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dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of effec tive mi croorganisms ... · lo ng te rm app lic ati on of em...

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  • Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic
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: ) 5 1 0 2 ( R O T C A F T C A P M I F I J S 6 1 4 . 5 P E E D R C s l a n r u o J s e c n e i c S l a t n e m n o r i v n E f o l a n r u o J l a n o i t a n r e t n I , . l a . t e o s i d n a H . o N 6 . l o V 4 7 7 2 2 : N S S I - 8 4 9 1 : t a e l b a l i a v a n o i s r e v e n i l n O s e j i / g r o . l a n r u o j p e e d r c . w w w 2 2 1 . p P . 7 1 0 2 . 4 . o N 6 . l o V . s e c n e i c S l a t n e m n o r i v n E f o l a n r u o J l a n o i t a n r e t n I 2 2 1 - 3 3 1 d e v r e s e R s t h g i R l l A . s l a n r u o J P E E D R C y b t h g i r y p o C © h c r a e s e R h t g n e L l l u F r e p a P e l o r g n i t a n i m a t n o c e D s of ( s m s i n a g r o o r c i M e v i t c e f f E E ) M on Hospia tl Wastewater: A e s a C f o r e t n e C l a c i d e M n a i t s i r h C g n u S g n u y M d n a l a t i p s o H l a r e n e G g n i h c a e T l e h t e B A , a i p o i h t E , a b a b A s i d d a f e s s A o k s i R a ; o s i d n a H t i w a r e S b* ; u m e l A e y a f s e T a d n a t i w a D b i b k e M a a s i d d A r a l u c e l o M d n a r a l u l l e C , s e c n e i c S l a r u t a N f o e g e l l o C , l a i b o r c i M f o t n e m t r a p e D , y t i s r e v i n U a b a b A . a i p o i h t E , a b a b A s i d d A , 6 7 1 1 : x o B o P , y g o l o i B b a t i a l o W , 8 3 1 : x o B o P , s e c n e i c S t n a l P f o t n e m t r a p e D , e r u t l u c i r g A f o e g e l l o C , y t i s r e v i n U o d o S a t i a l o W i p o i h t E , o d o S . a o i t c u d o r t n I n E f o t p e c n o c e h T M ’ 0 7 9 1 e h t g n i r u d d e p o l e v e d s a w a g i H ; 1 9 9 1 , a g i H ( n a p a J , a w a n i k O n i y t i s r e v i n U s u y k y u R n i a g i H o u r e T y b s d n a e r u t a n i e s u y K n o e c n e r e f n o c l a n o i t a n r e t n i n a h g u o r h t d l r o w e h t o t d e c u d o r t n i t s r i f s a w y g o l o n h c e t e h T . ) 1 9 9 1 , a n a d i d i W 1 n i d n a l i a h T n i d l e h g n i m r a f a i s A e h t n i s e i r t n u o c 3 1 y b n e k a t r e d n u s a w y c n e i c i f f e s t i t s e t o t m a r g o r p s e h c r a e s e r e r e h w , 9 8 9 n a y K ( s n o i g e r c i f i c a P , . l a t e y b a i p o i h t E n i d e c a r b m e s a w s t n a l u c o n i s a s m s i n a g r o o r c i m d e t a g e r g g a e s e h t f o e s u e h T . ) 9 9 9 1 e v e D l a r u R d n a e r u t l u c i r g A f o y r t s i n i M a y r t s u d n I l a r u t l u c i r g A i i j e e j l o W y b e d a m n o i t a i t i n i e h t h t i w 7 0 0 2 n i ) D R A o M ( t n e m p o l 9 0 0 2 , i i j e e j l o W ( y n a p m o c d e t i m i l e t a v i r p ). i r e t c a b c i t e h t n y s o t o h p d n a t s a e y , a i r e t c a b d i c a c i t c a l y l e m a n s m e t s y s o c e l l a n i d n u o f s t n a l u c o n i l a i b o r c i m f o e r u t x i m a s i M E a a g i H ( s e i d u t s y n a M . ) 4 0 0 2 , a r a k k a g n a S ( d n a a g i H ; 8 9 9 1 , n e n i h C d n a a g i H ; 4 9 9 1 , r r a P , d e t s e g g u s e v a h ) 8 9 9 1 , 6 9 9 1 ; 5 9 9 1 ; 3 9 9 1 , g n i t s o p m o c , g n i p a c s d n a l d n a g n i n e d r a g , k c o t s e v i l , e r u t l u c i r g a g n i d u l c n i s n o i t a c i l p p a f o r e b m u n a e v a h y a m M E t a h t c , n o i t a i d e m e r o i b . s e s u d l o h e s u o h d n a l o r t n o c l a g l a , s k n a t c i t p e s g n i n a e l y d u t s a n a p a J , a w a n i k O , s u y k u y R e h t f o y t i s r e v i n U n I M E f o n o i t a c i l p p a m r e t g n o L . m e t s y s e g a w e s a f o t a h t g n i d u l c n i , r e t a w e t s a w g n i y f i r u p n i l a i t n e t o p t a e r g a s a h M E t a h t d e w o h s h c e s r e v d a e h t d e c u d e r l a i t n e t o p s t i d e t a c i d n i o s l a h c i h w , r e t a w d e t a e r t e h t f o y t i l a u q e h t s e s a e r c n i d n a r e t a w e t s a w f o s c i t s i r e t c a r a a d u k O ( s d r a z a h h t l a e h t u o h t i w e s u e r r o f e s u d n a 9 9 9 1 , a g i H ). e h t n y s o i b d n a e r u t a n e l b a t c i d e r p n u n e t f o r i e h t d n a s m s i n a g r o o r c i m f o s s e n e u q i n u e h T f o t e s c i f i c e p s a n e v i g , s e i t i l i b a p a c c i t f i l e h t n i s m e l b o r p t l u c i f f i d y l r a l u c i t r a p g n i v l o s r o f s e t a d i d n a c y l e k i l m e h t e d a m s a h , s n o i t i d n o c l a r u t l u c d n a l a t n e m n o r i v n e e a g i H ( l l e w s a s d l e i f r e h t o d n a s e c n e i c s d n a o r c i m f o s e p y t e e r h t e r a e r e h T . ) 4 9 9 1 , r r a P e r a h c i h w t n e m n o r i v n e e h t n i s m s i n a g r o e h t o t s g n o l e b M E . e v i t a r e n e g e r r o e v i t c u r t s n o c d n a l a r t u e n r o c i t s i n u t r o p p o , e v i t a r e n e g e d r o g n i s o p m o c e d o t n i d e z i r o g e t a c ) M E ( s m s i n a g r o o r c i M e v i t c e f f E f o e c n a m r o f r e p t n e m t a e r t e h t e t a u l a v e o t s a w y d u t s s i h t f o m i a e h T g n u S g n u y M d n a ) H G T B ( l a t i p s o H l a r e n e G g n i h c a e T l e h t e B n i r e t a w e t s a w l a t i p s o h f o t n e m t a e r t r o f n o i t u l o s M E e h T . ) M C M ( r e t n e c l a c i d e M n a i t s i r h C s r o t c a e R d e l f f a B c i b o r e a n A n i d e i l p p a s a w e h T . t n e u l f n i r e t a w e t s a w w a r f o y t i t n a u q e g a r e v a e h t n o d e s a b ) D A ( r e t s e g i D c i b o r e a n A d n a ) s R B A ( e g n a r e m a s e h t n i e r e w P T W W s l a t i p s o h o w t e h t f o s e i c n e i c i f f e l a v o m e r s t n a t u l l o p t a h t d e l a e v e r t l u s e r ( y t i d i b r u t r o f % 3 2 - % 3 2 ( S D T , ) % 8 2 - % 1 4 ( C F d n a ) % 7 2 - r e h g i h a d e w o h s s R B A e h T . ) % 8 4 ) % 4 9 ( l a v o m e r C T r e h g i h d e w o h s D A , e l i h w ) % 0 9 . 5 7 ( 5 D O B d n a ) % 0 4 . 6 6 ( D O C r o f t n e m e v e i h c a H G T B n i M E f o n o i t i d d a r e t f A . s e i c n e i c i f f e l a v o m e r ) % 0 4 ( 5 D O B d n a ) % 5 7 . 8 5 ( D O C r e w o l a h t i w e t a w e t s a w y l l a c i t s i t a t s o n h t i w y c n e i c i f f e l a v o m e r y t i d i b r u t n i t s o o b % 3 d e w o h s s R B A e h t , r 3 H N e h t , ) 6 4 2 . 0 = p ( e c n e r e f f i d t n a c i f i n g i s - d n a ) M E t u o h t i w ( % 5 s a w s R B A f o y c n e i c i f f e l a v o m e r N i t a c i l p p A . ) 5 0 . 0 > p ( l a v o m e r e c n e r e f f i d t n a c i f i n g i s o n o t d e l e v e r ) M E h t i w ( % 1 M C M n i M E f o n o t n a c i f i n g i s y l l a c i t s i t a t s o n h t i w % 7 o t % 6 2 m o r f y t i d i b r u t n i p o r d d e w o h s r e t s e g i d c i b o r e a n a M E f o n o i t i d d a r e t f a d e v r e s b o s a w y c n e i c i f f e t n e m t a e r t 5 D O B r e h g i h a d n a ) 0 5 2 . 0 = p ( f o e c n e r e f f i d D O C e h t t u b ) % 0 4 ( M E f o n o i t i d d a e r o f e b n a h t ) % 5 5 ( % 5 4 o t % 9 5 m o r f d e s a e r c e d y c n e i c i f f e l a v o m e r o c i s y h p n e e t h g i e m o r F . r e t a w e t s a w M C M n i M E f o n o i t i d d a r e t f a - l a c i g o l o i r e t c a b d n a l a c i m e h c l a v o m e r s t n a t u l l o p e h t d e v o r p m i P T W W s l a t i p s o h e h t n i M E f o n o i t i d d a , d e r e d i s n o c s r e t e m a r a p l n o r o f s R B A f o e c n a m r o f r e p l a v o m e r D A f o e s a c e h t n i s r e t e m a r a p n e v e s r o f d n a s r e t e m a r a p e e r h t y s l a t i p s o h e h t n o M E f o e c n a m r o f r e p t n e m t a e r t e h t t a h t d e d u l c n o c s i t i , e r o f e r e h T . e c n a m r o f r e p r a c e b d l u o h s s e i d u t s r e h t r u f , e c n e H . s t n a t u l l o p l a v o m e r r o f t n a c i f i n g i s t o n e r e w r e t a w e t s a w t u o d e i r s d o h t e m t n e m t a e r t y r a t n e m e l p p u s h t i w g n i n i b m o c y b M E f o s e i c n e i c i f f e t n e m t a e r t r e t t e b r o f . : s d r o w y e K l a t i p s o H , s m s i n a g r o o r c i M e v i t c e f f E , r e t s e g i D c i b o r e a n A , s r o t c a e R d e l f f a B c i b o r e a n A r e t a w e t s a W . y r o t s i h e l c i t r A : d e v i e c e R 5 1-9 0- 7 1 0 2 1 : d e s i v e R 8- 9 0- 7 1 0 2 : d e t p e c c A 5 2-9 0- 7 1 0 2 : r o h t u A g n i d n o p s e r r o C o s i d n a H t i w a r e S , y t i s r e v i n U o d o S a t i a l o W , e r u t l u c i r g A f o e g e l l o C t n a l P f o t n e m t r a p e D , 8 3 1 x o B o P , s e c n e i c S . a i p o i h t E , o d o S a t i a l o W

