dealing with ticks entomology. tick impacts interfere with work & recreation allergic reactions...
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Dealing with ticks
Entomology
Tick Impacts
• Interfere with work & recreation• Allergic reactions – painful bites• Blood loss - anemia• Feeding wounds – infections• Stress to host• Disease risk
More & earlier
• Weather• Wildlife/ conservation areas
• Increase in hosts• More outdoors activity
• Winter conditions
Factors
• High reproductive potential• Low survival – finding hosts, water loss• Few natural enemies – predators and
parasites
Gradual metamorphosis
Egg mass(100’s)
Larva – seed tick (6 legs)
Nymph(8 legs)
Adult (8 legs)
3 host tickLife cycle can take 1 to 2 years
Larva on small mammal
Nymph on small mammal
Adult on large mammal
Eggs on ground
1
32
Tick distribution
Shelter for ticks & hosts
A
AA
N
N
L L L
A
L = larvae – seed ticksN = nymphsA = Adults
Cues for host-finding
•CO2• Vibration• Odor- Host-produced substances – constituents
of sweat and skin lipids – host specificity• Heat• Shadows or visual appearance
Tick mouthparts - ventral
American dog tick (left)Lone star tick (right)
Feeding process1 Wander, select feeding site (hours)
2 Anesthetize skin3 Cut skin and insert
mouthparts 4 Secrete “cement”5 Inject saliva6 Feed
Salivary secretions
• Prevent clotting, dilate skin capillaries, digest host tissues, cause hemorrhage, suppress host response
Tick attachment sites
25%
40%
25%
10%Limits effects
of repellents
Feeding time• Larvae & nymphs 2.5 to 8 days• Adults = 5 to 12 days• Slow feeding then rapid feeding on
last day• Pathogens often transferred at end
of feeding period
Tick removal
Remember the barbed mouthparts and cement!
Use tweezers grab at skin and use STEADY PULLDO NOT USE sudden jerky pull, hot matches, nail
polish, etc – increase tick salivation
Wash site with soap and water – prevent infection
Tick removal tools
Timely detection and removal are the most important factors in avoiding tick-borne diseases
Kentucky Ticks
Blacklegged tick
American dog tick
Lone star tick
Americandog tick
wood tick
• 3-host tick• Short mouthparts• Mottled white markings on back• Immature stages on small mammals – mice, etc. • Only adults on humans and larger mammals• Active April – August
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Caused by bacterium
• Affects circulatory system – increased vascular permeability (leaks)
• Reservoirs - opossums, rabbits, chipmunks, squirrels, and mice
• Mortality rate 2% – 5% if treated; 20% to 30% if not treated
RMSF
Early diagnosis difficult
“Flu”-like symptoms
Rash, fever, tick exposure
Early treatment effective
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Must be attached more than 10 hours
Rickettsia virulent only after long attachment
• Est. 1 – 3% tick infection rate• Diagnosis – clinical signs & symptoms,
medical history, tick exposure• Most effective if antibiotic treatment
(doxyclycline) started within 5 days
RMSF risk factors• Children and adults 50 yrs to 70 yrs old• Frequent exposure to dogs• Live near wooded areas with high grass• Greatest increases in Native Americans
RMSF – 2008 - CDC
60% cases
NCOKARTNMO
American dog tick (left)Lone star tick (right)
Lone startick
turkey mitesdeer tick
Lone Star Tick Spread
2000 - 2006
1995 - 1999
Pre 1995
Lone star tick
• In brushy vegetation with high humidity• L, N, & A will attack most any mammal &
ground-feeding bird• Associated with large deer populations• N & A emerge from winter diapause in spring,
feed in small, medium, and large mammals but prefer large mammals
• STARI (Borrelia lonestari), human erlichiosis
Ticks
Smallest tick to feed on humans- larvae (seed ticks), nymphs, and adults
Questing seed ticks
Lone star seed ticks
Lone star tick is not a vector of Lyme Disease
Saliva of lone star tick is lethal to the organism that causes Lyme disease
Southern Tick- AssociatedRash Illness (STARI)
• Rash, fatigue, headache, muscle & joint pain following bite of lone star tick
• “Bulls-eye” rash about 7 days after bite• No chronic effects• Clears following use of oral antibiotics
1 – bite2 – edge of rash3 – cleared area
This training approved for1 (one) general CEU
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Black legged tickdeer tick
• Long mouthparts• Female reddish body
with dark brown plate on back
• Male dark brown• Active Nov – March
• More spp of host than any other NA tick• Larvae and nymphs - 52 spp mammals (prefer
white-footed mice , 60 spp birds, 8 spp reptiles
• Adults – white-tailed deer• Vector of Lyme disease in northeast and north
central US
Lyme disease risk map - CDC
Kentucky - Minimum to no riskFeeding habits of larvae & nymphs – skinks instead of mammals
Kentuckiana Lyme Support Group• Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne infection in America. The Center
for Disease Control acknowledges that Lyme disease is seriously under-reported, and the actual number of new cases in the U.S. could exceed 460,000 people per year. Lyme disease can and does strike anyone, but children under 10 years of age represent the fastest growing segment of new cases.
