De-Colonization

Alan HuRyan VargasKyle Gasco

Emanni Butler

What path did India take to autonomy from British rule?

• Indian National Congress• Mohandas K. Gandhi• Ahimsa• Satyagraha• Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22 & Civil Disobedience

Movement of 1930• Government of India Act (1937)• Muhammad Ali Jinnah• Partition of India and violence• Nonalignment• *Palestine• *Creation of Israel• *Suez Crisis of 1956

British Rule and Indian Nationalism

• Colonial India ruled by British viceroy• Civil Service members felt they needed to

protect Indians from industrialization, as told by British colonial government

• Britain controlled their industrial introduction to India in order to benefit Britain’s economy and eliminate any chance of competition

• Allowed communication to be industrialized• At the turn of the century, most Indians accepted

British rule

British Rule and Indian Nationalism (con’t)

• 1885, Indian National Congress founded by a group of English speaking Hindus

• Members of the INC petitioned the government so that they could gain access to the higher administrative positions and a say in decisions

• Viceroy Lord Curzon divided Bengal into two separate provinces

• The partition of Bengal angered most of the Indian population

• Muslims feared Hindu dominance in East Bengal so they formed the All India Muslim League

• In East Bengal, most poor and low caste Hindus converted to Islam to escape discrimination

British Rule and Indian Nationalism (con’t)

• 1911, capital of India moved from Calcutta to Delhi by British

• To keep their states and their colonies peaceful, the British continued to “protect” India from industrializing

• Also in 1911, the first steel mill in India was created

British Rule and Indian Nationalism (con’t)

• During World War II, the Indians aided Britain by sending approximately 1.2 million men (volunteers) to Europe while millions of others donated their money to support the war

• Late 1918’s and early 1919’s, an influenza epidemic broke out upon the soldiers in Northern France

• Within a few months, it spread around the world

India Moves Toward Independence

Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence

• India was on the edge of riots and repression

• Mohandas K. Gandhi led many nonviolent demonstrations and preached ahimsa and satyagraha

• Gandhi was able to gain many followers from the poor, outcasts, and illiterate

• Transformed Indian independence from only educated Hindus to most Indian people

India Moves Toward Independence(con’t)

• In Gandhi’s “Walk to the Sea” he walked eighty miles and collected salt from the sea to show disregard to the salt monopoly

• Days after this event, demonstrations of support broke out across India

• Police killed a hundred demonstrators and arrested over sixty thousand

• Several times Gandhi came close to death from fasting• He was repeatedly arrested and spent a total of six years

in jail, but became popular• 1920’s, Britain slowly and reluctantly began to give in to

the pressure of the INC and the Muslim League

India Moves Toward Independence(con’t)

• 1920’s British started to give in to the pressure of the Indian National Congress

• India finally took steps to the industrialization in the years before the first and second World Wars

• Jawaharlal Nehru, unlike Gandhi looked forward to creating a modern industrial India

• Viceroy Lord Linlithgow declared war without consulting a single Indian

• 1943, India’s subordination to British was vividly showed in the famine in Bengal

• British army transport troops and equipment in preparation for a Japanese Invasion

• 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded a country of their own and to call it Pakistan

Decolonization and Nation Building

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottomans lost their empires• Colonies of Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the

United States were transformed into states• New independent states found possession of viable industries,

communication works, and education systems• In the nineteenth century, most of Latin America achieved political

independence• Mass political movements in this region focused on the issue of

economic sovereignty• Great Britain still retained colonies in the Caribbean after World War

II• Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad Tobago gained

independence in the 1960’s• Smaller British colonies gained independence in the 1970’s and

1980’s• Visions of independence/national growth captured the rest of world

Decolonization and Nation Building (con’t)

New Nations in South and Southeast Asia• 1947, India and Pakistan are very different• India took most of the industrial and education resources the

British had• 90% were Hindu while the remaining were Muslim• Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir added tension to the

independence by joining India• 1947, war broke out over Kashmir between India and Pakistan• 1948, truce ended the war• 1965, war over Kashmir broke out again• 1999-2000, new clashes in Kashmir• India realizes unity was beneficial• Pakistan breaks up• 1971, Bengali speaking section left to become Bangladesh

Decolonization and Nation Building (con’t)

• Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh went separate ways in economic, political, religious, and social paths

• Japanese supported groups against colonists• Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia cooperated with the

Japanese in hope that the Dutch would not return• 1949, Dutch withdrawal has been finally negotiated• Sukarno became dictator but was exiled in 1965• Burma gained independence from Britain in 1948 (now