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Page 1: Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic

:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

:ta elbaliava noisrev enilnO seji/gro.lanruojpeedrc.www 221

.pP .7102 .4 .oN 6 .loV .secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI 221 - 331 devreseR sthgiR llA .slanruoJ PEEDRC yb thgirypoC©

hcraeseR htgneL lluF repaP

elor gnitanimatnoceD s of ( smsinagroorciM evitceffE E )M on Hospi at l Wastewater : A esaC fo retneC lacideM naitsirhC gnuS gnuyM dna

latipsoH lareneG gnihcaeT lehteB A , aipoihtE ,ababA sidd

afessA oksiR a; osidnaH tiwareS b*; umelA eyafseT a dna tiwaD bibkeM a a siddA raluceloM dna ralulleC ,secneicS larutaN fo egelloC ,laiborciM fo tnemtrapeD ,ytisrevinU ababA

.aipoihtE ,ababA siddA ,6711 :xoB oP ,ygoloiB b atialoW ,831 :xoB oP ,secneicS tnalP fo tnemtrapeD ,erutlucirgA fo egelloC ,ytisrevinU odoS atialoW

ipoihtE ,odoS .a

oitcudortnI n E fo tpecnoc ehT M ’0791 eht gnirud depoleved saw agiH ;1991 ,agiH( napaJ ,awanikO ni ytisrevinU suykyuR ni agiH oureT yb s

dna erutan iesuyK no ecnerefnoc lanoitanretni na hguorht dlrow eht ot decudortni tsrif saw ygolonhcet ehT .)1991 ,anadidiW1 ni dnaliahT ni dleh gnimraf aisA eht ni seirtnuoc 31 yb nekatrednu saw ycneiciffe sti tset ot margorp sehcraeser erehw ,989

nayK( snoiger cificaP ,.la te yb aipoihtE ni decarbme saw stnaluconi sa smsinagroorcim detagergga eseht fo esu ehT .)9991eveD laruR dna erutlucirgA fo yrtsiniM a yrtsudnI larutlucirgA iijeejloW yb edam noitaitini eht htiw 7002 ni )DRAoM( tnempol9002 ,iijeejloW( ynapmoc detimil etavirp ).

iretcab citehtnysotohp dna tsaey ,airetcab dica citcal yleman smetsysoce lla ni dnuof stnaluconi laiborcim fo erutxim a si ME a

agiH( seiduts ynaM .)4002 ,arakkagnaS( dna agiH ;8991 ,nenihC dna agiH ;4991 ,rraP , detseggus evah )8991 ,6991 ;5991 ;3991 ,gnitsopmoc ,gnipacsdnal dna gninedrag ,kcotsevil ,erutlucirga gnidulcni snoitacilppa fo rebmun a evah yam ME taht

c ,noitaidemeroib .sesu dlohesuoh dna lortnoc lagla ,sknat citpes gninael yduts a napaJ ,awanikO ,suykuyR eht fo ytisrevinU nI ME fo noitacilppa mret gnoL .metsys egawes a fo taht gnidulcni ,retawetsaw gniyfirup ni laitnetop taerg a sah ME taht dewohs

hc esrevda eht decuder laitnetop sti detacidni osla hcihw ,retaw detaert eht fo ytilauq eht sesaercni dna retawetsaw fo scitsiretcara adukO( sdrazah htlaeh tuohtiw esuer rof esu dna 9991 ,agiH ).

ehtnysoib dna erutan elbatciderpnu netfo rieht dna smsinagroorcim fo sseneuqinu ehT fo tes cificeps a nevig ,seitilibapac cit

fil eht ni smelborp tluciffid ylralucitrap gnivlos rof setadidnac ylekil meht edam sah ,snoitidnoc larutluc dna latnemnorivne e agiH( llew sa sdleif rehto dna secneics dna orcim fo sepyt eerht era erehT .)4991 ,rraP era hcihw tnemnorivne eht ni smsinagro

eht ot sgnoleb ME .evitareneger ro evitcurtsnoc dna lartuen ro citsinutroppo ,evitareneged ro gnisopmoced otni dezirogetac

)ME( smsinagroorciM evitceffE fo ecnamrofrep tnemtaert eht etaulave ot saw yduts siht fo mia ehT gnuS gnuyM dna )HGTB( latipsoH lareneG gnihcaeT lehteB ni retawetsaw latipsoh fo tnemtaert rof

noitulos ME ehT .)MCM( retnec lacideM naitsirhC srotcaeR delffaB ciboreanA ni deilppa saw ehT .tneulfni retawetsaw war fo ytitnauq egareva eht no desab )DA( retsegiD ciboreanA dna )sRBA( egnar emas eht ni erew PTWW slatipsoh owt eht fo seicneiciffe lavomer stnatullop taht delaever tluser

( ytidibrut rof %32 - %32( SDT ,)%82 - %14( CF dna )%72 - rehgih a dewohs sRBA ehT .)%84 )%49( lavomer CT rehgih dewohs DA ,elihw )%09.57( 5DOB dna )%04.66( DOC rof tnemeveihca HGTB ni ME fo noitidda retfA .seicneiciffe lavomer )%04( 5DOB dna )%57.85( DOC rewol a htiw

etawetsaw yllacitsitats on htiw ycneiciffe lavomer ytidibrut ni tsoob %3 dewohs sRBA eht ,r3HN eht ,)642.0 = p( ecnereffid tnacifingis - dna )ME tuohtiw( %5 saw sRBA fo ycneiciffe lavomer N

itacilppA .)50.0>p( lavomer ecnereffid tnacifingis on ot delever )ME htiw( %1 MCM ni ME fo no tnacifingis yllacitsitats on htiw %7 ot %62 morf ytidibrut ni pord dewohs retsegid ciboreana ME fo noitidda retfa devresbo saw ycneiciffe tnemtaert 5DOB rehgih a dna )052.0=p( fo ecnereffid

DOC eht tub )%04( ME fo noitidda erofeb naht )%55( %54 ot %95 morf desaerced ycneiciffe lavomerocisyhp neethgie morF .retawetsaw MCM ni ME fo noitidda retfa - lacigoloiretcab dna lacimehc

lavomer stnatullop eht devorpmi PTWW slatipsoh eht ni ME fo noitidda ,deredisnoc sretemaraplno rof sRBA fo ecnamrofrep lavomer DA fo esac eht ni sretemarap neves rof dna sretemarap eerht y

slatipsoh eht no ME fo ecnamrofrep tnemtaert eht taht dedulcnoc si ti ,eroferehT .ecnamrofreprac eb dluohs seiduts rehtruf ,ecneH .stnatullop lavomer rof tnacifingis ton erew retawetsaw tuo deir

sdohtem tnemtaert yratnemelppus htiw gninibmoc yb ME fo seicneiciffe tnemtaert retteb rof .

:sdrow yeK latipsoH ,smsinagroorciM evitceffE ,retsegiD ciboreanA ,srotcaeR delffaB ciboreanAretawetsaW .

yrotsih elcitrA :devieceR 51 - 90 - 7102 1 :desiveR 8- 90 - 7102 :detpeccA 52 - 90 - 7102

:rohtuA gnidnopserroC

osidnaH tiwareS ,ytisrevinU odoS atialoW

,erutlucirgA fo egelloC tnalP fo tnemtrapeD ,831 xoB oP ,secneicS

.aipoihtE ,odoS atialoW

Page 2: Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic

:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

:ta elbaliava noisrev enilnO seji/gro.lanruojpeedrc.www 321

uht dna secnatsbus fo epyt yna ni noitisopmoced tneverp nac yeht yberehw yrogetac evitareneger htob fo htlaeh eht niatniam s ,areneg 01 morf seiceps laiborcim 08 revo deniatnoc noitulos ME tsrif ehT .)5991 ,agiH( tnemnorivne eht dna smsinagro gnivil

al ylno edulcni ot denifer saw ygolonhcet eht ;emit htiw revewoh ,napaJ ni stnemnorivne morf detalosi ,airetcab dica citccihportotohp dica citcal fo snoitalupop hgih sedulcni muluconni ehT .)0002 ,arakkagnaS( tsaey dna ,airetcab airetcab

01×1 ta )succocideP dna sullicabotcaL( 8 01×2 ta )secymorahccaS( tsaey ,noisnepsus lm/UFC 6 dna noisnepsus lm/UFC01×1 airetcab cihportotohp 3 4002 ,arakkagnaS( lm/UFC ).

