dec2014

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 12

MadhukarDama* and Upendra H. A.# *Assistant Professor; #Director, Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, Doddaluvara, Kodagu.

Email: ( [email protected] )

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is member of the genus Panthera, an elite group of five big cats.

The leopard has a very wide global distribution and is found in West Asia, the Middle East, Siberia, South

and Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa.

Among the big cats, it has comparatively short legs, large skull and a long body. It looks strikingly

similar to jaguar, but is slightly built and is smaller. Its rosettes are smaller and lack the typical central

spots found on the jaguar.

The leopard is a highly successful wild cat owing to its opportunistic nature, habitat adaptability,

its speed, ability to climb trees with the kill, and raw stealth. It can inhabitat equally good in dissimilar

environments like rainforests to deserts. It consumes any species that it can hunt.

In the presence of other large species like tigers, it survives by selectively preying on smaller to

medium sized preys. It has regionally disappeared in Kuwait, Hong Kong, Singapore, Syria, Tunisia and

Libya. On the IUCN Red List, it is listed as Near Threatened due to decline in large parts of its home

ranges. Major threats to leopards are habitat fragmentation and loss, and hunting for pest control and trade

The Cheetah is a sole surviving (extant) member of the genus Acinonyx of the Felidae family. It is

limited to regions of Africa and Iran. The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is known for being the fastest land

animal. It can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in as little as 3 seconds. It is closest to puma and jaguarondi

and is one of the very few felids to have only semi-retractable claws.

Its body has evolved to hunt down fast moving antelopes. This has been its disadvantage too. It

cannot defend itself from other large cats and ends up using its main strength to run away for defence. It is

a prolific breeder with litter size of 9 being a norm.

However, most of these do not enter adulthood, mainly due to depredation. However, it does not

breed easily under captivity. On the IUCN red list, it is listed as vulnerable, as it faces threats like

persecution by man, competition with other carnivores and very low variability gene pool.

Newsletter Date : 31 December 2014 Volume No: 3 Issue : 12

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bulletin

The leopard and Cheetah are commonly confused owing to their appearance. However, these

two species are as different as oranges and apples. An overview of the differences between these two

charismatic species can be summarised in twelve points:

• Leopards are bulkier and stronger. Cheetahs are lighter, but taller, than leopards.

• Leopards climb trees using retractile claws while cheetahs don’t.

• Leopards have a familiar “cat” shape. Cheetahs are lankier than the “cat” shape.

• Leopards have no “tear” line. Cheetahs have a black “tear” line running from the inside of the eye to

the mouth.

• Leopards have rosette-shaped spots. Cheetahs have solid round, or oval, spots.

• Leopards have strong teeth and jaws and can crunch through thick bones. Cheetahs have smaller

teeth and jaws, leaving a larger nasal cavity for rapid breathing. They cannot crunch large bones.

• Leopards hunt at night. Cheetahs hunt during the day.

• Leopards like to drag prey up trees. Cheetahs prefer grassy plains.

• Leopards live a solitary life while cheetahs are more social (mother and cubs; males sometimes form

coalitions, yet they never mix with females; except during reproduction).

• Leopards rely on stealth. Cheetahs rely on speed (up to 113 km/hr) over short distances. They are the

world’s fastest animal.

• The cheetah can run at a speed of 113 km/hr while leopards do 60 km/hr.

• The two black lines below the cheetah’s eyes are known as tear marks, and act as reflection

absorbers while they are hunting during sunny days.

The Ten major differences between Leopards and Cheetahs

1. Behaviour: Cheetah females live solitary when not raising the cubs. Males form transitory coalition of

2-3 individuals. Generally not dangerous to man; a cheetah flees on encountering a man on foot.

Captive reared Cheetahs may become aggressive at times. On the contrary, both male and female

leopards live solitarily. Comparatively much more aggressive, especially when disturbed or cornered.

2. Body: Cheetahs are slender and tall, whereas leopards are compact and muscular. Leopards are built to

drag its prey on tree whereas cheetahs are built for speed.

3. Claws: Leopard has a retractable claw that helps in climbing the tree with the kill. Cheetah has a

semi-retractable claw that gives a suitable ground grip for speed.

