

3. We shall endure hardships and train ourselves to become good and strong subjects.

Type B

1. We the Imperial subjects shall serve the nation loyally and faithfully.

2. We the Imperial subjects shall, through trust and love, cooperate to strengthen our unity.

3. We the Imperial subjects will endure hardships and train ourselves to promote the Imperial way.

Pledge of the Imperial Subjects, 1937

Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________ Hour: _________

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Document G

Martial Law in Korea, c. 1900s

1. Define martial law.

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2. How was martial law implemented when it comes to these Korean civilians?

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3. How could martial law be carried out in the United States today? Give one to two examples to support your answer.

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