P dna spillihP fo erutluc dexim era stnaluconi laiborcim sME taht setats )6991( spilih gniwollof eht htiw smsinagro laicifeneb

:devlovni gnieb smsinagroorcim elpicnirp htnysotohp .tsaey dna ,airetcab dica citcal ,airetcab cite citehtnysotohp fo ytiliba ehT eht ni laicifeneb yrev osla si sdnuopmoc suonosiopnon otni ti trevnoc dna cixot si hcihw ,ediflus negordyh esu ot airetcab

ihsayaboK( yrtsudni retawetsaw dna 2002 ,ihsayaboK ). aL rehto dna sragus morf dica citcal ecudorp )BAL( airetcab dica citcinagro xelpmoc fo nwodkaerb eht ecnahne airetcab dica citcal eht ,tsaey dna airetcab citehtnysotohp yb decudorp setardyhobrac c

lairetam eseht tnemref dna esolullec dna ningil sa hcus rettam cinagro fo gniyfirup yb desuac secnatsbus lufmrah gnitaerc tuohtiw s a sa aitrosnoc eht ni seiceps rehto yb desu si sihT .demrof si )edixoid nobrac( 2OC ,BAL fo msilobatem eht hguorhT .rettam

b cihportotohp( ,smetsys cilobatem nwo rieht ot ygrene fo ecruos 8002 ,nocoiB( )airetca ).

edirahccas eht fo msilobatem hguorht dica civuryp ecudorp dna etartsbus a sa esoculg etalimissa ot ytiliba eht sah tsaeYyaw siht nI .airetcab dica citcal ciborea orcim fo etartsbus a sa desu eb nac dica civuryP .metsys desopmoced dica citcal eht fi ,

dna airetcab citehtnysotohp fo etartsbus eht semoceb dica citcal demrof eht ,ylpitlum tsaey fo etilobatem eht gnisu airetcab yehtetartsbus a sa airetcab citehtnysotohp eseht yb demrof sedirahccas eht sesu tsaey nehT .deilpitlum eb nac ylpitlum nac dna

yK( tnemnorivne eht ni gnorts yats dna evila peek ot rehto hcae dia ot eunitnoc seborcim eht taht setacilpmi sihT .yldetaeper na te,.la 9991 ).

ti ,noitcetorp latnemnorivne dna erutlucirga fo sdleif eht ni ygolonhceT ME fo tnempoleved ehT dna sesaesid dna stsep no tcapmi s

erutlucauqa detargetni ni noitacilppa sti - sti ecnis noitnetta elbaredisnoc deviecer sah ,smetsys noitcudorp doof erutlucirga rraP ;4002 ,arakkagnaS ;2991 ,civroH dna rraP( s'0891 ylrae eht ni noitpecni ,.la te ,agiH ;4991 laicifeneb dna eulav ehT .)6991

erutaretil eht ni detnemucod llew neeb evah secneics latnemnorivne dna htlaeh ,erutlucirga ni ygolonhceT ME fo noitacilppa9991 ,eeL dna ooJ ;6991 ,agiH( ).

t ni saw tnemeganam latnemnorivne ni ME gnisu fo tpecnoc tsrif ehT manteiV ionaH nI .gnitsopmoc fo ssecorp eh 0002 ,gnauQ( ,)

midahK nI .srezilitref dilos sa lufesu ot dnuof dna ME htiw detsopmoc si egabrag ytic eht etsaw dilos lapicinum yduts )7002( .la teoiB otni ti trevnoc ot smuluconi )ME( smsinagroorciM evitceffE htiw detaert saw - retawetsaW .rezilitref tnemtaerT htiw evitceffE

smsinagroorciM ssecorp gninaelc larutan eht ecnahne ylpmis dna agiH( )8991 ,nenihC F . erugi secnereffid lautpecnoc eht swohs 1hcus secnatsbus tnadixoitna ecudorp ot spleh tnemtaert ME .ssecorp tnemtaert ME eht dna ssecorp noitadixo larutan eht neewteb

tnadixoitna esehT .slarenim fo setalehC dna slonehpylop ,sedirahccasylop ralucelom wol sa eht swolla nrut ni ,secnatsbus sdilos ecnahne hcihw ,seiceps lufmrah eht gnitibihni elihw ,seborcim laicifeneb fo noitacilpitlum - hguorht( noitarapes diuqil

.retaw eht gninaelc rof sisab eht ,)gnitisoped

inagroorcim fo seiceps ME eseht gnisu rof sisab ehT ot eud sdica cinagro suoirav niatnoc yeht taht si tnemtaert retawetsaw ni smseht sesaercni ME fo noitidda ehT .stnadixoitna dna semyzne ,sdica cinagro eterces hcihw ,airetcab dica citcal fo ecneserp eht

eligarf ylsuoiroton„ fo ytilibailer ysoce laiborcim ‟ ecneh ;smsinagroorcim cinegohtap fo noisulcxe evititepmoc hguorht smets ijrenaB( tneserp smsinagroorcim laicifeneb eht gnirovaf ,.la te ,slairetam cinagroni fo noisorroc eht tneverp ot spleh osla tI .)8002

f sdrawot rettam cinagro pleh dna ,gnitsur sa hcus agiH( noitcafertup ot desoppo sa noitatnemre dna 8991 ,nenihC ).

yb tnasaelpnu eht ecuder ot pleh seitilicaf tnemtaert ciboreana eht otni ME gnicudortni taht stseggus )0002( gatierF - fo stcudorpgduls laudiser fo noitcudorp eht ecuder osla dna noitisopmoced tsissa dluohs ME yllaciteroeht taht tseggus ot dnet srotcaf esehT .e

decudorp egduls egawes fo emulov eht gnicuder dna degrahcsid retaw fo ytilauq eht gnivorpmi yb retawetsaw fo tnemtaert eht ni .kihsuG fo yrarbil ytic ehT ,ME fo emoh eht napaJ ,awanikO nI eht rof delcycer si hcihw ,retaw egawes gnitaert rof ME sesu awa

adukO( ME htiw detaert nehw yltnacifingis decuder era retaw eht fo 5DOB dna DOC ehT .steliot ni dna nedrag dna )9991 ,agiH.ygrene dna stsoc gnivas suht ,desuer si retaw siht dna

EL- ireyanoM .la te taht erusni dna noitsegid egduls ciboreana no smsinagroorcim evitceffe gnisu fo tceffe eht deiduts )7002(

noitcafertup ciboreana morf tfihs a hguorht rettam cinagro xelpmoc ezilibats ot ytiliba euqinu evah smsinagroorcim evitceffeemref a ot selcyc fo melborp noitullop dna rodo eht evlos ot ygolonhcet ME gnisu ASU ni detcudnoc yduts nI .elcyc evitatn

luof ecuder ot gnipleh yllufsseccus si ME taht dedulcnoc yduts ehT .)FTWCJ( ytilicaF tnemtaerT retawetsaW ytiC nosreffeJrpmi dna egduls esaerced ,srodo dooW( tcejorp ytiC nosreffeJ eht ta ytilauq retaw tneulffe evo ,.la te yb detcudnoc yduts A .)1002

dna ,5DOB ,SDT ,ytinilakla retawetsaw ehT .retawetsaw citsemod ni noitcuder tnatullop no ME etaulave ot )1102( .la te ajaRtsid dewohs egawes citsemod fo DOC oN .desaercni saw noitalupop tsaey dna lairetcab ciportotorteh latot tuB .noitcuder tcni

ot laitnetop eht sah ME taht swohs tnemirepxe eht fo tluser ehT .dedrocer saw noitalupop setecymonitca dna lagnuf ni egnahcd fo tnemtaert fo ssenevitceffe eht evorpmi .retawetsaw citsemo

E esuer retawetsaw dna noitneverp dna lortnoc noitullop ,lasopsid dna tnemtaert ,gnilcycer setsaw ,tnemeganam latnemnorivn

bazA( adnega labolg eht fo pot no ,seussi tnatropmi tsom eht emaceb tnemtaert retawetsaw ynam era ereht hguohtlA .)8002 ,

Page 3: Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic

:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

:ta elbaliava noisrev enilnO seji/gro.lanruojpeedrc.www 421

dna snegohtap ,slatem yvaeh gnidulcni stneutitsnoc fo ecneserp eht gnidrager desiar snrecnoc suoremun era ereht ,desu sdohtem w ME ekil seigolonhcet wen gniredisnoc seriuqer sihT .secnatsbus cixot rehto dna tnemtaert eht ni tsissa ot decudorp gnieb si hcih

dna ciborea htob fo smsinagroorcim cinegohtapnon dna laicifeneb ,evitceffe fo yteirav ediw a fo stsisnoc ME .metsys lasopsid.)3991 ,agiH( gnitsixeoc sepyt ciboreana

niM nI .la te orpmi ot yduts )5002( noitidda htiw ,)RBM( rotcaeroib enarbmem egduls detavitca fo ycneiciffe dna ytilibats eht ev

lavomer fo ycneiciffe egareva DOC :erew ytilauq tneulffe fo seulav egareva eht ,rotcaeroib enarbmem egduls detavitca ni ME fo dna %0.09 +4HN - o ycneiciffe egareva N etar lavomer DOC eht ,rotcaeroib enarbmem egduls detavitca eht roF .%4.99 lavomer f