4. Habitat: Cheetah lives in savannah grasslands and plains. Sits on small hills or termite mounds to scan

the surroundings for preys. Leopard is most widespread wild feline. It is mainly found in dense

woodlands to savannahs, deserts and mountain regions.

5. Head: Cheetah has a well-rounded small head. It has a distinctive tear line running from inner corner of

eye to the corner of mouth. Leopard head is elongated with dark spots on muzzle.

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01 Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 12

6. Hunting Technique: The cheetah runs after its prey, tackles it from behind to knock it off balance, and

goes for the throat. Leopards prefer to ambush their prey from a shorter distance (5-20 yards). They

pounce on their victim, taking it completely by surprise.

7. Legs: cheetah has long legs for effective acceleration. Leopard has short and muscular legs suitable for

agility and tree-climbing.

8. Speed: The cheetah is the fastest land mammal in the world, reaching speeds of up to 113 kph (70

mph). It uses its long tail as a rudder and for proper balance. Leopards are not necessarily known for their

speed, although they can accelerate to 37 mph (60 km/h) over short distances.

9. Spots: Cheetah has small, solid black spots. Leopard spots are grouped in small rings (rosettes) on

upper limbs and torso.

10. Voice: Cheetah chirps and yelps. Leopard roars and growls.

PS: Images used from various online sources for educational purposes. Authors claim no ownership for

these images.

Dr Sudha G Assistant Professor,

Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Veterinary College, Bengaluru.

( Email: [email protected] )

Transition period is the time from drying of pregnant cow to one month after establishment

of lactation. That is a total of 3 months. The care of the cow is important in this period for nutrition and

management programs during this phase directly affects post calving disorders like milk fever, retention of

fetal membranes, metritis, ketosis, mastitis, abomasal displacement, milk production and reproduction.

During this time devote adequate resources in labor, facilities and management to implement a

structured transition cow programme.

Transition period is divided into four stages:1. Drying off 2. Close up period (last 3 weeks of

pregnancy ) 3. Calving 4. Fresh cows

Objectives

• To prepare cow for successful lactation i.e. profitable lactation

• Minimize health related issue- milk fever, ketosis, mastitis, displacement abomasums (digestive

problems)

• Successful calving


1.DRYING OFF:

• Drying of pregnant cow: is done between 40-70 days –usually at 60 days

• Less than 40 days drying-negative effect on subsequent lactation before 70 days –over conditioning of

cows

• Less than 10 liter/day – abrupt cessation or intermittent milking with associated reduction in energy .*

removal of water not recommended. If more than 10 liters i.e high yielders- intermittent milking with

removal or all concentrate and hay diet only. - with this 70 percent reduction in milk

• Observation of cow and udder for few days critical

• Feeding program will shift to high forage

• A change of physical facilities or location may be beneficial

Early dry period

• Provide a balanced ration

• Goal is to maintain body condition in dry period

• Cow should gain weight due to fetal growth

• Feed bulky forage to keep the rumen expanded and working

• Avoid high potassium forages

• Limit silage and concentrate to about half of forage

• Provide adequate space , feed and water

• Some exercise- to maintain muscle tone and reduce possibility of displaced abomasums. Non

exercised cows have higher incidence of calving related problems, mastitis and leg problems

• Clean dry environment

2. CLOSE UP PERIOD (last 3 weeks) : feed intake will reduce by 5 percent a weak to 3 weeks prior to

calving and 30 percent the last three to few days prior to calving. Dry cows should not lose weight

during dry period during 10-14 days before parturition –leads to fatty liver syndrome

• Adjust ration density for lower DMI

• Limit grain to 0.5- 1 percent b.w.

• VIT E and SE injection

• Avoid poorly fermented silage

• Clean, dry environment

3. CALVING :

Abnormal discharge for 7-10 days after calving and increases open days , dystocia delays uterine

involution, cows that are too thin at calving lack milk yield persistency and have inadequate energy

reserve for efficient reproduction- leads to dystocia , ROF, Uterine infection and cystic ovaries.

** depressed appetite leads to lower production, higher weight loss and poor reproduction .Subclinical

milk fever leads to ROP, dystocia.