• Lyme is a multi-system mimic disease caused by a spirochete bacterium and most commonly spread by the bite of an infected deer tick. The Lyme bacteria can penetrate virtually any tissue in the body, including the brain and other vital organs. Lyme can present a wide range of symptoms that may appear to be ailments such as Arthritis, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, MS, Autism, Alzheimer’s, and even ALS. There are numerous cases of patients thought to have these conditions, later diagnosed with and successfully treated for Lyme disease.
• Lyme disease is present in Kentucky and Indiana.
• Under our skin – Lyme disease movie
Protect Yourself from Ticks(and chiggers)Wear light colored clothing
Tuck pants in socksUse repellentsInspect yourself, children
and pets carefully after being outdoors
Remove ticks correctly as soon as possible
Choosing Repellents - Deet
• Available in wide range of concentrations• Low concentrations for minimal exposure• Higher concentrations more pests or longer
protection.• Netting• Long sleeve shirts and pants
Permanone - permethrin
• CLOTHING TREATMENT ONLY• Long lasting – several days• Effective against ticks, chiggers, low feeding
mosquitoes• Quick knock-down effect• Outdoor stores – outfitters, hunters
No substitute for inspection
Tick management
• Habitat management – clearing brush• Reduce immigration – ticks have limited
movement but hosts can carry them long distances
• Acaricide applications• Few natural enemies
Activity periods
Tick Active Distribution
American dog April – mid-August
Statewide
Blacklegged October - March
East & southeast
Lone star Spring – early summer
Late summer – early fall
Almost statewide
Ticks worst enemies
• Sunlight and dry air – mowing and brush clearing
• Reduces tick survival & discourages other hosts
Lawn applications - borders• Bayer Multi-Insect Killer Ready to Spray or Concentrate
(cyfluthrin)• Bonide Beetle Killer (cyhalothrin)• Bonide Eight Flower & Vegetable Spray (bifenthrin)• Bonide Total Pest Control Outdoor Concentrate (permethrin)• Bonide Eight Yard & Garden Ready to Spray (permethrin)• Carbaryl sprays• Ortho Bug-B-Gon Max Lawn & Garden Insect Killer Ready to
Spray (bifenthrin)
Pets
Protecting pets from ticksKPN 1298 April 17, 2012
• Collars – 3 to 6 months• Spot On - 1 month • Shampoo / Wash
• Permethrin and other pyrethroids toxic to cats
Wildlife
4-poster self-applicator for deer(for 1 host ticks)
Things to know
• Impacts of ticks • Life cycles• Host finding, attachment and feeding• Comparison of common species• Tick management
Lyme Disease in Humans
Skin – rash - varies
Joints – severe joint pain and swelling
Nervous system burning, shooting pains, and numbness
Heart – Affects 5% to 10% of patients
Assessment
Lyme DiseaseInfected ticks must feed
for at least 24 hours to transmit
Up to 4% of people bitten by infected vector get disease
80% of human cases a bull’s-eye rash appears in 5 days to several weeks