+4HN eht dna ,%7.19 saw - eht htiw derapmoc taht edulcnoc yduts ehT .)RBM( ME eht fo taht naht ssel saw )%8.49( lavomer NME eht ,RBM egduls detavitca a decudorp ylno ton RBM retrohs a ni detluser osla tub tneulffe fo ytilauq elbats dna tnellecxe n

trats ot emit - +4HN fo ycneiciffe eht devorpmi yltnacifingis dna pu - .lavomer N enimreted ot detcudnoc saw yduts a ainaznaT nImrofiloc fo noitcuder no ME fo elor eht ni airetcab pu egatnecrep egareva ehT .srotcaer )BASU( teknalB egdulS ciboreanA wolf

fo 6±38 ,BSAU lortnoc eht ot derapmoc ylevitcepser ,4±69 dna 6±39 saw ME fo noitidda htiw BASU ni CF dna CT fo lavomerSS dna DOC ekil retemarap rehtO .lavomer CF fo 5±58 dna lavomer CT htiw BASU ni lavomer egatnecrep rehgih dewohs osla

citsemod fo tnemtaert eht gnirud rotcaer BASU eht fo ecnamrofrep gnivorpmi ni tnetop eb ot sraeppa ME ,suht ME fo noitidda milaaM( retawetsaw ,.la te itacilppa ME dna htworg deewkcud ehT ,lizarB nI .)9002 retawetsaw yriad rof detset erew sno

5DOB dna SST ,PT ,negortin muinomma eht decuder yltnacifingis htworg deewkcud dna ME fo noitacilppa denibmoC .tnemtaertyriad fo yaw tneiciffe yrev a sa deredisnoc ME dna shtnom eerht retfa tnemtaert lortnoc ot derapmoc tnemtaert retawetsaw

dihsaR( dna .)7002 ,tseW ot si hcraeser siht fo evitcejbo niam ehT a retawetsaw slatipsoh gnitaert ni ME fo tceffe eht ssess.lavomer )rettam cinagro dna tneirtun ,negohtap(

slairetam dna sdohteM

aera yduts eht fo noitpircseD uts sihT ni detcudnoc saw yd latipsoH lareneG gnihcaeT lehteB dna )MCM( retneC lacideM naitsirhC gnuS gnayM ,ababA siddA ,

.aipoihtE uS gnuyM .ytiC buS oynareK efloK ta 0002 ni denoissimmoc saw latipsoH lareneG gnihcaeT lehteB naitsirhC gn si retneC lacideM dnuof ni ytiC buS eloB ,aera ijreG ( dna ;1102 ,HGTB 1102 ,MCM ).

ydutS ngiseD

0102 rebotcO gnirud deyolpme saw ngised yduts evitpircsed A – A .sisylana yrotarobal yb atad rehtag ot 1102 rebmetpeSobal yb noitisiuqca atad rojam dna aera yduts eht fo stcepsa tnereffid htiw railimaf eb ot tuo deirrac saw yevrus yranimilerp yrotar

sylana ocisyhp suoirav eht fo noitanimreted rof selpmas retawetsaw latipsoh detceles eht fo si - lacigoloiretcab dna lacimehc.sretemarap

gnilpmaS setiS

morf retawetsaw si elpmas eht fo ecruos niam ehT itsirhC gnuS gnayM dna )HGTB( latipsoH lareneG gnihcaeT lehteB lacideM naretawetsaw )MCM( retneC ocisyhp rof PTWW slatipsoh eht fo tneulffe dna tneulfni morf detcelloc erew selpmas , - dna lacimehc

selpmaS .)8991 ,AHPA( retawetsaw dna retaw fo noitanimaxe eht rof sdohtem dradnats no desab sisylana sretemarap lacigoloibeht etaulave ot tneulffe dna tneulfni sknat citpes morf nekat osla erew ot dna sknat citpes fo ycneiciffe lavomer tnatullop

.tnemtaert retawetsaw citsemod ni ME fo tceffe eht enimreted

gnilpmaS lavretnI dna tnempiuqE c erew lacimehcocisyhp rof selpmas llA elpmas sisylana lacigoloiretcab rof dna elttob citsalp gnilpmas dezilirets a gnisu detcello

yrotarobal lla dna sutarappA gniretliF .elttob ssalg dezilirets yb detcelloc erew tsrif erew sisylana lacigoloiretcab rof stnempiuqe 121 ta ,devalcotua 0 im 51 rof C etis gnilpmas hcae morF .)8991 ,AHPA( selttob gnilpmas eht gnidulcni setun selpmas etacilpirt

fo tneulffe war dna stnalp tnemtaert eht ot sretne ti erofeb tniop eht ta detcelloc saw elpmas tneulfni war ,detcelloc erewtniop eht ta detcelloc erew retawetsaw sa deruop yltcerid saw noitulos ME .metsys eganiard lapicinum ot egrahcsid erofeb

erew selpmas owT .PTWW slatipsoh eht fo tniop telni ot ni retawetsaw fo retil 0001 ni ME fo retil 1 ,noitcurtsni ni detacidni fo noitidda retfa retawetsaw eht morf detcelloc slatipsoh eht fo lavretni eht no desab stniop teltuo dna telni morf noitulos ME

htob morf selpmas 81 fo latot a ,eroferehT .latipsoh hcae morf sdnuor eerht rof detcelloc erew selpmaS .sTRH retawetsawdetcelloc erew retawetsaw esuoh tseug MCM dna slatipsoh saw ME ,yduts )b0002( gnauQ fo noitaredisnoc htiW .dezylana dna

.syad evif rof PTWW slatipsoh deiduts eht ni 0001:1 fo etar noitulid eht ta yad hcae dedda

gnilpmaS seuqinhceT dna emuloV ssalg elirets ni nekat erew selpmas retaw Lm003 fo elpmas etisopmoc a ,sisylana lacigoloiretcab rof tniop gnilpmas hcae morF

rew Lm005 fo selpmas retaw etisopmoc sisylana lacimehcocisyhp eht roF .xob eci htiw yrotarobal eht ot detropsnart dna selttob elloc erofeB .xob eci htiw yrotarobaL hcraeseR ecneicS latnemnorivnE UAA eht ot detropsnart dna delebal ,selttob citsalp ni detce

.etis elpmas hcae ta retawetsaw eht htiw desnir yldetaeper dna retaw dellitsid htiw dehsaw saw selttob eht noitcelloc elpmasevoeroM evitcetorp lanosrep yrassecen eht lla retawetsaw latipsoh eht morf noitcefni dna noitanimatnoc ssorc fo noitneverp rof ,r

.yrassecen sa sisylana dna noitcelloc elpmas gnirud nrow erew elggog dna nwog ,ksam ,sevolg :stnempiuqe

yrotarobaL sisylanA ulfni ehT ocisyhp fo noitanimreted rof detcelloc elpmas retawetsaw latipsoh eht fo tneulffe dna tne - lacigoloiretcab dna lacimehc

deziretcarahc erew selpmaS .seirotarobal ygoloiborciM dna ygolocyM ,ecneicS latnemnorivnE ;UAA ni dezylana erew sretemarap

Page 4: Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic

:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

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ti fo smret ni ,serudecorp )4002( HCAH yb enod saw sisylana yrotarobal ehT .noitisopmoc lacigoloib dna lacimehc ,lacisyhp s serudecorp detpecca )3891( APESU dna )8991 ;5791 ,AHPA( retawetsaW dna retaW fo noitanimaxE eht rof sdohteM dradnatS

ylana retawetsaw gnitroper rof .ses

noissucsid dna tluseR e ehT fo stceff orcim evitceffe - ( smsinagro ME ) HGTB no tnemtaert w latipsoH retawetsa .)1 elbaT( dessessa neeb dah

Table 1: Phys ci ochem ci al and bacteriological characterist ci s of BT HG wastewater with addition of EM (Mean ± )DS

A ll units are mg L/ nu less otherwise mentione .d

elbaT 2: ocisyhP - syad evif rof ME fo noitidda htiw retawetsaw HGTB fo scitsiretcarahc lacimehc

*A ll units are mg L/ nu less otherwise mentione .d

Parameter Analyzed

Influe tn

Efflue tn

eT mperature ( 0C)

91 . 76 ±0. 55

02 . 63 ±1.5

PH

6.9±0.2

6. 88 ±0. 96 EC

8311 ± 02 . 87

8211 ± 95 .6

Turbidit ,y JTU

381 .6±3.5

342 ± 82

T SS

79 .3±4.6

18 ±9. 48 T SD

697 .6± 41 .5

987 ± 14 .7

S2-

384 ± 23

672 .6± 41 .7

SO42-

101 .3± 82

77 ± 41 .6 NH3-N

31 .2±2.3

31 .1±3.1

NO3- N

92 .3±9. 91

41 .3±4.1 NO2- N

07 ± 01

16 .6± 31

TN

74 .3± 41

34 .3± 31 .7 TP

8. 38 ±1. 10

8±6.8

PO4

3-

8.3±3.2

8.2±1. 31

COD

013 ± 29

471 .6± 89 TC (cfu/ 001 )

1. 45 x 01 7±0. 55 x 01 7

3. 79 x 01 6±6. 31 x 01 5 FC (cfu/ 001 )

2. 39 x 01 5±1.5x 01 5

1.5x 01 5±2.5x 01 4 BOD5 49 ±5. 76

24 .7±1. 25

Parameters

Influe tn Before Addition fo EM

Efflue tn Aft re Addition EM*

1st day

2nd day

3 dr day

4th day

5 ht day

eT mperature (0C)