Management at calving:-


• Be there to observe calving process

• Assist if needed

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01 Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue :12

• Don not use excessive force hen assisting

• Avoid smooth or slippery floor

• Offer cow water and highly palatable feed

• Key is to keep the cow eating, drinking and ruminating

4.FRESH COWS

• Observe chewing and rumination activity

• Feed fresh and palatable feed . grain feed total quantity in 3-4 serving

• Avoid crowded and competitive environment


**Nutrition and management programs during this phase directly affects post calving disorders

(milk fever, ROF, metritis, ketosis, mastitis, abomasal displacement, milk production, reproduction . A

good dry cow program will result in additional 1000- 2000 pound milk in the next lactation , a portion of

this production is in response to decrease in post calving disorders. Design a managemental program for

transition cow to minimize post calving disorder by maximizing dry matter intake and milk production.

M. A. Kshama and A. Muralidhara Dept of TVCC, Veterinary College, Bangalore, KVAFSU

( Email : [email protected] )

This large, powerful dog can also be a steady and gentle companion. , the Rottweiler is strong and

true with a loving heart. Affectionately called Rotties or Rotts, the breed originated in Germany, where it

was used to drive cattle and pull carts for farmers and butchers.

The Rottweiler is one of the oldest of herding breeds. A multi-faceted herding and stock protection

dog, it is capable of working all kinds of livestock under a variety of conditions. The breed's history likely

dates to the Roman Empire. It is believed that the Rottweiler is a descendant of ancient Roman drover

dogs, a mastiff-type dog that was a dependable, rugged dog with great intelligence and guarding instincts.

During their quest to conquer Europe, the Roman legion traveled in large numbers across the continent.

The non-existence of refrigeration meant the soldiers had to bring herds of cattle with them on their

excursions for food. These dogs were used not only to keep the herds of cattle

together, but to guard the supply stock at night. Around 74 A.D. the Roman army

travelled across the alps and into the southern part of modern day Germany. For the

next two centuries the Roman drover dogs were continually utilized in herding and

driving cattle for trade even after the Romans were driven out of the area by the

Swabians. A town in this region was eventually given the name Rottweil.

The dogs are said to have been used by traveling butchers at markets during the Middle Ages to

guard money pouches tied around their necks. The dogs eventually came to be called Rottweiler

Metzgerhunds, or butcher dogs. As railroads became the primary mode for moving stock to market, the

need for the breed declined. The buildup to World War I saw a great demand for police dogs, and that led


to a revival of interest in the Rottweiler. During the First and Second World Wars, Rottweilers were put

into service in various roles, including as messenger, ambulance, draught, and guard dogs.

Description

The Rottweiler is a dog of abundant strength, black coated with clearly defined rich tan markings,

whose powerful appearance does not lack nobility and which is exceptionally well suited to being a

companion, service and working dog. This breed is all about balance, endurance, proportionality,

intelligence and strength. The various standards in place for the Rottweiler's physical appearance specify

these characteristics. They have an average life span of 8-11 years

The Rottweiler stands 61 to 69 cm (24 to 27 in) at the withers for males, 56 to 63 cm (22 to 25 in)

for females, and the weight must be between 50 to 60 kg (110–132 lbs) for males and 35–48 kg

(77–105 lbs) for females. Weight must be relative to height.

Head

The skull is of medium length, broad between the ears. The forehead line is moderately arched as

seen from the side, with the occipital bone well developed without being

conspicuous. The muzzle should appear neither elongated nor shortened in

relation to the cranial region. The nasal bridge is broad at the base and moderately

tapered. The lips are black and close fitting with the corner of the mouth not

visible. The gums should be as dark as possible. The eyes should be of medium

size, almond-shaped and dark brown in color. The eyelids are close fitting. The ears are medium-sized,

pendant, triangular, wide apart, and set high on the head.

Neck

The neck is strong, of fair length, well muscled, slightly arched, clean, free from throatiness. The

back is straight, strong and firm. The loins are short, strong and deep. The croup is broad, of medium

length, and slightly rounded, neither flat nor falling away. The chest is roomy, broad and deep

(approximately 50% of the shoulder height) with a well-developed fore chest and well sprung ribs. The

flanks are not tucked up.