Myanmar)• The Malay Federation was established in the same year• 1965, Singapore became an independent city state

Decolonization and Nation Building (con’t)

The Struggle for Independence in Africa• Postwar French government wanted to keep Algeria and

Vietnam• Algeria was declared part of France instead of a colony• 90% of the Algerian population were Muslims, who were

prohibited to drink alcohol, but tended to vineyards and produce immense quantities for the French

• 1954, the Algerians revolted, their organization was the Front de Libération National (FLN)

• 1962, Algeria won independence and many angry colonists returned to France

Decolonization and Nation Building (con’t)

• Most sub-Saharan Africa’s independence was through negotiating

• Educated African nationalists used the languages introduced by colonial governments to build multi-ethnic coalitions

• Promoted Africa’s new political consciousness and spread anti colonial ideas

• Improvements in medical care and public heath had led to an increase of population

• 1957, Kwame Nkrumah became Prime Minister of Ghana

• Nkrumah and anthropologist Dr. Jomo Kenyatta founded an organization devoted to African freedom

Decolonization and Nation Building (con’t)

• 1947, Nkrumah went to the gold coast to work on independence

• 1957, full independence was achieved when Nkrumah was released from prison

• Nkrumah to out to be a better spokesman than a prime minister and was ousted the military

• 1960, British gave independence to their West African colonies

• In Kenya, a group of coffee planters seized a protest movement to prove Africans were not ready for independence

Decolonization and Nation Building (con’t)

• Violence broke between settlers and anticolonial supporters, fighting escalated after 1952

• British troops sought out the movements leaders and relocated the Kikuyu people to fortified villages

• Kenyatta and other nationalists were imprison on charges of being rebel leaders

•

Decolonization and Nation Building (con’t)

• Decolonization in Southern Africa was postponed because deep rooted European settlers opposed African independence

• As the Africans became more and more radical, the colonists realized that Africans had majority and needed independence (for fear of more violent outbreaks)

The Middle East

• Syria and Lebanon gained independence• Iraq, Egypt, and Jordan enjoyed independence between

the two world wars but remained under indirect British control

• British policy on Palestine shifted between favoring Zionist Jews, who were encouraged to emigrate to Palestine by the Balfour Declaration and native Palestinians who felt that they were being pushed aside

• Palestinians suspected that the Zionists were trying to acquire their own independent state

The Middle East (con’t)

• 1936, Arabs started revolts against the British, Jewish groups turned to militant tactics a few years later

• Arabs and Jews confronted each other occasionally in riots or killings, which made clear that peaceful coexistence in Palestine would be nearly impossible

• After World War II, Britain turned the problem over to the United Nations

• November 1947, General Assembly voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into two states, one Jewish and other Arabic

• May 1948, Israel declares independence

The Middle East (con’t)

• Israel came out victorious • 700,000 Palestinians became refugees• 1967, Israel attacked Egyptian and Syrian air bases

preemptively because of threatening military moves by Egypt’s Nasir and won in six days

• Israel gained control of Jerusalem after Jordan entered the conflict, which satisfied many Jewish people’s longing to return to their holiest city

• Palestinians continue to regard their destined capital as Jerusalem and Muslims from many countries protest Israeli control of the Dome of the Rock

The Middle East (con’t)

• Israel also occupied the Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and the entire Sinai Peninsula

• This resulted in a new wave of Palestinian refugees

• The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headed by Yasir Arafat waged guerrilla warfare against Israel and engaged acts of terrorism

• Israelis were able to launch counterstrikes that likewise involved bombings and assassinations

The Middle East (con’t)• Although the United States was a friend to Israel and the Soviet Union

armed Arab states, both superpowers did not see the conflict between Zionism and Palestinian nationalism as a vital concern, until oil became an issue

• The phenomenal concentration of oil wealth in the Middle East was not fully realized until after World War II, when civilian economies recovered and the demand for oil rose

• 1960, oil producing states formed the OPEC• October 1973, a surprise Egyptian attack across the Suez Canal caused the

Israelis into temporary confusion but within days the war turned into their favor

• Israelis trapped the Egyptian army at the canal’s southern end• The United States arranged a ceasefire and disengagement of forces• As punishment for supporting Israel, the oil producing countries embargoed

oil shipments to the United states and the Netherlands• This disturbed the worldwide oil industry and caused prices to rise• 1974, OPEC responded to this turmoil by quadrupling the prices, which

made the oil producing countries wealthy and caused the consuming countries to feel a crisis

Thank you for your cooperation jared is a faggot