02 .1

91 .3

81 . 50

71 .8

02 .4

19.5 PH

6. 88

6. 09

6. 61

6. 27

6. 87

6. 29

EC

1901

0111

3211

0611

2211

11 05 Turbidit ,y JTU

092

862

632

022

002

180 T SS

001

48

06

011

081

150 T SD

367 .7

777

687 .1

218

587 .4

805

S2-,

093

018

092

065

0481

330

SO42-

06

26

07

05

09

80 NH3-N

61 .1

51 .6

41

21 .8

41 .5

15.5 NO3- N

09

36

41

9

43

13 NO2- N

0.1

58

07

04

08

80 TN

06

74

9

4

73

35 TP

71

01

0.8

0.6

0. 01

12.9

PO43-

6.3

6.5

6.3

6.3

01

8.7 COD

806

236

046

227

435

10 41 BOD5

28 .8

96 .7

66 .6

85 .8

74

26

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:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

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Hp dna erutarepmeT ehT RBA eht fo erutarepmet ylprahs esor retawetsaw HGTB fo Hp dna tnemirepxe syad evif eht tuohguorht gnitautculf saw s‟

os 3 elbaT( ME htiw gnisod retfa no dna .eulav Hp ni )169.0 =p( ecnereffid tnacifingis yllacitsitats on saw ereht revewoh ,)4 elbaT tnemnorivne wen eht fo snoitidnoc gnizimitpo htiw erutxim airetcab ME eht yb desuac neeb evah yam Hp ni esaercni laudarg ehT

ht dnuof )9991( ihsokiroH .lavivrus rof ilakla( cilihpilakla ta - rieht retla dluoc airetcab )egnar Hp lartuen( cilihportuen dna )gnivol.htworg rieht rof elbatius snoitidnoc ot Hp eht gnisaercni yb tnemnorivne

ytidibruT

ehT idda erofeb tnalp tnemtaert HGTB fo ycneiciffe lavomer ytidibrut egareva saw ME fo noitidda retfa dna %32 saw ME fo noitRBA eht ni ytidibrut fo ycneiciffe lavomer eht ni tsoob %3 a dewohs noitulos ME eht ,%52 ’ erugiF( s 2 tluser AVONA ehT .)

E noitidda tuohtiw retawetsaw eht neewteb ecnereffid tnacifingis yllacitsitats on dewohs ni )642.0 = p( ME noitidda htiw dna M egduls detavitca eht ni ME fo noitidda erofeb manteiV ni retawetsaw latipsoh iaM hcaB ni devresbo tluser ,ralimiS .ytidibruT

ecnamrofrep eht ecnahne ti ME fo noitidda retfa dna %45 saw ytidibrut fo ecnamrofrep lavomer .)a0002 ,gnauQ( %95 ot ni

CE erofeb(1901 fo eulav a morf esor saw retawetsaw latipsoh eht fo CE ehT fo eulav a ot )ME fo noitidda sa )ME fo noitidda retfa(

dna 4.4 elbaT ni nwohs retfa dna ME fo noitidda erofeb tneulffe eht neewteb ecnereffid tnacifingis yna mrifnoc ton did tluser eht erugiF( %2 ni decuder neeb sah sRBA eht fo ycnetepmoc lavomer eht ,elihw )509.0 =p( ME fo noitidda 2 saw tluser ralimis A .)

0102( sillyhP yb deniatbo cixona na nihtiw retawetsaw lapicinum seippok duoG ot ME fo noitacilppa no grubsennahoJ ni ).gninnigeb eht htiw derapmoc tnemirepxe eht fo dne eht yb eulav tsehgih eht troper dna pu esor ytivitcudnoc eht tnemnorivne

SDT dna SST

A t 4 elbaT ni denialpxe s tnacifingis lacitsitats on htiw ME fo noitidda retfa L/gm 051 ot L/gm 001 morf desaercni SST fo eulav eh tuohtiw naht )%71( ME fo noitidda htiw sRBA fo ycnetepmoc lavomer rehgih a dna spuorg eht neewteb )438.0=P( ecnereffid

elehtreveN .)%41( ME fo noitidda fo noitidda retfa yllacitsard decuder neeb sah srotcaer eht fo ycnetepmoc lavomer SDT eht ,ss erugiF ni nwohs sa )%72( ME fo noitidda erofeb naht )%1( ME 2 deirrac yduts ni nees eb nac ycneiciffe lavomer SST rehgih A .

saw ytic ionaH no )b0002( gnauQ yb tuo sah tnalp tnemtaert eht ni ME fo noitidda eht egduls detavitca fo snaem yb detaert retawet63 ni ecnamrofrep lavomer SST eht desaercni %.

CF dna CT

ilppa no yduts a ,retawetsaw latipsoh no ME fo noitacilppa no elbaliava yduts hcum taht ton si ereht fi nevE yriad ni ME fo noitac retfa devresbo neeb sah egatnecrep noitcuder elbarapmoc ,)7002 ,tseW dna dihsaR( noitcuder CT %36 taht delaever retawetsaw

al eht yb desuac thgim lavomer CT rehgiH .CF rof %64 dna CT rof %57 saw hcihw retawetsaw HGTB no ME fo noitidda dica citc dna dica citcal secudorp yeht retawetsaw ni selcitrap cinagro fo noitadargedoib gnirud ,noitulos ME ni detneserp airetcab

tterraB( CT fo htworg eht detibihni lliw hcihw seitreporp lairetcabitna gnivah stcudorp laiborcimitna ,.la te 5002 ).

dna NT PT R dna %8( ME htiw naht )%05 dna %22( ME tuohtiw RBA eht ni devresbo erew seicneiciffe lavomer PT dna NT hgih ylevitale

dna negortin fo snoitcuder eht retawetsaw yrarbil ytiC a no yduts )9991( agiH dna adukO ni dewohs tluser yrotcidartnoc a )%9rohpsohp tluser sihT .retaw detaertnu fo taht ot nosirapmoc ni sdnop detaert eht ni %28 dna %55 erew ME fo noitacilppa retfa su

.retawetsaw eht fo etubirtta rof sRBA eht ni stneirtun eseht fo noitazilitu laiborcim hcum taht ton saw ereht dewohs

giF 1: .ME fo noitidda htiw dna tuohtiw )sRBA( HGTB fo ecnamrofrep tnemtaerT

DOC dna 5DOB

fo L/gm 4101 ot tneulfni eht ni L/gm 806 morf DOC fo eulav eht desaercni sah ME fo noitacilppa retawetsaw latipsoh HGTB nI elbaT( tneulffe eht ni DOC 1 acitsitats on htiw ) lavomer DOC dna spuorg neewteb )952.0 = p( fo ecnereffid tnacifingis l

on htiw ME fo noitidda yb L/gm 62 ot 8.28 morf decuder 5DOB fo eulav eht tsartnoc nI .%22 ni denilced sRBA fo ycnetepmocni esaerced %12 dna )992.0=p( ecnereffid tnacifingis lacitsitats erugiF( ycneiciffe lavomer 5DOB 2 .)

Page 6: Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic

:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

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stneirtuN HN eht tub ME fo noitidda retfa L/gm 5.51 ot ME htiw gnisod erofeb L/gm 1.61 morf ainomma ni esaerced a saw erehT 3- N

acitsitats on dna ME htiw )%1( ot ME tuohtiw )%5( morf desaerced sRBA fo ecnamrofrep lavomer = p( ecnereffid tnacifingis l3HN .spuorg eht neewteb )883.0 - eht ni tneserp erew taht airetcab gniyfirtined yb tuo deirrac neeb evah yam noisrevnoc N

negyxo ni airetcab eseht ot egatnavda evititepmoc a sedivorp elcyc noitacifirtined ehT .retawetsaw - nitimil ateL( stnemnorivne g te,.la 4002 ).

OP ehT 43- elbaT( ME fo noitidda retfa L/gm 3.8 ot L/gm 3.6 morf desaercni sah 1 34OP eht decuder hcihw ,) - lavomer

3ON ehT .)ME htiw( %1 ot )ME tuohtiw( %82 morf rotcaer eht fo ycnetepmoc - 09 morf decuder snoitartnecnoc N ot L/gmtub ME fo noitidda retfa L/gm31 3ON sRBA eht - htiw %15( ot )ME tuohtiw( %67 morf desaerced neeb sah ycneiciffe lavomer N

2ON fo eulav eht noitidda nI .)ME - desaerced ycneiciffe lavomer eht sa L/gm 08 ot L/gm 1.0 morf ME fo noitidda retfa pu esir Ni 34OP fo eulav eht latipsoh iaM hcaB no yduts )a0002( gnauQ nI .%42 n - desaercni dna l/gm 54.5 saw ME fo noitacilppa tuohtiw

5.5 ot 2ON rof sa ,tneulffe eht ni ME fo noitidda htiw L/gm - 522.0( ME htiw dna )L/gm 771.0( ME tuohtiw tneulffe eht ni NL/gm ).

ffE retawetsaw latipsoh MCM no tnemtaert ME fo stce

elbaT 3: ocisyhP - )DS ± eulav naeM( .ME fo noitidda htiw retawetsaw MCM fo scitsiretcarahc lacigoloiretcab dna lacimehc

A ll units are mg L/ nu less otherwise mentione .d

p dna erutarepmeT H erutarepmet eht ,4 elbaT ot gnidroccA ereht evif dna ruof yad ni tpecxe ,tnemirepxe syad evif eht ni emas eht saw DA eht ni eulav

=p( spuorg neewteb erutarepmet ni secnereffid tnacifingis on detacidni stluser AVONA eht tub )2 erugiF( esaercni thgils a si ni pord launitnoc a saw erehT .)741.0 dna yad dr3 eht ni Hp ni esir citsard a saw ereht fi neve ,ME fo noitidda retfa syad 5 rof Hp

.retfa yad eht 35.6 ot nwod tnew

ytidibruT dna CE 3 eht gnirud pord thgils a saw ereht ,yduts eht fo esruoc eht gnirud ylthgils esor CE retawetsaw ehT dr saw eulav eht tub yad