Limbs

The forearm, seen from the side, stands straight and vertical. The slope of the shoulder blade is

about 45 degrees. The shoulders are well laid back. The upper arm is close fitting to the body. The forearm

is strongly developed and muscular. Pasterns are slightly springy, strong but not steep. The front feet are

round, tight and well arched, the pads hard, nails are short, black and strong. The upper thigh is moderately

long, broad and strongly muscled. The lower thigh is long, strongly and broadly muscled, sinewy. The

hocks are sturdy, well angulated, not steep. The hind feet are slightly longer than the front feet. Toes are


strong, arched, as tight as the front feet.

Gait

The traditional gait of a Rottweiler is a trot. The Rottweiler's gait is all about balance and effectiveness

as the breed is still used as a herder today.

Coat

The coat consists of an outer coat and an undercoat. The outer coat is of medium length, coarse, dense

and flat. The undercoat should be present on the neck and thighs. The undercoat must not show through

the outer coat. Rottweilers living in hot climates may have acclimatised and may be missing the undercoat.

Rottweiler coats tend to be low maintenance, although they experience heavy shedding before their

seasons (females) or seasonally (males).

Color and markings

A Rottweiler is always, by any breed club standards, black with well-defined mahogany or

rust-colored markings that do not take up more than ten percent of the dog's body color. All Rottweilers

standard to AKC specifications have one mahogany dot above each eye on the inner brow ridge, on the

cheeks, one strip on each side of the snout; cheek markings do not cross over the bridge of the nose, the

top of the nose should remain black. The markings on the face should move down onto the dog's throat.

On the chest, a Rottweiler will have two downward-facing triangular marks. On each front leg the marks

will stretch from the forearm to the toes. On the hind legs, the markings will begin on the inside and move

outward onto the stifle, then out onto the hock stretching to the toes as well.

Temperament

The Rottweiler is good-natured, placid in basic disposition, very devoted, obedient, biddable and

eager to work. Their appearance is natural and rustic, their behaviour self-assured, steady and fearless.

They react to their surroundings with great alertness. It has an inherent desire to

protect home and family, and is an intelligent dog of extreme hardiness and

adaptability with a strong willingness to work, making them especially suited as

a companion, guardian and general all-purpose dog. Potentially dangerous

behaviour in Rottweilers usually results from irresponsible ownership, abuse,

neglect, or lack of socialization and training. However, the exceptional strength

of the Rottweiler is an additional risk factor not to be neglected. It is for this

reason that breed experts declare that formal training and extensive socialization are essential for all

Rottweilers. The portrayal of Rottweilers as evil dogs in several fictional films and TV series, along with

sensationalist press coverage, has created a negative image of the breed. However, some films and

television shows, have portrayed Rottweilers in a positive light.

Issues regarding health

Rottweilers are a relatively healthy, disease-free breed. As with most large breeds, hip

dysplasia can be a problem. Osteochondritis dissecans, a condition affecting the shoulder joints, can also

be a problem due to the breed's rapid growth rate. Rottweilers are more susceptible than other breeds to

parvoviral gastroenteritis, a highly contagious and deadly disease of puppies and young dogs. If overfed or

under exercised, Rottweilers are prone to obesity. Some of the consequences of obesity can be very

serious, including arthritis, breathing difficulties, diabetes, heart failure, reproductive problems, skin

disease, reduced resistance to disease and overheating caused by the thick jacket of fat under the skin.


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Dr A. S. Patil, Dr Ramesh Rathod, Dr B. N. Nagaraj and Dr L. Ranganath Veterinary Hospital, University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad-580 005

(Email: [email protected])

Pannus, or chronic superficial keratitis, is a progressive, non painful, inflammatory and an

immune-mediated disease of the cornea conjunctiva, and sometimes the third

eyelids. Common clinical signs include opacification (haziness- Fig. 1),

vascularization (blood vessel in-growth) and pigmentation (brown discoloration)

of the cornea. These corneal changes may lead to scarring and may progress to

severe visual impairment or blindness in severe cases. Active disease may result

in discomfort.