= p( ecnereffid tnacifingis yllacitsitats on neve )4 elbaT( gninnigeb eht htiw derapmoc tnemirepxe eht fo dne eht yb tsehgih )663.0.spuorg neewteb deretnuocne

moc eht dna %91 saw ME fo noitacilppa erofeb DA fo ycnetepmoc lavomer CE ni ME fo noitacilppa retfa %31 ot decuder ecnetep

nialrebmahC ni deretnuocne tluser tnereffid A .retawetsaw eht .la te CE retawetsaw eht ,retawetsaw dehs yriaD no yduts )7991(s a saw ereht 6.4 elbaT ni detacidni sA .stnemtaert ME yb detceffanu eb ot smees 5 fo dne eht ta tub ytidibrut ni pord tnacifingi ht

on htiw %7 ot %62 morf DA eht fo ycneiciffe lavomer eht seziminim hcihw ,gninnigeb eht naht eulav rehgih a dewohs ti yad.spuorg eht neewteb ytidibrut eht fo lavomer no ecnereffid tnacifingis yllacitats

Parameters

Hospital efflue tn

Residential influe tn

Residential Efflue tn

Hospital influe tn eT mp oC

12 .5±3. 82

22 .8±2.8

91 .9±1. 30

02 . 54 ±1. 43 PH

6.5±0. 34

6. 63 ±0.2

6. 49 ±0. 44

6. 46 ±0. 75

EC 924 ± 93 .3

152 ± 12 .9

964 ± 59 .3

904 ±26. 67 Turb, JTU

861 ± 71 .6

321 .6± 61

761 ± 51 .7

451 ±12.9 T SS

682 ± 28 .2

602 ± 46

131 ± 62 . 61

311 ±45. 74

T SD

172 ± 52 .7

591 ± 41 . 31 613 .5± 67 .6

682 ±18.7

S2-

592 ± 12

471 ± 94 .2

072 ± 22 .7

602 ±50.1

SO42-

63 .6±9. 70

71 .3±3. 50 52 ±7

31 ±2. 46 NH3-N

32 ±6.9

81 .2± 01 .8

6. 76 ±2. 42

5. 84 ±2. 91

NO3- N

21 ±2.9

11 .8±4.8 52 .3±9. 30

41 . 33 ±1. 62 NO2- N

54 ±7.8

02 ±4

05 ±3.6

42 .6± 31 .6

TN

66 ± 41

45 .3± 32

9. 33 ±3. 50

4. 29 ±0. 68 TP

81 .7±7.8

21 .8±4.2

4.8±0.8

4. 23 ±0. 26

PO43-

7.2±5.5

7.1±0. 36

8.2±1.9

4. 60 ±1.3 COD

864 ± 13 .5

683 .6± 22

518 ± 15

744 ±28 TC, cfu/ 01 0

81 .7x 01 7±2.7x 01 7

1. 77 x 01 7±2. 27 x 01 6

1.6x 01 6±1. 49 x 01 5

8.9x 01 5±1x 01 4

FC, cfu/ 01 0 1. 14 x105±2. 73 x 01 3

8.3x 01 6± 41 .4x 01 6 3.5x 01 6±1. 70 x 01 5 - 3.6x 01 5±5.3x 01 4 BOD5

551 ± 21 .4

341 ± 11 .4

264 ± 83

012 .5± 12

Page 7: Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic

:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

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ST SDT dna S AVONA eht sa eulav SST naem ni secnereffid tnacifingis on erew ereht dna syad eht tuohguorht citarre saw SST fo eulav ehT

itacilppa retfa tub DA eht ni %32 dna %55 ni decuder neeb sah retawetsaw latipsoh eht ni SDT dna SST ehT .543.0 =p detciped no tluser ralimis ,)3 erugiF( ylevitcepser %9 dna %41 ni decuder neeb sah ycneiciffe lavomer SDT dna SST eht tnalp eht ni ME fo

i retaerg yllareneg saw eulav SST eht yllanif dna esaercni yllaudarg SST eht ME htiw retawetsaw yriad dnalaeZ weN ni deniatbo nE lin eht ni naht stnemtaert M - nialrebmahC( lortnoc ,.la te 7991 ).

DOB 5 DOC dna lavomer DOC eht dna )%04( ME tuohtiw naht ME fo noitidda htiw devresbo saw ycneiciffe tnemtaert )%55( 5DOB rehgih A

sa )%41( ME fo noitidda retfa desaerced neeb sah ycneiciffe noitacilppa napaJ ni yrarbil ytiC awakihsuG nI .6.4 erugiF ni nwohs .)9991 ,agiH dna adukO( ylevitcepser %02 dna %39 yb retawetsaw fo seulav DOC dna 5DOB eht decuder dnop eht ot ME fo

ycneiciffe lavomer 5DOB ni tnemevorpmi %9 dewohs sah yduts )a0002( gnauQ fo noitidda retfa retawetsaw latipsoh iaM hcaB foDOB rehgih %5 swohs egduls detavitca retawetsaw ytic ionaH dna ME 5 ,gnauQ( ME fo noitidda retfa ecnamrofrep lavomer

b0002 ). T :4 elba ocisyhP - syad evif rof ME fo noitidda htiw retawetsaw MCM fo scitsiretcarahc lacimehc

A ll units are mg L/ nu less otherwise mentioned

CT dna CF retfa %49 dna %14 saw DA eht ni seicneiciffe lavomer CT dna CF tneulfni latipsoh eht ni ME fo noitidda erofeB fo syad 4

ycneiciffe lavomer CT eht elihw ,%16 ot desaercni CF rof ecnamrofrep lavomer eht ,retawetsaw eht ni ME fo noitacilppa egduls detavitca ni lavomer CF retawetsaw latipsoh iaM hcaB ni devresbo eb nac ycneiciffe lavomer rehgiH .%94 ot desaerced

9 saw fo noitidda htiw dna %53.8 0002 gnauQ( %3.99 emaceb ti ME ).

retawetsaw esuoh tseug MCM no tnemtaert ME fo stceffE SDT dna SST

fo esac eht ni )ME fo noitidda retfa( %82 dna )ME tuohtiw( %33 saw ycneiciffe lavomer SST knat citpes esuoh tseug deiduts ehT DT sah SDT tneulfni eht fo %82 ylno ME fo noitidda htiw tub knat citpes eht ni ME fo noitidda tuohtiw devomer neeb sah %24 S

tuo deirrac yduts eht nI .)4 erugiF( SDT rof %41 dna SST rof %5 etar ecnamrofrep knat citpes eht derewol hcihw ,devomer neebnamyzS yb eladimrA eht ni )4002( nosrettaP dna iks - ni esaerced suoivbo on detacidni stluser eht ,ailartsuA fo noiger qseramuD

pes eht fo noitcarf retaw eht nihtiw SST ni esaercni na ni detluser ME fo noitidda tub sknat citpes eht fo tnetnoc sdilos eht knat cited dna SDT fo level eht ni esaerc .

CE dna Hp

lavomer Hp no tluser evitagen fo emoctuo htiw ME fo noitacilppa retfa desaercni neeb sah retawetsaw laitnediser eht fo Hp ehT ME tuohtiw %41 saw ycnetepmoc lavomer CE knat citpes ehT .knat citpes eht fo ycneiciffe lavomer eht ME fo noitidda retfa dna

did sknat citpes llennoC’O dna nahanahS fo yduts )4002( nosrettaP dna iksnamyzS tsartnoc ni ,)4 erugiF( %24 ot decnahne saw.ME fo snoitacilppa retfa CE ni egnahc lavomer yna wohs ton

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:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

:ta elbaliava noisrev enilnO seji/gro.lanruojpeedrc.www 921

stneirtuN B 3HN eht ME fo noitidda erofe - ti eht ME fo noitidda retfa dna L/gm 5.5 saw eulav N AVONA htiw )6.4 elbaT( L/gm 2.7 ot desaercni

yllacitsitats on gniwohs tluser s 3HN ni secnereffid tnacifingi - 34OP fo eulav tneulfni ehT .)609.0=p( N - desaercni ti dna L/gm 6.3 saw34OP fo ecnetepmoc lavomer DA eht tey ,)4 elbaT( l/gm 6.9 ot ylthgils - tnuom erugiF( %05 ot %63 morf 3 ycneiciffe lavomer NT .)

retfa %5 ni desaercni neeb sah retawetsaw ytic ionaH ni yduts )b0002( gnauQ htiw ralimis si hcihw ,rotcaer eht ni ME fo noitidda.%9 ot pu stoob ecnamrofrep lavomer eht ME fo noitidda retfa r stneirtun emoS 2ON ;sa hcus ME fo noitidda htiw retteb devome - N

ME htiw %15( dna 3HN ,)ME tuohtiw %44 - 24OS ,)ME tuohtiw %24& ME htiw %74( NT ,)ME tuohtiw %71& ME htiw %81( N - ME htiw %84( dna eht no erusserp desaercni stneirtun wef dna )ME tuohtiw %64 ecnamrofrep lavomer noitidda retfa retsegid eht fo

3ON ecnatsni rof ,ME fo - ME htiw %34( N dna ME htiw %01( PT dna )ME tuohtiw %25 dna ME tuohtiw %51 ).

100 F gi 2: ME fo noitidda htiw dna tuohtiw )DA( MCM fo ecnamrofrep tnemtaerT

S2-and SO42-

S2- eht esuaceb ,%14 ot ni desaercni ME fo noitidda retfa dna %04 saw ME fo noitidda erofeb ycneiciforp lavomer snoitartnecnoc24OS eht decuder yllaudarg retawetsaw eht fo rodo - yriad fo llems eht ylralimiS .evitagen eht ot sknis eulav ycneiciffe lavomer

tsaw gnorts lacipyt eht morf degnahc neeb sah retawe - teews rehtar a ot )lortnoc lin( llems tneulffe yriad tnegnup nialrebmahC( ME fo noitacilppa retfa llems moorhsum/gnitsopmoc ,.la te 7991 ).

COD and BOD5

lanaK dna agiH nehw decuder yltnacifingis saw retawetsaw citsemod fo eulav 5DOB dna DOC yduts rieht morf edulcnoc )8991( eht ni lavomer DOC devresbo saw ecnereffid tnacifingis hcum taht ton retawetsaw esuoh tseug eht ni ,revewoH .ME htiw detaert

dna %02 saw knat citpes retfa %62 decuder neeb sah knat citpes eht fo ecnamrofrep lavomer 5DOB eht tcaf ni ,%71 ylno ME htiw erugiF( ME fo noitidda 4 ME tuohtiw tneulffe eht neewteb )50.0<P( ecnereffid tnacifingis on saw ereht taht dewohs stluser AVONA .)

rof ME htiw tneulffe dna fo lavomer rettam cinagro ni tnemecnahne yna wohs ton did ME taht swohs siht ,lavomer DOC dna 5DOB.retawetsaw laitnediser eht

giF 3: ME fo noitidda htiw dna tuo htiw knat citpes MCM fo ecnamrofrep tnemtaerT .

Nutr ei nts H 3HN fo ycneiciffe lavomer rehgi - 34OP dna )%12( N - tuohtiw naht ME fo noitidda retfa knat citpes ni deveihca neeb sah )%1(

3 knat citpes esuoh tseug eht ni ME fo noitidda retfa dedrocer PT fo lavomer retteb A .ylevitcepser %0 dna %01 ME fo noitidda %1

Page 9: Dec ont am in ati ng ro le s of Effec tive Mi croorganisms ... · Lo ng te rm app lic ati on of EM ... after ad d ition of EM in MCM wastewat er. From eig ht een p hysico -ch emic

:)5102( ROTCAF TCAPMI FIJS 614.5 PEEDRC slanruoJ secneicS latnemnorivnE fo lanruoJ lanoitanretnI ,.la.te osidnaH .oN 6 .loV 4 7722 :NSSI - 8491

:ta elbaliava noisrev enilnO seji/gro.lanruojpeedrc.www 031

eb naht )7002( tseW dna dihsaR nI .%51 ni knat citpes eht fo ecnamrofrep lavomer eht sesaercni hcihw ,)%61( ME fo noitidda erofteiV ni ,elihw metsys tnemtaert eht ni ME fo noitidda retfa PT fo lavomer eht ni esir %32 a dewohs retawetsaw yriad eht yduts eht man

tic tnatullop egareva nA .)b0002 ,gnauQ( ME fo noitidda retfa egduls detavitca eht ni lavomer PT rehgih %63 dewohs retawetsaw y3ON rof ME fo noitidda retfa desaerced neeb sah knat citpes eht fo ecnamrofrep lavomer - NT ,)ME htiw %2 dna ME tuohtiw %71( N

iw %82( sah ME fo noitidda retfa egduls detavitca ni noitcuder ecnamrofrep lavomer tnatullop ralimis A .)ME htiw %81 dna ME tuoht3HN fo smret ni latipsoh iaM hcaB ni drocer neeb - a0002 ,gnauQ( )ME fo noitidda htiw %21.92( dna )ME tuohtiw %6.21( N ).

TC and FC A ot %49 morf dna CT rof %5 ot %11 morf ycneiciffe lavomer eht nwod derewol yltnedive knat citpes MCM eht no ME fo noitacilpp

milaaM nI .)6.4 erugiF( CF rof %85 .la te ciboreanA wolfpU ni airetcab mrofiloc fo noitcuder eht no ME denimaxe ot yduts )9002(dulS dna 6±39 erew ME htiw BASU ni CF dna CT fo lavomer egatnecrep egareva eht ,retawetsaw citsemod fo )BASU( teknalB eg

CF( 5±58 dna )CT( 6±38 fo BSAU lortnoc ot derapmoc nehw ,ylevitcepser 4±69 ).

noisulcnoC taht dedulcnoc si ti yduts siht morF t thgim ME fo noitidda retfa sPTWW slatipsoh eht fo ycneiciffe lavomer ni desaerced eh esuac d yb

wetsaw war eht yb kcohs cinagro ,metsys ot gnidaol cinagro etairporppani ,stinu PTWW latipsoh eht fo ecnamrofrep tneiciffusni retamsinagroorcim ,ME eht fo ecnamrofrep no tceffe evitagen dna ’ hT .retawetsaw war ni scitoibitna dna sgurd fo esuaceb htaed s erofere

t deredisnoc erew retawetsaw slatipsoh no ME yb deveihca tnemtaert fo slevel eht taht dedulcnoc si ti tluser llarevo eht morf ton eb o.lavomer stnatullop rof tnacifingis

snoitadnemmoceR

erew stniop gniwollof eht yduts siht fo sgnidnif eht no desaB .seidob denrecnoc rof dednemmocer tnemtaert fo slevel eht ecniSlatipsoh eht no ME fo noitacilppa yb deveihca deredisnoc era retawetsaw tnemtaert retteb taht detapicitna si tI .tnacifingisni

yratnemelppus htiw ME gninibmoc yb dezilaer eb yam seicneiciffe .sdohtem tnemtaert CT retteb a retawetsaw latipsoh eht fo htob nI no tuo deirrac eb dluohs seiduts rehtruf ,eroferehT .retawetsaw eht ni ME fo noitacilppa retfa devresbo saw lavomer CF dna

fo etar gnidaol hgih htiw retawetsaw gnitaert rof ME fo noitacilppa .airetcab CF dna CT tnemnrevog yb dewollof ,ssenerawa gnisiaRsaw latipsoh yb desuac smelborp noitullop eht ni lortnoc llarevo eht ot pleh taerg a eb dluoc hcraeser fo aera eht ni ydisbus .retawet

taluger yb seitilicaf erachtlaeh eseht fo gnirotinom tcirtS ot tisiv seicnega latnemnorivne sa llew sa detnemelpmi eb dluohs ycnega yro.yrotadnam erom edam eb nac stnalp tnemtaert ralucitrap eht cilbup eht draugefas ot ydob a sA ’ na ekat ot deen slatipsoh ,htlaeh s

sdrazah dna tcapmi eht gnizingocer ni elor evitca smetsysoce lairtserret dna citauqa eht sdrawot degrahcsid retawetsaw rieht yb desopatipsoh morf lortnoc retawetsaw evitceffe eveihca ot redro nI .serusaem evitceffe dna reporp tuo yrrac ,yltnatropmi tsom ,dna ,sl

lanoisseforp erachtlaeh gnoma noitaroballoc .yrassecen era seicnega noitcetorp latnemnorivne eht dna lennosrep tnemeganam ,s

secnerefeR ,noitaicossA htlaeH cilbuP naciremA ,noitidE ht41 retawetsaW dna retaW fo noitanimaxE eht rof sdohteM dradnatS .)5791( AHPA

.C.D ,notgnihsaW dradnatS .)8991( AHPA ,noitaicossA htlaeH cilbuP naciremA ,noitidE ht02 ,retawetsaW dna retaW fo noitanimaxE eht rof sdohteM s .ASU ,C.D notgnihsaW

oib tsudwas gnisu tnemeganam latnemnorivne dna ygolonhcet tnemtaert etsaW .)8002(.M ,bazA - .erutxim ICSUTJ . 1 21: - .81 ,.S ,ijrenaB ralos a ni esu rof dohtem tnemtaert retawetsaw smsinagroorcim evitceffe fo noitaulavE .)8002( .P ,yllerraF ,.M ,dooW

tsawme/srepaplmth/me/moc.gnidartme.www//:ptth ta enilno elbaliavA .ASU ,anatnoM ,namezoB ni ytilicaf citauqa .lmth.retawe102/11/51 desseccA 6 .

ep evitcaoib dna seirotcaf llec ,noitatnemreF .)5002( .R ,ssoR ,.C ,notnatS ,.C ,lliH ,.G ,dlaregztiF ,.M ,seyaH ,.E ,tterraB doof :seditp .sdnuopmoc cinegoib fo noitcudorp rof airetcab edarg lonhceT yriaD .J .tsuA . 06 751:)2( – .261

uA .)8002( .L ,nocoiB :beW ediW dlroW ,seirtsudnI ztirF ,airetcaB cihportoreteH .sv cihportotretehotua/moc.sbalnocoib.www//:ptth 6102/3/81 ta desseccA .lmth.cabo .

.moc.latipsohlehteb.www//:ptth ta enilno elbaliava etisbew laiciffo latipsoH lareneG gnihcaeT lehteB .)1102( .HGTB ro /telacidemlehteb.www//:ptth 6102/2/02 ta desseccA , /te.gro. .

erutlucirgA cinagrO laicremmoC ni smsinagroorciM evitceffE fo noitazilitU .)7991( .C ,dleifreM dna .M ,ylaD ,.T ,nialrebmahC - AoitanretnI dn2 eht fo sgnideecorP dnalaeZ weN morf ydutS esaC 53.pp .)sserpni( dnaliahT ,kokgnaB ,ecnerefnoC gnimraF erutaN lan -

.14 lE - lE dbA ,.D ,ireyanoM - .noitsegid egduls ciboreana no smsinagroorcim evitceffe fo tceffe ehT .)7002( .H ,dauoF dna .W ,namhaR

niA dnoceS ,oriaC ,ytisrevinU smahS niA ,gnireenignE fo ytlucaF ,gnireenignE latnemnorivnE no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI smahS01 .pp ,tpygE - .21

tnemeganaM etsaW cinagrO ni )ME( smsinagroorciM evitceffE fo esu ehT„ .)0002( .D ,gatierF @ smsinagroorciM evitceffE ‟idart .1102/4/12 ta desseccA lmth.gatierfperetsawme/srepaplmth/me/moc.gnidartme//:ptth ,moc.gn

www//:ptth ta enilno elbaliavA .OC ,dnalevoL ,ynapmoC hcaH ,noitidE ht4 koobdnaH sisylanA retaW .)4002( .HCAH haw/moc.hcah.6102/2/12 desseccA .