CAUSES : The cause of pannus is not known, but several factors may be involved:

• An increased incidence in certain breeds (German Shepherd dog, Labrador Retriever, Border Collie and


Fig. 1

Greyhound) suggests a genetic predisposition.

• Ultraviolet radiation and high altitude increases the severity of the disease. Therefore, dogs living at

high altitudes and low latitudes often are more severely affected with disease that is more difficult to

control.

• Immunological factors are believed to contribute. Pannus is considered a form of an autoimmune

disease, in which the body directs an inappropriate immune response against the tissues of the cornea.

• Many infectious agents have been incriminated. None have been proven to play a significant role in

this disease process.

SIGNS

The cardinal sign of pannus is vascularization or pigment infiltration into the clear cornea, causing

whitish, pink or brown discoloration. Variable proportions of corneal vascularisation, granulation tissue,

pigmentation and cholesterol deposits characterize Pannus (Fig. 2 to 5).

This typically starts at the outside edge of the clear cornea and extends inward. Both eyes are

usually affected but one may appear worse than the other. The third eyelid commonly appears thickened

and inflamed. There is a variation of pannus that only involves the third

eyelid called nictitans plasmacytic conjunctivitis or plasmoma (Fig. 6). As

pannus progresses, the lesion will flatten and spread out, will become

pigmented or dark in color, and scarring will spread over the cornea. In

advanced cases, visual impairment may result due to the inability to see

through the dark pigment covering the cornea. If the condition is not

treated, the pet will become blind.

DIAGNOSIS

A diagnosis of pannus is usually made on the basis of characteristic

clinical signs and history. Diagnostic tests include corneal staining with

fluorescein, intraocular pressure testing (IOP), and corneal or conjunctival

biopsy.

.


Fig. 2: Initial stages of v a sc u la r i sa t i o n o f cornea

Fig. 3: Later stages of v a s c u l a r i s a t i o n o f cornea

Fig. 4: Granulation tissue

formation on cornea

Fig. 5: Chronic superficial

keratitis

Fig. 6: The free margin of this right

third eye lid is depigmented,

hyperaemic and thickened with

plasmoma

TREATMENT

LIFE LONG therapy and LIFE LONG ophthalmic examinations are necessary. Despite intensive

research efforts, no permanent cure exists. However, in the vast majority of cases, the disease progress can

be halted and the condition can be managed long-term, especially if therapy is instituted early in the course

of the disease. The inflammatory cell infiltrations and the vessel invasion usually are reversible with

therapy, whereas the scarring and pigment depositions often are irreversible once they have occurred. The

goals of therapy are to reverse active vascularization and to prevent further progression of the scarring and

pigment deposition in the cornea.

There are three categories of therapy:

1. Corticosteroid therapy may be administered by intermittent sub conjuctival injections and or by

continuous application of eye drops or ointments. This is the main line of defence against progression

of the disease. Therapy is usually successful but must be continued lifelong. Even short periods of

interrupted therapy, for example 2 to 4 weeks, may cause severe recurrence with devastating effects on

the dog’s vision.

2. Topical immunomodulatory therapy in the form of Cyclosporine or Tacrolimus ointment or drops may

improve the condition. These medications can be used in combination with corticosteroids to reduce the

frequency of corticosteroid administration necessary to maintain control.

3. Surgical excision of a superficial layer from the affected area may restore vision in eyes with extensive

scarring and pigmentation. This is called superficial keratectomy. Unfortunately, the post-operative

recurrence rate is high and this method remains a last resort.

4. Beta-irradiation may be used when medical therapy alone is insufficient.

Antibiotics are sometimes required in cases that have developed a secondary infection. Treatment

will not cure the condition, but will halt the progression and may reverse some of the changes

(Fig. 7 and 8). Potential complications associated with the use of these medications include, but are not

limited to, inflamation of the pink tissue (conjunctivitis) and corneal ulceration,-corneal mineralization;

some of these complications can lead to blindness if not promptly addressed.

.


Fig. 7 Fig. 8

Contact :

Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore

email: [email protected]

Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

monthly e-Bulletin

Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru

Editor: Associate Editior:

Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Head, Dept of Vety & Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Dr.S.Yathiraj (Ex-Officio) Dr.K.Satyanarayana (Ex-Officio)

• PELVIC


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