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.)1991( .T ,agiH ).de( namtihW .E.C dna ,kcinroH .B.S ,rraP .F.J :nI .dniknam rof ygolonhcetoib A :smsinagroorcim evitceffEgnimraF erutaN iesuyK no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI tsriF eht fo sgnideecorP ,.C.D ,notgnihsaW ,erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U .

8 .pp .ASU - .41 ,agiH .napaJ ,oykoT gnihsilbuP kramnuS ,noituloveR gnivaS htraE nA .)3991( .T

’ygolonhceT ME si tahW‘ .)5991( .T ,agiH 3 .pp .napaJ ,awanikO ,suykuyR fo ytisrevinU ,erutlucirgA fo egelloC , - .5 smsinagroorciM evitceffE .)6991( .T ,agiH - utaN iesuyK ni elor riehT :nI .erutlucirga elbaniatsus dna gnimraF er eht fo sgnideecorP

gnimraF erutaN iesuyK no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI drihT 02 .pp .ASU ,notgnihsaW ,ADSU ,. - .42 orciM evitceffE .)8991( .T ,agiH - naJ .tnemnorivnE yhtlaeH dna erutlucirgA elbaniatsuS roF smsinagro .191 .pp ,thcertU ,lekrA nav

,erutlucirgA fo egelloC ,smelborP latnemnorivnE dna ,retaW etsaW ,rodO fo stnemtaerT ME .)8991( .N ,nenihC dna .T ,agiH1.pp .napaJ ,awanikO ,suykuyR fo ytisrevinU - .5

noituloveR gnivaS htraE nA .)8991( .A ,lanaK dna .T ,agiH - ME :II - lacidem dna latnemnorivne ,larutlucirga ot snoitacilppa gnizama612 .pp .smelborp – .952

tanretnI .tnemnorivne dna erutlucirga elbaniatsus a rof smsinagroorcim evitceffe dna laicifeneB .)4991( .J ,rraP dna .T ,agiH lanoiretneC hcraeseR gnimraF erutaN 7 .pp .napaJ ,imatA - .8

mtihW .E.C dna ,kcinroH .B.S ,rraP nI .smsinagroorcim evitceffe fo seiroeht dna tpecnoc ehT .)1991( .G ,anadidiW dna .T ,agiH na )nde( gnimraF erutaN iesuyK no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI tsriF eht fo sgnideecorP gA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U . ,notgnihsaW ,erutlucir

811 .pp .ASU ,.C.D - .421 .ygolonhcetoiB rof stcudorP rieht fo snoitacilppA emoS :selihpilaklA .)9991( ,.K ,ihsokiroH ygoloiB raluceloM dna ygoloiborciM

sweiveR , 46 537 :)4( - .057 tcudorp eht no ME fo tceffE .)9991( .K ,eeL dna ,.Y ,ooJ RU dna ekaynaneS ADY :nI .aeroK ni tnemtaert etsaw dna sporc fo noi

.).de( arakkagnaS ,gnimraF erutaN iesuyK no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI ht5 eht fo sgnideecorP 151 .pp .dnaliahT NANPA - .651 2( .M ,misaN dna ,.H ,rihaT ,.A ,dammahuM ,.A ,demmahuM ,.H ,midahK gniylppa yb stnalp gniworg rof tsopmoC .)700 ME oib -

12 .pp .natsikaP ni rezilitref - .62 .airetcab cihportotohp cinegyxona gnisu tnemtaert dna noitaidemer etsaW .)2002( .M ,ihsayaboK dna .M ,ihsayaboK cinegyxonA

bup cimedaca remmulk ,airetcab citehtnysotohp rehsil 9621 .pp .sdnalrehteN , - .2821 eht dna gnimraf erutan eisuyK .)9991( .S ,tidgnoP dna .A ,awasijuF ,.H ,ihsaO ,.M ,iarukaS ,.S ,adnaK ,.M ,inatnihS ,.T ,nayK

erutan lanoitanretnI .esu lacitcarp rof enilediug :smsinagroorcim evitceffe fo ygolonhcet dna napaJ ,imatA ,retnec hcraeser gnimraf1.pp .dnaliahT ,kokgnaB ,krowten larutlucirga larutan cificap aisA - .02

yrennat morf airetcab gniyfirtined tneiciffe fo noitacifitnedI .)4002( .G ,rammahlaD dna .F ,afessA ,.L ,suileamuG ,.S ,ateLhtE ni sretawetsaw .etar noitacifirtined rieht no edihplus dna III muimorhc fo stceffe eht fo yduts a dna aipoi fo lanruoJ dlroW

ygolonhcetoiB dna ygoloiborciM . 02 504 : - .114 ht no smsinagroorciM evitceffe fo eloR .)9002( .S ,demmahoM dna .G ,agnessaK ,.S ,anagM ,.M ,milaaM ni mrofiloc fo snoitcuder e

.snoitidnoc laciport rednu retawetsaw citsemod gnitaert rotcer teknalb egduls ciboreana wolf pu lanoitanretni ht11 eht fo gnideecorP ,ygolonhcet dna ecneics latnemnorivne no ecnerefnoc 865 pp - .475

tsirhC gnuS gnuyM .)1102( .MCM esseccA /gro.temcm.www//:ptth ta elbaliava ,etisbew laiciffo retnec lacidem nai 6102/2/21 ta d . 99 .pp .cnI lliH warGcM .dE ht4 ,.esuer dna tnemtaert ,gnireenigne retawetsaW .)3002( .yddE dna flacteM - .411

niX ,.J ,niM - iaT ,.W ,ieW - gnahC ,.G ,ihS - iB ,.G ,niQ ihZ ,.Z ,n - nuJ dna .S ,gnaiQ - rotcaeroib enarbmem levon A )5002(.L ,neW. retawetsaw citsemod fo tnemtaert eht rof smsinagroorcim evitceffe yb decnahne ygolonhcetoiB dna ygoloiborciM deilppA . 96 ,)2(

922 - .532 aw fo noitacifiruP .)9991( .T ,agiH dna ,.A ,adukO orcim evitceffe htiw retawets - sti dna smsinagro noitazilitu .erutlucirga ni nI ADY :

.)nde( arakkagnaS RU dna ekaynaneS gnimraF erutaN iesuyK no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI ht5 eht fo sgnideecorP ,NANPA , 642 .pp .dnaliahT - .352

.)2991( .S ,civroH dna ,.J ,rraP .setsaw lapicinum fo noitazilitU nI : gnitteM BF ni snoitacilppA :ygolocE laiborciM lioS.).de(545 .pp .ASU ,kroY weN ,.cnI ,rekkeD lecraM .tnemeganaM latnemnorivnE dna larutlucirgA - .955

uconi laiborcim fo esU .)4991( .D ,namfuaK dna ,.S ,kcinroH ,.J ,rraP .noitcudorp larutlucirga ni srezilitref cinagro dna snoital61 .pp .nawiaT ,iepiaT ,ertneC ygolonhceT rezilitreF dna dooF .493 nitelluB noisnetxE - .32

.)ygolonhcet ME( smsinagroorcim evitceffe htiw gnimraf erutan eisuyK.)6991( .R ,spilihhP dna .J ,spillihP ,launam sresu nanpA ehT6 .pp .A.S.U .anozirA ,.cnI ,seigolonhcet ME .ediug gnimraf erutan ME - .9

S ,sisehT retsaM .sretaw etsaw dna ecafrus ni smsinagroorcim evitceffe gnisu deveihca tnemtaert fo sleveL .)0102( .S ,sillyhP fo loohcorivnE dna tnalP ,laminA .acirfA htuoS ,grubsennahoJ .secneicS latnemn

gnauQ eht ta detneserp repaP .tnemtaert latnemnorivne ni stluser emos dna manteiV ni noitacilppa ygolonhceT ME .)a0002( .L ,11 .pp .aeroK RPD ,gnaygnoyP ,gnimraF erutaN dna ygolonhceT ME no ecnerefnoC lanoitanretnI - .02

hcet ME fo noitazilitU .)b0002( .L ,gnauQ ugN naV gnaD .manteiV ni smelborp latnemnorivne emos gnimocrevo rof ygolon - gnoDaD - ioN aH - 21 .pp .manteiV - .41

awes citsemod fo tnemtaert rof )ME( msinagroorciM evitceffE fo noitaulavE .)1102( .J , dnivrA dna .G ,ramukardneraN ,.N ,ajaR .egirepxE fo lanruoJ secneicS latnem , 2 03 :)7( - .23

htap dna stnatullop rof deewkcud dna smsinagroorcim evitceffe htiw tnemtaert retawetsaw yriaD .)7002( .J ,tseW dna .M ,dihsaR negoesueR retawetsaW .lortnoc – noisiceD ,tnemssessA ksiR - ,ytiruceS latnemnorivnE dna gnikaM uceS OTAN seireS ecneicS hguorht ytir .

39 .pp - .201

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evitceffE .)3002( .R ,nosrettaP dna .N ,iksnamyzS xafnaL dna licnuoC ytiC aggaW .smetsys retawetsaw dna )ME( smsinagroorciM62 .pp .eladimrA seirotarobaL - .13

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. 255.pp .oihO ,itannicniC .yrotarobaL 72=di_egap/moc.yrtsudnigaw.www//:ptth .smsinagroorciM evitceffE fo noitazilitU ehT :no launaM gniniarT .)9002( .iijeejloW ro

/moc.yrtsudnigaw.www//:ptth 6102/2/6 ta desseccA 72=di_egap? .

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:ta elbaliava noisrev enilnO seji/gro.lanruojpeedrc.www 331


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